Slides NSP DHL

Seismicresponseestimationusing
nonlinearstaticmethods
DominikH.Lang,Dr.Ing.Dr.philos.
SeniorAdvisor,ProjectManager
NORSAR,Kjeller,Norway
IndoNorwegianTrainingProgrammeon
NonlinearModellingandSeismicResponse
EvaluationofStructures
December1416,2014 ContinuingEducationCenter,IIT Roorkee
Tableofcontents
Introduction
Methodsofstructuralanalysis
Nonlinearstatic(pushover)method(NSP)
Performanceestimation
Structuralcapacityvs.seismicdemand
Methodologiesandproceduresforperformanceestimation
CapacitySpectrumMethods(CSM)
ConventionalCSM (ATC40)
MADRS method(FEMA440) ProceduresA,B,C
DisplacementCoefficientMethods(DCM)
DCM (FEMA273,FEMA356)
ImprovedDCM (FEMA440)
N2 method(Fajfar 2002;EN 1998)
Introduction Methodsofanalysis
variousstructuralanalysismethods,bothelastic(linear)andinelastic(non
linear)areavailable:
linear(elastic)
nonlinear(inelastic)
methods
methods
lateralforcemethod
modalresponsespectrum
NOTE: Aniceoverviewofthe
variousanalysismethodsis
providedbyFEMA356
(FEMA2000),Chapter3.3!!
(quasi)static
method
static('pushover')
analysis(NSP)
dynamicmethods
(NDP)
dynamictimehistory
analysis(NLTHA)
IncrementalDynamic
Analysis(IDA)
theNSPcanbeconsideredasasimplifiednonlinearanalysismethodinwhich
thedynamicloadissubstitutedbyagraduallyincreasing(static)lateralload
Introduction Methodsofanalysis
thedecisionwhichstructuralanalysismethodtochoosestronglydependson:
calculationeffort
uncertaintiesinresults
calculation
effort
spatial(3D)
model
planar(2D)
model
lateralforce
modalRS
linearmethods
NSP
NDP
nonlinearmethods
calculation
effort
Nonlinearstaticpushovermethod(NSP)
PurposeoftheNSP:
toverifyorrevisetheoverstrength ratiovaluesu/1
toestimatetheplasticmechanismsandthedistributionofdamage
toassessthestructuralperformanceofexistingorretrofittedbuildings
asanalternativetothedesignbasedonlinearelasticanalysismethods,
whichusebehaviorfactorq
agoodalternativetoNDP astheseareconsideredasoverlycomplexandthe
lengthoftimerequiredtoperformacomputationprocessmightbesignificant
NDP requiresdefiningacompletehystereticbehaviorofthematerials
NDP requiresasetofgroundmotionrecordstoperformdynamicresponse
historyanalysis
servesasagoodalternativetotheNDPduetoitssimplicity,easeincapturing
globalstructuralbehavior,anditsabilitytoidentifyweaklinksinthestructural
system
alateralforcedistributionisappliedwhichisgraduallyincreaseduntilthe
structurebecomesunstableoruntilapredeterminedlimitisreached
d
BaseShear,V
Roofdisplacement,d
typesoflateralforcedistributiontothebuilding:
Type1:
Fx =[wx/wx]V
F3
F2
Type2:
Fx =[wxhx/wxhx]V
F3
F2
F1
F1
Type3: Fx =[wxx/wxx]V
Type5: includinghighermodes
V
F3
F2
1st
mode
F1
Minimumrequiredloadpatterns
thatneedtobeconsideredacc.
toEN19981
Type4: sameasType3untilfirstyielding;themode
