I Sem - Ba Malayalam Complementary Course - Kerala Padanam - Poorvakala Keralam

School of Distance Education
tIc- f - ] - T \w
]q- I me tIcfw
ska- 1
tImwn-sadn tImgvkv-2
(CUCBCSS)
For
BA MALAYALAM
(2014 Admission)
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
CALICUT UNIVERSITY PO, MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635
1005
tIc-f-]T- \w ]q-Ime tIcfw
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
I Semester
Complementary course
tIc-f-]-T\w ]q-Ime tIcfw

Xm- d m- n- b Xv
Znhy.- s I.
ae-bmf hn`mKw
ae-_m {InkvXy tImtfPv
tImgn-tmSv
Layout: Computer Section, SDE
(c)
Reserved
D-Sw
samUyq 1 :
kwkv I m- c w Ncn- { Xw \n- N - \ - hnhn[

ImgvN-m-Sp-I Ncn-{Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw Xn-ep
_w tIcf Ncn{X \nn-Xnv klm-bIamb
D]m-Zm-\-
samUyq 2 :
tIc-f-ns DXv]-n ]c-ip-cm-a-sF-Xn-lyw `qanim-kv{Xw Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Imew inem-bp-Kw almin-em-kw-kvIm-cw BZy-Ime hntZi _-
samUyq 3 :
kwL-Im-ew kmln-Xyw Bbv Ggn-a-sse, tNccm-Pm--m kwL-Ime kmaq-ly-Po-hn-Xw XnWI _p-ssP-\-a-X-
samUyq 4 :
Ipe-ti-Jc km{amPyw atlm-Z-b-]p-cw, {][m\

cmPm-
- ms]-cp-am-fns aXw amw sIm-hjw
hn-hn[ ImgvN
- m-Sp-I Bcym-[n-\n-thiw {]XymLm-X- t{X-tI-{o-IrX kmaq-ly-hy-h
PmXn k{-Zmbw Pn k{-Zm-bw acp-a-mbw
kwkvImcw
samUyq 1
kwkvImcw F hmn\v ipo-I-c-Ww, KpW-hn-ti-js {]m]n-p

nXn, hnZym-`ymkw sImpw apw a\-n\pmIp {]`mhw, ]mI-s-Sp-,
]qn-bm-, ASw sN, hnip-I
- w Fn--s\-bp A-f
- mWv
i_vZX
- m-cm-he
- n-bn sImSp-n-cn-p-Xv. "I' (Culture) F Cwojv ]Z-n\p
kam-\-am-bmWv ae-bm-f-n kwkvImcw F ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv. sdbvav
hneywkv At-l-ns Key words F {K-n I F ]Z-ns
Dh Ncn{Xw hy-am-p-p-v. Ipd (Cultura) F emn ]Z-n \npamWv I F Cwojv ]Z-ns \njv]-n. Colere F [mXp-hn
\nmWv Cultura F ]Zw cq]w sIm-Xv. Cultura F
-
- m Cultivation (kw-kvIc-Ww) F s]mXp-hmb Aw {]Zm\w sNp-p. kaq-l
- nse AwK- F
\ne-bn a\p-jy-cpsS Fm-c
-
- n-ep Nnm-co-Xn-If
- p-sSbpw {]hr-n-If
- p-sSbpw
BsI-p-I-bmbn kwkvImcw amdp-p. at\m-l-c-tam, kwkvI-cn--s--tXm, ck-Ictam Bb-Xn-s\-bmWv kwkvImcw Fp ]d-bp-X
- v. PohnXns k taJ-eI
- sfbpw Dsm-p ]Z-am-Wn-Xv.
kwkvImcw F ]Zw \psS s]mXp-t_m-[-n Ncn-{X-n-eqsS ]e
A-fpw Bn-s-Sp-n-p-v. km[m-c-W-msc kw_n-n-n-S-tmfw \
kz`m-hhpw s]cp-am-h
- p-amWv kwkvIm-cw. kwkvIm-ca
- p-h
- , kwkvIm-ca
- n-m-h
-
F A[n-Im-c-t_m-[-ambn hyn-X-e-n AXv {]I-S-am-Ip-p-v. kwkvIm-cap P\-X, kwkvIm-c-an-m P\X Fv kaq-ls ]nbpw ]d-bm-dp-v. tZiIme nXn-Iv A\p-kc
- W
- a
- mbn kwkvIm-cs kw_-n-p [mc-WI
- pw
hnizm-k-pw hyXym-k-ap-m-hpw. kaq-l-hp-ambn _-sp {]h-\-\n-cX
- \mbn Ign-bp a\p-jy Adn-hv, A\p-`-h-, ]c-kv]c kw Fn-h-bneqsS t\Sn-sb-Sp-p ]cn-]-Iz-amb PohnX t_m[-sav kmam-\y-ambn kwkvIm-cs-p-dnv ]d-bmw. a\p-jy-h-n\v {]tXy-I-am-bn-p s]cp-am coXn-sbbpw
AXns `mK-am-bp-]t- bm-Kn-p ùXnI hkvXp-s
- fbpw kwkvImcw Fpw hnfnmw. Pohn-X-co-Xn, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\, `mj, `-Ww, sXmgn-ep-]-I-c-W-,
Bib hn\n-atbm]m[n-I, Ie, kmlnXyw XpSn Fm--c-n-ep-ap LS-I-sfbpw Dsm-p-X
- mWv kwkvIm-cw.
H-bvsm-cmv kwkvIm-cs Bhnjv-cn-m-\m-hn-. hyn kwkvImc- ka-\z-bn-p-tm-gmWv Hcp kaq-l-ns X\-Xmb kwkvImcw krjvSn-s-Sp-Xv. kmaqly _--fmWv kwkvIm-cs ]p\-cp]m-Zn-n-p--Xv. Hcp
hynv P\m e`n-p--X kwkvIm-cw. Ah-\-hs Npp-]m-Sp-I-fp-ambn \nccw {]Xn-{]-hn-p-X

- n-eqsS Bn-s-Sp-p t_m[-amWv kwkvIm-cw. ]T\hpw kaq-l-tm-Sp CW-n-t-c-ep-amWv a\p-jys\ kwkvIm-c-ap--h-\m-Im
klm-bn-p-X
- v. Hcp Xe-ap-db
- n \npw hcpw Xe-ap-dI
- f
- n-tev ssIam-dm km[np ss]Xr-I-t_m[w IqSn-bmWv kwkvIm-cw. C-c-n kwkvIm-c-ns
hn\nabw km[y-am-Ip-tm-gmWv kmaq-ln-Ih
- n-Imkw Dd-m-hp-X
- v. kwkvIm-c
- ns
`mK-am-bmWv Hmtcm kaq-lhpw s]cp-am-td BZim-[n-jvTn-X-amb \nb-am-h-en-I
cq]o-Ir-X-am-Ip-Xpw kaq-l-ns s]mXp-hmb Bh-iy-sf Xr]vXn-s-Sp-p-Xnepw kwkvImcw `mK-`m-m-hp-p-v.
\n-N-\-fpw ImgvN-m-Sp-Ifpw
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
kwkvIm-c-sa-Xv ]cn-n-Xn-bpsS a\p-jy-\nn-X-amb `mK-am-Wv

slkvtImhnvkv
ka-{K-Po-hn-X-ssi-en-bmWv kwkvIm-cw sdbvav hneywkv
PohnX ]qW-X-bpsS BsI LS-\-bmWv kwkvImcw aen-t\mhvkvIn
kaq-l
- nse Hcw-Ks
- a \ne-bn a\p-jy t\Sn-sb-Sp Ign-hp-Ifpw kz`mh-fpw IqSmsX Adnhv hnizmkw, Ie, kZm-Nm-cw, \nb-aw, BNm-cw, Fnh-bp-sSbpw koW-amb BsIpI-bm-Wv kwkvIm-cw C.-_n. sSbve
a\p- j y- h w- i - ns ss]Xr- I - n- e qsS \ne- \ np Ie- b psSbpw
Iem-\nnXn-bp-sSbpw bmYm-n-XnI [mc-WI
- f
- p-sSbpw {Iao-Ic
- n cq]-amWv
kwkm-Icwtdm-_v sdUvôUv
kwkvImcsam {]Xo-Im-I
- -Xbpw XpS-bp-Xpw Iq-amb ]ptcm-KXnbp--Xp-amb Hcp {]h-\-amWv F.-F. sshv.
Hcp Iem-Im-c kzw Imhm-kn-epw, Ihn ssSv ssd-dnepw

{inp-Xp-t]m-se-bpw, ]uc-tk-h-I Abm-fpsS apnse {]iv\- ]cn-l-cnp-Xp t]mse-bpw, Hmtcm kml-N-cy-n-\-\p-k-cnpw Hcm {]hn-p-Xp
t]msebpw GI-tZiw kam-\-amb {]h-\--fpsS ê-amWv kwkvImcw F
ImgvNmSmWv Sn.-F-kv. Fen-bv Ah-X-cn-n-p--Xv. a\p-jy-\nn-Xn-I-fpsS kb-amb kwkvIm-cs a\p-jy Ahs eyw t\Sp--Xn\v cq]-s-Sp-p
krjvSypap-Ja
- mb am[y-aa
- m-bmWv aen-t\mhvkvIn ImWp-X
- v. Eidos F-pw Ethos
Fpw kwkvIm-c-n\v cv cv hi--fp-s-mWv \c-hw-i-im-kv{X--\mb
Imtcm-_ A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p-v. kwkvIm-c-ns Hu]-Nm-cnI cq]-am-Wv Eidos.
kwkvIm-c
- ns KpW-s
- fbpw Xm]-cy-s
- fbpw \nW-bn-p LS-I
- f
- psS
kwln-X-bmWv Ethos. kwkvImcLS-I-sf kv]jvS-sa-pw, Aeo-\-sapw

tm F kmaqly imkv{X-Im-c-\pw, cmbn hn`-Pn-p-p-v. kwkvIm-cns Hcp `mKw asm-n \npw ths]-Sp-X
- n-s\-bmWv kmwkvIm-cnI amyw
Fp ]d-bp-X
- v. Social ChangeF IrXnbn Uyq. F^v HmKvt_ BWv
kwkvIm-cnI amyw (Cultural lag) F km-ev]nI knmw BZy-am-b-h-X-cn-np-X
- v. kwkvImcw kw_-n amIvkns ImgvN
- mSv ASn-d- , tapc Fo
Bi-b
- f
- n-eq-sS-bm-Wt- lw Ah-Xc
- n-n-p-X
- v. a\p-jy hyn F \ne-bnepw
kmaq-ly-Pohn F \ne-bnepw D]-Po-h-\-n-\mbn Gs-Sp DXv]m-Z\ {]hrn-I-fpsS LS-\-bmWv ASn--d. AXn-\-\p-k-cnv \nb-aw, aXw, BNm-cw, aqeyt_m[w apX-em-bh Dsm-p tapc AXm-bXv kwkvImcw cq]w sImpp. ASn-d kpn-c-am-hp-tm am{Xta tap-c-bn AXns hnImkw
ImWm km[n-p-I-bp-q. a\pjy kaq-l-n am{Xw \S-p kmwkvIm-cnI
hn\n-a-b- kml-N-cy--\p-k-cnv s]mcp--s-Sp-Xpw am-v hnt[b-am-Ip-h
- b
- p-am-Wv.
F{_lmw amkvtem Ah-X-cn-n-p hierarchy of needs (B-h-iy--fpsS
t{iWo-Ic
- W
- w) kwkvIm-c
- ns a\ximkv{X-]c
- a
- mb A]-{K-Y\w IqSn-bm-Wv. imcocn-Im-h-iy-, kpc-n-X-Xzw, kvt\lhpw _--fpw,-]-cn-K-W-\bpw kwXr-]vXnbpw, B-km-m-XvImcw Fn-s\ Xmsg \npw apI-fn-te-p-h-cp ]nc-anU LS-\-bn-em-Wv Atlw kwkvIm-cs \n-Nn-p-Xv. Xntbm-tUm
AtUmtWm, amIvkv tlmIvlo-a Fn-h-cm-Wvkw-kvIm-c-hy-h-kmbw F ]Zw
BZy-am-b-h-Xn-cn-n-p--Xv. _lp-cm-jv{S-Ip-I I-\n-Ip thn kwkvImcs ]W-bs
- -Sp-p {]{In-bb
- mWv kwkvImc hyh-kmbw kwkvIm-cnI Nn-fmbn IW-m-p `mj, thjw, BNm-cw, hnizm-kw, D-hm-tLm-j-,
`Ww XpS-n-bh
- -sbmw hmWn-Py-h-c-W
- n\p hnt[-ba
- m-hp {]{In-bb
- mWnv ImWm km[n-p--Xv. {]mtZ-in-Ihpw, hwio-b-hp-amb kwkvIm-c-f
- psS
KpWmw-i-n \np cq]-s-Sp P\-Iob kwkvIm-chpw, kaq-l-nse P\s-m-hpw Hcp-t]mse {]nb--c-am-hp P\-{]nb kwkvIm-c-hpw, D-kwkvIm-ch
- pw, \oN-kw-kvIm-chp htcWy kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cnI kwkvIm-chpw sXmgnemfn h kwkvIm-c-hp-samw kwkvIm-c-ns hnhn[ apJ-sf Bhn-jvI-cnp-h
- b
- m-Wv.
Ncn{Xw
Ncn{Xw F ]Z-ns Aw At\z-jWw, Kth-j-Ww, hni-Zo-I-c-Ww,
hnm\w Fs-m-amWv Ub-Wo-jykv F {Kov ]n-X-\mWv DZm-l-c-W-fn-eqsS ]Tn-n-p XXz-im-kv{X-amWv Ncn{Xw F Bibw Ah-Xc
- n-n-X
- v. lndn
F ]Zw {Kov `mj-bn \npw D-hn-X
- m-Wv. At\z-jWw Fm-Wn-Xn-\w.
am\-h-cm-in-bpsS Pohn-X-nse {it-b-amb kw`-h--fpsS BsI-p-I-bmWv
Ncn-{Xw. ""Hcn-epw amdm `qX-Im-e-s-p-dn-p {]kvXm-h -amWv Ncn-{Xw''
Fv Acn-tm-n \n-Nn-n-cn-p-Xv Ncn-{X-ns {]mam-Wn-I-Xsb AwKo-Icn--XpsImp Xs-bm-h-Ww. Cu temtImhtmfw ]gw Ncn-{X-n\pw
Ah-Im-i-s-Smw. ImcWw Cu \nanjw Ign Imcyw ASp \nan-j-n Ncn{X-ns `mK-ambn amdn--gn-p.
Cu `qan-bn A\p-\n-anjw \Sp sImn-cn-p GsXmc\p`hw Ncn-{Xns `mK-am-Wv. Fm Ch-sbmw Xs Ncn-{X-n AS-bm-f-s-S-W-sa-n. Fs-nepw khn-tijXI-fp hkvXp-X-I-fm-Wv ]e-tmgpw Ncn-{X-t{i-Wn-bn
ap]-n-bn \np--Xv.
Cs\ tcJ-s-Sp-p Ncn-{X-n hfsc Ipdp am{X-amWv hni-I-e\w
sN-s-Sp--Xv. Cs\ t\mp-tm \ tcJ-s-Sp-p Ncn-{X-n\v Hcp
]mSv ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp--Xmbn ImWmw. e-Im-e--fpsS A]m-c-X-bpw, Ahsb a\n-em-m-\p a\pjy_pn-bpsS ]cn-an-Xnbpw Ncn-{Xs thdn-X
- m-p-p.Ncn{Xw
F{X ]cn-an-Xhpw A]q-hp-am-sW-nepw Ign-p-t]mb Ime-ns kmwkvImcn-Ihpw cmjv{So-bhpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb Awi- Gdnbpw Ipdpw Ah-bn
Is-m km[n-p-sa-X
- n kwi-ba
- n-.
\n-N-\-fpw ImgvN-m-Sp-Ifpw
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
a\p-jys\ hnth-In-bm-p hnm-\-im-J-bm-Wv.

Ncn{Xw : k : {^mknkv t_
Imcy-Im-c-W--fpsS ASn-m-\-n {Iao-I-cn--s kw`-h--fpsS kamlm-c-amWv Ncn{Xw s{]m^. ^nte
Ncn{Xw hnI-knp sImn-cn-p a\pjy alm-\m-S-I-am-Wv s\lvdp
a\p-jy-Nn--bpsS {]mNo-\-X-a-amb cq]amWv Ncn-{Xw, tXm-akv Imsse
Fs-nepw Fhn-sS-sb-nepw kw`-hn--sXmw Ncn-{X-am-Wv
sln tPmk
a\p-jy-kzm-X-{y-ns A\m-h-c-W-amWv Ncn-{Xw temUv B
bpK- ] - c - - c - I - f n- e qsS a\p- j y- \ mn kwkv I m- c - ns IY- b mWv
Ncn-{Xw hn Uyqd v.
h-am-\-Im-ehpw `qX-Im-ehpw Xn-ep \nc--c-amb kw`m-j-W-amWv
Ncn-{Xw C.-F-v.-Im
"tkmZm-l-c-W-ap XXz-Nn-m-]-T\w' F-Xn-eqsS ]q-Ime kw`-h-sf

DZm-l-cnv KpW-]mTw \Ip tkmtiy ]-Xn-bm-bn-mWv - Ub-Wo-jykv Ncn{Xs I-Xv. Ncn{Xw IgnXntepw hcm-\n-cn-p--Xn-te-p-ap ]cy-thj-W-am-sW-pw, alm-m-f
- p-sS-Po-hN
- c
- n{XamWv Ncn-{X-cN
- \
- b
- vm-[m-cs
- a-p-amWv
tXmakv Imsse hniz-kn-p-X
- v. hnth-I
- ns KXn-thKw ]Tn-n-p BNmcy-\mWv Ncn-{X-sap IqSn Imsse Icp-Xpp. en F Ncn-{X-Im-cs A`n{]m-b-n [mn-Ih
- n-h
- --sf-p-dnpw Ah-bpsS Imcy-Im-cW
-
- -sf-p-dnpw
D tcJ-bmWv Ncn-{Xw. hn-h
- ns BZim-I
- X
- b
- vpw [mnI aqey-pamWv ChnsS Du \Ip--Xv. Imew amdp--Xn-\-\p-k-cnv Ncn{X kXy--tfmSp at\m-`m-h-nepw amw hcp-sa-pw Ah ]p\hn-i-Ie
- -\-n\v hnt[-b-am-tbm-sapw As\ BXy-n-I-amb Ncn{X kXyw F-sXm-n-m-Xm-hp-sapw
A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp--h-cp-ap-v. Ncn{X tcJ-I F{X-am{Xw hf-sm-Sn--ep-Ipw,
AXn-itbm-n-Ipw hI \Ip-X
- m-sW-nepw Ahbvv P\-Xb
- psS a\-ns
D-d-Isf DWm-\p tijn-bpv F-Xm-Wn-Xn-s {]k-n.
Ncn-{Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw Xn-ep _w

Ncn-{Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw ]c-kv]c ]qc-Ia
- mbn hn-p LS-I
- f
- m-Wv.
kwkvImcw Ncn-{X-]c
- a
- mb Hcp {]{Inb IqSn-bm-Wv. AXns ]T\w hyn-If
- psSbpw
kw`-h
- f
- p-sSbpw ]T-\a
- mn Npcp-m k[n-p-X
-
- . D]-Po-h\
-
- n-sbpw AXnPo-h\
-
- n-sbpw X{-ambn kmwkvIm-cnI \nn-Xn-I amdp-tm Ah Ncn-{X-hpambn _n-n-s
- -Sp-p. Hmtcm Ime-L-
- n-ep-ap kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X
- ns {]Xn^-e\
- h
- pw, AXXv Imes cmjv{Sob ]cn-tXm-h
- I
- f
- pw, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\p-fpw, PohnX coXn-If
- pw, km-nI nXn KXn-If
- p-samw kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn-{Xns `mK-am-hp-p. \psS {]i-kX
v c
- mb Ncn{X ]n-X
- m-cn ]ecpw kmaqly
imkv{X- IqSn-bm-bn-cp-p. tPm an, tXmakv tlm_vkv, ^Kq-k,
BUw-kvanv XpS-nb alm-m-scmw CXn-\p-Zm-lc
- W
- a
- m-Wv. kZm sI.-Fw. ]Wn, sI.-hn. IrjvW
- , Cfw-Ipfw Ip]n, G. {io[-ct- a-t\m , tUm. Fw.-Pn.F-kv. \mcm-b-W, tUm. Fw.-B. cmLhhmcy XpS-n-b-h-scms \psS
kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn-{X-\nn-Xnv KWy-amb kw`m-h\
- I
- f
- n-h
- c
- m-Wv.
A[n-\n-th-i-^-e-ambn tIc-f-ns kIe a-e--fnepw amw Zriy-ambn-cp-p. Ch-sbmw Ncn-{X-ns `mK-ambn amdn-bt- Xm-sSmw Xs tIc-f
- ns
kmwkvIm-cnI a-e
- n AXn-t-Xmb kzm[o\w {]I-Sa
- m-pI IqSn sNbvXp.
aXw, cmjv{So-bw, k-Zvhy-h, `mj, Ie, kmlnXyw CXymZn hnj-b
- -fn-semw
C-c-samcp kmwkvImcnI ]cn-Wmaw Zriy-am-Wv. ]e-tmgpw \psS kmln-Xykr-jvSn-I anXpw AXXv Ime-ns kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw cmjv{SotIc-f-]T- \w ]q-Ime tIcfw
b-hp-amb am\- Dsm-p-h

