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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine if Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguarensis) was safe and effective
for the treatment of obesity. Obesity has grown to be a global epidemic in industrialized nations.
The associated health concerns at impact on quality of life have driven those in the food and
pharmaceutical industries to identify functional foods and other natural products with biological
activity to assist in the prevention and treatment of obesity and the physiological effects associated
with. A food field research revealed the potential of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguarensis) as a potential
candidate for use in treatment of obesity. Based on these findings the researchers conducted a
randomized double controlled clinical trial with 30 obese persons of Korean ethnicity. BMI and
WHR were used to confirm obese status. Participants were given three capsules three times a day
with a meal (3g/d). for a twelve week period. They measured abdominal fat, anthropometric
parameters in addition to laboratory tests for CBC blood lipid profiles in addition to kidney and
liver screenings at 0, 6 and 12 weeks (3-months) for safety. The Yerba Mate group experienced
decreases in percent body fat mass, percent body fat, WHR, and no significant changes in safety
parameters were noted. The researchers determined that Yerba Mate is a potent anti-obesity agent
that could be a beneficial supplement in clinical treatment of obesity.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Yerba Mate- herb of mating
Scientific Name Ilex paraguensis Holly of Paraguay AKA- mate, brazil tea, green gold of the Indios, Jesuits
tea, South American Holly etc
Part Used- Leaf
Active Components-beta carotene, vitamin B, vitamin C, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, K, quercitin, Si, S, xanthine
derivative, caffeine, citronate, theobromine, theophylline, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, eugenol
gerniol and tannins
Physiological Effects- alterative, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiscorbutic, antispasmodic, aperient,
aphrodisiac, astringent, cardio tonic, depurative, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, immune stimulant,
purgative, rejuvenative, stimulant, stomachic, sudforic, thermogenic, tonic
Energetics- bitter, cool, dry, yang, and fire
Historical and Cultural Usage- Used by over one million people worldwide. Use amongst indigenous and
urban populations in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay and other places it grows have used it for thousands
of years. Some sources report an ability to assist the body adapt to humid conditions possibly trough
supplying essential micronutrients and antioxidant compounds. Was also used to make washes and
compresses for wounds, which could be attributed to the tannin and saponin content.
PURPOSE
To determine the safety and efficacy of the
natural product/functional food Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis)
HYPOTHESIS
Based on historical evidence, folk usage and
current research it was hypothesized that
Yerba Mate will reduce weight significantly
more than a placebo
METHODS
Study Length:
12 Weeks
Types of Study:
Blinding:
Screening:
1st visit patients screened for vital signs. BMI, 5 Body fat and % Body Fat mass
measured with Inbody 3,0, WHR, CBC lipid profiles C/T scan and at 0 , 6 and 12
weeks Inclusion exclusion screening: Patients accepted if BMI >25
and 35<, WHR >90 for men and >80 for women, and Excluded if they had
significant variation in weight (>10%) in past 3 months, history of cardiovascular
disease, any gastrointestinal diseases, previous surgeries especially GI, renal or
liver diseases or abnormalities
Treatment:
Analysis
Statistical analysis was done wit SAS program; Diet analysis with CAN-pro 3.0
RESULTS
12 week trial with Yerba Mate revealed that Yerba Mate
reduced WHR significantly, % body fat and body fat
mass were reduced significantly as well.
