A New Spirit of Change

Chapter 14 Review

Percent of Total Immigrants

Emigration to the U.S. from Europe

1820-1860

Why People Migrated

Push Pull Factors
PUSH= Push people
out of their native
lands
PULL = Pull them
towards a new place

Push factors:
Population growth =

overcrowding
Ag changes
Crop failures
Industrial Rev.
Religious Turmoil

Why People Migrated

Push Pull Factors
PUSH= Push people
out of their native
lands
PULL = Pull them
towards a new place

Pull Factors
Freedom
Economic
Opportunity
Abundant Land

Scandinavians
Escaping poverty at home

Settled in northern
Midwest where land
and weather were
similar to homelands
Including Upper
Peninsula of Michigan

Germans
Escaping warfare in
Central Europe
Largest Immigrant
Group during 1800s
Settled primarily in
Midwest
(and some in Texas)

Irish
Fleeing hunger
(caused by Potato
Famine), poverty, &
persecution
Settled in East Coast
cities like New York
and Boston

NYC 1850 Tenement

NATIVISTS
Faced newcomers with
prejudice and violence
No
Irish
Need
Apply

Formed Know-Nothing
Party which was antiimmigrant & anti-catholic
called themselves
the American Party

Sec 2: Reform Movements

Workers
Rights

Education

Utopia
Movements

Temperance

Prison
Reform

Care for the

Mentally Ill

Feminism
Abolition

Mary C. Vaughan & Neal Dow

Temperance Movement
campaign to drinking
alcohol
Campaign to limit
alcohol consumption
Closely associated with
Feminist Movement
14 states banned sale
of alcohol eventually
led to 18th Amendment

Temperance

Mother Ann Lee

Some groups decided Society
was beyond redemption
so they chose to separate
and to create their own
Utopia a perfect society
Mother Ann founded the
Shakers believed in sharing
all worldly goods, equality
among genders and races, and
refused to fight for any reason

Utopia Movements
The gospel is the
greatest treasure
that souls can
possess; go home
and be faithful; put
your hands to work,
and give your hearts
to God. If you have
anything to spare,
give it to the poor.

 Organized group that protects

and watches out for workers

Workers Rights
Labor unions (44/47)
began to form and they
demanded better working
conditions.
Theyd even go on strike if
they needed to for
shorter working hours,
higher wages, and better
working conditions.
In 1840, President Van
Buren even passed a law
government employees
were limited to 10 hour
working days.

Harriet Hanson
Led strikers against
mill owners
In 1840, President Van
Buren even passed a
law government
employees were
limited to 10 hour
working days
Workers Rights

Horace Mann The Father of Education

Referred to education as
Great Equalizer

The

By 1850, most of the

North had free public
elementary schools
Also, many private
colleges opened
across the North
Most schools still would
not admit women
In a Republic,
ignorance is a crime.

Education

Elizabeth Blackwell
In 1849, became
1st woman in U.S.
to earn a medical
degree

Education

If society will not admit of womans free development,

then society must be remodeled.
Feminism

Alexander Twilight & John Russwurm

Education

1st African-Americans to
receive
college degrees
Russwurm began 1st African-American
newspaper
Russwurm became a leader of the
Back-to-Africa movement and
moved to Liberia, believing that blacks
had no future in the U.S.

Abolition

Dorothea Dix
Convinced many Northern
states to build hospitals to
treat the mentally ill, rather
than to imprison them
Worked to separate children
from adult inmates, and to
focus efforts on rehabilitation
rather than simple punishment

Prison
Reform

In a world where there is so much to

be done, I felt strongly impressed that
there must be something for me to do.

Care for the

Mentally Ill

Thomas Gallaudet

Samuel Gridley Howe

Worked to improve
education for the
blind using a new
method developed in
France by Louis Braille

Began first school in

America for
the
deaf

(his son

started the 1st

deaf college)
Education

Sarah Hale
Advocate of womens
education who published
magazines for women
Promoted idea of womens
Proper Sphere

Education

Mens Sphere business, politics

Womens Sphere home, human ties

Opposed feminism because

it took women from the
empire of the home
No need have we of power or splendor, wide hall or lordly dome;
the good, the true, the tender,these form the wealth of home.