shapesareadapted afterfirstyielding
nth mode1st mode
maincomponentoftheNSP istheelaborationofthecapacity(pushover)
curve
capacitycurverepresentsthelateraldisplacementofanystructuralpoint(e.g.
roofdisplacementd)versustotalbaseshearV
d
BaseShear,V
Roofdisplacement,d
capacity(pushover)curve:
Baseshear,V
yieldpointforelement(s)
Vu
Vu baseshearat
ultimatepoint
V1
V1 baseshearat
firstyield
analysissegments
Vu/V1=u/1
Roofdisplacement,d
stepbystepproceduretodeterminestructuralcapacity:
Generationofthestructuralmodel
checkifstructuralandgeotechnicalfeaturesofthe
foundationhavetobeincluded
Definitionofnonlinearhingeproperties
(i.e.,momentrotationorforcedeformation
relationships)fortheyieldingelements
(beams,columns,andstruts)
i
i
i
i
Definitionofloadcases
compilationofpermanentandliveloads
definitionofcertaincombinationsofpermanent,
liveandseismicloads( codeprovisions)
Calculationofstorymasses
permanentandparticipatingliveloads
(G+2 Q)
Gk +i(Ei QKi)
with:Ei= 2i
2i=0.3:forresidentialbuildings
Runofstaticanalysis(prerequisiteforthedefinitionofnonlinearhinge
properties),modalanalysis,andPushoveranalysis
Createanonlinearcomputermodelofthebuilding:
lpl
lpl
i
Moment
j
plastichingeregion
lpl=0.5d d
Curvature
with: d depthofsection
Applygravityloadsandconductstaticanalysis:
BaseShear,V
G+Ei Q
RoofDisplacement,d
Applylateralloadstothestructureinproportiontotheselectedloadpattern:
d
BaseShear,V
RoofDisplacement,d
Calculatememberforcesundertheappliedlateralloadandgravityload
combination checkforyieldinginthemembers:
d
BaseShear,V
RoofDisplacement,d
Moment
Curvature
RecordthebaseshearV androofdisplacementd:
d
BaseShear,V
RoofDisplacement,d
Moment
Curvature
n:RepeatSteps to forincrementsoflateralload:
BaseShear,V
RoofDisplacement,d
Moment
Curvature
BaseShear,V
RoofDisplacement,d
Moment
Curvature
BaseShear,V
RoofDisplacement,d
Moment
Curvature
BaseShear,V
RoofDisplacement,d
Moment
Curvature
theestimationofstructuralperformancethroughsimplifiednonlinearanalysis
methodsrequiresproceduresthatcombine
structuralcapacity
Spectralacceleration
seismicdemand
Spectraldisplacement
estimationofthebuildingsmaximumdisplacementunderagivenseismicload
PBSD:structuraldamageismainlydeterminedbylateraldisplacement
inordertoanalyticallypredictthestructuraldamagethatabuildingofagiven
capacitywillproduceunderagivenseismicimpact,differentmethodsare
available(NORSAR 2009):
CapacitySpectrumMethods(CSM)(ATC40,1996;FEMA440,2005),
Collapsebasedmethods(CBM)(e.g.FaMIVE,DAyalaandSperanza,2002;VULNUS,
Bernardini etal.,1990;Cosenzaetal.,2005),
Displacementbasedmethods(DBM)(e.g.DBELA,Crowleyetal.,2004;Miranda,
1999),
Displacementcoefficientmethods(DCM)(FEMA273,1997a;FEMA356,2000;
FEMA440,2005),
Incrementaldynamicanalysis(IDA)(e.g. Shome andCornell,1999;Vamvastsikos

