[Borgnakke Ex. 7.

2]: Reversible adiabatic flow of steam through nozzle,

Ve = ?

Steady-State, Steady Flow (SSSF) Processes - II

Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq
T185

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

Continuity equation: mi = me = m
First law: 0 = 0 0 + (hi he ) +

Vi2 Ve2
2

+0

Second law: si = se .
zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/

hi = h (steam, Pi = 1 MPa, Ti = 300o C ) = X

si = s(steam, Pi = 1 MPa, Ti = 300o C ) = X

ME 201: Basic Thermodynamics

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

se = si & Pe = 0.3 MPa: state e defined.

he = h (Pe = 0.3 MPa, se = X) = X

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2015)

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Ve2
2

= (hi he ) +

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Vi2
2

= Ve = 736.7 m/s

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2015)

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ME 201 (2015)

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[Moran Ex. 6.6]: Entropy production in a steam turbine

Isentropic Nozzle Efficiency

T178

Continuity equation: mi = me = m
First law: 0 = q w + (hi he ) +
Second law: (se si ) =

T181

For nozzle: w = 0, (PE ) = 0, V1 0 h1 = h2 +

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

N =

Actual KE at nozzle exit

Isentropic KE at nozzle exit

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

V22
2
V2s

_ cv
m
_

+0

P1 = 30 bar, T1 = 400o C := h1 = X, s1 = X

V22
2

T2 = 100o C , x2 = 1.0 := h2 = X, s2 = X

h1 h2
h1 h2s
ME 201 (2015)

q_
Tb

Vi2 Ve2
2

= q = 23.92 kJ/kg =
3 / 15

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

_ cv
m
_

= 0.499 kJ/kg.K .
SSSF Processes - II

 [Cengel Ex.7.14]: Isentropic Efficiency of a Steam Turbine

Isentropic Turbine Efficiency

T179
T176

(P1 = 3 MPa, T1 = 400o C ) : h1 = X, s1 = X

w_ t = h1 h2 : for steady-state, adiabatic expansion.

_ cv
= s2 s1 0: states with s2 < s1 is not attainable with
m
_
adiabatic expansion.
w_ t |s = h1 h2s : state 2s is for internally reversible expansion.
Isentropic turbine efficiency, t =

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

w_ t
w_ t |s

(P2 = 50 kPa, T2 = 100o C ) : h2 = X

(P2s = 50 kPa, s2s = s1 ) : h2s = X

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2015)

h1 h2
h1 h2s

= 66.7

= m =

Power
h1 h2s

= 3.64 kg/s

h1 h2
h1 h2s
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= t =

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2015)

[Cengel Ex. 7.15]: Effect of efficiency on compressor power, if c = 80

Isentropic Compressor and Pump Efficiencies

6 / 15

T177
T180

w_ c = h1 h2 = (h2 h1 ): for steady-state, adiabatic compression.

_ cv
= s2 s1 0: states with s2 < s1 is not attainable with
m
_
adiabatic compression.
w_ c |s = h1 h2s = (h2s h1 )
Isentropic compressor/pump efficiency, c =

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

w_ c |s
w_ c

h2s h1
h2 h1

ME 201 (2015)

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T2s = T1 (P2 /P1 )(k 1)/k = 516.5 K

c =

h2s h1
h2 h1

cP (T2s T1 )
cP (T2 T1 )

T2 = 574.8 K

_
Wc = m(h
_ 2 h1) = mc
_ P (T2 T1) = 58.1 kW

Wc |s = m(h2s h1 ) = m cP (T2s T1 ) = 46.5 kW

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2015)

8 / 15

Reversible Polytropic Process of an Ideal Gas

Steady-state Flow Process

Pv n = constant

First Law: CM system & reversible process:

q = du + w = d(h Pv ) + Pdv = dh vdP
Second Law: q = Tds Tds = dh vdP
R2
R2
R2
1 Tds = 1 (dh vdP ) = (h2 h1 ) 1 vdP
First Law: CV system & reversible process:
0 = q12 w12 + (h1 h2 ) + (ke) + (pe)
R2
R2
= w12 = q12 + (h1 h2 ) + 0 + 0 = 1 Tds + (h1 h2 ) = 1 vdP
R2
wsf = w12 = 1 vdP

T040

Isobaric process:
Isothermal process:
Isentropic process:
Isochoric process:

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

n
n
n
n

= 0,
= 1,
= k,
= ,

P = constant
T = constant
s = constant
v = constant

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

T182

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2015)

9 / 15

T183
SSSF Processes - II

(BUET)

wsf = w12 =

w12 :

=
=

1n (P2
v2 
v2
RT ln v1

R2
1

vdP

wb = w12 =

nR(T2 T1 )
1n 

6 1
 :n =
P2
= RT ln P1
:n =1

P1 v1 ) =

q12 = h2 h1 + w12

T182

(n1)/n

T2 /T1 = (P2 /P1 )

w12 =

nR(T2 T1 )
1n

cP = 1.0 kJ/kg.K

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

SSSF Processes - II

=
=

P2 v2 P1 v1
1n  
RT ln vv12

R2
1

Pdv

R(T2 T1 )
1n 

= RT ln

P2
P1

6 1
 :n =
:n =1

q12 = u2 u1 + w12

Example: In a reversible process, nitrogen is compressed in a cylinder from

100 kPa and 20o C to 500 kPa. During this compression process, the relation
between pressure and volume is Pv 1.3 =constant.
cv = R/(1.4 1) = 0.742 kJ/kg.K

T2 /T1 = (P2 /P1 )(n1)/n = T2 = 425 K.

= 169.5 kJ/kg

(BUET)

R = (8.314/28) = 0.2969 kJ/kg.K,

= T2 = 425 K.

q12 = cP (T2 T1 ) + w12 = 37.5 kJ/kg

w12 :
T192

Example: A compressor operates at steady state with nitrogen entering at

100 kPa and 20o C and leaving at 500 kPa. During this compression process,
the relation between pressure and volume is Pv 1.3 =constant.
R = (8.314/28) = 0.2969 kJ/kg.K,

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Pv n = constant

Pv n = constant

ME 201 (2015)

w12 =

ME 201 (2015)

11 / 15

R(T2 T1 )
1n

= 130.4 kJ/kg

q12 = cV (T2 T1 ) + w12 = 32.2 kJ/kg

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2015)

12 / 15

Minimising SSSF Compressor Work for n 6= 1

[Cengel Ex.7.12]: Compression & Pumping Works

T310

T311

1 stage: w =

T191

wP =

R2
1

2 stage:

vdP vf (P2 P1 ) = 0.939 kJ/kg

w = wI + wII =

wC = h1 h2 = 518.6 kJ/kg

= wc >> wp

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2015)

13 / 15

[Cengel Ex. 7.13]: Single stage and 2 stage compression with intercooling

T312

Single stage compression:

= 189.2 kJ/kg
w:
= 246.4 kJ/kg

= 263.2 kJ/kg

n = 1.0 : Isothermal process

n = 1.3 : Polytropic process
n = 1.4 : Isotropic process

Two stage compression with intercooling and n = 1.3:

p
Px = P1 P2 = 300 kPa : w = 215.3 kJ/kg

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

nR
1n (T2

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2015)

15 / 15

nRT1
1n

T1 ) =


Px
P1

nRT1
1n

(n1)/n

P2
P1

(n1)/n

1+

P2
Px

(n1)/n

For minimum work (2 stage with intercooling):

P2
w
x
P1 P2 P
Px = 0 Px =
P1 = Px wI = wII

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - II

ME 201 (2015)

14 / 15