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Attenuators

Attenuator is a two port resistive network. It is used to reduce the signal level when used between a generator
and load. Attenuators may be symmetrical or asymmetrical. They may provide fixed or variable attenuation.
A fixed attenuator is also called a pad. The attenuation is measured in decibels (dB) or nepers.
P1
Attenuation in dB = 10 log10
P2
= 20 log10

V1
V2

= 20 log10

I1
I2

There are 4 types of attenuators.


(i) T = type attenuator
(ii) p = type attenuator
(iii) Lattice type attenuator
(iv) Bridged T = type attenuator

Ttype attenuator
Figure 1 show a symmetrical T = attenuator. Each series
arm is assumed to have a resistance of R1 while the
resistance of shunt arms equals RB .
Applying KVL to the network,
R2(I1 I2) = I2(R1 + R0)
I2(R2 + R1 + R0) = I1R2

Fig. 1

Electrical Networks

R + R1 + R0
I1
= 2
=N
R2
I2

(i)

Characteristic impedance is R0 when it is attenuated in a load of R0


R + R2 + ( R1 + R0 )
R0 = 1
R2 + R1 + R0
Substituting Eq. (i),
( R + R0 )
R0 = R1 + 1
N
NR0 = NR1 + R0 + R0
R0(N 1) = R1(N + 1)
R1 =

R0 ( N - 1)
N +1

(ii)

From Eq. (ii)


NR2 = R2 + R1 + R0
(N 1) R2 = R1 + R0
Substituting Eq. (ii),
(N 1) R2 =

R0 ( N - 1)
+ R0
N +1

(N 1) R2 =

2 NR0
N +1

R2 =

2 NR0
N2 -1

-Type Attenuator
Figure 2 show a symmetrical p attenuator. The series and shunt elements of this attenuator can be specified in
terms of characteristic impedance and propagation constant.

Fig. 2

For resistive network z0 = R0 and g = a


R1 = R0 sinh a
R0
R2 =
tanh a 2
R1 = R0

ea - e-a
2

Attenuators

eg =

I1
=N
I2

1
2
N = R N -1
0
2
2N

NR1 = R0
Similarly
tanh

ea
a
= a
e
2
=
=
R2 =

- e-a

+ e-a

ea - 1
ea + 1
N -1
N +1

R0 ( N + 1)
( N - 1)

Lattice Attenuator
Figure 3 shows a lattice attenuator. The elements of lattice attenuator can be specified in terms of characteristic
impedance and propagation constant.

Fig. 3

We know that
z0 =

zSC zOC

Redrawing the lattice network,

Fig. 4

Electrical Networks

2R1 R2
zSC = R + R
1
2
zOC =

R1 + R2
2

z0 = R0 =

z SC zOC

2 R1 R2 R1 + R2
R + R 2
1
2

R1 R2

Applying KVL to the network,


I1R0 = (I1 I) R1 + I2R0 + (I + I2)R1
I1R0 = R1(I1 + I2) + I2R0
I1(R0 R1) = I2(R1 + R0)

R
1+ 1
I1
R1 + R0
R0
I 2 = R R = R1
0
1
1 R0
R1
R0
I
N = ea = 1 =
R
I2
1- 1
R0
1+

ea =

1+

R1 R0

1 - R1 R2

1 +
a = log
1 -

R1 R2

R1 R2

R
R
N 1 - 1 = 1 + 1
R0
R0

N - 1

N + 1

R1 = R0

Similarly

N + 1

N - 1

R2 = R0

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