andCornell,2002)
CSM andDCM receivedgreatestattentiontodate,mainlybecause:
publishedasvariousFEMAprovisions,and
incaseofCSM:establishedthebasisfortheHAZUS methodology(FEMA,2003)
tobeabletocorrelatetheresponsespectrumwiththecapacitycurve,bothneed
tobeconvertedfromtheirindividualdomainsintoacommondomain,i.e.
spectralaccelerationspectraldisplacementdomain(SaSd)
Seismicdemand(responsespectrum):
2
Sa 2 Sd
Sd
T
T1
T2
T3
PeriodT[s]
SpectralaccelerationSa
T1
T2
T3
SpectraldisplacementSd
Structuralcapacity(capacitycurve):
equivalentSDOF
BaseshearV
structuralmodel(MDOF)
Roofdisplacement
Tn=Telastic
T >>
Structuralcapacity(capacitycurve):
ConversionofV capacitycurveintoSaSd format(ADRS)
2
Sa
V/W
with:
j j,1
j1
1 n
n
2
m
m
j j j,1
j1 j1
roof,1
3,1
2,1
roof
Sd
1 roof ,1
with: V
W
1
roof
1
roof,1
with:
m
j1
n
j ,1
1,1
2
m
j j,1
j1
baseshear
buildingweight(massesfromdeadandliveloads)
modalmasscoefficient1st modeshape
roofdisplacement
modalparticipationfactor1st modeshape
amplitudeof1st modeshapeatrooflevel
T 2
Sd
Sa
CapacitySpectrumMethods
History:
rootscanbetracedtoJohnA.Blumes ReserveEnergyTechnique(RET) (Blume
etal. 1961)
firstintroducedinthe1970s asarapidevaluationprocedureinapilotproject
forassessingseismicvulnerabilityofbuildingsatthePugetSoundNaval
Shipyard(Freemanetal. 1975)
inthe1980s CSM wasusedtofindcorrelationbetweenseismicgroundmotion
andbuildingperformance(ATC 1982),aswellasdevelopmentintoadesign
verificationprocedurefortheTriservicesArmy,NavyandAirForce(Freemanet
al. 1984;Army1986)
inthe1990s underthedirectionoftheStateofCalifornia,theATC wasassigned
thetaskofdevelopingguidelinesfortheseismicevaluationandretrofitof
concretestructureswhichleadtoATC40(ATC 1996)
CSM Principalmethodology
ATC40methodology
ConventionalCapacitySpectrumMethod(ATC40, FEMA273):
thelocationoftheperformancepointmustsatisfytwoconditions:
thepointmustlieonthecapacitycurve
thepointmustlieonaspectraldemandcurve,reducedfromtheelastic,5%
dampeddesignspectrumthatrepresentsthenonlineardemandatthesame
structuraldisplacement
iterativeproceduretodeterminethelocationoftheperformancepoint
trialanderrorsearch forsatisfactionofthetwocriteria
ATC40 providesthreealternateproceduresforthisiterativeprocess:
ProcedureA:purelyformulabased(analytical)method;easytounderstand
ProcedureB:relativedirectsolutionwithlittleiteration;lesstransparentthanA
ProcedureC:puregraphicalmethod;mostconvenientforhandanalysis;least
transparent
ATC40methodology
ProcedureA: constructbilinearrepresentationofcapacityspectrum:
requiredtoestimateeffectivedampingandreductionofspectraldemand
mostcumbersomestepofthewholeprocedure,asitdiffersforvariousshapesof
capacitycurves(naturalorbilinear)
choosetrialperformancepointdpi/api andconstructbilinearrepresentation
target:areaA1 areaA2 sothatequalareasundercapacitycurveandits
bilinearrepresentation
ATC40methodology
constructbilinearrepresentationofcapacityspectrum:
choosetrialperformancepointdpi/api
equaldisplacementapproximationcanbeusedasfirstestimateofdpi/api
delastic
Ki
api
ay
elasticdemand
spectrum(5%)
dy
dinelastic =dpi
ATC40methodology
constructbilinearrepresentationofcapacityspectrum:
constructbilinearrepresentation
target:areaA1 areaA2
delastic
Ki
api
ay
AreaA1
AreaA2
elasticdemand
spectrum(5%)
dy
dinelastic =dpi
ATC40methodology
determinationofeffectiveviscousdampingeff :
eff 0 5
63.7 (ay d pi d y api )
degradationfactor(damping
modificationfactor)thatdefinesthe
effectiveamountofhysteretic
dampingasafunctionof
earthquakedurationandenergy
absorptioncapacityofthestructure
duringcyclicearthquakeload(see
HAZUS,Table5.18inFEMA2003)
api d pi
in[%]
Sa
api
A3
A1
ay
A2
A2
0 hystereticdampingrepresentedas
A3
equivalentviscousdamping
dy
A1
dpi
Sd
ATC40methodology
determinationofeffectiveviscousdampingeff :
valuesof,(SRA)min and(SRV)min are giveninTables8.1and8.2ofATC40

