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bcCommandExamplesinUnix/Linuxtutorials

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bcCommandExamplesinUnix/Linuxtutorials
Arithmeticoperationsarethemostcommoninanykindofprogramminglanguage.Unixor
linuxoperatingsystemprovidesthebccommandandexprcommandfordoingarithmetic

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SedCommandinUnixandLinuxExamples

calculations.Youcanusethesecommandsinbashorshellscriptalsoforevaluating
arithmeticexpressions.
Herewewillseeonlyaboutthebccommand.Thebccommandevaluatesexpressionssimilar
tothecprogramminglanguage.Thebccommandsupportsthefollowingfeatures.
Arithmeticoperators
Incrementanddecrementoperators
Assignmentoperators
ComparisionorRelationalOperators
LogicalorBooleanoperators
MathFunctions
Conditionalstatements
Iterativestatements
Functions

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ArithmeticoperatorExamples:
Thefollowingexampleshowshowtousevariousarithmeticoperators.Theexamplesare

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prettystraightforward.So,Iwillprovideexplanationonlywhenrequired.Inmostofthe
examplestheechostatmentisusedtoprovidetheexpressionstothebccommand.
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vijaybhaskar
1.FindingSumofTwoexpressions

Addtocircles

>echo"2+5"|bc
7

2.DifferenceofTwonumbers

>echo"104"|bc
6
604havemeincircles

Viewall

3.Multiplyingtwonumbers

>echo"3*8"|bc
24

4.Dividingtwonumbers
Whenyoudividetwonumbers,thebccommandIgnoresthedecimalpartandreturnsonly
theintegralpartastheoutput.Seethebelowexamples

>echo"2/3"|bc
0
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>echo"5/4"|bc
1

Usethescalefunctiontospecifythenumberofdecimaldigitsthatthebccommandshould
return.

>echo"scale=2;2/3"|bc
.66

5.Findingtheremainderusingmodulusoperator

>echo"6%4"|bc
2

6.Usingexponentoperator

>echo"10^2"|bc
100

Heretheexpressionisevaluatedas10tothepowerof2.
AssignmentOperatorExamples:
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Assignmentoperatorsareusedtoassignavaluetothevariable.Thefollowingexample
showshowtousetheassignmentoperators:

Assigns10tothevariableandprintsthevalueontheterminal.
>echo"var=10;var"|bc
Incrementthevalueofthevariableby5
>echo"var=10;var+=5;var|bc
15

Thelistsofassignmentoperatorssupportedare:
var=value:Assignthevaluetothevariable
var+=value:similartovar=var+value
var=value:similartovar=varvalue
var*=value:similartovar=var*value
var/=value:similartovar=var/value
var^=value:similartovar=var^value
var%=value:similartovar=var%value
IncrementOperatorExamples:
Therearetwokindsofincrementoperators.Theyarepreincrementandpostincrement
operators.
++var:Preincrementoperator.Thevariableisincrementedfirstandthenthe
resultofthevariableisused.
var++:Postincrementoperator.Theresultofthevariableisusedfirstandthen
thevariableisincremented.
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>echo"var=5;++var"|bc
6
>echo"var=5;var++"|bc
5

Here,inthesecondexamplethevalueofvarisprintedfirstandthenitisincremented.See
thebelowexample,toseethecompleteincrementaleffect.

>echo"var=5;var++;var"|bc
5
6

DecrementOperatorExamples:
Similartotheincrementoperators,therearetwotypesofdecrementoperators.
var:Predecrementoperator.Thevariableisdecrementedfirstandthenthe
resultofthevariableisused.
var:Postdecrementoperator.Theresultofthevariableisusedfirstandthen
thevariableisdecremented.
>echo"var=5;var"|bc
4
>echo"var=5;var"|bc
5

RelationalOperatorsExamples:
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Relationaloperatorsareusedtocomparetwonumbers.Ifthecomparisonistrue,thenit
returns1.Otherwise(false),itreturns0.Therelationaloperatorsaremostlyusedin
conditionalstatementslikeif.Thelistofrelationaloperatorssupportedinbccommandare
shownbelow:
expr1<expr2:Resultis1ifexpr1isstrictlylessthanexpr2.
expr1<=expr2:Resultis1ifexpr1islessthanorequaltoexpr2.
expr1>expr2:Resultis1ifexpr1isstrictlygreaterthanexpr2.
expr1>=expr2:Resultis1ifexpr1isgreaterthanorequaltoexpr2.
expr1==expr2:Resultis1ifexpr1isequaltoexpr2.
expr1!=expr2:Resultis1ifexpr1isnotequaltoexpr2.

