Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Attenuator is a two port resistive network. It is used to reduce the signal level when used between a generator
and load. Attenuators may be symmetrical or asymmetrical. They may provide fixed or variable attenuation.
A fixed attenuator is also called a pad. The attenuation is measured in decibels (dB) or nepers.
P1
Attenuation in dB = 10 log10
P2
= 20 log10
V1
V2
= 20 log10
I1
I2
Ttype attenuator
Figure 1 show a symmetrical T = attenuator. Each series
arm is assumed to have a resistance of R1 while the
resistance of shunt arms equals RB .
Applying KVL to the network,
R2(I1 I2) = I2(R1 + R0)
I2(R2 + R1 + R0) = I1R2
Fig. 1
Electrical Networks
R + R1 + R0
I1
= 2
=N
R2
I2
(i)
R0 ( N - 1)
N +1
(ii)
R0 ( N - 1)
+ R0
N +1
(N 1) R2 =
2 NR0
N +1
R2 =
2 NR0
N2 -1
-Type Attenuator
Figure 2 show a symmetrical p attenuator. The series and shunt elements of this attenuator can be specified in
terms of characteristic impedance and propagation constant.
Fig. 2
ea - e-a
2
Attenuators
eg =
I1
=N
I2
1
2
N = R N -1
0
2
2N
NR1 = R0
Similarly
tanh
ea
a
= a
e
2
=
=
R2 =
- e-a
+ e-a
ea - 1
ea + 1
N -1
N +1
R0 ( N + 1)
( N - 1)
Lattice Attenuator
Figure 3 shows a lattice attenuator. The elements of lattice attenuator can be specified in terms of characteristic
impedance and propagation constant.
Fig. 3
We know that
z0 =
zSC zOC
Fig. 4
Electrical Networks
2R1 R2
zSC = R + R
1
2
zOC =
R1 + R2
2
z0 = R0 =
z SC zOC
2 R1 R2 R1 + R2
R + R 2
1
2
R1 R2
R
1+ 1
I1
R1 + R0
R0
I 2 = R R = R1
0
1
1 R0
R1
R0
I
N = ea = 1 =
R
I2
1- 1
R0
1+
ea =
1+
R1 R0
1 - R1 R2
1 +
a = log
1 -
R1 R2
R1 R2
R
R
N 1 - 1 = 1 + 1
R0
R0
N - 1
N + 1
R1 = R0
Similarly
N + 1
N - 1
R2 = R0