dependentonstructuralbehaviortypes:
Shaking
duration
Essentially
newbuilding
Averageexisting
building
Poorexisting
building
short
TypeA
TypeB
TypeC
long
TypeB
TypeC
TypeC
qualitativefunctionof :
1.00
TypeA
TypeB
TypeC
ATC40methodology
computespectralreductionfactorsSRA andSRV:
SRA
3.21 0.68 ln( eff )

2.12
SRV
(SRA )min
qualitativefunctionofeff :
eff
TypeA
TypeB
TypeC
5%
2.31 0.41 ln( eff )

1.65
(SRV )min
minimumallowablevaluesfor
reductionfactors(SRA)min and (SRV)min:
Structural
behaviortype
(SRA)min
(SRV)min
TypeA
0.33
0.50
TypeB
0.44
0.56
TypeC
0.56
0.67
ATC40methodology
computereduced(inelastic)demandspectrum:
2.5 CA
(2.5 CA) SRA
CV/T
elastic(5%)
CA
(CV/T) SRV
inelastic(>5%)
ATC40methodology
checkifdemandspectrumintersectsthecapacityspectrumatpoint(dpi,api):
ifyes(dpi,api)istheperformancepoint
ifnotselectanew(dpi,api)andrepeatfromstep
acceptable,if
0.95dpi di 1.05dpi
ai
api
elastic(5%)
inelastic(>5%)
dpi
di
ATC40methodology
ProcedureB(inshort):
simplifiedassumptions(thatmaynotalwaysbevalid!!!):
1.initialslopeofthebilinearized capacitycurveKe remainsconstant
2.yieldpointay,dy remainsconstant
3.postyieldslopeKs remainsconstant
thisproceduredoesnotmakesense!!
ProcedureC(inshort):
graphicalsolutiontobeusedbyhand
oftentheperformancepointisfoundatfirsttry
thisprocedurecanonlybedrawnbyhandandseemstobevery
homemade!
ATC40methodology
ConventionalCapacitySpectrumMethod(ATC40,FEMA273):
DisadvantagesofCSM:
Iterativeprocedureisunnecessarilycomplexfortheintendeduse(Freeman
2004)
Inelasticreductionfactorsandhencedampingvaluesappeartomost
researcherstobetoolarge,i.e.nonconservative,underestimatingthe
seismicdemandandthuspredictinglowerdamage
updatedprocedurecalledMADRS (ModifiedAccelerationDisplacement
ResponseSpectrum)hasbeenintroducedinFEMA440(FEMA2005)
MADRS isbasedonasimilartheoreticalbackgroundbutithassomeadvantages
overCSM:
moreaccuratedisplacementdemandestimates
itprovidestheengineerwithavisualizationtool
notiterative computationallylessexpensive
DisplacementCoefficientMethod(DCM)
DisplacementCoefficientMethod(FEMA273,1996;FEMA356,2000):
directnumericalprocessforcalculatingdisplacementdemand
noneedoftransferringthecapacityspectrumintospectralcoordinated
limitedtobuildingsthatareregularanddonothaveadversetorsionalor
multimodebehaviors
firstpresentedby FEMA273(1996)
slightlymodified(especiallyintermsofterminology)inATC40(1996)
targetdisplacementreferstoperformancepoint
performanceobjectiveofcollapsepreventionreferstostructuralstability
constructabilinearrepresentationofthecapacitycurve:
drawapostelasticstiffnessKs torepresentanaveragestiffnessofthisbranch
wherethestructuresstrengthislevelingoff
drawtheeffectiveelasticstiffnessKe byconstructingasecantline
target:intersectionpointwithcapacitycurve 0.6 Vy
Ki
BaseshearV
Vy
Ks
0.6 Vy
Ke
Note:Thisbilinearcurveis
generallydifferentfromthose
constructedfortheCSM !!!
Roofdisplacement
iterativeprocess!!!
calculateeffectivefundamentalperiodTe :
Ki
Te Ti
Ke
with: Ti elasticfundamentalperiod(in[s])
in[s]
Ki elasticlateralstiffness
Ke effectivelateralstiffness
calculatetarget(roof!)displacementt :
Te 2
t C 0 C1 C 2 C 3 S a
4 2
in[m]
Note:Ki maybeequaltoKe!!
with: Sa spectralaccelerationatthe
effectivefundamentalperiod
ofthebuilding(in[m/s2])
C0 modificationfactortorelatespectraldisplacementandlikelyroofdisplacement
(firstmodalparticipationfactoratrooflevel;tabularvaluedep.onstorynumber)
C1 modificationfactortorelateexpectedmaximuminelasticdisplacementto
displacementcalculatedforlinearelasticresponse
C2 modificationfactortorepresenttheeffectofhysteresisshapeonthemaximum
displacementresponse
C3 modificationfactortorepresentincreaseddisplacementsduetosecondorder
effects
ImprovedDispl.Coeff.Method(IDCM)
ImprovedDisplacementCoefficientMethod(FEMA440,2005):
theDCM modifiesthedisplacementdemandoftheequivalentlinearsingle
degreeoffreedom(SDOF)systembymultiplyingitbyaseriesofcoefficientsin
ordertogenerateanestimateofthemaximumdisplacementdemandofthe
nonlinearoscillator
theprocessbeginswiththegenerationofthecapacitycurveofthenonlinear
oscillator;theeffectiveperiodTe ofthesystemisthencomputedas:
Sa
Te 2
Dy
Ay
in[s]
Ay
Dy
Sd
computeaccelerationdemandoftheequivalentlinearSDOF systemSa,el :
Sa,el
Te
PeriodT
derivepeakelasticspectraldisplacementdemandSd,el :
Te
S d,el S a,el
computetargetdisplacementt :
t C1 C2 Sd,el
in[m]
elastic,Te
inelastic,EPP
C1 modificationfactortorelatetheexpectedmaximumdisplacementdemand
ofanonlinearoscillatorwithelasticperfectlyplastic(EPP)hysteretic
propertiestothepeakdisplacementdemandofthelinearoscillator
C2 modificationfactortorepresenttheeffectofpinchedhystereticshapeand
stiffnessdegradationonthemaximumdisplacementresponse
coefficientsC1 andC2 canbeapproximativelyderived(FEMA440,2005):
R 1
C1 1
a Te2
a equationconstantdep.onsoilclass: a=130 forSCB