>echo"10>5"|bc
1
>echo"1==2"|bc
0

LogicalOperatorExamples:
Logicaloperatorsarealsomostlyusedinconditionalstatements.Theresultofthelogical
operatorsiseither1(True)or0(false)!expr:Resultis1ifexpris0.
expr&&expr:Resultis1ifbothexpressionsarenonzero.
expr||expr:Resultis1ifeitherexpressionisnonzero.

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>echo"4&&10"|bc
1
>echo"0||0"|bc
0

MathFunctions:
Thebuiltinmathfunctionssupportedare:
s(x):Thesineofx,xisinradians.
c(x):Thecosineofx,xisinradians.
a(x):Thearctangentofx,arctangentreturnsradians.
l(x):Thenaturallogarithmofx.
e(x):Theexponentialfunctionofraisingetothevaluex.
j(n,x):Thebesselfunctionofintegerordernofx.
sqrt(x):Squarerootofthenumberx.
Inadditiontothemathfunctions,thefollowingfunctionsarealsosupported.
length(x):returnsthenumberofdigitsinx
read():Readsthenumberfromthestandardinput.
ConditionalStatementExamples:
Conditionalstatementsareusedtotakedecisionsandexecutestatementsbasedonthese
decisions.Bccommandsupportstheifcondition.Thesyntaxofifstatementis

if(condition){statements}else{statements}
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Thefollowingexampleshowsshowtousetheifcondition

>echo'if(1==2)print"true"elseprint"false"'|bc
false

IterativeStatements:
Bccommandsupportstheforandwhileloopfordoingiterations.Thesyntaxofforandwhile
loopareshownbelow:

for(assignment;condition;increment){
statements
}
while(condition){
statements
}

Thefollowingexamplesprintsnumbersfrom1to10usingtheforandwhileloops

>echo"for(i=1;i<=10;i++){i;}"|bc
>echo"i=1;while(i<=10){i;i+=1}"|bc

Functions:
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Afunctionisacodeblockwhichexecuteslogicallyrelatedfunctionalityandreturnsavalue.
Thesyntaxofcreatingafunctionis

definefunctionname(commaseparatedparameterslist){
statements
returnstatement
}

Sofarwehaveprovidedthearithmeticexpressionstothebccommandbyusingtheecho
statement.Wecanwritethesearithmeticexpressionsinafileandthenexecutethose
statementsbyprovidingthefilenametothebccommand.Thisisshownbelow:

>catarth_expr.dat
2+5;
var=10*3
var
printvar
definesum(a,b){
returna+b
}
sum(3,5)
quit

Nowseehowtoexecutethesestatements:

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>bcarth_expr.dat
bc1.06
Copyright19911994,1997,1998,2000FreeSoftwareFoundation,Inc.
ThisisfreesoftwarewithABSOLUTELYNOWARRANTY.
Fordetailstype`warranty'.
7
30
30
8

Bedefaultthebccommandprintsthewelcomemessage(version,copyrightmessage.You
cansuppressthiswelcomemessagebyusingtheqoptionwithbccommand

>bcqarth_expr.dat

ImportantPoints:
Bccommandtreatsthesemicolon()ornewlineasthestatementseparator.
Togroupstatementsusethecurlybraces.Usewithfunctions,ifstatement,forand
whileloops.
Ifonlyanexpressionisspecifiedasastatement,thenbccommandevaluatesthe
expressionandprintstheresultonthestandardoutput.
Ifanassignmentoperatorisfound.Bccommandassignsthevaluetothevariable
anddonotprintthevalueontheterminal.
Afunctionshouldbedefinedbeforecallingit.Alwaysthefunctiondefinitionshould
appearfirstbeforethecallingstatements.
Ifastandalonevariableisfoundasastatement,bccommandprintsthevalueof
thevariable.YoucanalsoUsetheprintstatementfordisplayingthelistofvalues
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ontheterminal.

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