No significant changes in safety parameters as assessed
by liver and kidney screenings
Saponins and Quercetin inhibit iNOS and COX-2 via the NF--B pathway
Antioxidant- Anti-mutagenic Anti Diabetic
Caffeine- increases thermogenesis for up to 4 hours
Placebo
Week 0
Week 12 P-Value
Week 0
Week 6
Week 12
Visceral Fat
(VF) (cm ^3)
110.68+387.5
100.1 +338.4
947.0 +246.8
947.0 +353.7
0.181
Subcutaneous
fat (SCF)
(cm^3)
3123.5 +736.2
3101.2
0.259
+- 590.4
2984.0 +1040.7
3103.3 +- 0.899
1282.3
VCF/SCF Ratio
0.4 +- 0.1
0.3 +0.1
0,3 +- 0,1
0.145
0.140
Placebo n=15
P-Value
Week 0
Week 6
Week
12
P-Value
Week 0
Week 6
Week
12
P-Value
TC
mg/dL
193.6
+- 24.8
197.9 +33.2
204.4
+- 36
0.384
176.7 +28.8
172.3 +33.9
174.0 +28.4
0.977
0.722
HDL C
mg/dL
45.4 +7.7
48.0 +10.3
48.2 +10.1
0.424
52.3 +12.0
50.4 +8.3
48.0 +8.3
0.369
0.223
LDL C
mg/dL
120.9
+- 27.5
117.8 +28.8
121.7
+- 34.6
0.755
101.7 +25.6
97.2 +27.5
96.7 +30.8
0.944
0.852
TG
mg/dL
141.5 +79.9
130.6
+- 96.3
154.2
+- 96.6
0.325
123.1
+- 65.8
107.2 +52.8
127.5 +95.1
0.548
0.969
FFA
Eq/L
516.6 +163.6
412.2 +128.8
443.5
+169.7
0.234
541.5 +337.3
541.5 +225.6
575.3
+220.1
0.286
0.224
Week 6
Week
12
Ht. cm
160.9
+- 7.0
160.6
+- 7.1
160.6
+- 7.1
Wt. kg
74.5 +9.8
73.5 +9.2
73.8 +9.0
WC
92.9 +6.2
90.8 +4.9
HC
100.1 +4.4
WHR
Placebo n=15
P-Value
P-Value
Week 0
Week 6
Week
12
P-Value
158.4
+- 7.6
158.5
+- 8.2
159.3
+- 8.0
0.742
68.6 +9.9
70.8 +10.1
71.4 +9.5
0.472
0.387
91.3 +5.1
0.170
90.1 +7.3
91.1 +7.8
91.9 +8.0
0.529
0.113
100.2
+- 4.0
100.9
+- 4.4
0.086
97.8 +5.0
98.5 +5.1
99.0 +5.3
0.971
0.478
0.93 +0.005
0.91 +0.004
0.91 +0.004
0.003
0.92 +0.04
0.92 +0.04
0.93 +0.04
0.511
0.005
AC
33.4 +2.4
33.0 +2.3
33.0 +2,0
0.394
31.8 +2.4
32.3 +3.2
32.5 +2.6
0.869
0.489
TC
53.8
53.5 +4.5
53.5 +4.5
0.900
51.2 +3.8
52.0 +3.9
52.3 +3.9
0.535
0.495
0-6 P=
0.004
0-12 P=
0.002
CONCLUSION
Yerba Mate supplementation decreased body fat mass,
% body fat and WHR. Based on these findings the
researchers determined Yerba Mate to be a potent
anti obesity agent.
Based on results of this trial and many others Yerba
Mate may be an effective treatment for obese
individuals.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Conduct larger study
Extend study duration
Determine effects of long term and over consumption
Determine the most effective dose
Screen for adverse food drug interactions
Screen for potential synergistic food and or drug interactions
Develop sustainable agriculture practices and fair trading
agreements for local farmers and prevent over farming to meet
market demands.
Protect intellectual property rights of indigenous peoples whose land
and knowledge this is taken from
REFERENCES
1. Bastos, DHM., Moura de Oliverira, D., Teixeira Matsumota RL., Carvalito, PO.,
Ribeiro, ML. (2007) Yerba mate: pharmacological properties, research and
biotechnology Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences and Biotechnology
2. Gambero, A., Riberio ML., (2015) The positive effects of yerba mate (Ilex
paraguariensis) in obesity Nutrients 7 730-750
3. Kim, SY., Oh, MR., Kim, MG., Chae, HJ., Chae SW (2015) Anti-obesity effects of
Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis); a randomized double blind, placebo controlled
trial BMC Complimentary and Alternative Medicine 15:338 1-9
4. Mars, B. (2007) The Desktop Guide to Herbal Medicine pp. 350-351 Basic Health
Publications Laguna Beach CA.
5. Puangpraphant, S., Gonzalez De Mejia, E. (2009) Sapponins in yerba mate tea (ilex
paraguariensis A. St. Hill)and quercetin synergistically inhibit iNOS and COX-2 in
lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages through NFB pathways J. Agric. Food
Chem. 57 8873-8883