a=90 forSCC
a=60 forSCD
1 R 1

C2 1
800 Te
R ratioofelasticstrengthdemandtothecalculated
strengthcapacity,i.e.R =Sa,el /Ay
MADRSmethod(FEMA440,2005)
ModifiedAccelerationDisplacementResponseSpectrumMethod:
MADRS ImprovedNonlinearStaticProcedures(ProceduresA,B,C)
moreaccurateestimatesofdisplacementsthanCSM whencomparedtotime
historyanalysis
providestheengineer
withavisualizationtool
byfacilitatingadirect
graphicalcomparisonof
capacityanddemand
However: Theprincipals
oftheseimproved
proceduresaresimilarto
the'ATC40CSM'!
ModifiedAccelerationDisplacementResponseSpectrumMethod:
theATC40 CSM usesthesecantperiodastheeffectivelinearperiodin
determiningthemaximumdisplacement(performancepoint)
thisassumptionresultsinthemaximumdisplacementoccurringattheintersectionof
thecapacitycurveforthestructurewiththedemandcurvefortheeffectivedamping
however,ithasbeenshowninseveralstudiesthatthismethodcannotbeusedwitha
nonIBCresponsespectrumandthatitdoesnotprovideanaccurateperformance
pointinsomecases
improvementsofthemethodhavebeenpublishedinFEMA440(2005)
visualizationtoolbyfacilitatingadirectgraphicalcomparisonofcapacityanddemand
veryeffectivesolutionstrategiesforequivalentlinearizationthatrelyonamodified
ADRS demandcurve(MADRS)thatintersectsthecapacitycurveatthemaximum
displacement
However: ResultsofMADRS maynotbereliableforextremelyhighductility
values,e.g.,greaterthan10to12!!!
selectgroundmotiondemandspectrumforaninitialdampingi (usually5%)
ifapplicable: modifydemandspectrumforSSIeffects(reductioninspectral
ordinatesandmodificationofsystemdampingi to0
convertdemandspectrumintoSaSd domain( initialADRS demand)
designspectrum
hazardspectrum
deterministicspectrum
PeriodT SpectraldisplacementSd
generatecapacitycurveforthestructuretobeanalyzedintheADRS format
selectinitialperformancepoint(api,dpi) equaldisplacementapproximation
developbilinearrepresentationofcapacitycurvefollowingATC40procedure
sofartheprocedure(moreorless)followsATC40!!!
api
ay
dy dpi
determineeffectivedampingeff :
a)computepostyieldstiffness andductility forthebilinearrepresentation
ofthecapacitycurve:
postyield(postelastic)stiffness
api ay
displacementductility
d d
dpi
pi
y
dy
ay
G,H,I,J,K coefficientsdependenton

d
andhysteresistype(tabularvalues)
y
b)computeeffectiveperiodofthestructureTeff forvariousrangesof :
for <4.0:
Teff G ( 1)2 H ( 1)3 1 T0
for4.0 6.5:
Teff I J ( 1) 1 T0
for >6.5:

( 1)
Teff K
1 1 T0
1 L ( 2)
determineeffectivedampingeff (contd):
c)computeeff usingthepreviousderivedparameters:
for <4.0:
eff A ( 1)2 B ( 1)3 0
for4.0 6.5:
eff C D ( 1) 0
for >6.5:
eff
F ( 1) 1 Teff
E
2
F ( 1) T0
A,B,C,D,E,F coefficientsdependenton and

hysteresistype(tabularvalues)
Note: Bothsetofcoefficients(AFandGK)havebeenoptimizedformodel
oscillatorsandnotactualbuildingmodels.Approximatecoefficientsindependent
ofhystereticmodeltypeor areprovidedinFEMA440,Ch.6.2.1and6.2.2.
adjustmentoftheinitialADRS toeffectivedampingeff anddeterminationof
targetdisplacementdpi :
FEMA440providesthreepossibleproceduresforthis(iterative)process:
ProcedureA:DirectIteration,trialanderror
ProcedureB:IntersectionwithMADRS
ProcedureC:MADRSLocusofPossiblePerformancePoints
all3procedurescanbeconductedbyhand
ProcedureA:DirectIteration
A.1adjusttheinitialADRStoeffectivedampingeff
api
intitalADRS
ADRS,eff (,CS)
dpi
A.2determineestimatedmaximumdisplacementdi byintersectingthe
effectiveperiodTeff withtheadjustedADRS(eff )
Teff (,CS)
api
intitalADRS
ADRS,eff (,CS)
dpi
di
A.2theestimatedmaximumaccelerationai isthatcorrespondingtodi on
thecapacitycurve
Teff (,CS)
ai
api
intitalADRS
ADRS,eff (,CS)
dpi
di
A.3compareestimatedmaximumdisplacementdi withtheinitially
assumeddpi ifwithinacceptablelimits,performancepointisfound!!
Teff (,CS)
ai
api
intitalADRS
ADRS,eff (,CS)
dpi
di
A.3compareestimatedmaximumdisplacementdi withtheinitially
assumeddpi ifnot,repeatiterationwithnewdpi (fromstep)
Teff (,CS)
ai
api
intitalADRS
ADRS,eff (,CS)
dpi
di
B.1adjusttheinitialADRStoeffectivedampingeff
api
intitalADRS
ADRS,eff (,CS)
dpi