- b
- m-bn-cn-pw. \ne-hnse Ncn-{Xs ]p\\nnm-\p kmwkvIm-cnI \nn-Xn-I IqSn-bm-bh amdn-tb-mw. kwkvIm-cw F
k-ev]-n\p h Ncn-{X-]-c-amb amw kmaq-ly-kwLmS\-n hyn-Iph ]p-ambn _-s--Xm-Wv. X\nv kmaq-ly-cm-jv{Sob LS-\-bpsS \nn-Xnbn ]p--Xmbn ]gb kaq-l-nse hyn-I Icp-Xn-bn-cp-n-. Fm Cv
X\npw IqSn ]m-fn-a
- p-X
- m-Wv kmaq-ly-cm-jv{Sob LS\ F Xncn-d- nhv Hmtcm
hyn-p-ap-v.
tIcf Ncn-{X-\nn-Xnv klm-b-I-amb D]m-Zm\

kma-{Kn-I
tIc-f-ns {]mNo\ Ncn-{X-s-p-dnv Fgp-X-s B[n-Im-cnI {]am-W-sfmpw Xs Ip-In-n-bn-n-. enJnX Ncn-{X--fpsS A`m-h-n BZy-Ime
Ncn-{X-\nn-Xn-mbn sFXn-ly-s
- f-bpw-sI-p-IY
- I
- s
- f-bp-sam-s-bmWv \mw B[mc-am-m-dv. tIc-tfm-]-n-bpsS hnhn[ amXr-I-Ifpw kwkvIr-X-{K--amb tIcf
amlmyhpsa-m-amWv BZy-Ime tIcf Ncn{X ]p\\nn-Xnv B{i-bn-m-dv.
]Xn-s\mw \qm-ntem AXn-\p-ti-jtam Fgp-Xs Cu {K-sf B[m-c-amn-bp {]mNo-\-Im-e-N-cn-{X-\nn-Xn-bpsS {]mamWyw Xs tNmZyw sN-s-tmw. tIcfNcn-{X-c-N-\bvv B[m-c-amb hkvXp-X-Isf s]mXpsh cmbn Xcw
Xncn-m-dp-v. (1) enJn-X- (2) kvamc-I- Fn-h-bm-W-h.
kmlnXyIrXn-I, {K-h-cn-I, km-c-p-dn-p-I, imk-\- XpSn-b-h-bmWv {][m\ enJnX cq]-.
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I
Fgp-X-s Ncn-{X--fn-tev shfnw hoip--hb
- mWv Xan-gnepw kwkvIr-Xnepw enJnX cq]-n Is-Sp-s
- IrXn-I. ]Xn-s\mmw \qm-n\p tijw
am{Xta ae-bmf `mj-bn-se-gp-X-s IrXn-I Ip Inn-bn-p-q. tIc-fs ]cmain-p Ghpw ]pcm-X-\-amb kwkvIrX IrXn "sFX-tcb Bc-Wy-I-'amWv
AXn ImWp tNc-i_vZw tIc-fs kqNn-n-pp FmWv hymJym-\w. cmambW alm-`m-c-Xm-Zn-I-fnepw tIc-f-]-cm-aiw ImWmw. "alm-`m-jy'-sa-gp-Xnb ]X-RvPen-bpw, "hmn-I'-sa-gp-Xnb ImXym-b\
- \pw tIc-fs Ipdnv ]cm-ain-p-p-v.
_n.-kn. \memw iX-I-n cNn--sXp Icp-Xp IuUn-eys Aimkv{X'n tIc-f
- nse s]cn-bm-dn-s\-p-dnv ]cm-ai-ap-v. Imfn-Zm-k-Im-hy-amb "cLphw-i'- nepw tIc-f-]-cm-aiw ImWmw.
10
Ipe-ti-Jc
- I
- h
- n-bpsS "X]-Xo-kw-hc
- W
- w', "hnn-m-`n-tjIw' Fo kwkvIrX
\mS-I
- f
- mWv tIcf Ncn{X {]m[m-\y-ap {]_-eI
- r-Xn-I. i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS "inhm\-e
- l
- c
- n-'bnepw i-c\
- m-cm-bW
- s "i-c\
- m-cm-bW
- o-b'- nepw Ipe-ti-Jc
-
- msc Ipdnp kqN-\b
- p-v. Ipe-ti-Jck-Zk
- y-\m-bn-cp hmkp-tZh`-Xn-cn-bpsSbaI Imhyamb "bp[n-jvTn-c-hn-Pbw' tIcf ]cm-ai-aS- -nb asmcp {K-am-Wv. ]Xn-s\mmw
\qm-n cNn--s--sXp Icp-Xp AXp-es "aqjI hwi'hpw Ncn{X {]m[m\y-aln-p-p. ]Xn-\memw \qm-n kap-{Z-_- Ae-m-c-k-kz-n-s\-gpXnb hymJym\w, evan-Zm-ks ipI-kt- -iw, D-s tImIn-ek
- t- -iw, hmkptZ-hs {à-c-kt- cw Fn-h-bn tIc-f-nse Nne \K-c
- -fpsS hnh-c- ASn-bn-p-v. aWn {]hmf e-W-{K--amb "eoem-Xn-e-I'-n thWmSp `cn-ncp DZ-ba
- mm-h
- -sb-p-dnpw ]cm-ai-ap-v. cma-]m-Wn-hm-Zs "koXm-cmLhw' \mS-I
- n amm--h alm-cm-Pm-hns Xr-Sn-Zm-\-s-p-dnv ]cmain-p-p-v. [-cm-Pm-hns "_me-cm-a-`-cXw' F \mSy-im-kv{X-{K--n
Xncp-h-\--]p-c-ns at\m-l-c-amb hW-\-bp-v.
]gb Xangv IrXn-I-fn \npw {]mNo\ tIc-fs kw_-n-p [mcmfw
kqN-\-I e`n-p-p-v. _n.-kn. \mew \qm-n Fgp-X-s--sXp Icp-Xp
Xangv hymI-cW {K-amb "sXmevm-n-b'-n tIcf ]cm-ai-ap-v. {InkvXphjw BZy iX-I--fn Xan-g-Iv \ne-\n-n-cp k kmlnXy hn`m-K-amb
kwL-Ime kmlnXyw tIcf Ncn-{X-\nn-Xnv hne-s hkvXp-XX
- I
- f
- mWv {]Zm\w
sNp--Xv. AI-\m-\q-dv, ]pd-\m-\q-dv, Nne--Xn-Im-cw, ]Xn-p-]v XpS-nb IrXn-Ifnsemw tIc-fob ]mc--cy-ns ASn-th-cp-I \apv Zin-m-\m-hpw. tNc-cmPm--m-cmb ]p {]ap-Jsc Hmtcm ]mn-embn ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p ]Xn-p-]v
CXn khn-tij {i-bln-p-p. tIc-fo-b-\mb Cf-tm-hS- n-I-fpsS Nne--Xn-Imc-nse hn-Im-
- n IY \S-p-Xv tIc-f
- n-emWv. Ipdpw-sXmssI \nssW
Fo kwL-Ime t{]a-I-hnXm kam-lm-c--fnepw ]q-Ime tIcf P\-X-bpsS
Pohn-Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw ImWm-hp--Xm-Wv. cmw tNc-km-{amPy m]-I-\mb
Ipe-tiJc BgvhmcpsS s]cp-am Xncp-sam-gnbpw tIc-fs kw_-n-p Nne
Ncn-{X-hk
- vXp-X-I Dsm-p-p.
{]mNo\ ae-bmf IrXn-I-fnepw ]q-Im-e-tI-cf Ncn-{X-ns Awi-
ImWm km[n-pw. G.-Un. ]Xn-aqmw \qmns ay-tm-Sp-IqSn cq]w sIm
Dn-bo Ncn-X
- nepw Dn-n-cp-tXhn Ncn-X
- nepw, Dn-bm-Sn-Nc
- n-X
- nepw, tIcf
Ncn-{X-nse aqey-NypXn _m[n tZh-Zmkn k{-Zm-b-ns Nn{X-hpw, ]n-bq-tNm-Inc {Kma-X-hpw, Xncp-s\-n, sImSp--q XpS-nb \K-c--sf-p-dn-p
hnh-c-fpw ImWm-hp--Xm-Wv. {]m\ tIc-f-ns hy-a
- mb Nn{Xw \Ip
11
IrXn-bmWv Dp-\oen ktiw Xncp-h-\--]pcw apX ISp-p-cpn hsc-bp

{]tZ-i--fpsS `qan-imkv{X]c-amb hnh-cWw CuIr-Xn-bn \npw e`n-p-p-v.
Xncp-h-\--]pcw \K-c-ns hni-Z-Nn{Xw \Ip IrXn-bmWv ]Xn-\memw \qmns ay-n cq]-s A\--]p-c-h\w Hmw tNc-km-{am-Py-amb hnapXq-cn-s\-Ip-dn-p ]cm-ai aS-nb kti Imhy-am-Wv tImI-ktiw. XriqPn-bnse Nnn-e--nsb B[m-c-amn IYm-cwKw \n-ln-n-cn-p IrXn-bmWv
Nt{m-hw. A]-Nbw kw`-hnp sImn-cn-p tIc-fob Pohn-X-ns Nn{Xw
\apo aWn-{]-hmf IrXn-bn Zin-m-hp--Xm-Wv. ]Xn-\mdmw \qm-n cNn-s cmP cXv\m-h-enbw Nphpw {][m-\y-aln-p Hcp tcJ-bm-Wv. In-bqaw ]S-m-v, aWn-{Km-aw, Hm-W-v, Nnd-hm-kz-cq]w Fn-hbvp ]pdsa thWmSv
cmPm-hn-s\bpw Cu IrXn-bn ]cm-ain-p-p-v. ImStcn \q-Xncn cNn amamw
Infn-mv tImgn-tm-Sns Ncn-{X-{]m-[m-\ys AS-bm-fs
- -Sp-p IrXn-bm-Wv. ]q ]mv, Ita-t\m]mv, cma---Wn-mv XpS-n-b-hbpw {]m[m-\y-alnp-p. 16-mw \qm-n ssk\p-o Ad_n `mj-bn-se-gp-Xnb "Xplv^
- p apPmln-o' As Imes apnw kap-Zmb Ncn-{X-tm-sSmw tIcf Ncn-{X-{]m[m\yw IqSn shfn-s-Sp-p IrXn-bm-Wv.
{K-h-cn-I
]gb Bcm-[-\m-e-b--fnepw cmP-sIm-m-c--fnse {K-p-c-I-fnepw kqnn-cn-p Hme--c-W--fmWv {K-h-cn-I. cmP-`-c-W-hp-ambn _-s Imcyfpw AXXp cmP-hwifp-ambn _-s cmjv{So-bk
- w-`h
-
- f
- p-sa-m-amWv Ccw
{K-hc
- n-If
- nse {]ta-bw. Xncp-h\
-
- ]
- p-cs aXn-eIw {K-hc
- nbpw tImgn-tms
kmaq-Xn-cn-tm-hn-e-Is {K-h-cnbpw Ncn-{X-{]-[m-\amb Htsd hkvXp-X-I
{]Zm\w sNp-p-v.
hntZi km-cn-I-fpsS Ipdn-p-I

hntZi kwkvIm-c
- v ]Sp ]-en-m hf-q-sdm-cp-nb amWv
tIc-f
- n-t-Xv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs AXn {]mNo-\I
- mew apXp Xs hntZ-in-I
tIc-f
- n-tep h-Xmbn sXfn-hp-v. Fm {InkvXp-hjm-cw-`t- m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv
Ah-cpsS km-c
- p-dn-p-I Ip-In-p-X
- v. {Kop-Im-cmb n\n-bp-sSbpw tSmf-an-bpsSbpw saK-kvX\
- o-kn-s-bp-samw `qan-im-k{v X-hn-hc
- W
-
- f
- n tIcfsp-dnv ]cmain-p-p-v. F.-Un. Hmw \qm-n tIc-fX
- o-cp h n\n apkn-cnkv, _td
Fo Xpd-ap-J
- s
- f-p-dnv ]cm-ain-p-p-v. cmw \qm-n tIcfw kin
tSmf-an-bpsS `qan-im-kv{X-{K-
- n tNc-Xem\w Icuc(I-cq) BsWp ]dbp-p-.v apkn-cnkv, sImn-bd- , sIma-dn-b, Xnn-k,v am-tKmd Fo Xpd-apJsfbpw
12
Atlw ]cn-Nb
- s
- -Sp-p-p-v. AmX Im-hn-\m cNn-s
- s]cn-kv
Hm^v Zn Fcn-{Xn-b ko F {K-nepw tIcf ]cm-ai-ap-v. tSmf-an-p-tijw
{]mam-Wn-Ia
- mb hkvXp-XI
- f
- S-
- p {Kw ss_kmn-b ]ptcm-ln-X\
- mb tImkvakv
CUntm {]okvXp-kns `mc-Xob {InkvXp-aX hnh-cW
-
- f
- m-Wv. sImw \K-cs
- p-dnv Ghpw {]mNo-\a
- mb hkvXpX CXn ImWmw.
G.-U n. Ggmw \qm-tm-Sp-IqSn `mcXw kin ssN\okv kmcn
lyqkmMv tIc-f-nepw hn-cp--Xmbn Nne A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p-v. 13-mw \qmn tIcfw kin sNu PpIzm F km-cnbpw, At-ls
- XpSp h
hmMv Xmbvhm\p-samw X-fpsS kmc Ncn-{X-n tIc-f-sbpw AS-bm-f-sSp-n-bn-p-v. No\-
- h
- S-
- m-c\
- mb hmMvXm-bp-hms Xmthm C-Nneo F {Kn tImgn-tm-Sv, Ggn-a-e, Imbw-Ipfw Fo e--sf-p-dn-p hnh-c--fpv. 15-mw iX-I-n sImn-sbbpw tImgn-tm-Sn-s\bpw Xs Ipdn-p-I-fn tcJs-Sp-nb No\-m-c-\mb apnw km-cn-bmWv amlzm.
tIcfw kin Ad_n km-cn-I-fn {]m[m-\y-aln-p-Xv H]Xmw
\qm-n-en-hn-sS-sb-nb kpsse-am F I-hS-
- m-c\
- m-Wv. sImw Xpd-ap-J
- ns
{]m[m\yw Atlw Xs Ipdn-p-I-fn Dsm-n-n-p-v. ]mw \qm-nse
km-cn-bmb akq-Zn, A_-dqWn XpS-n-b-hcpw tIcf Ncn-{Xs AS-bm-f-s-Spn-b-h-cm-Wv. ]Xn-\memw \qm-n tIcf ki\w \S-nb C_v\p _q
Bdp XhW tImgn-tmSv kin-X
- mbn tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-p-v. tIc-f
- ns hmWnPy-]m-c--cy-sbpw Atlw hni-Z-ambn Ipdn-n ]cm-ain-p-p-v. sh\o-kpIm-c-\mb amtm-t]m-f-bpsS km-c-p-dn-p-I-fnepw tIc-f-nse kap-{Z-Xo-c-\-Kc- ]cm-ain--s-Sp-p-v.
t]mp-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS bm{Xm-p-dn-p-I kpe-`-am-Wv. eptUm-hn-tmUn
ht-ab
- p-sSbpw Uzmt _t_m-kb
- psS hnh-cW
-
- v IqSp-Xev B[n-Im-cnI-X-bp-v. 1502 apX 1508 hsc tIc-f-n-ep-S-\ofw k-cnv hnh-c- tcJ-sSp-nb Cm-en-b teJ-I-\mWv ht-a. 1500 apX 1516 hsc ae-_mdn t]mpKokv DtZym-K--\m-bn-cp _t_m-k-bpsS teJ-\ Am-es tIc-fob
P\-Po-hn-X-ns t\Nn-{X--fm-Wv. tKm kmhkv F t]mp-Ko-kp-Im-c
ae-_m-dns Hcp kwn-]vXN
- c
- n{Xw Xs tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-p-v. A_p-ns
Ipdn-p-I-fnepw tIc-f-Po-hnXw Zriy-am-Wv.
Uv Ime-L-
- n tIc-f
- n DtZymKw `cn-n-cp ]e-cp-sSbpw Ipdn-p-I
tIcf Ncn{X ]p\\nn-Xnv klm-bI
- a
- m-Wv. _mUyq-Uv, aqkv, entjm-,
\yqtlm-^v, hmo-Uv, Imhn-j Fn-h {][m-\n-If
- m-Wv. Up KhW-dm-bn-cp
hmo-Uns Xm]-cym-amWv "tlmqkv ae-_m-dn-kv' F Huj[ kky
13
hnh-cW {Kw hncNn-Xa

- m-bX
- v. sImn-bnse Up ]ptcm-lnX\mbn-cp Im hnjdpsS Ub-dn-p-dn-p-Ifpw klm-bI
- c
- a
- m-hp sXfn-hp-If
- m-Wv. 18mw \qm-n Uv
IamU Bbn-cp aqkns Ubdnpdn-p-If
- nepw tIcf Ncn{Xw Zin-mw.
{_nojv km{amPyw tIc-f
- ns A[n-Im-ct- a-Je
- I
- I-S
- n-bt- Xm-Sp-IqSn Ncn{X-tc-JI
- Aw IqSn IrXy-Xb
- p-h
- b
- m-bn. 1725 apX 1751 hsc {_no-jp-Imcpw
kmaq-Xncn cmPmhpw Xn \S {Ib-hn-{I-b
- f
- psS tcJ-bmWv Xe-tcn IqSn-bm-temN-\I
- 1793 se "tPmbn v Io-jW
- am-cpsS dntmpw' {]m[m-\y-aln-p-p. 1800
\pw 1801 \pw CS-bn ae-_m ]cy-S\w \S-nb {^mknkv _pm-\ ae-_m-dns
\ne-hnse cmjv{Sob kmaq-lnI hyh-nXn tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-pv .A-db
- v _ohnbpsS AXn-Yn-bmbn Xma-kn _pm-\ ASn-a
-
- h
- S- s
- bpw PmXn-k{- -Zm-bs
- bpw, ssakq B{I-aW
- sn-bp-smw hnh-c
- \Ip-p-.v {^mknkv tUbpsS
"s]cp-am-
- m-cpsS cmPyhpw', kmap-h san-bd- psS "Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse Xt-iP
- o-hn-Xhp'-samw khn-tij {i-bm-Ijn-p-p. ae-_m-dns kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw cmjv{So-bhpw
kmaq-ln-Ih
- p-amb Pohn-X
- ns hy-amb Nn{Xw \apv e`n-pXv ae-_m If-ISv dm-bn-cp hneyw temKs ae-_m am\z-en \np-amWv {_nojv enJn-X
- f
- n Ghpw
{][m-\y-aln-p-Xpw CXp-Xs
- -bm-Wv.
im-k-\-
tIcf Ncn-{X-]p-\\nn-Xnv hnizm-k-tbmKyamb sXfn-hp-I {]Zm\w
sNp enJnX cq]-f
- psS BZy-am-Xr-II
- -fmWv imk-\-. cmPm--mcpw \mSphm-gn-Ifpw `cW kw_--ambpw t{Xkzp-, Irjn Fnh kw_-npw
P\- Adn-n-cn-t-Xpw ]men-tXpamb Imcy--sf-p-dnpw \nb-am-hen-I-sf-p-dnpw FgpXn sh-h-bmWv inem-im-\-fpw sNtSp-Ipfpw. t{X `cW-n\p sNb-Xn-cp Gm-Sp-I \nIpXn k{-Zm-bw, Pn,Ip-Sn-bm _w XpSn-b-h-sbmw CXn \npw shfn-hm-Ip-p. F.Un 8mw \qm-p-hsc \qn Adp]-tXmfw inem-im-k-\- Ip Inn-bn-p-v. Ch-bnse `mj Xan-gpw, en]n hs-gpp-am-Wv. Ncn-{X-cN
- \
- bvv klm-bI
- a
- m-hp-t- Xm-sSmw Xs ae-bmf `mjm hnImkw
IqSn \ap-n-h-bn \npw hy-am-hpw.
Ien hjw, sIm-hjw, ]pXp-shbv]p hjw Fo {]mtZ-inI Ime-K-W\m-co-Xn-bmWv imk-\--fn {]tbm-Kn-n-p--Xv. cmP-ti-Jch-bpsS (F.-Un. 820844) "hmg-n imk-\-'amWv tNc-cm-Pm--m-cp-tS-Xmbn tIc-f-n \npw Innbn-p BZy-im-k\w mWpchn -Xs Amw `c-W-hj-amb F.-Un. 849
sImv ]n ]Wn-bp-hm acp-hm k]o Cutim-hn\v A\p-hmZw \Ip
14
"Xcn-km-n imk\w' tIcf `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I ]pen-bn-cp aX kln-jvWpX-bn-tev shfnw hoiphbm-Wv. tKmZ-ch

- n-h-bpsS "tNmq imk-\'- n-emWv
tIc-f-nse tZh-Zm-kn-Isf BZy-ambn ]cm-ain-p ImWp--Xv. tPmk^v dms\ PqX-{]-am-Wnv Ap-h m\hpw apw A\p-h-Znp sImSp-p {]mamWn-Ia
- mb tcJ-bmWv `mkvIc chn h Hm-a Bbn-cm-am-n atlm-Zb ]pcv
shv PqX-mv \Inb sNtSv hn{I-am-Zn-Xy-h-c-Kp-Ws "]menbw imk-\'hpw
{iml-am-Wv. thWmSv {io h-`- tImX-bpsS "amn imk-\-' am-Wv sImhjw tcJ-s-Sp-nb BZy-im-k\w ss{IkvXh apow tZhm-e-b--fn \npw
Ncn-{X-{]m-[m\yap \nc-h[n imk-\- Ip Inn-bn-p-v.
kvamc-I- {][m-\-ambpw sImm-c-, tIm-I, t{X-, \mW-b Fn-h-bm-Wv.
sImm-c-
sImm-c
- f
- n hf-sc-b[
- nIw {]m[m-\y-aln-p-Xv I\ym-Ip-amcn Pn-bnse
]-\m-`-]pcw sImm-c-amWv. tIc-fo-b-amb hmkvXphnZym-k-hn-ti-j-X-I sImv
Aew IrX-amWv Cu sImm-cw. tIc-fob coXn-bn-ep Npa Nn{X-fpw ChnsS
ImWm-hp-X
- m-Wv. G.-Un. 1555 t]mp-Ko-kp-Im ]Wn-Ig- n-nv As sImncm-Pm-hmb hoc tIcf hbvv km-\n--Xm-Wv am-t-cn-bnse Up-sIm-m-cw.
tIc-fob inev] amXr-I-bn \nn Cu sImm-c-n cmam-b-W-IY Bte-J\w
sNbvX 45 Npa Nn{X--fp-v. tIc-fob hmkvXp inev] amXr-I-bn amm-h( 1729-56) ]Wn-I-gn-n sImm-c-amWv Imbw-Ip-f-n-\-Sp-p IrjvW-]pcw
sImmcw KtP-{-tamw IYsb ASnm-\-amn \nn 154 NXp-c-{i-b-Sn-bp
Ghpw henb Npa Nn{Xw Cu sImm-c-ns A]q-X-bm-Wv.
tIm-I
tIcf Ncn{X cN-\bvv klm-b-I-am-Ip hkv-Xp-X-I {]Zm\w sNp--hbmWv tIm-I. Ap-sX-v, ]n-pdw, tIm-p-dw, ]me-m-Sv, Xe-tcn, Iq,
t_, I\m-Sv, tlmkvZp, Ipf Fn-hn-S--fn-em-bmWv Ncn-{X-{]m-[m-\yap tIm-I nXn sNp-v. 1695 Cwo-jp-Im-cmWv NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep
Ap-sX-p-tIm m]n--Xv. 1503 t]mp-Ko-kp-Im \nn--XmWv Bb-tm-sbp IqSn t]cp ]n-pdw tIm. tIm-pdw tImbpw t]mp-Kokv \nnXn-bm-Wv. 1766 sslZ-cmen \nn--Xm-Wv NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep ]me-mp tIm.
15
Cwo-jp-Im \nn Xe-tcn tIm-bpw, t]mp-Ko-kp-Im \nn Iq-cnse