Sec 3: Abolition and Womens Rights

Abolition the movement to end
slavery
By 1804, almost all Northern states
had abolished slavery and congress
banned the importation of African
slaves into the U.S. in 1807

Abolition

William Lloyd Garrison

I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with
moderation. . . . I am in earnest -- I will not
equivocate -- I will not excuse -- I will not retreat
a single inch -- AND I WILL BE HEARD.

Abolition

Published The Liberator,

the nations leading
abolitionist newspaper
Spoke out eloquently
and passionately against
slavery and for the
rights of America's black
inhabitants

Feminism

John Quincy Adams

Abolition

If your actions inspire others

to dream more, learn more,
do more and become more,
you are a leader.

Fought Congresss
Gag Rule and argued for
abolition
Introduced amendment to
abolish slavery
Successfully argued
before the U.S. Supreme
Court for freedom for the
Amistad slaves

Frederick Douglass
Escaped slave who became
a powerful abolitionist
speaker in the U.S. and
Britain
Published his
autobiography and an
abolitionist newspaper

Abolition
Those who profess to favor
freedom and yet criticize
agitation, are people who want
crops without plowing; they
want rain without thunder and
lightning; they want the ocean
without the roar of its waves.
The struggle may be a moral
one, or it may be a physical one,
or it may be both. But it must be
a struggle.
Power concedes nothing without
a demand; it never has and it
never will.

Sojourner Truth

Abolition

Escaped slave who spoke to huge

crowds in North advocating both
Abolition and Rights for Women
I am glad to see that men are getting their rights,
but I want women to get theirs, and while the
water is stirring I will step into the pool.

Feminism

The Underground Railroad

Freedom Trails
Brave abolitionists helped slaves escape to
freedom along the Underground Railroad
Neither underground nor a railroad, it was a
series of aboveground escape routes from
the South up to the free North
Runaway slaves traveled on foot
in wagons, boats and trains.
Traveled by night and hid by
day in places called stations.

Harriet Tubman
Most famous
conductor of the
Underground
Railroad
Made 19 trips into
the South to free
300+ slaves,
including her
entire family

Abolition

Feminism

I had reasoned this out in my mind, there was one of two things I had a
right to, liberty or death; if I could not have one, I would have the other.

Frances Ellen Watkins Harper

Free AfricanAmerican poet who
traveled the North
lecturing against
slavery and for
womens rights
The sale beganyoung girls were there,
Defenseless in their wretchedness,
Whose stifled sobs of deep despair
Revealed their anguish and distress.
-"The Slave Auction"

Abolition

Feminism

David Walker
Free African-American who published a
call for slaves to revolt then had
copies smuggled into the South and
distributed it to slaves and free blacks
Southerners responded with stricter
slave codes, and by offering a reward
($3,000) for his head (or $10,000 if
brought to the South alive)
Mysteriously found dead in his home
shortly thereafter

Abolition

Somebody must die in this cause. I may be

doomed to the stake and the fire, or to the
scaffold tree, but it is not in me to falter if I
can promote the work of emancipation.

Henry Box Brown

Slave who escaped

by mailing himself
to the North
Worked on
Underground
Railroad to help
escapees

Abolition

Womens Rights Movement

Some white abolitionist women began to
realize that their own rights were extremely
limited
Women in the 1800s had few legal or
political rights. Few could vote, sit on juries
or hold public office.
Many laws treated women especially
married women- as children. Husbands
controlled all property and wages earned by
the wife

Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott

Organized the
Seneca Falls
Convention, which
began the womens
rights movement in
America
Advocated womens
suffrage, believing
that political power
would lead to social
equality

Feminism

Abolition

Maria Mitchell
Founder of Association for the
Advancement of Women
Astronomer who was the 1st
woman elected to the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences

Study as if you were

going to live forever;
live as if you were
going to die tomorrow.

Feminism

Susan B. Anthony

Abolition

Built the Feminist

Movement into a
national organization
Campaigned for laws
to give married women
property rights
Campaigned for
womens suffrage
achieved in 1920 with
19th Amendment
It was we, the people; not we, the white male
citizens; nor yet we, the male citizens; but we,
the whole people, who formed the Union.

Feminism

Temperance

A Changing Nation- America Transformed

Immigration produced a far more diverse
population
Cities changed in size, culture and economy
Some people felt threatened by the new face
of America and fought to stop immigration
Others launched reform movements to take
control of the forces of change
The issue of slavery continued to tear the
nation apart