2
Teff
dy
M
T0 2
ay
Tsec
B.2multiply(only!)accelerationordinatesofthe
Tsec
T0
adjustedADRSwithmodificationfactorM
1 ( 1)
api
ay
intitalADRS
ADRS,eff (,CS)
MADRS,eff (,CS,M)
dy dpi
B.3determineestimatedmaximumdisplacementdi andaccelerationai by
intersectingtheMADRSwiththecapacitycurve
ai
api
intitalADRS
ADRS,eff (,CS)
MADRS,eff (,CS,M)
dpi
di
B.4compareestimatedmaximumdisplacementdi withtheinitially
assumeddpi ifwithinacceptablelimits,performancepointisfound!!
ai
api
dpi
intitalADRS
ADRS,eff (,CS)
MADRS,eff (,CS,M)
di
B.4compareestimatedmaximumdisplacementdi withtheinitially
assumeddpi ifnot,repeatiterationwithnewdpi (fromstep)
ai
api
dpi
intitalADRS
ADRS,eff (,CS)
MADRS,eff (,CS,M)
di
C.1theinitialADRSisconsideredtocorrespondtoductility =1.0
ay
intitalADRS,0( =1)
dy
C.2constructasuiteofMADRSforvariousductilityfactors =2,3,....10(?);
thisrequiresthecalculationofdpi,,Teff,Tsec,M,andeff
intitalADRS,0( =1)
MADRS( =2)
MADRS( =3)
MADRS( =4)
MADRS( =5)
MADRS( =...)
C.3drawradiallinesforsecandperiodsTsec foreachductilityfactor
C.4markintersectionsofTsec andMADRSforeachductilityfactor
T0 =Tsec, =1 Tsec, =2
Tsec, =3
Tsec, =4
Tsec, =5
Tsec, =...
intitalADRS,0( =1)
MADRS( =2)
MADRS( =3)
MADRS( =4)
MADRS( =5)
MADRS( =...)
C.5actualperformancepointisdefinedbytheintersectionofthelocusof
individualintersectionpointsandthecapacityspectrum
api
T0 =Tsec, =1 Tsec, =2
Tsec, =3
Tsec, =4
Tsec, =5
Tsec, =...
dpi
noiteration
required!!
intitalADRS,0( =1)
MADRS( =2)
MADRS( =3)
MADRS( =4)
MADRS( =5)
MADRS( =...)
N2method
N2 methodbasedontheworkbyFajfar (2002)andrecommendedbyEN 1998:
N nonlinear,2 twomathematicalmodels(1SDOF and1MDOF model)
procedureisspecificallyapplicableonlyforstructuresthatarecharacterizedby
bilinearelastoperfectlyplasticcapacitycurves
extendedversionofthemethod,whichcanbeappliedforasymmetric
structuresaswell
processconsistsinobtainingtheappropriateinelasticresponsespectrumfor
whichtheextractedperformancepoint(definedaspointofintersectionof
idealizedSDOF systembasedcapacitycurvewiththeinelasticdemand
spectrum)reaches,oriscloseto,thedisplacementcapacityattheconsidered
damagestatethreshold
Fajfar,P.(2002).Structuralanalysisinearthquakeengineering abreak
throughofsimplifiednonlinearmethods.TwelfthEuropeanConferenceon
EarthquakeEngineering,London,paper843.
N2method
N2 method:
generateinelasticdemandspectruminADRS forductilityfactor :
Sa,inelastic
Sa,el (T)
(T)
R (T)
Sd,inelastic
Sd,el (T)
(T)
R (T)
(
1
)
R (T)
TC
TC
elasticADRS
inelasticADRS( =3)
for T TC
for T TC
N2method
N2 method:
overlaycapacityspectrum(withelasticperiodT*):
Case1:
T* TC (medium andlongperiodstructures)
ductilitydemand =reductionfactorR
inelasticdisplacementdemand=elasticdispl.demand: S*d,inel Sd,el (T * )
TC
T*
Sa (T* ) Sae (T* )
Say
Sd,el (T* )
elasticADRS
S*d,inel
inelasticADRS( =3)
N2method
N2 method:
Case2:
T*<TC (shortperiodstructures)
ifSa,y Sa,el (T*) theresponseiselastic: S*d,inel Sd,el (T* )
Say
T*
TC
Sa (T* ) Sae (T* )
elasticADRS
S*d,inel
inelasticADRS( =3)
N2method
N2 method:
T*<TC (shortperiodstructures)
Case2:
ifSa,y <Sa,el (T*) theresponseisnonlinear:
*
S
(
T
)
T
1 (R 1) C* Sd,el (T* )
S*d,inel d,el
T
R
T*
TC
Sa (T* ) Sae (T* )
Say
elasticADRS
Sde (T* ) S*d,inel
inelasticADRS( =3)
Concludingremarks
ingeneral,resultsobtainedusingthesesimplifiedmethodsarereasonably
accurate,providedthatthestructureoscillatespredominantlyinthefirst
mode
resultsmaybealsoreliablefortorsionally stiffasymmetricstructuresprovided
thattheresponseisdominatedbytranslationalmodes
influenceofhighermodescanbeaddressedbyconsideringdifferent
distributionsoflateralloads
theuseofinelasticspectraisconsideredtobemoreappropriatethantheuse
ofhighlydampedequivalentelasticspectra(asitisdoneinATC40)
inelasticspectraarebasedonamoresoundtheoreticalbasis
donotrequireiteration