sk vBtem tImbpw Ncn{X {]m[m-\y-aln-p-p. tIc-f
- nse Ghpw henb
tImsbhIm-is
- -Sm-hp-X
- v 17-mw \qm-n s_Zvt\mdnse inh-\
- m-bv \nn-sXp hniz-kn--s-Sp t_ tIm-bm-Wv. tlmkvZpK-bn-sebpw Ip-f-bnsebpw I\m-n-sebpw tIm-I s_Zvt\m \mbn--m \nn--h-bm-Wv.
{]mNo\ Ncn-{X-\nn-Xnv ]e-X-c-n klm-b-I-amb Cu tIm-I-fn
]eXpw Cv \mtim-p-J-ambnsmn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. Hcp Ime-L--nse tIc-fnse cmjv{Sohpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ih
- p-amb PohnX tcJ-If
- psS sXfn-hp-I IqSn-bmWv
Cv bnp sImn-cn-p Cu A]q kvamc-I-.
tZhm-e-b-
sslh ss{IkvXh
- apnw tZhm-eb
-
- fpw tIcf Ncn-{X-\nn-Xnv klmb-Ia
- mb sXfn-hp-I \Ip-p-v. ]gb tIc-fobhmkvXphnZymsshZ-Kv[y-n-tev
shfnw hoip- Xc-nemWv Ch-bpsS \nn-Xn. Nne {K-Im-c-m BZy-Ime
t{X-sf _p-ssP\ aX--fp-ambn _-s-Sp-p-p-ap-v. ssP\--_p
t{X- lnp-t-{X--fmbn amdn-b-tm Ahn-Sps aqn-I lnp-tZho
tZh-m-cm-b-Xm-hmw. Nne inev]-f
- n ]h hmkvXp ssien ImWmw. Xrm-p-Snbnse PSm-[m-cn-bmb Ejn-bpsS inev]w ]h ssien-p-Zm-lc
- W
- a
- m-Wv. Xrm-pSn-t-{X-nse Cu inem-in-ev]- AXn-{]m-No\ tNc inev]--fm-bmWv ]cn-KWn--s-Sp--Xv. G.-Un. H]Xmw iX-I-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Ipw achpw sImp
t{X--fpsS \nmWw tIc-f-n-em-cw-`n-p-Xv. Ah-bpsS inev]-ssien tIcf-nse Ie-I-fp-sSbpw hmkvXp-hn-Zy-bp-sSbpw {]Xn-am-in-ev]-n-sbpw ]cn-Wmas pdnv a\-n-em-m klm-bn-p-p. Xrm--c, Ccn-m-e-p-S IqSamWn-Iy-t{Xw, Xriq hSpw \mY-t-{Xw, Xncp-h-n-p-fw, Xr{]-bm, Xrq-Wnd apX-em-b-h-bmWv tIc-fob ssien-bn \nn--s {][m\ t{X-.
]me-bq, ]n-p-dw, tIm-m-hv XpS-nb HXp ]gb {InkvXy ]nI tXmakv ]pWym-f m]n-h
- b
- m-sW-mWv hnizm-kw. G.-Un. 1225 \nn
apf-p-cpn Hm-tUmIvkv kndn-b ]n-bn ss__n cwK- BteJ\w sNbvX Nph Nn{X- ImWmw. i Xp-cms N-cn-{X-hp-ambn _s-Sp-p ]n-bmWv Imq kndn-b Itm-en-
-
- n. t^mvsIm-n-bnse
sk v {^mknkv ]-bn-emWv hmkvtIm-U-Km-asb kwkvI-cn--Xv. sImSp--q,
amSm-bn, {ioI-WvT]
- p-cw, ImktImUv, XpS-n-bn-S
- f
- nse apnw ]n-Ifpw Ncn{X
{]m[m-\y-ap--h-bm-Wv. Xncp-h-\--]pcw \K-c-nse ]mf-bw, tImbw Pn-bnse
Xmg--mSn, N-\m-t-cn, ]d-hq Fo e--fnsemw lnpapnw {InkvXy tZhm-e-b
- Hp tNp \ne-\n-n-cpXmbn ImWmw. tIc-fobnS-bn
\ne-\n-n-cp aX kln-jvWp-X-bpsS _mn ]{X--fm-Wnh.
16
\mW- b -
Ncn{X ]p\\nn-Xnv klm-b-I-am-hp B[n-Im-cnI sXfn-hp-I-fmWv
\mW-b-. AXnse Xn-Xn-Ifpw Nn--fpw, kqN-\-I-fp-samw Ncn-{X-Im-cs\
kw_-nv hne-s tcJ-I-fmWv. ]c-ip-cm-a-kr-jvSn-bmb cmin BWv Ghpw
]gb \mW-b-sa-mWv hnizm-kw. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse Ghpw ]gb \mWbw Ienbp-K-cm-b- ]Ww BsWv ip-n-ta-t\m tcJ-s-Sp-p-p-v. ]noSv h-hbmWv A\-c
- m-b ]W-hpw, A\-h
- cm-l\
- pw. N{Iw, hc-ml, Ac-hc
- m-l, Imiv
Fn-hbpw Xncp-hnXmw Iqdnse \mW-b
- f
- m-bn-cp-p. sImnbnep-m-bn-cp \mWb--fmWv Ien-b-ta\n ]p\pw, Cc--p-\pw. ]Whpw, hoc-cm-b ]W-hp-amWv
kmaq-Xncn cmPm-hns Ime-p-m-bn-cp--h. sNn Xo B\-b-v, Xpv XpSnb \mW-b- tNc-Im-e-p-Xs {]N-cnncp--h-bm-Wv.
tIc-f-n\npw Is-Sp-n-p Ghpw ]gw sN hntZ-i-\m-W-b tdma \mW-b
- f
- m-Wv. Xriq Pn-bnse Fm {]tZ-is DZvJ\
- \
-
- n
_n.-kn. 123\pw G.-Un. 117\pw CS-bvp tdma \mW-b- Inn-bn-p-v. 8,9
\qm-p-If
- n Atd-_y-bn `cWw \S-n-bn-cp Jeo-â
- m-cpsS \mW-b
- tImXaw-K-ep \npw Ip-In-n-bn-p-v. ]gb Imev tIc-f-n {]N-cn-ncp
kntem \mWb-am-Wv Cug-miv. t]mp-Ko-kp-Im-cpsSbpw Up-Im-cp-sSbpw
Imev skIzn F sh\o- j y \mW- b hpw ChnsS {]N- c n- n- p- p.
"NmmImiv' Fm-WnX-d n-b -s-Sp- -Xv. sslZcnhmcl,kpm]Ww,
kpmImiv Fnh Snp {]N-cn \mW-b--fm-Wv. Ccw hntZ-i-\m-W-bsmw tIc-f-hp-ambn BZy-Imew apXte \S-n-bn-cp hmWn-Py-_-sbpw A[n-\n-th-i
- nsbpsams IY-If
- mWv ssIam-dm-\p-m-hpI.
alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-fpw Ncn-{X-\nn-Xnv B{i-bn-m-hp--hbmWv. ihkw-kvIm-c-hp-ambn _-sp cq]w sIm kvamc-I--fn ]e-Xn\pw AXXv
Imens Nn{Xw \evIm km[n-p-p-v. IpS--p-I, \Sp--p-I, sXmnIpI, tai--p-I, Ihr--, \-m-Sn-I XpS-n-b-h-bmWv {][m-\s alm-in-em-kvam-c-I--. (C-h-sb-p-dn-p hni-Z-hn-h-c- ASp A[ymb-n \In-bn-p-v).
17
samUyq 2
tIc-tfm-n ]c-ip-cm-a-sF-Xnlyw
alm-hn-jW
v p-hns Ah-Xm-ca
- mb ]c-ip-cm-a Pa-ZK
- \
v n-al
- jn-bp-sSbpw tcWpI-bp-sSbpw ]p{X-\m-bm-Wv `qan-bn P-sa-Sp-p-Xv. Im-ho-cymp-\s\ t]msebp ZpjvSc
- m-Pm-
- m-cpsS B{I-aW
-
-
- kln-m-\m-hm kml-Nc
- y-n-se-nb-tm `qao-tZhn alm-hn-jvWp-hns\ Iv kSw t_m[n-n-Xns ê-am-bmWv
]c-ip-cm-ah
- X
- mcw cq]-sa-Sp-p-Xv. Hcn- Im-ho-cymp-\ Xs cmPy-p
h\- An-tZ-h\v Blm-c-am-bn-sm-Sp Iq-n B]-h F ap\n-bpsS
B{i-ahpw In-sbcnp, AXn-s\-p-Sv Ip]n-X-\mb ap\n Im-hocymp\s Bbncw ssIIfpw ]c-ip-cm-a-\m tOZn--sSs Fp i]n-pIbpw Xp-Sv Im-ho-cymp-\\pw In-c
- mcpw ]c-ipcm-at- \mSv \nc-cw B{Ia-W
- v apXn-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. `b-c
- -amb bp-n Im-ho-cymp-\\pw
ssk\yhpw sIme-s-Sp-Ibpw, AXns {]Xn-Im-c-ambn ]c-ip-cm-as Akm-n-[yn Im-ho-cys ]p{X-m Pa-Zn aljn-bpsS Xe shn-sb-Sp-p-Ibpw,
XpSv At-l-ns NnX-bn `mcy-bmb tcWpI NmSn acn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Ap- ap-X {]Xn-Im-cmw ]c-ip-cm-a {Xnbh[-n-\mbn temIw Npn \Sp-Ibpw, Ccp-]nHv {]mhiyw {Xn-b-cpsS cw Nnn-b-Xns {]mb-n-ambn ]c-ip-cm-a Xs km-Zy-samw {_m-Wv Zm\w \Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Zm\w sNbvX `qan-bn \nv ]c-ip-cm-a Hgnp t]mI-W-sa Iiy-]s Bhiy-{]-Imcw `qan-hn-p-t]mb ]c-ip-cm-a X\nv X]--\p-jvTn-m\mbn kap-{ZtmSv
Aw ew bmNn-spw hcp-Ws \nt-i-{]-Imcw ]c-ip-cm-a Xs Bbp-[amb ]cip timImp \npw I\ym-Ip-amcnbntev Fdn-p-shpw ]cip (agp) sNp hoW `mKw hsc-bp IS ]nhm-n-sbpw B `qhn-`m-K-amWv tIcf-sapamWv sFXn-lyw. AXp sImp-Xs
- -bmWv tIc-fs "`m-ht- {X-sapw
"]c-ip-cmat{X-'sapsamw hnfn-p-Xpw
kap-{Z-tmSv ew bmNn- ]
- c
- i
- p-cm-at- \mSv hcp-W Hcp iqw (ap-dw) ISen-\p-aosX Fdn-bm \n-in-p-shpw, ]c-ip-cm-a A{]-Imcw sNbvX-Xns êambn apd-sa-dn `mK-tmfw Ic sXfn-pImWs-p-shpw, A-s\-bp-mb
`q{]tZ-ia
- mWv "iqmcIw' AYhm tIcfw F an Hcp ]mT-t`-Zhpw Cu sFXnly-n-s\mw \ne-\np-p-v. FpXs-bm-bm-epw alm-hn-jvWp-hns AhXm-c-ambv ]c-ip-cm-a Ad-_n--S \Inb ]mcn-tXm-jn-I-amWv tIcfw F
hnizmkw Ctmgpw {]_-e-amWv.
]c-ip-\m-a-emWv tIcfw krjvSn-s
- --sX sFXn-ly-n Ncn-{X-]-ca
- mb
ASn-m-\--sfmpw Ah-Im-i-s-Sm-\n-snepw Imfn-Zm-ks "cLp-hwi' almIm-hy-nepw cmtP-{-tNm-fs "Xncp-hm-e-mSv' imk-n-ep-samw Cu sFXn-lys-p-dnv ]cm-ain-p-p-v.
18
hkvXp-Xm]-c-amb sXfn-hp-I-fpsS A`m-h-n-epw tIc-f-ns Cu D`-hIY Xe-ap-dI

- f
- n \np Xe-ap-d-I-fn-tev hmsam-gn-bmbn ]Ip \Ip-Ibpw HSphn Kpns "tIc-tfm-n-'bn nc-m\w t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
tIc-f-ns `qan-imkv{Xw
"\m\mXz-n GI-Xz'-sa `mc-Xo-b-Zi-\w AXns Ghpw IqSn-b-A-fhn \apv ImWm km[n-p-Xv \psS kwm-\-amb tIc-f-n-em-Wv "ssZhns kzw \mSv' F JymXn Ic-a
- m-nb tIcfw AXns hyXy-kvXX
- bm
kwkvIm-c
- mepw `qan-im-kv{X-]-ca
- mb khn-ti-jX
- I
- f
- mepw cmjv{So-bhpw kmaq-lnI-hpamb ]cn-Xn-Xn-I-fmepw Cy-bpsS Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-ambn amdn-bn-cn-p-p.
Ingv ]n-a-L--pw ]Sn-mdv Ad-_n--S-en-\pw CS-bn-em-bn, Cy-bpsS
sXs-A-v sXp-hS- v \of-nIn-S-p `q{]-tZ-i-amWv tIcfw. 38855 NXpc{i Intem-ao- BWn-Xns BsI hnkvXow
sshhn-[y-am tIc-f
- ns `q{]-Ir-Xnsb s]mXpsh ae-\mSv, CS-\mS,v kaXew (Xo-c-tZiw) Fn-s\ aqmbn Xncn-n-cn-p-p. ]n-a-L--a-e-\n-c-I-tfmSv
tNp-\np {]tZ-i-amWv ae-\m-Sv. Ingt AXnn-bn nXn- sN-p
Cu {]tZiw kar--amb ]-n-\m A\p-{K-lo-X-am-Wv. ]Sn-m-dp-`m-K-mbn
ISXo-c-tmSp tNp InS-p {]tZ-i-amWv ka-Xew. aW \nd- av
ImW-s-Sp Cu {]tZiw sXp-I-fm kar--amWv. ae-\m-Sn\pw ka-X-e-n\pw
CSbvp nXn-sN-p {]tZ-i-amWv CS-\m-Sv. an sN-ns Iep Cu
`q`mKw s\v, ac-o\n, kpK-{- Z-hy-, Iip-hn XpS-n-bh hnf-Iv tbmPn
CS-am-Wv.
ZntW-y-bn kly-]-X-n\pw Ad-_n--S-en-\p-an-S-bn InS-p
tIc-f-ns `qan-imkv{X]c-amb Ah AXns Ncn-{X-K-Xn-bn Imcy-amb
kzm[o\w sNep-n-bn-p-v. D-tc-y-bnepm-bn-p cmjv{Sob{]tm`--fn
\nv kpc-n-X-ambn amdn \nm\pw, hS-t-y-bn-ep-mb hntZ-io-bm-{I-a-W
- fn \nv Hcp ]cn-Xn- hsc c t\Sm\pw tIc-f-n km[nXv AXns `qan
imkv { X]- c - a mb {]tXy- I - X - s Im- p- I q- S n- b m- W v . kwkv I m- c - - f psS ]c- k v ] c
khpw Ab\m-Sp-If
- n \np B{I-aW
-
- fpw ]q-ambpw Hgn-hm-m
Ign-n--sb-nepw Ah-bp-sS-sbmw Xo{hX Ipd-bvm km[n-n-p-v.
tIc-f-ns X\Xv kwkvIm-cs \n-bn-p--Xn sshhn-[y-]qambn `q{]-IrXn {][m\ ]p-h-ln-n-p-v. hnhn-[--fmb ]-X--fpw, ae-Ifpw
ae-m- X
- Ifpw kap-{Zhpw,\-Zn-Ifpw, Imb-ep-Ifpw, hyXy-a
- mb Imem-h
- b
- p-samw
tNv tIc-fs av kwm-\
- -fn \nsmw hyXy-kvXX BPn-m klmbn-p-p.
19
]-X-\n-c-I fpw, ae-Ifpw

tIc-f
- ns Ingp-`m-Kp nXn-sN-p kly-]Xw Hcp Imhtm
t]mse \sf kwc-np sImn-cn-p-p. i{Xp--fpsS B{I-a-W--fn A\[n-Ir-X-amb ssItb---fn \np-samw amdn kpc--sbm-cp-m kly-]Xw
\s klm-bn-p-p. kap{Z\nc-n \nv 3000 ASn-ap-X 8000 ASn-bn-e-[nIw
Dbp InS-p--XmWv kly-]X\nc.
CSpn Pn-bnse B\-ap-Snpw tIc-f-ns kmwkvIm-cnI ]mc-c
- y-n
{]tXyI CS-ap-v.-k-ly-]-X-\n-c-bpsS sXt Av nXn-sN-p AK-kvXyIq-Shpw {]m[m-\y-aln-p sImSp-ap-Sn-bm-Wv. CXp IqSmsX cmjv{Sobhpw kmwkvImcn-I-hp-amb {]m[m\yw ]pep ae-I-fp-ap-v. hSt ae-_m-dn Iq-cnen\npw hS-p-amdnnXn-sN-p Ggn-ae Bbvcm-Pm-
- m-cpsS Xm-\a
- m-bn-cp-p.
]g-n-hn--h-n \nm-b-I-amb m\-a-e--cn--Xm-Wv Xe-t-cn-bnse ]pc-fn-ae.
C-c
- n cmjv{Sob kmwkvIm-cn-I ]mc-c
- y-ap-h
- b
- m-bn-cp-p As Imes
ae-Ifpw,]-X--fp-sa-mw tIc-f-nse {][m-\Xom-S-\-tI-{-fpw ae-apI-fntem, Xmgvhc-I-fn-tem nXn-sN-p-h
- b
- mWv. hb-\m-n {_-Kncn sImSp-ap-Sn-bpsS
Xmgvhcbnse Xncp-s\-n-t-{Xw, ]ocp-ta-Sp-Xm-eq-nse i_-cn-a-e, Bep-h-bnse aebm-q]n XpS-nb Xom-S\ tI{- {]m[m-\y-aln-p--h-bmWv.
ae-m-X-Ifpw Npc-fpw
tIc-f-n sXm-Sp-p kwm-\--fp-ambn _w-]p-ep--Xn
klm-b-I-am-bXv ae-m-X-Ifpw Npc--fp-am-Wv. kly-]-X-\n-cpdwhpw Cp-dhp-ap P\kwkvIm-cs Iqn-bn-W
- p-X
- n Ch \nWm-bI ]p-hl
- n-n-p-v.
]me-m-p-Np-chpw tIc-fs IpS-Ip-ambn Iqn-bn-W
- p t]c-mSn Npchpw ssakqcp-ambn tIc-fs _n-n-p Xma-c-t-cn-Np-chpw a[p-cm-Pn--bp-ambn CSp-n-Pn-bnse ]X \nc-Isf tNp-\np t_mUn-\m-bv-q ]mXbpw, Iw
]mXbpw Bcy-m-hp-]m-X-bp-samw Hcp Imev tIc-f-n\v Ab kwkvYm\
k-n-\mbn hgn-Xp-d--h-bm-Wv.
kap{Zw
tIc-f-ns Ncn{X-K-Xnsb Xs \n-bn-p--h-bmWv kap-{Z-Xo-c-.
A\y \mSp-I-fnse hym]m-cn-Isf tIc-f-n-te-m-Ijn-m\pw, AXp-hgn hn]p-eamb hmWnPymSnd ]Sp-p-bm\pw \psS kwm-\
- n\p Ign-p. kap{Z
Xoc--tfm-S-\p-_-nv cq]-s Xpd-ap-J- hmWn-Py-h---fp-sSbpw kwkvImc-k--e-\-n-tbpw Xpd thZn-bmbn amdn. apkn-cn-v, Xnn-kv, _dms,
s\n XpS-nb Xpd-ap-J
- hntZ-in-Iv kpK-aa
- mb hgn-sbm-cp-p-t- XmsSmw {InkvXp-aXw, Cmw-aXw, blq-Z-aXw XpS-n-b-hbvv hfq-dp \ne-samcp-p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.
20
Pe-k-v
Pe-k-ar-n-bpsS Imcy-n HcpImev k--am-bn-cpp tIc-fw. 44 \ZnI-fm kp-jvSa
- mb tIc-f-n \Zo-Xo-c
- -fp-ambn _-sv [mcmfw kmwkvImcnI kwK-a-fpw \S-m-dpv .`m-c-X-p-g, s]cn-bm, ]m-\Zn XpS-n-bh tIc-fns ]mc--cyhpw ss]Xr-Ihpw hnfn-tm-Xp--h-bm-Wv. Xncp-\m-hm-b-bnse amam-\m-fp-I-fn `mc-X-p-g-bpsS Xoc- hopw Nmth-dpI-fpsS hocyw ]pIm-dpv. i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS P ehpw {]apJ kmwkvIm-cnI tI{hp-amb ImeSn s]cnbm-dns Xoc-m-Wv. inh-cm{Xn atlm-hw sImm-Sp Bep-hm-aW
-
- pdhpw s]cnbm-dns Xocw Xs.-tI-c-f-ns Iem-]m-c-cyw s\t-nb tIcf Iem-a-WvUehpw `mc-X-p-g-bpsS Xocp Xs.
tIc-f-ns Zn-tWm-c `mK-n-S-bn-ep KXm-K-X-n kuI-cysam-cp-p Imb-ep-Ifpw tXmSp-Ifpw `q{]Ir-Xnsb anI-X
- m-p-p. Ipf, I\mSv,
t_, Imbn XpS-n-b-h-bm-Wv D-c-tI-c-f-nse Imb-ep-I, th-\m-p-Imb, Imbw-IpfwIm-b, AjvSapSnmb Fn-hb
- mWv Zn-Wt- I-cf
-
- nse {][m\
Imb-ep-I. tIc-f-nse Htc-sbmcp ip-P-e-X-Sm-I-amb imkvXmwtIm Imb
nXn-sN-p-Xv sImw Pn-bn-em-Wv. Ago-, sImSp--q, tImn, \o-Ic
apX-em-b Agn-ap-J- hgn Imb-ep-I Nne-bn-S--fn kap-{Z-hp-ambn kwK-an-pp.
tIc-f-nse Pe-k-ar-n-bp-ambn _-sp {]hn-p Pe-ssh-Zyp-X\n-eb
-
- f
- pw,-Pe
- t- k-N\
- ]
-
- X
- nIfpw ssIc-fn-bpsS hnI-k\
-
- n\v apXq-m-Wv. Hcp
Imev kar-n-bpsS \nd-hn Ign-n-cp \psS Pe-k-v Cv a\p-jycpsS Zpjv{]-hn-I aqew hcbntev \op Imgvb
- m-Wv. ImWm km[np-X
- v.
Imem- h
Hcp \mSns cmjv{So-bhpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ih
- p-amb ]cn-X-n-Xn-Isf \n-bnp-X
- n Imem-h-bvpw KWy-amb ]v hln-m km[n-pw. ImjnI kZvhy-h--bnep tIc-f-s-tm-semcp \mn Chn-Sps Ime-hj-hpw, Xpemhjhpw Hcp A\p-{Klw Xs-bmWv. tImc-f-nse ssk\n-I\
- o-
- fpw Imem-h-bp-ambn _-s-n-cn-pp FmWv Ncn{Xw kmy-s-Sp-p-Xv. ag-m-ev
ssk\nI \o- \nn-sh-b
v p-Ibpw cmPmhv {]Pm-t-a{- ]-h-\mbn
am{Xw kabw Is-p-Ib
- p-am-bn-cpp sNbvXb
- v.
21
Imem-h-m-hy-Xn-bm\w kky-Pm-e--sfbpw ]n-ar-Km-Zn-I-sfbpw kzm[o\n-p-p. \psS kpK--{Z-hy--fmb Ge-hpw, Ipcp-ap-f-Ipw, Idp-h---bp-samw

hntZ-in-Isf BIjn-p-Ibpw ChnsS B[n-]Xyw m]n-m Ahsc t{]cn-np-Ibpw sNbvXp. sshhn-[y-am ]n-ar-Km-Zn-Ifpw kky-Pm-e
- f
- p-ap \psS
ImSp-If
- n\npw, B\, abn, Ipcv XpS-n-bh
- sb A\y-cmPy-f
- n-tev Ibn
Ab-n-cp--Xmbn ImWmw. [mXp \nt-]-nepw k--am-bn-cpp tIc-fw. Cc-n tIc-f-ns X\Xp kwkvIr-Xn-bpw ]mc--cyhpw ]Sp-p-bp--Xn
`q{]-IrXn \nkvXpe-amb ]phlnn-p-sv kwi-bteiat\y ]dbmw.
tIc-fw, ae-_m Fo- t]-cp-I-fpsS D]n

Zn-tW-y-bn kly-]-X-n\pw Ad-_n--S-en-\p-an-S-bn InS-p
{]tZiw tIcfw F t]cn-emWv kwkvIr-X-km-ln-Xy-n ]t Adn-b-s-Sp-Xv. tIc-fs
- -p-dnp kqNn-n-p ]WvUn-X
- m-scmw tIcfw, tNcw Fo t]cpI an-hmdpw ]cymb ]Z--fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-n-cpp. ]g-an-gnbn tIc-f-n\v
tNcw F t]cmWv ImWp-Xv. tIc-f-cm-Pm-hn\v tNc Fpw ]d-n-cp-p. tN
(sN-fn), Afw (-ew) F cp i_vZ- tNv "tNcfw' F ]Zw Dmsbpw AXn-\w NXp-p-ew Fm-sW-p-samcp hmZ-apv "tN' AYhm
"tN' F ]Z-n\v IqSn-tXv Fw In-mw. Atm tNcf ]Zn IqSn-s `q`mKw Fw ]d-bmw. "tNcfw' F ]Zw Ime-{I-taW
kwkvIr-X
- ns t{]c-Wb
- m "tIcfw' Fp amdn-bX
- m-hmw. IS amdn Ic-tbmSp
tN ew F A-n-ep Cu \njv]m-Z\w ]c-ip-cm-a-I-Y-bpsS `qan-imkv{X-]-c-amb hymJym-\s ]nm-p-papv.
ae-bmfw, ae-\m-Sv, ae-_m Fsms tIc-f-tZ-i-n\v t]cp-m-bn-cp-p.
Cu tZis ae-_m Fp hnfn BZys teJ-I A_-dq\n (G.-Un.
9731048)Bbn-cn-mw. Cu aqp t]cp-Ifpw tIc-f-n [mcm-f-ap ae-I-fp-ambn
_-s--Xm-Wv. ae-bp-sS -\m-SmWv ae-\mSv Fp hyw. "ae-_m' Hcp ]t "aehmcw' F-Xns hntZ-io-b D-m-c-W-hp-am-Imw. ae-_m, a\n-_m, amen-_m, ap\n_m Fsms Ad_n Fgp-p-Im- F-gp-Xn-bn-cpp. "_m' F i_vZ-n\v
t]jy `m-j-bn cm-Py-sa-pw, Ad-_n-`m-j-bn `qJ-WvU-sapw A-ap-Xn-\m CXns Dn hntZ-io-b-am-Im\pw km[y-X-bp-v.
ae-bmfw F t]cn-tm `mj-bpsS t]cm-bn-mWv D]-tbm-Kn-p-s
- X-nepw
]v CXpw tZi-\m-a-am-bn-cp-p. Cu ]Z-ns Dn X-hn-j-b-am-Wv. "\mSv'
F-ap "Afw' F hmv "ae' F-Xn-t\mSv tNmWv "ae-bmfw' F
tZi-\maw cq]-s--sXv hniz-kn-p-h
- c
- p-v. aebw (k-ly-]-X-ns sXp`m-Kw) F hmv Afw (Xm-gv {]tZiw) F ]Z-hp-ambn tNpw ae-bmfw
F hmv \njv]m-Zn-mw. aesb Bfp-h
- s (`-cn-p-I) \mSv F A-n
ae-bmfw cq]w sIm-Xm-hm\pw km[y-X-bp-v.-ae F ]Zw Bgw (B-gn--ka
- p-{Zw)
F ]Z-hp-ambn tN-Xm-Im\pw aXn. Cs\ cq]-s ae-gmbw F ]Z-nse
"g'Imcw "f' Imcamb-Xm-hmw.
22
Ncn-{ Xm-Xo-X- Imew

a\p-jy nc-hm-k-an-msX \mbm-Snbpw th-bm-Snbpw \S inem-bp-K-fpsS Ime-amWv Ncn-{Xm-Xo-XI
- m-ew.tIc-f
- ns Ncn-{Xm-XoX Ime-s-p-dnv \apv
enJn-X-tc-J-I-sfmpw Xs-bn-.-N-cn-{Xm-Xo-X-Im-ev tIc-f-n a\p-jy-hm-k-apm-bn-cpp Fv sXfn-bn-p ]pcm-X\
- m-hi
- n-jvS
- s
- fmpw \apnXp-hsc IpIn-n-bn-p-an-. AXn-]p-cm-X\
- I
- m-ev sImSpw-h\
- a
- m-bn-cp tIc-f
- n ]cp- inembp-[
- -fp-]-tbm-Kn-p-Xv Akm-[y-am-bn-cp-n-cn-mw. AXp-sIm-p-Xs B Imeb-f-hn ]pcm-X\
- -in-em-bpK a\p-jy ChnsS hkn-n-cn-m km[y-Xb
- n-. {]mNo\
inem-bp-Ka
- \
- p-jy D]-Ic
- W
-
- Dm-m-\p-]t- bm-Kn-n-cp kv^Sn-Iine-I tIcf-n \np Ip-In-n-bn-p-an-.
{]mIvN-cn-{Xm-h-in-jvS-
tIc-f-nse {]mIvNcn-{X-L--hp-ambn _-s hnh-c- hfsc Ipd-hmWv. ASn-m\ {]am-W-ambn kzoI-cn-m-hp-h intem-]-I-c-W-fpw {]mIv Ncn-{X-fp-am-Wv. intem-]I
- c
- -W--fpsS D]-tbm--K{- ]-Za
- mb hnh-c- Inm-\n-. {]mIvN-cn{X-Im-e-hp-ambn _-sv B{i-bn-m-hp sXfn-hp-I a\p-jys ssIs-cp-amw
]Xn ]mdsmp-If
- m-Wv. hb-\m-nse FS-, sXmhcn Fn-hn-S
- f
- nepw aqmdn ad-bq-cn-\-Spv IqS-mSv h\-n-epw, sX-e-bnse sN-cp-Wn-bnepw Ccw
]md-sm-p-I Is-n-bn-p-v.
alm-in-em-kw-kvImcw
acn-p-t]mb Imc-Wh
- am-cp-sStbm Ipe-e
- h
- amcp-sStbm ùXn-Im-hi
- n-jvS ASw sNbvX ih-Ip-So-c-sf {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-p--h-bm-Wv. alm-in-e-mkwkvIm-cw.-AX
- p-sImp Xs Cu kwkvIm-cs "ivaim-\-inem kwkvIm-c'-sapw
]d-p-h-cp-p. a\p-jy ac-W-a-S-mepw Ahs Bmhv imiz-X-am-bn-cnpw
F hn izmk-n \np-amhmw Ccw BNm-c--fp--hn-Xv. Cu ih-Ip-So-c-fn An-I-fpw Ccp-p-sIm-p D]-I-c-W-fpw a]m-{XmhinjvS--fpw,
[m\y--fpw, ]tc-Xs CjvS hkv{X--fp-samw ImWmw.
Xe-tbmSpw \o An-Ifpw k-bnNv kwkvI-cn-p "`mKnI ih-kwkvImcw' F t]cn-emWv ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-jI
- amn-Sb
- n Adn-b-s-n-cp--Xv.
CXn-\p-]p-dsa apgp-h ico-ctam An-Iq-Stam AtX-]Sn hmk--ev hoSns
Xd-bn Bg-an-m Ipgn-bn-tem, Ad-I-fntem ASw sNp kq ih-kwkvIm-chpw \ne-hn-en-cp-p. tIc-f-n ImWp alm-i-em-h-in-jvS- ]e- `mKpw ]e- t]-cp-I-fn-emWv Adn-b-s-S-pXv. I-d-I, ap\n-b-d-I, sImSpw-I--dtIc-f-]T- \w ]q-Ime tIcfw
23
I, ]gp-X-d-I, inem-\nnX Kpl-I, ]S--v, \Sp-v, IpS--v, ]mp-Ipgn,

]pXp-a--mgn, tai--p-I, sXmn--q-I, \-m-Sn-I Fn-s\ ]eXcw coXn-I \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp-p.
I-d-I (Dolmenoid cists.)

arX-i-co-c
- ASw sNp--Xn-\p-]t- bm-Kn-p-h
- b
- mWv I-d-I. Ch
Hcp aqSp-Ip sImv aqSp-Ibpw, aqSnbvv Hcp Zzmc-ap-m-hp-Ibpw sNpw.
tai--p-I (Capstone flush)

Hcp henb a`-c-Wn-bn arXm-h-in-jvS-S- ASw sNbvXv \nep
IpgnnSp-Ibpw AXn\p aosX Hcp ]c Iv m]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXm tai-m-bn. tai--ns a[y-`m-Kv Hcp Zzmc-hp-ap-m-hpw.
Ihr-- (Stone circle)

Ihr-
- f
- n ASw sNp arXm-hi
- n-jvS
- s]sv Afn-bp-Ibpw
]n-ar-Km-Zn-Ipw apw `-Wa
- m-p-Ibpw sNmw.
IpS--p-I (Umberlla Stone)

arX-i-cocw ASw sNbvX-Xn\p apI-fn IpsImp Imep-I \mn
Ahbvv aosX hrm-Ir-Xn-bp Iqm-c-v {]Xn-jvTn-p-X
- n-s\-bmWv IpS-p-I-sfv ]d-bp--Xv.
sXmn--p-I (Hood Stones)

hrm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep Iqm-c
- v an ]Xn-n-cn-p-X
- n-s\-bmWv sXmn-sv ]d-bp--Xv.
\Sp--p-I (Menhirs)
]tcXs icocw Ipgn-n-X
- n-\p-tijw AXn-\p-ap-If
- n henb H-
- p-\m-p-X
- ns\-bmWv \Sp-
- p-I Fv ]d-bp-X
- .v ]pe-n-
- p-I Fpw Chsb ]d-bm-dp-.v
\-m-Sn-I (Urnburials)
ac-Ws
- BfpsS ùXn-Im-hi
- n-jSv
- Hcp henb a`-cW
- n-bn ASw
sNp-X
- n-s\-bm-Wv \mSn-I Fv ]d-bp-Xv. Xmgn-Is
- fpw Ch Adn-bs- -Sp-p.
tIc-f
- n Iq apX Xncp-h\
-
- ]
- pcw hsc Fm Pn-I-fnepw alm-inem-kvam-c-I- Is-n-bn-p-v. CSp-n-bnse ssltdp-I-fn Ch [mcmfw
ImWmw. Xrq Pn-bnse an e--fnepw Kpcp-hm-bq-cn--Sps Acn-b-qcnepw IpS--p-I-fpw sXmn--p-Ifpw ImWmw. Xoc-{]-tZ-i--fn-emWv \-m-SnI IqSp-X-embn Ip-h-cp--Xv.
24
BZy-Ime hntZ-i-_--
BZy-Im-e-hn-tZ-i-_-- tIc-f-ns kmwkvIm-cn-I-hpw, kmaq-ln-I-hpamb PohnX coXnsb kzm[o-\n-p--tXm-sSmw hmWn-Py-n-e-[n-jvTn-X-amsbmcp
km-n-Im- Sn-d sIn-sm-m klm-bn-p. Ad-_n-I, Ao-dn-b
- m, _m_ntem-Wn-b-m, ^n\o-jy-m, C{km-tb-ep-Im, {Kop-Im, tdma-m, No\-m
XpSn A\-h[n hntZ-i-cm-Py--fp-ambn tIcfw _w ]pen-bn-cp-p. {][m-\ambpw hmWn-Pym-Sn-d Hcp-p-X
- n-emWv. sshtZ-inI kzm[o\w {]I-Sa
- m-bs
- X-nepw
hyXy-kvXa
- X
- h
- n-`m-K
- v hp tNcm-\p hgn IqSn-bmbn BZy-Im-eh
- n-tZi _ amdn.
_n.-kn. aqhm-bn-cm-amp apXp Xs sshtZ-inI kwkvIm-c
- ns hf
tIc-f-n Zriy-am-Wv. Ao-dn-b-mcpw _m_n-tem-Wn-b-mcpw BZy-Im-e-fn Xs tIc-f-hp-ambn kpK--{Z-hy-hym-]m-c
- -fn-tes-n-cp-p. {]mNo\ CuPn]vXp-Im-scbpw tIc-f
- n-te-m-Ijn-Xv Chn-Sps Gehpw Idp-hm-]bpsams
Xs-bm-Wv. Ad-_n-Ifpw ^n\o-jy-mcpw {][m-\-ambpw kpK--{ZhyhmWnPyw
eyw shp-sIm-p-X-s-bm-Wv tIcf Xoc-s-n-bX
- v. Ce-hhpw, Imp-sIm-bp-samw Hcp ]t Ch-cm-bn-cnmw ]m-m-Xyv ]cn-Nb
- s
- -Sp-n-bX
- v. kpK
{Zhy-p ]pdsa B\-I-sfbpw Ipc-p-I-sfbpw abn-ep-I-sfbpw hmWn-Pym-Snm-\-n Ib-n-smp-t]m-b-Xmbpw Ncn{Xw kmy-s-Sp-p-p.
{Kop-Imcpw tdma-mcpw Cn, a, Icp-ap-fIv XpS-n-bh
- b
- psS hn]p-eamb tiJcw ChnsS \npw Ib-p-a-Xn sNbvXn-p-v. Ic-h-gnbpw ISh-gnbpambn
[mcmfw hmWnPy _- Am-ev tIc-f
- n-ep-m-bn-p-v. `mjm-im-kv{X-]c-amb sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-m-\-n tUmIvS _ {Kokp-am-bp hmWn-Py_-s AS-bm-f-s-Sp-p-p-v. "Cn' F hmn \npw "knn-s_'
(C-n) F {Kov ]Zw \njv]m-Zn-n-m-sav Atlw Ah-ImisSp-p. "Hdnkn'(-A-cn) F {Kov ]Z-ns Dhw Xangv ]Z-amb "Acn-in-bn' \nm-hmsapw Atlw A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. tIc-f-n \npw IsSp-n-p tdma
\mW-b-fpw apw
Hcp Imev Ahv tIc-f-hp-am-bp-m-bn-cp i-amb
_s Ipdn-p sXfn-hp-I-fm-Wv.
{InkvXp-hjm-cw-`-n tIc-f-hp-abn ASp _w ]penb hntZ-iob ssN\-m-cm-Wv. tIc-f
- n \npw Ip-In-n-bn-p- No\-\m-Wb
-
- fpw No\]m-{X--fp-samw Cu _-ns\ kmo-I-cn-p-p. ]Xn-aqmw iX-I-n
tIc-f-n-se-nb hntZi km-cn-bmb amtm-tmtfm ssN\ tIc-f-hp-ambn
\S-nb kpK-{- Z-hy-f
- p-sSbpw Ipcp-ap-fI
- n-sbpw hmWn-Py-s-p-dnv ]cm-ainp-p-v.
IqSmsX tIc-fo-b hmWn-Pym-hi
- y-n\pw ap-ambn hntZ-ic
- m-Py-f
- ntev ISamw bm{X sNbvXn-cp-p. i-amb \mhn-I-]m-c-cyhpw CXn-\-hsc
]np-Wp.
{InkvXp hjw 9mw iX-I-n\pw 13-mw iX-I-n-\p-an-Sbvv Ap-hw,
aWn-{Kmaw Fo tIc-fob hmWnPy kwL- hntZi hym]m-c--fn Gs-ncp-p. ankncnkv, _td, Xnnkv, s\In XpS-nb ]g-b- Ime XpdapJ-
hmWnPy]chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb BZm\{]Zm-\-v i-amb ASn-d
Hcp-n-bn-cp-p.
25
samUyq 3
kwL- Imew
kwL-Im-es
- -p-dnv GIm-`n-{]mbw \ne-\np-n-s-nepw {InkvXp-hjw
Hp-ap-X Ap-h-sc-bp \qmp-In-S-bn-emImw kwL-Imew FmWp
s]mXpsh ]n-Xm-`n-{]m-bw.
{InkvXp-hjw BZy Zi-I
- f
- n Xan-gI
-
- ns `mK-am-bn-cp tIc-fw thWmSv, Ip-\m-Sv, IpS-\m-Sv, ]qgn-\mSv, Im-\mSv Fn-s\ Ap \mSp-I-fm-bmWv hn`Pn-s
- -n-cp-X
- v. {][m-\a
- mbpw aqv cmjv{Sob in-If
- mWv kwL-Im-em-cw-`
- n
tIcfw `cn-n-cp-X
- v. sX {]tZ-i- Bbv cmPm-
- m-cpw, hSv Ggn-ae cm-Pm-mcpw Ch-bvn-S-bvp tZiw tNc-cm-Pm-
- m-cp-am-bn-cpp `cn-n-cp--Xv.
Bbv cmP-hwiw
sX tIc-f-nse Ghpw ]gb cmP-hw-i-amb Bbv cmP-hiw G.-Un.
BZy iX-I
- f
- n sXv \mKtIm-hn sXmv hSv Xncp-h
- m-hs
- c-bp- Zn-WtI-cf
- -ns Iptd `mK- `cn-n-cp-h
- c
- m-Wv. Ch "Bbv thfp-I' Fpw Adnb-s-n-cp-p. s]mXn-bn ae-bnse Bbn-Ip-n-bm-bn-cpp Bm-\w Fpw hnizkn--s-Sp-p. _mcokv (]-) apX I\ym-Ip-amcn hsc Bbv cmPm--m-cpsS `cW-n-en-cp `qhn-`m-Ks "Atbm-bn'- FmWv tSmf-an (2mw iX-Iw) hnfn-p-Xv. kwL-Ime IrXn-bmb sXmevm-n-b-ns hymJym-\-n Bbv hwi-sp-dn-p kqN-\-I-f-S-n-bn-p-v. ]pd-\m-\q-dnse ]e ]mp-I-fnepw I]n-e FIhn "]mcn' Fsmcp Bbvthfns\ hmgvp-p-ap-v.
kwL-Im-eI
- r-Xn-If
- n ]cm-ain-s
- -Sp {]ap-Jc
- mb aqv Bbv cmPm-m An-c, AXn-b, XnXn-b Fo aqv t]cm-Wv. ]pd-\m-\q-dn Bbv Anc-s\-p-dnv ]Xn-\mep]mp-If
- pv .Xn-Xn-b F cmPm-hns\ s]mXn-bn sNh
F t]cn AI-\m-\q-dn hmgvp-p-v. kwL-Ih
- n-bmb ]c-W Xs IrXn-bn
AXn-bs\ {]Ion-p-p-v. NS-b, Icp-\
- , Icp-\
- S-
- XpS-nb Bbv
cmPm-
- m-sc-p-dnpw Ncn-{X-tc-JI
- f
- p-v. XpSv ]cm-ain-s
- -Sp {]i-kvX\
- mb
Bbv hwi cmPmhv hn{I-am-Zn-Xy-hc
- K
- p-W\
- m-Wv. lPq imk-\
- n hn{I-am-Zn-Xy-hc
- Kp-Ws `c-Wk
- q-N\
- b
- p-v. At-l
- ns "]men-bw-im-k\w' {]kn-a
- m-Wv.
26
Ggn-ae cmP-hwiw
hS-Ic
- bvpw awK-em-]p-c
- n\pw CS-bvp Xoc-tZ-ihpw AXn\p Ing-p
ae-{-tZ-i
- fpw ASn hmW- cm-Ph
- w-ia
- mWvGgn-ae cmP-hw-iw. Ch-cpsS Xe-m\w
Ggn-ae
- b
- m-bn-cp-p. "Db ae' F-ap "Ggnasse' F t]cn-emWv Ggnae kwL-Im-e-Ir-Xn-If
- n ]cm-ain-s
- -Sp--Xv. Ggn-a-ec
- m-Pm-
- mam-cn Ghpw
{]ap-J \ F-bm-fm-W.v \s `c-WI
- m-e
- mWv Ggn-ae AXns kphW
Ime-L--n-eqsS ISp t]mIp--Xv. kwL-Im-e-Ir-Xn-I-fmb AI-\m-\q-dnepw ]pd\m-\q-dn-ep-sa-mw \s `c-W-]-cm-{I-a-- {]Ion--s-Sp-p-v. ]mgn-bp-n \ ssIh-cn hnP-bs ]c-W ]mSn-p-I-gvp-p-v.
\s `c-W-Imep Xs-bmWv tNc-ssk\yw Ggn-a-esb ey-amn
bp-n aptdp-Xv. \map-Sn-t-c-ens t\Xr-Xz-n tNc-m \s\ ]cmP-b-s-Sp-p-Ibpw \s km{amPyw X-fpsS Imo-gn-em-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
tNc-cm-P-hwiw
{InkvXp-hjw BZn-i-X-I--fn Xs tIcfw `cn-n-cp {]_-e-i-nbm-bn-cpp tNcm. cmP-Ip-Spw-_
- nse Ghpw aq-bm cmPyw `cn-p Iqphm-gvNb
- m-bn-cpp tNc-hwiw ]np-Sn-cp-Xv kwL-Im-e-Ir-Xn-bmb "]Xn-p-]
- n'emWv ]p tNccm-Pm-
- msc ]cm-ain-
- X
- v. ]p-Ih
- n-I ]p-]m-p-I hoXw
FgpXn kam-l-cn--Xm-Wn-Xv. CXns BZy-sbpw Ay-n-sebpw ]mp-I-
\jvS-s-n-p-v. Cu {Ks B[m-c-am-n-bm-Wv tNc-cmP Ncn{Xw ]p\\nnp-X
- v.
1.
DZn-b tNc-em-X
]Xn-p-]
- nse \jvSs
- -p-t]mb BZy-]
- nse \mb-I Ct-la
- m-bn-cp-n-cn-Ww. t]cpw tNmp-Xn-b tNc-em-X Fp IqSn Ctlw Adn-bs
- -Sp-p. AZm\w \S-p-X
- n Xev]c
- \
- mbncpXp sImmhmw C-s\-sbmcp hnti-jW
-
- n\n-tlw Al-\m-bXv hm\-hc
-
- F asmcp hnti-jWw IqSn DZn-b tNc-em-X\p-v. hm\w cmPy-ns hcv (A-Xnn) Bn-bh
- Fpw hm\-hv ({]-PIv) A]ph ({]n-bs
- -h
- ) Fpw CXns\ hymJym-\nmw. alm-`m-cX
- b
- p-n ]m-hpw Iuc-h
- mpw `Ww \In-bXv DZn-b tNc-em-X\
- msW hnizm-kh
- p-ap-v. shn-bn bpn ka-Im-en-I\
- mb Icn-Im-et- Nmfs
B
- b
- p[w apXp-In apdn-thn-X
- p-sImv A]-am\w kln-m-\m-hmsX hS-n-cn NS-n-eqsS DZn-b tNc-em-X acWw hcn-p-Ib
- m-Wv sNbvXX
- v.
27
2.
s\Spw tNc-em-X
]Xn-p-]
- nse cmw ]n I-\m Ihn hn-n-cn-p tNcm-
[n-]-\mWv "Ca-b-h-c-' F _ncp-Z-tmSv IqSnb s\Spw-tN-c-em-X. lnam-ebw

cmPym-Xnn-bm-bn-p-h
- s
- \pw tZh-mv {]nb-s-h
- s
- \pw Cu hmn-\w
In-mw. DZn-b tNc-em-Xs aI-\mb Ctlw ]mcn, Hmcn, \, Imcn, Fn,
Bhn, Bbv Fo cmPm--msc tXmn-p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS Inco-S- ame-bmn-amdn-e-Wnv "Ggp-ap-Sn-am' F-dn-b-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Zm\-io-e-nepw
t]cp-tI hyn-bm-bn-cpp Ct-lw. 58 hjw \op-\np `c-W-ambncpp
Ct-l-n-t-Xv. tNmf-cm-Pm-hp-am-bp Gp-ap--en cp-t]cpw acWaS-bp-I-bmWp-m-b-Xv.
3.
]mbmss\ sNsI-g p-Ip- p-h

DXn-b tNc-em-Xs aI\pw s\SpwtNc-em-Xs A\n-b\
- p-amb ]mbmss\
sNsI-gp-Ip-p-hm-\mWv ]Xn-p-]-nse aqmw ]mn Ihn ]msse KuXa\m-cm