allCSM methodsdifferinsimplicity,transparency,mathematics/theoretical
backgroundand,finally,thedeterminationofdisplacementdemand
Fajfar (2002)
References
AppliedTechnologyCouncil(1996).Seismicevaluationandretrofitofconcretebuildings,
ReportNo.ATC40,RedwoodCity,CA.
Fajfar,P.(2002).Structuralanalysisinearthquakeengineering abreakthroughofsimplified
nonlinearmethods.TwelfthEuropeanConferenceonEarthquakeEngineering,London,
paper843.
FederalEmergencyManagementAgency(1997).NEHRP GuidelinesfortheSeismic
RehabilitationofBuildings,FEMA273,Washington,D.C.,October1997.
FederalEmergencyManagementAgency(2000).Prestandard andCommentaryforSeismic
RehabilitationofBuildings,FEMA356,PreparedbytheAmericanSocietyofCivil
EngineersfortheFederalEmergencyManagementAgency,Washington,D.C.
FederalEmergencyManagementAgency(2003).HAZUSMHMR4 TechnicalManual.
Washington,D.C.
FederalEmergencyManagementAgency(2005).ImprovementofNonlinearStaticSeismic
AnalysisProcedures,FEMA440,PreparedbyAppliedTechnologyCouncil(ATC55
Project),Washington,D.C.,UnitedStates,June2005.
Krawinkler,H.,andSeneviratna,G.D.P.K.(1998).Prosandconsofapushoveranalysisfor
seismicperformanceevaluation,EngineeringStructures20:452464.
NORSAR (2009).GEMMemorandumonGEM1,September2009,(Authors:J.Crempien,D.H.
Lang,E.Erduran,C.D.Lindholm),12pp.
References
DAyala,D.,andSperanza,E.(2002).Anintegratedprocedurefortheassessmentofseismic
vulnerabilityofhistoricbuildings,Proceedingsofthe12thEuropeanConferenceon
EarthquakeEngineering,London,U.K.,Paperno.561.
Bernardini,A.,Gori,R.andModena,C.(1990).Applicationofcoupledanalyticalmodelsand
experimentalknowledgetoseismicvulnerabilityanalysesofmasonrybuildings,in:
EngineeringDamageEvaluationandVulnerabilityAnalysisofBuildingStructures,A.
Koridze (ed.),OmegaScientific,Oxon,U.K.
Cosenza,E.,Manfredi,G.,Polese,M.andVerderame,G.M.(2005).Amultilevelapproachto
thecapacityassessmentofexistingRCbuildings,JournalofEarthquakeEngineering9(1):
122.
Crowley,H.,Pinho,R.,andBommer,J.J.(2004).Aprobabilisticdisplacementbased
vulnerabilityassessmentprocedureforearthquakelossestimation,Bulletinof
EarthquakeEngineering2:173219.
Miranda,E.(1999).Approximateseismiclateraldeformationdemandsinmultistory
buildings,JournalofStructuralEngineering125(4):417425.
Shome,N.,andCornellA.(1999).ProbabilisticSeismicDemandAnalysisofNonlinear
Structures,ReportNo.RMS35,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,StanfordUniversity.
Vamvastsikos,D.andCornell,A.C.(2002).Incrementaldynamicanalysis,Earthquake
EngineeringandStructuralDynamics31(3):491514.
Contact
DominikH.Lang
Dipl.ing.,Dr.Ing.(PhD),Dr.philos.
SeniorAdvisor,ProjectManager
NORSAR
2027Kjeller,Norway
Phone:(47)98842924(Norway)
(91)9760214680(India)
email: dominik@norsar.no
Web: http://www.norsar.no
http://selena.sourceforge.net
Associate Editor
EERI/IAEE's World Housing Encyclopedia
EarthquakeEngineeringResearchInstitute
Oakland,CA
http://www.eeri.org
http://www.worldhousing.net

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Seismicresponseestimationusing

N2 method(Fajfar 2002;EN 1998)

nth mode1st mode

Incrementaldynamicanalysis(IDA)(e.g. Shome andCornell,1999;Vamvastsikos

CSM andDCM receivedgreatestattentiontodate,mainlybecause:

63.7 (ay d pi d y api )

valuesof,(SRA)min and(SRV)min are giveninTables8.1and8.2ofATC40

3.21 0.68 ln( eff )

2.31 0.41 ln( eff )

a equationconstantdep.onsoilclass: a=130 forSCB

However: ResultsofMADRS maynotbereliableforextremelyhighductility

convertdemandspectrumintoSaSd domain( initialADRS demand)

Teff G ( 1)2 H ( 1)3 1 T0

eff A ( 1)2 B ( 1)3 0

A,B,C,D,E,F coefficientsdependenton and

adjustmentoftheinitialADRS toeffectivedampingeff anddeterminationof

Sa (T* ) Sae (T* )

Sa (T* ) Sae (T* )

ifSa,y <Sa,el (T*) theresponseisnonlinear:

Sa (T* ) Sae (T* )

Sde (T* ) S*d,inel

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