{]Ion-s
- -Sp-X
- v.Ccp-]v hjw bph-cm-Pm-hmbn hmW Ctlw "]qgn-b
tIm' F _ncpZw kzoI-cn-n-cp-p. ]qgn-\m-Sns Nne `mK- Ch-cpsS A[o-\X-bn-em-bn-cp-p-sh-Xv CXn \np hy-am-Ipw. Ihn-Ipw ]n-X-mpsamw hne-s km-\- \In-bn-cp sNsIgp-Ip-p-h Ah-km-\-Im-ev
bp--fn \nsmw amdn hnc Pohn-X-amWv \bn-n-cp--Xv.
4.
\map-Sn-t-c
\memw ]n Imn-bm-p-m-n-b-\m hmgvp bph-cm-Pm-hmWv s\Spw
tNc-em-Xs aI-\mb \map-Sn-t-c. "Ifw Imbvn \map-Sn-t-c' Fpw

Ctlw hnti-jn-n--s-Sp-p-v. A`n-tjI ka-bv ]\\mcp sImp-m-nb
Inco-S-hpw, cXv\-p ]Icw Ifw ImbvIfpw AWn-Xp sImmWv C-csamcp hnti-jWw e`n--Xv. hmssIscpw Xpd-bn shp \S bp-n Ggn-ae-cm-Pm-hmb \s\ h[n-Xv \map-Sn-t-c-em-Wv. bph-cm-Pm-hmbn 25 hjw `cWw
\S-n-bX
- n-\p-tijw A-\mb s\Spw tNc-em-X Pohn-n-cn-p-tm Xs \mapSn-t-c ac-W-a-S
p.
5.
th sIgp-Ip-p-h
]Xn-p-]-nse Amw ]n ]c-W {]Ion-p `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-
Wv. s\Spw-tN-ce
- m-Xs asmcp aI-\pw, \map-Sn-t-ce
- ns ktlm-Zc
- \
- p-amb thsIgp-Iq-p-h. "IS ]nd-tIm-nb sNp-ph' Fv ]c-W Ct-ls hmgvp-pv. kap-{Z-bp--n thsIgpIp-p-h t\Snb hnP-b--fmhmw CXn\p Imc-Ww.
Nne-XnImc-n ]cm-ain--s-Sp tNc sNp-p-h thI-gp-Ipp-hm-\msWp hniz-kn-p-h
- -cp-ap-v.
28
6.
BSp-tImSp ]mp-tN-c-em-X
]Xn- p-]- nse BdmwJ-n
ImssmSn-\n-b m \s--b m
{]Ionp ]mSp-Xv s\Spw-tN-c-em-Xs asmcp aI-\mb BSp-tIm-Sp-]mp tNcem-X-s\-bm-Wv. bp-hn-P-b--fn \r-hpw, ]mpw, sImp-samw Ac-t-dp--XpsImtm FXn-cm-fn-I Xn-smp-t]mb Hcp ]w BSp-Isf hos-Sp-Xp
sImtm Bhmw C-cs
- amcp t]cp-m-bX
- v. Ip-\m-nse Hcp {Kmaw apgp-h Ctlw
{_m-Wv \In-b-Xmbpw ]mn ]cm-ain-p-p-v. Ctlw 38 hj-mew
bph-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-p.
7.
sNh- SpwtImhm-g n-b m-X

]Xn-p-]-nse Ggmw J-n I]n-e hn-p `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-
Wn-tlw. Ap-h tNc-ens aI\pw s\Spw tNc-em-Xs `mcym ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS

`m-hp-amb sNh-Spw tIm hmgn-bm-X 25 hjw cmPyw `cn-p. sXmn-bm-bncpp Bm-\w. tNmf-]my ssk\y-sf Ctlw ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-n-b-Xmbpw
]cm-ai-ap-v. sXmp ap]p cmPm-hmb BSp-tIm-Sp-]mp tNcem-X\v BIp-nI-fn-m-X
- n-\m tNc-hw-i
- ns asmcp imJ-bmb Ccp-sm-ssd-am-hn-tev A[nImcw ssIamdn F \ymbs ]np-W-bvp--Xm-Wv. " Ac-\m-masse' imk-\n BX tNc Ccp-smssd sN-h--SpwtIm hmgn-bm-X Bbn-cnmw
F ]cm-aiw.
8.
s]cpw tNc Ccp-smssd

]Xn-p-]-nse Fmw ]n Acn-Nn Ingm F Ihn ]mSn-bn-cn-p-
Xv s]cpw tNc Ccp-sm-ssdsb Ipdn-m-Wv. sNh-Spw tImhgn-bm-Xs ]p{X\mb Ctlw AXn-I-am cmPm-hmb Ggn-\n-bpsS XI-Sq \Kcw \in-n--Xn-\m
"XI-Sq Fdn Ccp-smssd' Fp hnti-j-W-ap-v. H-\-h[n bmK- \Snb Ctlw Zm\-io-e\pw HuZmcy-a-Xn-bp-am-bn-cp-p.
9.
Cfw tNc Ccp-smssd

]Xn-p-]
- nse H]Xmw ]n s]cpw-Ipq Ingm hn-p Ctlw
s]cpw tNc Ccp-smssd-bpsS aI-\m-Wv. -sIm- tImssh, ]pgn-btImssh

Fn-s\ _ncp-Z
- kzoI-cn--Xmbn tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-p-v. tNmf-tcbpw ]mytcbpw ]cm-Pb
- s
- -Spn ssI-em-nb kv Xe-m-\a
- mb hn-bn sImphv ]mWpw apw Zm\w sNbvX-Xmbpw hniz-kn--s-Sp-p.
29
10.
bmss\-I-SvtNbv amcw tNc
]Xn-p-]-nse \jvS-s ]m-as ]mn {]Ion-s

- -Sp cmPmhv
Ct-l-am-sWv hniz-kn--s-Sp-p. aZ-bm-\-bpsS sscyhpw t\mhpsamw
tNm-bn-cnmw "bmss\-ImSv tNb' F hnti-jWw amcw tNc-en\v e`n-n-pm-hp-I. sXmn Bm-\-amn `cn Ct-l-ns Ime-tm-Sp-IqSn tNc-km{amPyw tbm-p-J-am-hp--Xmbn ImWmw.
GI-tZiw 200 hj-tmfw ]Xn-p-]-nse tNc-]c
- -c `cn--Xmbn ImWmw
Ch-cn Xs DXn-b tNc, s\Spw tNc, th sIgp-Ipp-h Fn-h-cmWv
ZoL-Imew cmPyw `cn--Xv. Nne kwLw IrXn-I-fn A{]-i-kvX-cmb cmPm--mscbpw ]cm-ainp ImWp-p-s-nepw tNc-cm-Ph
- w-im-he
- n-bpsS {]_-eN
- c
- n{Xw ]Xnp-]-n-eqsS Xs-bmWv shfn-hm-Ip--Xv.
kwL-Ime kmlnXyw
kwLw F kwkvIrX i_vZ
-- n\v Iqp-Iq-S Fm-Ww C-c
- n
]n-X
- m-cpsS Iqp-Iq-S \ne-\n-n-cp-p. "Xangv kwLw' hnZzm-m-cp-sStbm ]nX-m-cp-sStbm Hcp kmlnXy kan-Xn-bmbn-cp-p. Cu kmlnXy Iqm-bvab
- n-se AwK cNn-tXm Ah-cpsS AwKo-Imcw e`n-tXm Bb IrXn-I-fmWv kwLw IrXnI .F.-Un. H]Xmw \qm-n "Cssd-b-\m AI-sm-cp' F kmln-Xy {Kn\v \o-c Fgp-Xnb hymJym-\-n \nm-Wv kwL-s-n IqSpX hnhc- e`n-p--Xv. apX kwLw, CssS kwLw, IssS kwLw Fp aqv kwL Dm-bn-cp--Xmbn ]cm-ain-p-p-v. kwL-Ime `cW kwhn-[m-\-s-pdnpw As kmaq-ln-Im-h--sb-p-dn-p-samw hnh-cw e`n-p-Xv kwLw
IrXn-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. As mev Ihn-I P\--fpsS kmaq-lnI Pohn-Xn AXn-{]-[m-\-amb ]mWp hln-n-cp--Xv.
Cp kwL-km-lnXyw F-dn-bs
- -Sp ap-n-bm-dp-Ir-Xn-I IssS kwLIm-ev cNn--s--h-bm-Wv. ap-n-bmdp IrXn-Isf kmam-\y-ambn aqp hn`m-KnsSp-p-p. Fp-sm-ssI, ]p-m-v, ]Xn-s\ Iogv IWv Fn-h-bmW-h. Ch-tbm-sSmw sXmm-nbw F hymI-cW {Khpw Nne--Xn-Imcw
aWn-ta-Je Fo Imhy-fpw IqSn-t-cp-tm kwL-km-lnXyw GXmv ]qWam-Ipw. ]pd-\m-\q-dv, AI-\m-\q-dv, ]Xn-p-]
- v, Ipdp-sm-ssI, Ien-sm-ssI, sFpdp-\q-dv \n-ssW, ]cn-]m-S XpSn Fp-IhnXm kam-lm-c- tN-Xm-Wv Fpsm-ssI. (sXm-ssI kam-lm-cw) ]pIhnXm-k-amlmc--f-S-n-b-XmWv ]pm-v. Xncp-p-d, \me-Sn-bm, If-hgn \mXv apX-emb Imhy-f
- mWv ]Xn-s\Iogv
IW-n-eps-Sp-X
- v.
30
AIw Ihn-X-Ifpw ]pdw Ihn-X-Ifpw

hnjb kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cnv kwL-km-lnXyn\v AIw Ihn-X-sbpw ]pdw
Ihn-X-sbpw cp-hn-`m-K-ap-v. t{]a-kw-_--amb CXn-hr--ap Ihn-X-I-fm-Wv
AIw Ihn-X-I. Fp-sm-ssI-bn-eps AI-\m-\q-dv, sFp-\p-\q-dv, \n-ssW,
Ipdp-sm-ssI, Ien-smssI Fn-h-sbmw AI-hn-`m-K
- n-eps-Sp Ihn-XI
- fm-Wv. `q{]-Ir-Xn-b p-ambn _-sp cNn--s Av AIw Ihn-X-I-fmWv
"sFnssW'. Hmtcm {]tZ-ipap Imap-I-cpsS A\p-cm-K-IY
- -bp-ambn _-s-Spnbp ]mp-I-fm-Wnh. Ipdn-nm-v, ]msse-m-v, apss-m-v, acp-Xw-]m-v,
s\bvX]mv Fn-h-bm-W-h. Cu Ap{]tZ-i--sfbpw AhnsS cq]w sIm
t{]a Imhy-sf-bp-amWv sFnssW Fp hyh-l-cn-p--Xv.
Xan-gI
- s {]mNo\ P\-Xb
- psS {]W-bk
-
- -hp-ambn _-s ]e IuXpI-m-gN
v I
- fpw AIw Ihn-XI
- f
- n {]Xn-ê
- n-p-p-.v AXn-sem-mWp "Ifhpw Ipw'
bph-Xo-bp-hm-
- ]c-kv]c
- m-\p-cm-K
- n-em-bm _p-an-{Xm-Zn-If
- psS k-Xt- m-SpIqSn \S-p hnhm-la
- mWv Iv. k-Xt- m-Sp-Iq-SnbmsX A\p-cm-Kn-I Hfn-tmSn
hnhm-ln-Xc
- m-Ip k{-Zm-ba
- mWv Ifhv. t{]a ss\cmiyw h \mb-I ]\-aS-
sImv \nn s]mbvm IpXn-cb
- psS ]pd-tdn Fcn-n ]qame-bW
- nv \mbnIm-`h
- \
-
- n\p ap]n apw agbpw hI shbvmsX acWw hsc \ncm-lmca\pjvTn-p NS-mWv "aS-ted'. cmPy-X{- w, bpw, ssk\yw, hmWn-Pyw, Zm\w XpSn-bh
- b
- mWv ]pdw Ihn-Xbvv hnj-ba
- m-Ip-h
- . cmPm-m-m-cpsS ka-cN
- c
- n-X
- ,
hocm-]Z- m-\
- XpS-n-bh
- bpw CXn {]Ion-s-Sp-X
- v. ]pdw hn`m-K
- n
Ghpw {][m-\s
- cN-\I
- Fp-sm-ssI-bn Ds ]pd-\m-\q-dpw, ]Xn-p-]
- pam-W.v kwL-km-ln-Xy-n-te-hpw ]g-a
- p-s
- Xp Icp-Xn-tm-cp ]pd-\m-\qdv \psS
kwkvIm-c
- ns AXn-{]m-No\ tcJ-bm-Wv. ]Xn-p-]
- n \nmWv tNc-cm-Pm-
- mcpsS Ncn{Xw ]p\\nn-m \apv km[n-p-X
- v.
kwL-Im-es `cWk{-Zmbw
kwL-Im-e-Ir-Xn-If
- n \np-am-Wv \apv As Ime-L--ns hyamb Nn{Xw e`n-p-X
- v. cmP-hm-gvN-bn A[n-jvTn-Xa
- mb `c-W-{I-aa
- m-bn-cpp kwLIme P\-Xsb \bn-n-cp-X
- v. tNmf-]my cmPm-
- m-tcm-sSmw tNc-cm-Pm-vamcpw
X-fpsS `c-W
- n Iogn kwL-Im-e-P\
- -Xsb Dd-np \nn. cmP-`c
- W
-
- n
Iogn kwL-Im-e-P-\-X kam-[m-\-]-c-amb Pohn-X-amWv \bn-n-cp--Xv. cmPm-hns\
{]Xm]m- U w- _ -c - - fpsS {]Xy-t m- Z m- l - c- W - am- b mWv kwLw P\X I-X v .
cmnampw cmPm-hn-t\m-sSmw Xs _lp-am-\y-]-Zhn e`n-n-cp-p. _lp-`mcymXzw As Imev km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-p. hn[-h-I Nne k`--fn
kXn-b\
- p-jvT-n-n-cp--Xmbpw ]cm-ai-ap-v.
31
tNc-cm-Pm-m-m-cpsS `cW k{-Zm-b

- n\p Iogn kwLw P\-Xbvv Xpeyamb \oXnbpw kwc-W
- hpw e`n-p. P\-f
- psS ]cm-Xn-I cmPmhp t\cnp tIpI-bpw, AXn-\m-h-iy-amb ]cn-lm-c-am- \S-n-em-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-p. B`yc kam-[m-\-n\pw IrXy-amb Gm-Sp-I BZy-Im-e-p-m-bn-cp-p. cm{Xnbn s]cp-h-gn-I-fn ]-tan tdmp Npp Imh-em-fp-I P\-Po-hnXn\v
kpc-n-XXzw \In. {]mtZ-inIamb bpw \S-p-tm s]mXp-P\
- -p kwcWw \Ip-I-sb-Xv tNc-cm-Pm--m-cpsS {][m\ I-hy-am-bn-cp-p. kwLIm-eL
- -
- nse `qcn-]w cmPm-
- mcpw ]cm-{I-a-im-en-If
- m-bn-cp-p. Apw hnpw
thepw hmfp-am-bn-cpp ]S-bm-fn-I-fpsS Bbp-[-. th-S, hm-S, hnS
Fn-s\ Imem-Sbvv ]e D]-hn-`m-K--fp-m-bn-cp-p. bpw XpS-p-Xn\p ap]v sImssh F ka-c-tZ-h-Xsb Bcm-[n-p ]Xn-hp-m-bn-cp-p.
Am-es kv{XoIfpw ka-c-ho-cy-ap--h-cm-bn-cp-p. Ah t\cnv bp-`q-an-bn
sNv ]S-bm-fn-I-fn Bth-i-ap-Wn-bn-cp-p. bp-`q-an-bn shv hoc-N-caw
{]m]n-pI FXv GsXmcp ]S-bm-fn-I-fp-sSbpw kz]v\-am-bn-cp-p. B\-p-d-t-dnbmWv cmPmhv bp-`q-an-bn ssk\y \nb-{n-n-cp--Xv. cmPmhv ac-W-s-m
bpw AtXmsS Ah-km-\n-m-dmWv ]Xn-hv.
bp-hp-ambn _-sv ck-Ic
- a
- mb Htsd BNm-c
- fpw kwL-Im-ev \ne\n-n-cp-p. Hcp cmPmhv bp-n Ggv cmPm--msc tXmn-m A[n-cm-P-]Zhn t\Smw. {]Xn-tbm-Kn-bmb cmPm-hns Bbp[w apXp-In-te-m cmPmhv ssIbn
hmfp-tan hS-p-Zn-n-tepw t\mn \ncm-lm-c-{h-X-a-\p-jvTnv ac-W-a-S-bp NSmWv "hS-n-cn-'. bp-n cmPmthm tk\m-\m-bI
- t\m h[n-s
- -m DS
bpw \nn "Ipc-ssh-qv' F bp \rw \S-pw . "XpW-ss-q-pw',
"Aa-e'bpw bp-cw-Ks ap cp \r-cq-]--fm-Wv. Iqc-ssh-q-nepw XpWss-q-nepw ]s-Sp-p \-In-am hnd-en-I Fm-Wd- n-bs
- -n-cp-X
- v. Hmtcm
cmPm-hn\pw A[n-Im-c-ns {]Xo-I-ambn Hmtcm Imhacw \p-h-fp ]Xnhp-v. Hcp cmPmhv bp-n acn-m Abm-fpsS Imhacw tPXmhv apdn-p-am-pIbpw ]Icw tPXm-hns Imhacw \p-]n-Sn-n-p-Ibpw sNpw. tXm cmPm-hns
IncoSw sImp-Im-fb
- p-mn tPXmhv AWn-bp ]Xnhpw Dm-bn-cp-p. IhnI, Kmb-I, \-I XpS-n-b-hv ac-W-òXn IqSmsX bp--f-n {]thinv X-fpsS cmPm-
- msc t{]mm-ln-n-m Ah-kc
- s
- am-cp-n-bn-cp ImgvNbpw
kwL-Im-e-ns {]tXy-I-XbmWv.
32
kwL-Ime kmaqly PohnXw

kwL-Im-ea
- m-bt- m-tgpw {]mIr-X- P-\X
- b
- n \np-amdn {Iao-Ir-Xhpw nchm-k-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bX
- p-amb IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw Bcw-`n-p Ign-n-cp-p. PmXn-]-c-amb
thXn-cnthm kmaq-ly-amb G-p-d-n-ep-Itfm A-s Ime-p-m-bn-cp-n-.
sXmgn-ens ASn-m-\
- n-em-bn-cp-p hn`-P\w. `q{]-Ir-Xn-\
- p-kc
- n-m-bn-cpp sXmgnens hn`-P\w \S-Xv
sFn- s sW- I
kwL-Im-eP
- \
- X `qansb ans tNcp-hb
- p-sSbpw {]Ir-Xn-ta-J-e-I-fp-sSbpw
ASn-m-\-n-em-bn-cpp hn`-Pn-n-cp--Xv. `q{]-IrXn A\p-k-cnv \mSns\ Ipdn-n,
]msse, apss, acpXw,s\-bvX Fn-s\ Ambn hn`Pn-n-cn-p-p. "sFnssW-I' FmWv Chsb hnfnn-cp--Xv. aebpw ImSpw tN {]tZ-i-amWv
"Ipdn-n'. thS,-Ip-dh
- XpS-n-b-hc
- m-Wn-hn-Sps \nhm-kn-I. apcp-Is\ Bcm-[nn-cp Ch-cpsS sXmgn \mbmpw h\-hn-`-h-ti-J-cW
- -hp-am-bn-cp-p. Xcn-imbn InSp acp-`q-an-bmWv "]msse'. ad-hcpw sIm-m-cp-am-bn-cpp Chn-sS hkn-n-cp-Xv. Pe-tk-N\
-
- ns A`m-hhpw {]Xn-Iqe Imem-h-bpw \nanw ChnsS P\-PohnXw ZpcnX ]q-am-bn-cp-p. bphpw ]nSn-p-]d- nbpw sXmgn-em-nb Ch-cpsS tZhX
sImssh Bbn-cp-p. Db ]p-InSn {]tZ-i-amWv "apss'. Bb, CS-b
XpS-n-b-h-cm-Wn-hnsS hkn-n-cp--Xv. Is\ Bcm-[n-n-cp apss-hm-kn-I-fpsS
{][m\ sXmgn Imen-hf
- -em-bn-cp-p. Irjn sNm-\p-]I
- c
- n-p ka-Xe {]tZi-amW "acp-Xw'. Irjn sXmgn-em-nb hm-fcpw Dg-hc
- p-am-bn-cpp Chn-Sps \nhmkn-I. C{(-th-) Bbn-cpp tZh-X. Xoc-{]-tZ-ia
- mWv "s\bvX'.D-aW
- , apph, he-b, ao\-h, ]c-Xh
- Fn-hc
- m-bn-cpp \nhm-kn-I. Dp-m-epw ay_--\-hp-am-bn-cppCh-cpsS {][m\ sXmgn.
kwL-Im-ev A[zm-\-ns Akv AwKo-Ic
- n-s
- -n-cp-X
- n-\m sXmgnens \ne-hm-ca
- -\p-kc
- nv P\-sf kmaq-ly-ambn XmW-hs
- ctm Db-hs
- ctm
thXn-cn-n-cp-n-. kwL-Im-ev Xoepw sXmSo-ep-sampw \ne-\n-n-cp-n-.
kv{XoIv D-X-amb ]Z-hn-bm-bn-cpp Dmbnhcp--Xv. ]q-amb hnZym-`ym-kapssS Fm-hn[ kzmX-{y-fpw A\p-h-Zn--s-n-cp-p. ssii-h-hn-hmlw
\ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp-n-. hn[hm hnhmlw ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-p. Km-hn-hm-lw, Iv,
Ifhv Fo hnhm-lo-co-Xn-Ifpw \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp-p. {]Wbw \ncm-Ic
- n-s
- ImapI ]\-a-S sImp-m-nb s]mbvp-Xn-c-bpsS ]pd-tdn acWw hsc ]-c-kyambn \ncm-lm-c-a-\p-jvT-n-p GmSpw Dm-bn-cp-p. "aS-te-d' Fm-Wn-Xns\
]d-n-cp--Xv. h[p hnhm-l-Zn-hkw hsc [cn-n-cp Imf amn ]Icw hc
\Ip Xf [cn-p NS-mWv "Nne-p-I-gn-t\m]v' Xmen-sI-p k{-Zmbw
Ap-m-bn-cp-n-. h[p-hns amXm-]n-Xm-v hc s]]Ww sImSp-p
]Xn-hp-m-bn-cp-p. _lp-`m-cymXzw kwL-Im-ev ]Xn-hp-m-bn-cp-n-.
33
Xv Xn-jvSs
- sXmgn sNm-\p kzmX{yw kv{XoIpm-bn-cp-p. ame, hf, Xf apX-em-bh
- b
- mWv kv{XoI km[m-cW [cn-p B`-cW
- . ]cpnappw ]pw In-fn-hk
- v{X-hp-amWv [cn-n-cp-X
- v. Ce sImp-m-nb
Xg-bp-Sb
- mSIpw \ {]Nm-ca
- p-m-bn-cp-p. tNmdm-bn-cpp As {][m-\`-
- Ww. AtXm-sSmw ao\pw Cd-nbpw Dm-bn-cp-p. \mS aZyhpw hnti-ja
- Z- yhpw
Bfp-I [mcm-fa
- mbn D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-p. ]\w-Ic
- n-pw, Cf-\o-cpw, Icn-n\o-cpw,
tNp-m-p "apo' F elcn ]m\obw kv{XoI D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-X
- mbn
]dp-bp-pv. iIp-\
- nepw tPymy-n-ep-samw henb hnizmkw ]pen-bh
- c
- mWv kwLw P\-X. t]m-f
- n shp apdn-thp `S-msc t{]Xw _m[n-mXn-cn-m-\mbn `mcy ASp-n-cpp ip{iq-jn-p coXn-bmWv "sXmSm-m-n'.
"sImssh' F ka-ct- ZhXsb-bmWv kwLw P\X Bcm-[n-n-cp-X
- v. sImsshsb {]oXn-s-Sp-m-\mv aZyhpw amwkhpw \nth-Zn-pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-p. Irjnbm-bn-cpp As P\-f
- psS {][m\ D]-Po-h\ amw. Acn-hm, Ie-, \pIw,
tImSmen apX-emb D]-I-c-W--sf-p-dnv kwLw IrXn-I-fn- ]-cm-ai-ap-v.
\q\qv, ao]n-Sp-w, s\bvv, ac-W
- n, IWn apX-emb tPmen-Ifpw P\- sNb-Xn-cp-p. Zo\m-cw, ImWw apX-emb \mW-b
- \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp-s-nepw
km[-\
- f
- psS ssIam-
- n-eq-sS-bm-bn-cpp B`y-c hym]mcw \S-n-cp-X
- v.
kwL-Im-es {][m-\-s Hcp {]m-\-am-bn-cpp "aw'. Hmtcm {Kman\pw Hmtcm aw Dm-bn-cn-pw. Ben Nph-ntem at-sX-nepw s]mXp--e-fntem kt-fn-p {Kma-hr--m-cpsS kan-Xn-I-fm-Wn-Xv. {Kmao-Wn-S-bnse
X-fpw hg-p-Ifpw ]d-pXop--Xn-h-cm-Wv. Ap-X-c-n-ep ih-kwkvIm-c-co-Xn-I kwL-Im-ev \ne-\n-n-cp--Xmbn ]pdw Ihn-X-bn ]cm-ain-pp-v. NpSp-I, ImI\pw Igp-I\pw `-W-am-m-\n-Sp-I, Ipgn-p-aq-Sp-I, `qan-S- n-bn
Ip-sImv Ad-bp-mn AXn-eS- b
- vp-I, Xmgn-bn AS-bvpI XpS-n-bh
- b
- m-bncpp Ah.
_p-a - Xw.
GsX-nepsamcp {]tXyI aX-n A[n-jvTn-X-a-m {Zmhn-U-Nm-c--fmbn-cpp {]mNo-\-tI-c-f-n \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp--Xv. {]IrXn in-I-tf-bpw, aessZ-h--tfbpw ap--t\bpw ka-c-tZ-h-X-sb-bp-sams D]m-kn-n-cp kml-Nc
- yn-emWv {InkvXp-hn\v sXmp-ap]p iX-I--fn _p ssP\ aX- tIcf-n-tep IS-p-h--Xv. Atim-Is `c-W-Im-e-amb _n.-kn. aqmw iX-I-n
Xs _p-aXw tIc-f-n Fn-b-Xmbn IW-m-mw. _p-ktiw {]N-cn-ntIc-f-]T- \w ]q-Ime tIcfw
34
m _u k\ym-kn-I sNbvX {]b-Xv\--sf-p-dnv [mcmfw ]cm-ai-

kwLw IrXn-I-fn-ep-v. "aWn-ta-Je' Hcp _u-Im-hy-am-Wv. Infn-cq , Ipw t]cq,
sImSp--q XpS-nb `K-hXn t{X-v Hcp Imev _u-tZ-hm-e-b--fmbn-cpp FmWv hnizkns-Sp--Xv. {ioaq-e-hmkw Hcp Imev Zn-tW-ybnse Ghpw {]kn--amb _p-aX Xom-S\ tI{-am-bn-cp-p. Bbv cmPm-hmb
hn{I-am-ZnXy hc-Kp-Ws ]men-bw-im-k\
- -n CXn-s\-p-dnv ]cm-ain-p-p-v.
tIc-f-n ]e e--fn \npw _p-hn-{K- Inn-bn-p-v. Icp-\mK--n-S- p-p acp-Xq Ipf--c-bn \npw Innb hn{K-l-amWv Ghpw ]g-bsXp Icp-Xp-p. `c-Wn-m-hv, Idp-am-Sn, amth-en--c, Ip-q, ]n-, ]cp-htcn Fn-s\ ]e e--fn \npw _p-{]-Xn-a-I Inn-bn-p-v. _p-tZhm-eb
- -sf "]n' FmWp hyh-lc
- n-n-cp--Xv. hnZym-`ymkw {]N-cn-n-p--Xn
_p-a-X-ns kw`m-h\ KWy-am-bn-cp-p. ]f-fn-q-Sw, Fgp-p-]-ffn Fo ]Z-fnse ]n i_vZw _p-aX kqN-I-amhmw. tIc-f-nse t{X ]cn-kc
- -f
- n
ImWp Ba-chpw _p-aX kwkvIm-ct- mSv _-s-Sp-p. imkvXmhv AYhm
A- lnp-tZ-h-\m--s _p-\m-sWpw , i_-cn-a-e-bnse imkvXm-t-{Xn-te-p Xom-S-\-n _p-a-Xm-Nm-c--fmWv apnp \np--sXpw
Nne ]n-X-m {]kvXm-hn-p-p. BbpthZ NnIn-m-]
- X
- nv tIc-f
- n-ep
hn {]Nmcw _p-aXns kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. _u-]-n-X-\mb hmKv`-Ss
"AjvSmw-K-lr-Zbw' F Bbpth-Z-{K--n\v {]Np-c-{]-Nm-c-ap-m-bn-cp-p. tIcf-n Hcp Imev \ne-hn-en-cp Pp-_en Cm-Xm-b-Xn\p ]nn _p-a-Xns Alnwkm knmw t{]cW sNep-n-bn-cn-mw.
ssP\-a - Xw.
{InkvXp hjm-cw-`-n\p ap]p Xs _n.-kn. aqmw iXIw sXt
Cy-bn ssP\-aXw Fn-bn-cp--Xmbn IW-m-mw. aucy-N-{I-hn-bm-bncp N{-Kp-]vX-au-cy ]Xn-\-m-as `c-W-hj-n knwlm-k\w ssIshSnv `{Z-_mlp F ssP\-k-\ym-kn-tbm-sSmw ssakq-cnse {ihW s_sKm-fbn h-Xmbpw AhnsS Xma-kn-p Ime--h Zn-tW-ybn ssP\-aXw
{]N-cn-np XpSn Fp-amWv hnizm-kw. {InkvXp-hj-ns Bcw-`-i-X-I-fn ssP\aXn\v tIc-fob P\-f
- psS ta \ kzm[o\ in-bp-m-bn-cp-p.
kwL-Im-es Nne cmPm--m ssP\-aXw kzoI-cn-n-cp--Xmbn hnizm-k-ap-v.
sXmevm-n-b-ns Im-hv, Nne-X
- n-Imc Im-hmb Cf-tm-h-Sn-I XpS-nb-h ssP\-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I-fm-bn-cp-p. {_mn en]n Xan-g-I-s-n-Xv ssP\-k\ym-kn-am-cm-Wv.
35
a[y-Im-eL
- w hsc ssP\-aXw tIc-f
- n {]N-cn-n-cp-X
- n\v aXn-bmb sXfnhp-I-fp-v. sX Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdn Ipgn-dbvSp-p Xncp-m-c-Ww, tImbw Pn-bnse Infn-cq, ]me-m-Sv, Be-q, hb-\mSv Pn-bn-se ]\-a-cw, I]-,
]pn XpSn \nc-h[n e--fn ssP\-a-Xm-h-in-jvS- Cpw ImWm-\pv. FS- Kpl-I Hcp-Im-ev ssP\-m-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-tI-{-am-bn-cp-p. Ccnm-e-p-Sb
- nse IqS amWn-Iy-t{Xw Hcp-Im-ev ssP\-t-{X-am-bn-cp-p. tIcf-n ImWp ssP\ t{X-fpw Ah-bpsS Ah-in-jvS-fpw Hcp Imev
ssP\-aX
-
- n\p tIc-fo-bn-Sb
- n-ep-m-bn-cp {]Nm-c
- ns sXfn-hp-If
- m-Wv. Fmw
\qm-n
{_m-W-ta-[m-hnXzw tIc-f-n hf {]m]n--tXmsS ssih
sshjvWh aX- inbmn-p-I-bpw, X^-e-ambn _p ssP\-a-X-

bn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]Xn-\mdmw \qmp hsc Cu aX--fpsS kzm[o\w \ne\np-Ibpw AXn-\p-tijw \mam-ht- i-j-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.
36
samUyq 4
Ipe-ti-Jc km{amPyw
kwL-Im-e-L--n-\p-tijw tIc-f-N-cn-{X-n {]i-kvXn-bmn cmPm-m atlm-Zb

- ]
- p-cs Ipe-ti-Jc
-
- m-cm-bn-cp-p. G.-Un.800 apX 1100 hsc-bp
aqp \qm-tmfw tIc-fs \nb-{n {]_-e-in Ipe-ti-J-c-m-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cpp. atlm-Zb
- ]
- pcw Bm-\a
- mn sXv sImw-hs
- cbpw hSv Iqcphsc-bpap
`q{]-tZiw hmW cmPm--m-sc-bmWv Ipe-ti-Jc
- -m Fp ]d-bp-X
- v. cmw tNckm-{am-Py-sapw Ncn-{X-Im-c
- m Ipe-ti-Jc
- k
- m-{am-Pys hnti-jn-n-m-dp-v. Ipeti-Jc
- -km-{am-Py-ns Ncn{Xw B Ime-L- -nse imk-\-f
- psS imkv{Xob ]T\-n-eqsS ]pdp sImp-h
- Xv s{]m^: Cfw-Ipfw Ip]n--bmWv. Ipe-tiJ-c Fsm-cm-fmWv cmw tNc-km-{amPy m]-I FmWv Ctlw A`n-{]mb-s-Sp-X
- v. Fm Ncn-{X-]
n-X\
- mb Fw.-Pn.-Fk
- v. \mcm-bW
- s A`n-{]m-b
- n
Ipe-ti-J-c FXv Hcp m\-tcp am{X-am-Wv.
atlm-Z-b-]p-cs {][m\ cmPm--m

Ipe-ti-Jc Bgvhm
""Ipe-ti-Jc hbm-Wv (G.-Un. 800-820) cmw tNc km{am-Py-ns m]I-s\-mWv ]n-X-aXw " atlm-Zb ]pc-]c
- -ta-izc's\pw, "tIcf IpeNq-Um-a-Wn'sbpw kzbw hnti-jn-n-p \mS-I-Im-hmb Ipe-ti-J-c-\pw, Ipe-ti-Jc
Bgvhmcpw Hcm-fm-sWpw A`n-{]m-b-ap-v. CXp -i-cn-bm-sW-n X]-Xo-kw-hcWw,
kp`-{Zm-[\
- R
- vPb
- w, hnn-m-`n-tjIw F aqp \mS-I
- f
- p-sSbpw Bcy aRvPcn
F KZy-Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw Im-hp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Ipe-ti-Jc Bgvhm Fp Icp-tXn-bn-cn-p-p''. (tI-cf Ncn-{Xw G. {io[-c-ta-t\m) \mSI Im-hmb Ipe-tiJ-c lmky-I-hn-bmb tXmes kl-I-c-W-tmsS IqSn-bm--nse Nne NS-pI Nn-s-Sp-n-bX
- mbpw ]cs hnizm-ka
- p-v. Fm \mS-I
- m-c\
- mb Ipe-tiJ-cs
- -bpw, Xan-gnse `n-{]-_
- a
- mb s]cp-am Xncp-sam-gn-bp-sS Im-hmb Ipeti-Jc Bgvhmcp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-ssi-en-I ]c-kv]cw s]mcp--s-Sm--Xn-\m
cp-t]cpw Hm-sW A`n-{]m-bs ]n-n--f-bp ]n-X-m-cp-ap-v.
cmP-ti-J-c-h
cmw tNc km{amPyn {]i-kvXn-bmn BZy-cm-Pmhv cmP-ti-J-c-\mWv(-G.-Un. 820-844) ssih-`--\m-bn-cp cmP-ti-Jc
- -h-bpsS "hmgn imk-\'amWv tNc-cm-Pm-
- m-cp-tS-Xmbn tIc-f-n- \npw Is-Sp--s BZy-im-k\w.
cmPm-hns\ ]c-ta-izc `m-c-I Fp imk-\-n hnti-jn-n-p-p-v. ssihkn--\m-bn-cp tNc-am s]cp-am \mb-\m Cu cmP-ti-Jc
- -\m-hm-\mWv kmy-X.
{ioi--c inhm-\ el-cn-bn tj-{]-tbm-K-n-eqsS kvacn-p hynbpw
Ctlw Xs-bm-hmw. i-cs ka-Im-en-I\
- mb cmP-ti-Jh
- -bpsS `c-WI
- m-ep
Xs-bmWv tIc-f-n sIm-hjw Bcw-`n-p--Xv.
37
mWp-c-hn-h
Ipe- t i- J - c - m- c n kap- - X \mb `c- W m- [ n- I m- c n- b mWv aqm- a - \ mb
mWpchn-h. (844885). chn-hIpe-ti-J-c F t]cn-e-dn-b-s-Sp-Xpw
Ctlw Xs-bm-Wv. mWp chn-bpsS `c-W-m-emWv A-\-Sn-I Xncph-SnI Xcn-km-n sNtSv Fgp-Xn-sm-Sp-Xv. acp-hm k]o Cutimbvv IctWn sImv ]n ]Wn-bm Ah-Im-ihpw Iptd ]Z-hn-Ifpw \In F-XmWn-Xns {]ta-bw. Ccn-m-e
- pS IqSam-Wn-Iy-t-{X-nepw Ct-l
- ns Hcp
imk-\-apv. Xncp-h--bnse tatcn C-p \np asmcp imk-\hpw Ip-In-nbn-p-v. aXw amdnb s]cp-am mWp-chn B-sW-pw, AXns Hm-bvmWv
sIm-hjw XpS-n-b-sXpw A`n-{]m-b-ap-v.
cma-h (G.-Un 885917)

kmln-XymZn Ie-I-fpsS t{]mmlI F \ne-bn {]kn--\mb IpetiJc cmPmhmWv cma-h Ipe-ti-J-c. X]-Xo-kw-h-cW
- -I--m-hmb Ipe-ti-Jc\pw cma-h Ipe-ti-J-c\pw Hcm-fm-sW hmZhpw \ne-\np-p-v.
tKmZ-c-hn-h(G.Un 917944)
tImXm-c-hn-h Fpw tcJ-s-Sp-n-m-Wp Ct-l-amWv ASp
IpetiJcN-{I-hn. "a\p-Ip-em-Z n-Xy' Fp hnti-j n-n-p-Xv tImXmchnhsb Xs-bm-sW-mWv Cfw-Ipfw A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-Xv Ct-l-ns `cW-Imev sIm]S tIc-fs B{I-an-p-sh-pw, ]me-m-Sv, tImgn-tm-Sv, hph-\m-Sv cmPm-am-cpsS XpW-tbmsS sIm]-Ssb Xpc-n-sb-p-ap Hcp IY
\ne- \ np- p- v . s\Spw- ] pdw, Xfn, Ahn- - q, tNmq, Xrq- W n
--d, DZ-bw-t]-cq Fn-\n-S--fn\npw tKmZ c-hn-h-bpsS imk-\-
Is-n-bn-p-v.
XpSv hcp Ipe-ti-Jc cmPm-am

Cp-tm-X-h (G.-Un.944962) tKmZ chn-h-bpsS aI
`mkvI-c- c-hn-h Hm-a (G.-Un. 9611019) `mkvI-c-c-hn-h F t]cv tcJ-sSp-n-bn-p Ccp-]X
- n]cw imk-\
- Ip-In-n-bn-p-v. tPmk^v dm F
PqX {]am-Wnv \Ip "PqX-im-k\w' {]m[m-\y-aln-pp.
`mkvIc
- c
- h
- n-h cm-a (G.-Un.10191021)-Xr-m-c, Xncp-s\n Fn-hn-S
- -fn
\npw e`n imk-\--fn ]cm-ain--s-Sp-p.
38
hoc-tI-c-f G.-Un.(10221028)
cm-P-cm-Pt- Nm-f hoc-tI-cf
- s\ bq-n tXmnv B\-sb-smv Nhn-n-smnp Fv Ncn-{Xw-]-d-bp-p.
cmP-knw-l (G.-Un.10281043) aWn-{Km-a-h-I-cmb Cc-hn-Nm-\pw, NmhSp-I\pw B\p-Iq-ey- \Ip "Xmgmp imk\w' cmP-knw-lsXmWv.
`mkvI-c-chn aqm-a (G.-Un. 10431082),-c-hn-cm-a-h 10821090) hni-Z-hn-h-c-
e`y-a-.
cma-h Ipe-ti-J-c (G.-Un 10901102)cmw tNc-km-{a-mPy-nse Ah-km-\cm-Pmhv tNmf-c-km-{am-Py-n-s\-Xn-cmb bp-n ka-kvX{- ]-P-I-sfbpw Hcp sImSno-gn AWn-\n-c-n. Ct-l-amWv Ipe-ti-J-c-km-{am-Py-ns Bm\w atlmZ-b-]p-c-p-\npw sIm-t-p-am-n-bX
- v.
cmw tNc-k m-{a-P- nse `c-W m-[ n-Im-cn-IfpsS ImeK- W\- {I- a- n
Ncn{X]WvUn-X
- m-cmb CfwIpfwIp]n-bpw, Fw.-Pn.Fkv. \mcm-bW
- \pw hyXykvX- \n-e-]m-SmWv kzoI-cn-n-cp--sXp ap]p kqNn-n-p-h-tm. Ah IW-mp Ime-K-W\m {Iaw NphsS tNp-p.
Cfw Ipfw
G.Un 800820
Fw.-Pn.-F-kv.
1.
Ipeti-J-c
G.Un ..........................
2.
cmP-ti-J-c
820844
800844
3.
mWp-chn
844885
844883
4.
cm-a-h
885917
......................
5.
tKmZ-c-hn-h
917947
883913
6.
`mkvI-c-chn I
9621019
.......................
7.
`mkvI-c-chn II
10191021
9621021
8.
hoc-tI-cf
-
10211028
.....................
9.
cmP-knw-l
10281043
......................
10.
`mkvI-c-chn III
10431082
......................
11.
chn-cm-a-h
10821090
.....................
12.
cma-h Ipe-ti-J-c
10901102
10891122
s]cp-am-fns aXw amw

IpetiJ-c- `-c-W-n\p tijw shfn-bn \np -h s]cp-amm-cmWv
tIcfw `cn-n-cp-sX hnizmkamWv {]_-ew. tIcfw krjvSn ]c-ip-cm-a `qansb
64 {_maW {Kma-f
- mbn hn`-Pn-p-Ibpw BVy-mp-am{Xw A[n-Im-ca
- p Hcp
`c-W-{Iaw \nt-in-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fm {_mWm-[n-]Xyw P\-v ZpcntIc-f-]T- \w ]q-Ime tIcfw
39
X-am-b-Xns\ XpSv cmP-`-c-W-n\v shfn-bn\nv s]cp-am--msc sImp-hcm Xocp-am-\-am-bn. Hmtcm s]cp-amfpw 12 hjw hoXw `cWw \SWsa-m-bn-cpp-hy-h-. CXn Ah-km-\s s]cp-am tNc-am s]cp-am-fm-bn-cp-p-sh-pw,
Atlw tIcfw kplr-p-pw _p-pw ]p-shp sImSp--Xn\p
tijw Cmw-aXw kzoI-cnv a-p-t]m-sb-p-amWv "tIc-tfm-n-'bn ]cmainn-p--Xv.
s]cp-am CmwaXw kzoI-cn IY {]am-Wn-I-sa \ne-bn temK
AwKo-I-cn-p-pv. tIc-tfm-n-b-\p-k-cnv s]cp-am `c-W-ns Imew G.Un. 3mw iXIw apX Amw iXIw hscbpw HSp-hn-es s]cp-am apt]m-bXv G.-Un. 345epw Bbn-cp-p. Fm tIc-tfm-n-bnse Cu IY shdpw
Ip-IY am{X-am-Wv. s]cp-am--m-cpsS IYsb km[q-I-cn-p bmsXmcp sXfnhpw
Ip-In-n-bn-.
sIm-hjw hnhn[ ImgvN-m-Sp-I

""sIm-hjw \ne-hn hXv tIc-f
- ns Ncn-{X-nepw Ime-KW
- \
- b
- nepw
Hcp kp{]-[m\ kw`ham-Wv. AXp {- ]-N-cn-p--Xn\p app-m-bn-p imk-\
- fpw
ap tcJ-Ifpw cmP-hjtam, Ien-hj-tam, iI-hjtam BWp kzoI-cn-n-cn-p-Xv. thWm-nse {io h-` tImX-bpsS "am-n-im-k-\-'am-Wv. (sImw 149) IpIn-n-tb-S-tmfw sIm-hjw tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-p BZys tcJ ZnW tIcfw, a[p-c, Xncp-s\th-en, {ioe Fn-hn-S
- fn Nnw Hmw Xn-Xnbpw Dc
tIc-f-n In Hmw Xn-Xn-bp-amWv hjm-cw-`-sa-Xv sIm-hj-ns Hcp
{]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv''. (tI-c-f-N-cn-{Xw G. {io[-c-ta-t\m)
sIm-hjm-cw-`s kw_-nv Hcp-]mSv knm-
- \ne-hn-ep-.v Fm-en-hbn ]e-Xn\pw Hcp sIp-IY
- b
- psS AwKo-Imcw am{Xta e`n-n-pq FXpw {it-ba- m-W.v
DZ-b-amm- IY
Ien-hjw 396- (G.-Un. 824-825) thWmp cmPm-hmb DZ-b-amm-h Hcp ]pXnb hjw Bcw`n-p--Xn-\mbn tIc-f-nse apgp-h ]n-X-mscbpw hnfn-p-Iqn Btem-Nn-p-Ibpw tPymXn-im-kv{X-]-c-amb hni-I-e-\-p
tijw B hjw Nn-amkw apX Hcp ]pXnb hjw Bcw-`n-m Xocp-am-\n-psh-p-ap Hcp IY Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Xnb ]n. ip-n-ta-t\m tcJ-sSp-p-p-v. Fm G.-Un. 825 apX ]pXn-sbmcp Ime-K-W\ k{-Zmbw D]-tbmKn-p-I-bm-sW-n AXn-s\-p-Sp-mb tcJ-I-fn-semw sIm-hjw ]cn-KWn-s
- -tS-X
- m-Wv. ]t sIm-hjw XpS-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-s
- -Sm XpS-nbXv 12-mw iX-I
- n-em-Wv AXp-sImp Xs sIm-hjmcw`-hp-ambn _-s
hkvXp-X-sb \ne-bn DZ-b-amm- IY kzoIm-cy-a-m-Xm-bn.
40
temKs knmw
temKs knm-{- ]-Im-cw -th-WmSv tIme-p-\mSv Fnh s]cp-am hmgvNbn \npw kzmX{yw {]m]n--Xns kvac-W-bvm-bmWv sImhjw Bcw`nsXmWv. thWm-Sv Nnw Hn\pw tIme-p-\mSv In Hn-\p-am-Wt{X kzX{-am-b-Xv. hjmw-cw-`-hp-ambn _-sv tIc-f-ns Zn-tWm-c `mK-
Xn Hcp amks hyXymkw hcm Im-cW
- a
- n-Xm-sWpw Atlw Iqn-tpp. Fm.-G.-Un. 9,10 \qm-p-I-fn- thWmSpw tIme-p-\mSpw tNc-km-{am-Pyns Iogn-em-bn-cp-p. AXn-\m Xs temKs hmZ-n\v km[p-Xb
- n-m-Xm-bn.
i-cm-Nm-cycpw A\m-Nm-c-fpw
tIc-f
- ]-n-bnse IYsb ASn-m-\a
- mn ]cn-tim-[n-p-tm i-cm-Nmcy {_m-Wn-Sb
- n Adp-]
- n-\mev A\m-Nm-c
- ({]tXy-Im-Nm-c
- ) GsSp-n-bX
- ns kvac-Wm-amWv sIm-hjw XpS-n-bs
- X-m-Wv. i-ck
- varXn icm-Nm-cy-cp-tS-Xm-sW sXmb [mc-W-bmWv Cu hmZ-n-\-Sn-m-\w. ]Xn-aqtm
]Xn-\mtem \qm-n attXm i-c cNn--XmWv. ic kvarXn Fv AXnse
Pn]Z-{]-tbm-Ks B[m-c-amn hmZn-p-h
- c
- p-v. Pn k{-Zmbw tIc-f-n
\ne-hn hcp-Xpw Am-ep Xs-bm-Wv. Cu \nebvv t\mp-tm i-cmNm-cy-cp-ambn _-s-Spn tIc-tfm-n-bn {]N-cn-p IYbpw shdpw sIpI-Yb
- mbn am{X-sam-Xp-p-p.
sImw tXmn
sXv Ipc-tWn sIm-hpw, hSv ]-em-b\n sImhpw m]n-X-am-bXns kvac-Wm-amWv sIm-hjw Bcw-`n--sX hmZ-amWv "sImw tXmn'm-[m-cw. sIm hjm-cw-`-n\p ap]p Xs ]e tcJ-I-fnepw sImw \Kcspdnv ]cm-ai-ap-v. ssN\-bnse XmMv hwi tcJ-I 618917 Ime--fn
sIm-hp-ambn hym]m-c-_w ]pen-b-Xns kmy-am-Wv. IqSmsX Ipc-tWn
-sIm-hpw ]-em-b\n sImhpw sIm-hjm-cw-`-n\v ap]p-Xs B t]cp-Ifn Adn-b-s-n-cpp FXpw Cu hmZ-ns bpnsb tNmZyw sNp-p.
sIm-hjm-cw-`-hp-ambn _-s-Spn C\n-bp-sam-cp-]mSv A`yq-l- \ne\np-p-v.t- Nc km{amPyw ]embn Zm\w sNbvXX
- n\p tijw tNc-m s]cpam Cmw aXw kzoI-cn-p. abvp t]mb-Xns Hm-bvm-bmWv G.-Un. 825
sIm-hjw Bcw-`n--sX-mWv asmcp hmZw. sX sIms cmta-izc {]XntIc-f-]T- \w ]q-Ime tIcfw
41
jvT-bp-ambv _-s-mWv sIm-hjm-cw`w Fsmcp hmZhpw \ne-\vevp-p-v.

G.-Un. 825 sImp h {InkvXy kap-Zmbw Ahn-sS-sbmcp ss{IkvXh
tImf\n XpS-n-b-Xns kvac-Wm-sa-pw IY-I {]N-cn-p-p-v.
k]vXjn hj-ns AYhm imkv{X-kw-hk-c
- ns ]cn-jvIc
- n cq]am-bn-cnmw sIm-hj-n-m-[mcw F s{]m^. kpcw ]n-bp-sS hmZ-n-\mWnp IqSp-X-ew-Ko-Im-cw. Imivao XpSn ]e `mK--fnepw k]vXjn hjw
Ime-K -W-\-bvmbn D]-tbm-K n-n-cp-p. "euInI hjw' Fp-IqSn t]cp
k]vXjn hj-ns {]tXy-IX \qdp hjw sImv Hcm-hrn ]qn-bm-hpIbpw hopw Hpw Fv ASp Bhrn Bcw-`n-p-Ib
- pw-sN-p-p FXmWv.
{InkvXp-hj-tmSv 76 Iqn-bm k]vXjn hjw Inpw._n.-kn. 76 Bcw-`n
k]vXjn hjw G.--Un. 24 Fp-tm \qdp hj-ambn G.Un. 25 hopw
Hv F \ne-bn-emWv Iqp-I. G.-Un. 124 hopw Hcp XhW IqSn 100 hjw
XnI-bp-p. GUn. 125 hopw Hv Fsn XpS-pw. Bcy-m-cpsS hc-thm-sSbmImw ChnsS sIm-hjw Bcw-`n-X
- v. Ah h-Xn-\p-tijw tIc-f
- n \qdns
Nm{In-I{Iaw ]qn-bm-hpXv. G.-Un. 824 BWv. Atm G.-Un. 825 ]gb
coXn-bn Hv Fv F-s-p. 925 Fn-b-tm ]gb an Hv Fp IWm-msX \qn-sbmv Fp IW-m-m XpSn F hmZ-n-\mWv {]m_yw
IqSp-X. Cu hmZw hnizm-k-tbm-Ky-am-sW-nepw sIm-hjw sXv Nnw Hmw
Xn-Xnbpw hSv In Hmw Xn-Xnbpw Bcw-`n-p--sXp sImm-sWtm,
k]vXjn hj-ns ]c--cm-K-X-amb Ime-K-W-\m-k-{-Zmbw Dt]-nv ]pXnb
coXn ssIsIm-sXp sImm-sWtm Cu knmw hni-Zo-I-cn-p-n-.
Bcym-[n-\n-th-ihpw {]Xym-Lm-X-fpw
{Zmhn-U-P-\-X-bpsS CS-bn-tev IS-p-I-bdn cm-jv{So-bhpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw
kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb kh taJ-e-I-fnepw X-fp-tS-Xmb A[n-Im-c-Nn--
m]n Bcy-m FmWv tIc-f-n-tev
h-sX--Xn-s\-sNmn ]n-X-
mn-S-bn hnhn[ A`n-{]m-b- \ne-\np-pv .ssh-ZnI {_m-W ae_m-dn-se-n-bXv G.-Un. 8mw iX-I
- ns Bcw-`
- nem-sW-pw, Xpfp-\m-n \npw
ISocw hgn-bm-W-h h-sXpw temK A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p-v. Fm
{InkvXp-hjmw-c`-
- n Xs Bcy-m tIcfn-tep hp tNn-cpp FXn\v kwL-km-lnXyn sXfn-hp-I-fp-v. ssP\-tcbpw _u-tcbpw ]np-Sv
_n.-kn. aqmw iX-I-n Xs Bcy-m tIc-f-n h-Xmbn Icp-Xm-satIc-f-]T- \w ]q-Ime tIcfw
42
mWv ]n-Xm-`n-{]mbw . F.-Un. Fmw \qmn Hcp kwLw sshtZ-inI {_mW tIc-f-n-tev hcn-Ibpw AXn-s\-p-S Chn-sS-bp-m-bn-cp Bcy-m
X-fpsS A[n-\n-thiw in-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp Fp thWw Icp-Xm.
PmXncln-X-am-sbmcp Pohn-X-am-bn-cpp tIc-f-nse {]mIr-X-P-\X BN-cnn-cp--Xv. Fm Bcy-m-cpsS IS-p-h-c-thm-Sp-IqSn PmXn-k-{-Zmbw AXns
Fmhn[ Zqjy-hi
-
- fpw {]I-Sa
- mn XpS-n. NmXphWy-n-e[
- n-jvTn-Xa
- mb Bcy{]-am-W
- kaq-l
- n ASn-tn-p-Ib
- m-bn-cpp Ah-cpsS eyw. {_mW
ta[m-hn-Xz-ns cq-apJw s]mXp P\-Po-hn-X-n-ep-S-\ofw ImWm-hp--Xm-Wv.
H]Xmw \qm-tm-Sp-IqSn Bcy-a-X-ns kzm[o-\-in hn-p. cmw tNckm-{am-Py-nse Ipe-ti-Jc
- -N{- I-hnamcpsS Ime-am-hp-tm-tgpw lnp-aX
- w-Hcp
{]_e in-bmbn amdn.
BZy-Im-e
- f
- n kaq-l
- n ap]-n-bn-ep-m-bn-cp ]mW, ]d-b XpSnb hn`mK- A[-nX h-f
- mbn amdn. kv{Xopw ]pcp-j\pw Xpey-m\w
\In-bn-cpp kmaqly hyh-n-Xnbpw An-a-dn--s-p. kvXo hnZym-`ymkw Hcp
]cn[n hsc \ntcm-[n--s-SpI Xs sNbvXp. tIc-fo-b-cpsS `-W-io-e--sft]mepw Bcy-i-n-I Nn-s-Sp-p ImgvN-bmWv ]noSv ImWm IgnXv.
amwkw `n-p-Xv hne-Ip-d Gm-Smbn ap{Z Ip-s-p. imco-cn-Im-zm\w
Bh-iy-s-Sp sXmgn-ep-I-fn Gs-n-cp P\-Xsb Xmsg-n-S-m-cmbn IWm-p {]h-WX Bcy-h-c-Wt- m-sS-bmWv Ip-h-cp-X
- v..
Bcy h-cW
-
- ns `mK-ambn tIc-f-n \npw _p ssP\-aX
-
-
]n-s
- -Sp Hc-h
- b
- p-m-bn. {_m-W Am-ev _p-hn-lm-c
- fpw _p{]-Xn-a-Ifpw \in-n-ptXmsSmw Xs sslh tZhm-e-b- [mcm-f-ambn
m]n-p--Xnepw hy{KX ImWnp Bcym-[n-\n-th-i-tm-Sp-IqSn cq]w sIm
`n {]m-\-ns D]-m-Xm--fmb kn-m hnjvWp, inh XpS-nb
ssl-h-tZ-h-m-cp-sSbpw tZhn-am-cp-sSbpw Bcm-[-\bvv {]Nmcw \Ip-I-bpw-sNbvXp. XpSv {Zmhn-U-P-\-X-bpsS ]e Bcm-[\ {Ia--sfbpw Bcm-[-\m-aqn-Isfbpw Bcy h-c-W-ns `mK-ambn htcWyt_m[-hp-ambn ka-\z-bn-n-m\p {iahpw Zriy-am-Wv. {Zmhn-UP
- \
- X
- b
- psS ka-ct- Z-hX
- b
- mb sImssh Imfn-bmbpw
`K-hX
- n-bm-bp-samw ssl-hnS-bn {]Xy-s
- -p. ka-Xp-e\
- m-h-t- bm-Sp-IqSn
\on-bn-cp tIc-fob P\-Po-hn-X-ns kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw cmjv{Sobhpw Bo-b-hp-amb k taJ-e-I-fnepw Bcym-[n-]Xyw hcp-nb am-
Zriy-am-Wv. tIh-es
- amcp {]h-WX F-Xn-ep-]c
- n-bmbn tIc-fob ]mc-c
- ys Xs
amn adn Hcp Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-am-bmWv Bcym-[n-\n-th-is A]-{K-Yn-t--Xv.
43
t{X-tI-{o-IrX kmaq-ly-hy-h.
F.Un. Fmw \qm-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv tIc-f
- n {_-Wt- a-[m-hnXzw iam-Ip--Xv. AtXm-Sp-ISn tIc-f-n sslh aX-n\v {]mamWyw hn-p-I-bpwsN-bvXp. CsX XpSv tIc-f-n-ep-S\
- ofw t{X--fp-m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bcyh-Xv-c-W-tm-Sp-IqSn P\--fpsS aX-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Pohn-X-n
t{X- {]I-Sa
- mb kzm[o\w sNep-n-bX
- mbn ImWmw. ipNo-{w, ]mn-h]
- pcw, Xncp-h\
-
- ]
- p-cw, \mhm-bn-p-fw, In-bq, Xncp-h-, s]cp-, Xrsm-Sn-m-\w,
Gp-am-\q, sshw, Xrm--c, Xrq, Xncp-h
-- n-p-fw, Xncp-s\n XpS-n-b-hn-S-fn-se-mw {_m-Wc
- psS t\Xr-Xz-n t{X- m]n-s
- -p. t{X \nmW-n\pw \S-n-n-\p-ambn `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpw `qhp-S-a-Ifpw km[m-c-W-P-\--fpsamw H-\-h-[n hkvXp hI-I Zm\w sNbvX-Xns ê-ambn t{X-\-S-n-n\pw, tat\m--n-\p-ambn kwhn-[m\w Gs-Sp-t-n-h-p.
Hmtcm t{X-n-sbpw `c-W\
- n-lW
-
- n-\mbn cq]w sIm kan-Xn-bmWv
Ducmf kan-Xn. BZy-Im-ev {_m-W Xs-bmWv CXn-ew-K
- f
- m-bn-cp-X
- v. "kss`
s]cp-am kss` Bcy' Fsmw BZy-Ime imk\fn ]cm-ainp ImWpXv Cu Ducmf kan-Xn-bnse AwK--sf-bm-Wv. Ducmf kan-Xn-bpsS Ah-Im-iv "DucmWvamh-Im-i'-sa-mWv ]d-n-cp--Xv. Ducmf kan-Xn-bn
\nv
t{Xw hI hkvXp- ]m-n-s\-Spv Irjn sNp-hcmWv "Imcm-f'. AhcpsS Ah-Im-i

- v Imcm-m-hI
- m-i-sa-mWv ]d-bp-X
- v. Irjn sNbvXp Inp
BZm-b
- n \nnX hnlnXw t{X-n-te-S- -bvW
- s
- a-X
- m-bn-cpp hyh-.
Nne t{X--fpsS `cWw Xnc-s-Sp cw-K--fp hmcnbw F \nmlI kan-Xn-bmWv \S-n-bn-cp--Xv. Ducmf kan-Xn-p-thn `c-W-Im-cy- \nln-p-b
- m-fmWv s]mXp-hm AYhm Imcy-Zin Ct-la
- mWv t{X-ns ssZ\wZn\ Imcy- t\mn-bn-cp-X
- v. BZy-Im-e
- v N{I-hn \nb-an-p tImbn-e[
- nIm-cn-Imbn-bn-cpp t{XfpsS `cWw kw_-n ]c-am-[n-Im-cw. bph-cmPmhmWv Cu m\w hln-n-cp-X
- v. \mSp-hm-gn-Is
- fbpw a{n-am-scbpm Db
m\-am-bn-cpp tImbn-e[
- n-Im-cnv \In-bn-cp-X
- v. Fm t{X-f
- p-sSbpw {]Xn\n-[n-I tImbn-e[
- n-Im-cn-I-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-n aqgn-p-f-p-tbmKw tNv AwKoI-cn \nb-am-he
- n-bmWv aqgn-pfw Iw. Ducm-f\
- pw, Imc-f\pw I-hy-\n-lW
- n hogvN hcp-n-bm e`n-p inm-hn-[n-I CXn ]d-bp-p-v. t{X
hkvXp-sf kw_-nv Pnpw IpSn-bm\pw _m[-I-amb \nb-a-apsm-p
ISw-Im-p-I-w, tImp-hm-bnc then--w, Xh-\q-w, i-c-aw-K-epIw XpSnb I-fpw {]m[m-\y-aln-p--h-bm-Wv.
44
tIc-f
- ns kmwkvIm-cnI hf-bn {]apJ m\w t{X-p-v.
Cu Ime-L--n t{X- Bcm-[\
- m-eb
- -sa--Xn-ep-]cn tI{hpw P\--fpsS
tbmK--ehpw A`-b-m-\hpw hnZym-tI-{hpw IemtI-{-hp-sam-s-bm-bn-cpp.
t{X--fpsS kwc--W-nepw t{]mm-l-\-n-ep-amWv hnZym-`ym-khpw aXhpw
Iebpw kmln-Xy-hp-samw hf-Xv. Xncp--h\
-
- ]
- p-cv hen-bi
-- m-e, aqgn-pfw ime,
]mn-]-]p-cw-im-e, Im-fq ime XpS-nbhnS--fn-semw hnZymn-Ipw
Xma-kn-v ]Tn-m-\p kuI-cy-sam-cp-n-bn-cp-p. BZy-Im-ev Cu ime-I-fn
{_W hnZym-n-Ip am{X-amWv {]th-i\
- w A\p-hZ- n-n-cp--Xv. Xw, hymIc-Ww, aowamw-k, tPymXn-jw, thZm-w Fn--s\-bm-bn-cpp ]T\ hnj-b-.
t{X-sf tI{o-I-cn-mWv tZh-Zmkn k{-Zmbw hf {]m]n--Xv. BZyIm-ev tZh-Zm-kn-Iv tZhs `mcy-sb \ne-bn kaq-l-n am\y-amb
m\-am-Wp-m-bn-cp-Xv. Cuizc kvtXm{X--fme]n-p-Ibpw Ahsb D]-Po-hnv
\rw sNp-Ib
- p-am-bn-cpp ChcpsS sXmgn. ]noSv tZh-Zm-ko-k{- -Zmbw tXhnSn-n-bm-s
- a \ne-bn-tev A[x]Xn-p-Ib
- m-Wp-m-bX
- v. Iqv IqSn-bmw XpS-nb
Ie-Isf t{]m-m-ln-n-p--Xn-\mbn t{X-tmSptNp-Xs Iq--e-
]Wn Ign-n-n-cp-p. in]-e, Nn{X-I-e, hmZy-I-e, hmkvXp-hn-Zy, XpS-n-b-hbpw
t{X-a-Xn sIn-\-Iv {]m-ln-n--s-n-cp-p.
]pcm-W-I-Ym-]m-cm-b-W-n\pw hymJym-\-n-\p-ambn Gs-Sp-nb ktX--fn {]m[m-\y-aln-p-Xv "alm-`m-c-X-]--m-\'-amWv ssl-h-a-X XXz-fp-am-bn-_--s-Sp-n. kmay-]-co--Ifpw Gs-Sp-n-bn-cp-p. IS-h-q
At\ym\yw F t]cn-e-dn-b-s Cu a-c-]-co-- th-Z-]m-n-Xy-ns amp-cbv-em-Wv. "IS-n-cn--en'\p thn-bp--Xm-bn-cpp Ghpw henb ]co-. hnPbnv _lpam-\y-m-\v IS-n-cn-m-am-bn-cp-p. thZ hnZymn-I-fn AXn-an-Sp-m-cm-b-h \pn-en-cn--en\pw , kmam-\y hnZymn-I-fn -A-Xn-an-Sp--cm-b-h
cmw hmc-an-cn--en-\p-amWv a-cn-n-cp--Xv. tImgn-tmSv Xfn-bn t{X-n
shp hnhn[ hnjb--fnse anI ]n-X-mv ]W-ngn \In BZ-cn-p
NS-mWv ]-m-\w. Xfn-bn m\-sapw CXns\ ]d-bm-dp-v.
PmXn k{-Zmbw
BZy-Im-ev Iw-sIm-mWv PmXn-\n-b
- n-s
- -n-cp-s
- X-n, {_mWm[n]-Xy-tmsS PmXn hn`P\w P-a\
- p-kc
- n-mbn. kwL-Im-e-L--n Xs A[nh-kn-p {]tZ-i--fp-tSbpw sXmgn-en-tbpw ASn-m-\-n-ep hn`-P\w Dmbn-cp-p. {_m-W Bob-ambpw kmaq-ln-Ia
- mbpw {]_-e-i
- n-bmbn amdn-bt- XmSp-IqSn NmXphWyw ({_m-W
- , {Xn-b, sshiy, iq{Z) Hgn-p-Iq-Sm Bhm
Hcp BNm-c-am-bn- am-dn.
45
""PmXn-hy-h ZrUs-Sp-Ibpw PmXn t{iWn-bn ta-p-Im-cmbn hn`-Pnp-Ibpw sNbvX {_m-W IogvX-n-ep P\-hn-`m-K-sf Fm-X-c-nepw ASn-an. Ipm-t\z-jW
-
- nepw inmhn-[n-bnepw PmXn-hn-th-N\w IS-p-h
- p. Ipw
sXfn-bn-m {_m-Wv Xqp-]-co-, {Xn-bv An-]-co-, sshiyv
Pe ]co-, ip{Zv hnj ]co- CXm-bn-cp-p coXn. inm-hn-[n-bn-ep-apv
Cm-Xncn hnth-N-\w. {_m-Wv h[-in-tbm XS-hp-in-tbm C. ]ngbpw
PmXn {`jvSp-am-{X-am-bn-cpp Ahp in. Hcp Xmgv PmXn-m-cs\ sImm
]ng-in-sb Dp. AtX-k-abw Ah PmXn-mv Db PmXn-bns]
kv{Xobpambn _-s Ip-n-\pw, tamj-W-Ip--n-\p-t]mepw h[-in \Inbn-cp-p. AwK-`wKw hcp-pI, ]c-ky-ambn apm-en-bn sIn ASn-p-I. apX-emb
in-Ifpw \S-m-n-bn-cp-p. PmXn kw_--amb Ip-f
- psS hnNm-cW
- b
- n hn[nIm- {_m-Wam-{X-am-bn-cp-p FXpw {it-ba
- m-W.v .... kmaq-ln-Ia
- mb Aka-Xz-n\v Bw IqS--hn[w Ahv Fm PohnX kuI-cy-fpw \ntj[n-p. s]mXp \nc-p-If
- n IqSn \S-mt\m, t{X ]cn-kc
-
- f
- n {]th-in-mt\m
A\p-hm-Za
- p-m-bn-cp-n-. taem-fsc Im Xom-]m-SI
- se amdn-\n-Ww. GsXnepw Xc-n khWs\ Abnam-n-bm ITn\ in A\p-`hn-Ww'' (tIcf kwkvImcw s{]m^. Fkv. ANyq-X-hm-cy) kZm-Nm-c-ew-L-\-n\v ]m{X-amIp \q-Xncn kv{XoI ipNo{w t{X-n shv Xnf s\n ssI apn
\nc-]-cm-[nXzw sXfn-bn--W-am-bn-cp-p. CXmW "ipNo{w ssIapv'
Bcy-m[n-\n-thi ]mc--cy-n-em-bn-cp G.-Un. 8mw iX-I-n-emWv tIc-fn PmXn hyh D`-hn--sX-nepw 11-mw iX-I-n-ep-mb tNc-tNmf bpns ê-ambn km-nI kmaq-lnI a-e--fn Dmb ]cn-h-\s
XpSm-Wv PmXn k{-Zmbw {]`-e-ambn Xo-Xv. `c-Wm-[n-]Xyw kaq-l-n
DX t{iWn-bn-ep {_m-W-cn- \nn-]vXa
- m-bn-cp-p. \mb-m ssk\n-I-cm-bncp-X
- p-sImv Ahm-bn-cpp IqSp-X kzmX{yw. sXmp-Iq-Sm-bvabpw Xon-IqSm-bva-bp-ambn _-sv [mcmfw A\m-Nm-c-fpw As Imev \ne-\n-n-cpp. \m-bm-Sn-Ifpw ]pe-bt\m \q-Xnsb ImWm-\n-S-bm-bm Abn--am-bn. C{]Imcw kw`-hn-m-Xn-cn-m hmey-msc \nb-an-n-cp-p. hgn-am-dn sImSp-m XmW
PmXnm \nb-a-k-am-[m\ ]me-I-m-cpsS au\-k--X-tmsS h[n--s-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cp-p.
Pn k{-Zm-b
- n-sbpw PmXn-bp-sSbpw ZpjvSa
- mb kzm[o\w ImcWw P\-fpsS kZm-Nmct_m[w ]msS XIp-t]mb Ime-Lw IqSn-bm-bn-cp-p. am-tSn, ]pe-t-Sn, ]d-tSn XpS-nb A\m-Nm-c- Abn--hp-ambn _-sv \ne-\ntIc-f-]T- \w ]q-Ime tIcfw
46
n-cp-p. sX Xncp-hnXmw Iqdn am-tSn Fp ]d-bp-Xp Xs-bmWv

hSv ]pe-t-Sn-sbtm ]d-t-Sn-sbtm ]d-p-hc
- p-X
- v. I-SI amk-m-ev
ky Ign-m B XpW-bn-msX \mb kv{XoI hoSn\p shfn-bn Cdp-am-bn-cp-n-. hoSn\p ]pdp shv Hcp am-t\m, ]pe-bt\m, ]d-bt\m Hcp
\mb kv{Xosb sXmSp-Itbm Fhn-sS-sb-nepw \nv It It Fp hnfnp
]d-bp-Itbm sNbvXm Ahv {`jvSv In-p-am-bn-cp-p. ]no-S-h ams
IqsS HmSn c-sp sIm-Ww. _p--fd- n-m Ahsf h[np If-bpw. amt-Snsb Ipdnv B[n-Im-cn-Im-cn-I-ambn BZyw tcJs-Sp-n-bXv hntZ-i-k-m-cnbmb _mt_m-k-bm-Wv( 1517)
ap Nne e--fn sIm-n-sem-cn- Imhp-I-fn thebpw ]qchpw
\S-p Imev XmW-Pm-Xn-mv Imhp-I-fn {]th-in-m-\p kzmX{yw
\mSp-hmgn A\p-hZ- n-n-cp-p. Cm-ev Db PmXn-bns kv{XoIsf XmWPmXnmv Ip-sImv sXmSp-Itbm, IpsIms-dn-bp-Itbm sNbvXm Ah AhcpsS IqsS s]bvsIm-Ww FmWv BNm-cw. a\p-tjym-Nn-Xa
-
- m Ccw BNmc- {_nojv `c-W-Imew hsc ae-_m-dn \ne-\n-n-cp-p. 1696 As
thWmp cmPm-hmb Dn-t-cf
- h
- a-bmWv Hcp hnfw-_c
-
- n-eqsS Ccw A\m-Nmc- \n-em-n-b-Xv.
]pe-b, ]d-b, sNdp-a XpS-nb kap-Zm-b-msc ImjnI ASn-a-I-fmbn
IcpXn Ahsc hnp-Ibpw hmp-Ibpw sNp GmSpw BZy-Im-e--fn
\ne-\n-n-cp-p. cmjv{So-bh
- pw, km-n-Ih
- p-amb Nqj-W-p ]pdsa Chp
hnZym-`ym-khpw \ntj-[n-n-cp-p. ]sm]Xmw \qm-p-hsc Cu PmXn hyhbpw PmXn-]o-U\-hpw Gdnbpw Ipd-pw XpSn-c-p. ]mm-Xy-an-j-W-dn-am-cpsSbpw, N--n-kzm-an-I, {io\m-c-b-W-Kp-cp, A-mfn XpS-nb kmaq-lnI ]cnjvIm-f
- p-sSbpw \nc-c {ia-ê
- h
- p-am-bmWv PmXn-hy-h
- n-Xn-bpsS cqX Ahkm-\n--Xv. 1936 \hw-_ 12-mw XnXn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq alm-cm-Pmhv {ioNn-nc
Xncp-\m _me-cm-a-h t{X-{]-th-i-\-hn-fw-_cw ]pd-s-Sp-hn--tXmsS PmXn-hyh Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn Ah-km-\n-p. -
Pn k{-Zmbw
Pm-hI
- m-ia
- p hkvXp-f
- \
- p-`h
- n-p-b
- m-fm-Wv Pn. Ducm-Wa
- m-hI
- miw ]mccy hgn-m-bn-o-cp-X
- n\p ap]v Pohn-XI
- mew AXm-bXv Pw apgp-h B AhImiw hp ]pep Hcp A-cm-fL
- - a
- p-m-bn-cpp. B Pm-hI
- m-i
- n
47
\nmWv Pn-bpsS Dhw (Pn k{-Zm-bwCfw-Ip-fw) `qan-bpsS DS-a

- X
- sb B[mc-amn ImjnI kZv hyh-b
- n \ne-\n-n-cp k aql-LS- \
- b
- m-Wv Pn-w.
Ipsd `qan Hcm Xt-Xm-sW \ne-bn ssIhiw shbvp-Ibpw, `qan-bn-m-hv AXn-semcp \nnX Ime-tv ]Wn-sb-Sp-m Ah-kcw \Ip-Ib
- pw
AXn\p ]I-ca
- mbn Ah Dev]m-Zn-n-p hnf-hns \nn-Xa
- mb Awiw hmn-sSp-p-Ibpw sNp k{-Zm-ba
- mWv Pn k{-Zm-bw.
Pn k{-Zm-b
- ns Imc-Wa
- mbn Cfw-Ipfpw ]d-bp-Xv Hcp \qm-tmfw
CS-hnv XpS \qm-p-bp-s
- a t]cn-ed- n-bs
- -Sp tNc-t- Nm-fm-{I-aW
-
- s
- f-bmWv. sIm-hjw BZn-iX
- I
-
- f
- nse {]_e in-bmb Ipe-ti-Jc
-
- m-cpw, Zn-tWy-bnse {]_e-amb asmcp cmP-hwi-amb tNmf-cm-Pm-
- mcpw Gp-ap-p-Ibpw Bbncm-am-tmsS Bcw-`n Cu Gp-ap- A{I-aW
- hpw {]Xym-{I-aW
-
- f
- p-ambn Hcp \qmp-Im-et- mfw \ne-\np-Ib
- pw sNbvXp. bp-ns kml-Nc
- y-n A{_mW P\-hn-`m-K
- f
- nse ]pcp-j
- m bp-Im-cy-f
- n am{Xw hym]r-Xc
- m-bn. Cs\
A{_m--W-cpsS {i t{X `c-W-Im-cy--fn ]Xn-bp-n-sp I-tm
kzm-cmb t{X-`c
- W
- m-[n-Im-cn-I XnjvSw t]mse {]hnp XpS-n. ]Xns\mmw \qm-ns D-cm-tm-Sp-IqSn \mSp-hm-gn-I Ah-cpsS kzmX-{yhpw
A[n-Im-chpw Dd-n-p ImgvNb
- mWv ImWm km[n-p-I. tIc-f
- nse \mSp-hm-gn-n aX-]c
- a
- mb Hcpkz-`mhw Dm-bn-cp-p. t{X- i{Xp-f
- n \np innp--Xn-\p A`-b-k-t-X--fm-bn-cp-Xp sImv `c-W-Im- t{Xtatmbva Ah-Im-is
- -n-cp-p. cmPy-`c
- Ww \S-p cmPmhn\v bmsXmcp \nb{-Wh
- pw km[y-a
- m cmPy-n-\I
- s cmPy-am-bn-op t{X kt-X
-
{ItaW Cu kt-X
- cmPm-hn-s\-Xn-sc-bp cmjv{Sob kt-X
- f
- mbn amdn.tNctNmf bp-Im-ev \q-Xn-cn-am-cpsS in tIc-f-n KW-\o-b-ambn
hn-p-Ibpw Pn k{Zmbw in {]m]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Pn F ]Zw
Bhn`-hn--Xns\ Ipdnpw `nm-`n-{]mb \ne-\np-p-v. apow `c-Wm-[nIm-cn-I D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp "sPao' F ]Z-ns kwkvIr-Xo-IrX cq]-amWv
"Pn' F Hc-`n-{]m-ba
- pv. Pn F-hmv "`qhp-Sa' F A-n kwkvIrX-n "i-ck
- var-Xn'bn ]cm-ain-s
- -Sp-p-v. Pw F ]Z-n\v Pohn-Imew
F Aw \In-bmWv Cfw-Ipfw Pn F ]Zs hyp]m-Zn-n-p--Xv. G.Un. 12-mw \qm-p-hsc tIc-f
- nse `qhp-Sa
- I
- ]pe-b, CS-b, hnm apXemb
h-m Bbn-cp-p-shpw Ah-cpsS `qkz-p- apgp-h t{X-f
- nepw Ducmfmcmb {_m-Wc
- nepw hn-tN-cp-Ib
- m-Wp-m-bs
- Xpw Cf-Ipfw hmZn-p-p. C{]Imcw Pn k{-Zmbw in-bmn-p. 19-mw \qmv hsc Pn k{-Zmbw tNmZyw
sN-s-SmsX \ne-\np. ]noSv Pn-am-cpsS D]-{Zhw AXns aq-\y-n Fnb-tm kmap-Zm-bn-I-amb AIbpw {_m-W-tcm-Sp `n-Ip-dhpw hn-p.
48
Pn-Xzs \nb-{n-m-\p km-cns BZys {iaw 1896se Pn--IpSn-bm dKp-te-j-\m-bn-cp-p. Akw-L-Sn-X-am-bn-cp-s-nepw Pn-am Anp
\Snh Ah-Imi ka-c
- v CsXm-cw-Ko-Im-c-am-bn. 1933se Pn-Ip-Sn-bm dKpte-j 12-mw t`Z-KXn A\p-kc
- nv Pn-cw- sIm-SpWsa hyh-kvX-tbmsS IpSnbm-mv Ah-cpsS ssIh-ia
- p `qan-bpsS DS-a
- m-hI
- miw m]n-p-In-n. 1930se
ae-_m IpSn-bm BIvSv A\p-kc
- nv IpSn-bm-m-cpsS Ah-Im-i
- v kwc-Ww
e`n-p. 1963 `q]-cnXn \nn-b-tmsS an-`qan km Gs-Spv `qan-bn-m-hv hoXn-p-sIm-Sp-pI F hn-hI
- c
- a
- mb Bibw \S-n-em-bt- XmsS Pn k{Zmbw Ncn-{X-nse Hcp Hm am{X-ambnamdn. ""ap Pn-amv A ]eni, Pnt`mKw, Ic-n sNehv Fo-t]-cp-If
- n \mm-Nmc {]Imcw s]j cq]-n
hj--fmbn \In hn-cp B\p-Iq-ey- tIc-f-km \n-em-n''.
(\n-em- HmUn-\kv \ : 23/2005)
\m-Sp-hm-gn-I-fpsS {]tXy-Im-[n-Im-c-
Pn bmYm-n-I-Xz-ns Xe-h-\mb \nb-{n-X-amb A[n-Im-c-ap Bfmbn-cp-p. `c-Wm-[n-Imcn apX \mSp-hmgn hsc Fm-hpw Af-h `qkz-p-mbn-cp-p. ASn-a]
- -Wnm Ahp thn Irjn sNbvXp. \mSp-hm-gnbvv ]e hn[n-ep hcp-am-\- Inn-bn-cp--Xmbn ae-_m am\z-en tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-p-v.
Ib-p-aXn Cd-p-a-Xn-Isf kw_-n Xocp-hbpw KXm-K-X-\n-Ip-Xnbpw \mSp-hm-gnv
e`n-n-cp-p. Hcp IpSpw-_-nse kzns Ah-Im-in-I acnv A\--cm-h-Imin
Ah-bpsS Npa-Xe Gs-Sp-p-Xv kw_-nv \mSp-hm-gnv ]pcp-jm-cw F
\nIpXn \I-W-am-bn-cp-p. A\-c
- m-h-IminI Cs-n kzp hI-I \mSphm-gn-bn \nn-]vX-am-Ipw. CXns\ "Am-e-Sw' FmWv ]d-n-cp--Xv. \mSp-hmgn-bpsS A\p-hm-Z-an-msX Bpw Zs-Sp-m Ah-Im-i-ap-m-bn-cp-n-. C{]Imcw Zs-Sp-p-tm \mSp-hm-gnv Zp-ImgvN \In A\p-aXn hm-W-am-bn-cpp. hnhm-lw, {]k-hw, ac-Ww, Krl-{]-thiw XpS-n-b-hb
- vsmw \mSp-hmgn {]PI-fn \npw ImgvNI
-
- CuSm-n-bn-cp-p. ]c-]p-cpj kam-Kaw \S-nb kv{XoIsf
\mSp-hm-gnv ap]n lmP-cm-p-Ibpw Ahsc \mSp-hmgn hntZ-i-hym-]m-cn-Iv
hnv {]Xn-êw hmp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-p. henb Pn-ampw \mSp-hm-gn-Ipw
am{Xta ]v apX-emb B`mS hkvXp- D]-tbm-Kn-p-hm Ah-Im-i-ap-m-bncp-p-q. sImpw sImebpw kw_-nv A[n-Im-chpw \mSp-hm-gn-Ip Xs-bmbn-cp-p. Npcp--n ]Xn-t\gpw ]Xn-s\pw iX-I--fn ^yqU-enkw sImSnIpn hmgp ImgvN-bmWv ImWm km[np-I.
49
acp-a--mbw
s]h-gnv kz-hI
- miw F-XmWv acp-a
-
- m-b
- ns apJ-ap-{Z. tIc-fns am{Xw khn-ti-ja
- mb Hcp k{-Zm-ba
- mWv acp-a
-
- m-bw. tIc-f
- nse acp-a-m-b
- ns Bhn`m-hs
- -p-dnv ]n-X
- m ]e knm-
- fpw D-bn-pp-v. tIcfw krjvSn ]c-ip-cm-as I\ A\p-kc
- n-mWv acp-a
-
- mbw \nehn h-sX-X
- mWv sFXn-lyw. acp-a
-
- mbw tIc-f
- n BZn-Imew apX \ne\n-n-cp Hcp BNmc hnti-ja
- s
- -pw Hcp {]tXyI ]cn-X
- n-Xn-bn tIc-fo-b
acp-a
-
- mbw kzoI-cn-X
- m-sWpw sI.-]n. ]-\m-`t- a-t\m A`n-{]m-bsSp-p.
]-\m-`-ta-t\ms\ icn-sh-bvp \nK-a-\--fn-emWv Cfw-Ip-fhpw Fntn-p--Xv. sIm-hjw 1mw iX-I-n k-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-Xv ambw BsWpw \qmv bp-n-s-A-h-km-\-L--n \Smnb \n_nX ssk\n-I-tk-h\
- hpw Nmthp ]S-bpsS cq]-h-Xv-c-Whpw \nanw kwPm-Xamb ]cn-X
- n-Xn-bn DS-se-Sp-X
- mWv acp-a
-
- mbw Fpw Atlw hni-Zo-I-cnp-p. Cu A`n-{]m-b-tm-SmWv G. {io[-c-ta-t\m-\pw tbmPn-p--Xv. bp-Imev \q-Xncn {_m-W cmjv{Sob-ambpw aX-]-c-ambpw {]mamWyw t\Sn-b-Xpw,
Pn-am F \ne-bn Ahp e`n km-n-Im-[n-Im-ch
- pw, tNmfm-{I-a-Ws
t\cn-Sm Gs-Sp-nb \n_-nX ssk\nI ]cn-io-e-\-hpw, Nmth ]S-bpsS
cq]-h-cW
- h
- pw, \q-Xn-cn-am-cpsS kw_ Gm-Sp-amWv G.-Un. 11-mw \qm-n
tIc-f-nse P\-sf acp-a--mbw kzoI-cn-m t{]cn-n apJy-L-S-I--sfmWv Atlw A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp--Xv. \qmp bp-Im-ev ]pcp-j-m ]S--fn {i tI{o-I-cn--tm `qkzp kwc-Ww kv{XobpsS Npa-X-e-bmbn
Fpw B ]cn-X-n-Xn-bn s]h-gnv kz-h-Imiw \ne-hn hp FpamWv Cu hmZ-f
- p-sS-sbmw kmcmwiw
acp-a--m-bs \qm-p-bp--hp-ambn _-s-Sp-p--Xns\ FXnp-hc
- p-ap-v. \qmpbpw Hcp sIp-IY
- b
- m-sWp ]dv ]n.-sI. _me-Ir-jvW
Xn--f-bp-p. a\p-jykaq-l-ns hf-bn acp-a--mbw a-m-b-tm {]mNo-\a
- m-sWv GwKkv, tamK, aIve\ XpS-nb kmaq-lnI imkv{Xvamcpw \c-hwi]n-X
- mcpw A`n-{]m-bs
- -Sp-pv. tIc-f
- nse ]q \nhmkn-I-fmb Kncn-h-m-cp-sS-bn-S-bn acp-a--mbw Ctmgpw \ne-\np-p-v.
tIc-f-nse \mK-cnI P\-X-bpsS CS-bn Xs Zmb-{I-a-n sFI-cq-]y-an-.
\mb, Cug-h XpS-n-b-h Nne {]tZ-i
- f
- n a-m-bn-If
- pw apw Nne {]tZ-ifn a-m-bn-Ifpw ap Nne {]tZ-i
- f
- n acp-a
-
- m-bn-If
- p-am-Wv. kw_w,
50
Xnc-p-I-eym-Ww, Xmen-sIp Iym-Ww, ]pfn-IpSn XpS-nb Htsd BNm-c-fpw

acp-a--m-b-tmSp _-sp hfn-cp-p. a-m-b-n\pw acp-a--m-bn\pw CSbvv an{i-Zm-b-{I-ahpw tIc-f-n \ne-\n-n-cp-p. apnwfpsS CSbn Nne Xd-hm-Sp-If
- n kzv Ba-p m\hpw ]Z-hnbpw acp-a
- pw
\In-bn-cp--Xmbpw ImWmw.
Ccp-]Xmw \qm-ns Bcw-à
- mbtmtgpw acp-a
-
- m-b
- d- h
- m-nse ImcW-h-m-cpsS AanXm[nIm-c--fn a\w-a-Sp ]pXnb Xe-apd B Zm-b-{Iaw XpS-cp-Xn FXnp {]I-Sn-np XpS-n. 1912 se \mb BIvSv Iqp-Ip-Spw_ k{Zmbw \n-em-m Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdn Hcp {]m\w Bcw-`n-Xns ê-am-Wv.
1925 ]mkm-nb cmw \mb BIvSv Xd-hm-p-kzv Btfm-lcn `mKw shbvm
ip]mi sNbvXp1937 38 se BIvSv acp-a--mb hyh ]q-ambpw Cm-Xmn. 1958 se tIcf BIvSv XXVI(-a-Zn-cmin acp-a-mb t`-Z-K-Xn) hynv `mK-hImiw Dd-m-n. 1976 tIcf \nb-ak
- ` ]mkm-nb Iqp-Ip-Spw_ \ntcm-[\ \nbaw
A\p-k-cnv a-mbw \ne-hn hp.
klm-bI {K-
Ip]n Cfw-Ipfw
As tIcfw
KtWiv sI.-F.
tIc-f-ns Cs-e-I
tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW ]n.-sI.
tIc-fns kmwkvIm-cn-I-N-cn-{Xw
Zmtam-Z-c sI.
tIcf Ncn{Xw
cmL-h-hm-cy Fw.-B.
tIcfob Ncn{Xam\-
cm-P Kpcp-
tIcf Ncn{Xw
hk- Fkv.-sI.
\ \S hgn-I
them-bp-[ ]Wn--t-cn
{io[-c-ta-t\m G.
km-cn-Ifpw tIcf Ncn-{Xhpw

tIcf Ncn{Xw
{io[-c-ta-t\m G.
tIcf kwkvImcw
kp{_--Wy F.
kwL-Ime `c-W-kw-hn-[m\w
ae-bmf ]T\ kwLw
kwkvImc ]T\w
cmL-h-hm-cy Fw.-B. ,
Ncn-{Xw knmw {]tbmKw
51

I Sem - Ba Malayalam Complementary Course - Kerala Padanam - Poorvakala Keralam

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I Sem - Ba Malayalam Complementary Course - Kerala Padanam - Poorvakala Keralam

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School of Distance Education

tIc-f-]-T\w ]q-Ime tIcfw

tIc-f-]T- \w ]q-Ime tIcfw

School of Distance Education

kwkv I m- c w Ncn- { Xw \n- N - \ - hnhn[

tIc-f-ns DXv]-n ]c-ip-cm-a-sF-Xn-lyw `qanim-kv{Xw Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Imew inem-bp-Kw almin-em-kw-kvIm-cw BZy-Ime hntZi _-

kwL-Im-ew kmln-Xyw Bbv Ggn-a-sse, tNccm-Pm--m kwL-Ime kmaq-ly-Po-hn-Xw XnWI _p-ssP-\-a-X-

Ipe-ti-Jc km{amPyw atlm-Z-b-]p-cw, {][m\

tIc-f-]T- \w ]q-Ime tIcfw

School of Distance Education

tIc-f-]T- \w ]q-Ime tIcfw

School of Distance Education

kwkvImcw F hmn\v ipo-I-c-Ww, KpW-hn-ti-js {]m]n-p

School of Distance Education

hynv P\m e`n-p--X kwkvIm-cw. Ah-\-hs Npp-]m-Sp-I-fp-ambn \nccw {]Xn-{]-hn-p-X

kwkvIm-c-sa-Xv ]cn-n-Xn-bpsS a\p-jy-\nn-X-amb `mK-am-Wv

Hcp Iem-Im-c kzw Imhm-kn-epw, Ihn ssSv ssd-dnepw

School of Distance Education

kwln-X-bmWv Ethos. kwkvImcLS-I-sf kv]jvS-sa-pw, Aeo-\-sapw

tIc-f-]T- \w ]q-Ime tIcfw

School of Distance Education

a\p-jys\ hnth-In-bm-p hnm-\-im-J-bm-Wv.

tIc-f-]T- \w ]q-Ime tIcfw

School of Distance Education

"tkmZm-l-c-W-ap XXz-Nn-m-]-T\w' F-Xn-eqsS ]q-Ime kw`-h-sf

Ncn-{Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw Xn-ep _w

School of Distance Education

b-hp-amb am\- Dsm-p-h

tIcf Ncn-{X-\nn-Xnv klm-b-I-amb D]m-Zm\

School of Distance Education

School of Distance Education

IrXn-bmWv Dp-\oen ktiw Xncp-h-\--]pcw apX ISp-p-cpn hsc-bp

hntZi km-cn-I-fpsS Ipdn-p-I

School of Distance Education

School of Distance Education

hnh-cW {Kw hncNn-Xa

School of Distance Education

"Xcn-km-n imk\w' tIcf `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I ]pen-bn-cp aX kln-jvWpX-bn-tev shfnw hoiphbm-Wv. tKmZ-ch

tIc-f-]T- \w ]q-Ime tIcfw

School of Distance Education

Cwo-jp-Im \nn Xe-tcn tIm-bpw, t]mp-Ko-kp-Im \nn Iq-cnse

School of Distance Education

tIc-f-]T- \w ]q-Ime tIcfw

School of Distance Education

School of Distance Education

hkvXp-Xm]-c-amb sXfn-hp-I-fpsS A`m-h-n-epw tIc-f-ns Cu D`-hIY Xe-ap-dI

School of Distance Education

]-X-\n-c-I fpw, ae-Ifpw

School of Distance Education

tIc-f-]T- \w ]q-Ime tIcfw

School of Distance Education

Imem-h-m-hy-Xn-bm\w kky-Pm-e--sfbpw ]n-ar-Km-Zn-I-sfbpw kzm[o\n-p-p. \psS kpK--{Z-hy--fmb Ge-hpw, Ipcp-ap-f-Ipw, Idp-h---bp-samw

tIc-fw, ae-_m Fo- t]-cp-I-fpsS D]n

School of Distance Education

Ncn-{ Xm-Xo-X- Imew

School of Distance Education

I, ]gp-X-d-I, inem-\nnX Kpl-I, ]S--v, \Sp-v, IpS--v, ]mp-Ipgn,

I-d-I (Dolmenoid cists.)

tai--p-I (Capstone flush)

Ihr-- (Stone circle)

IpS--p-I (Umberlla Stone)

sXmn--p-I (Hood Stones)