ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w II

cmw ska-
_n.-tImw/_n.-_n.F.
tIma tImgvkv ae-bmfw
(2014 AUvan-j)
(CUCBCSS)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Calicut University P.O. , Malappuram, PIN - 673635

510

II

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
STUDY MATERIAL

B.Com/B.B.A
II Semester - Common Course

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w II
Prepared by:
1) Module I & II

Smt. Divya O.D.,

MA, M.Phil, JRF,
Research Scholar,
Dept. of Malayalam,
University of Calicut

2) Module III & IV

Dr. Saidalavi C.,
Asst. Professor of Linguistics,
Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University.

Layout:
Computer Section, SDE

Reserved

II

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samU-yq

samU-yq

11

samU-yq

18

samU-yq

26

II

samUyq-1
Ihn-X-I
1. If--a ssI _mem-a-Wn-b
amXr-Xz-ns Ihbn{Xn FmWv _mem-a-Wn-b-sb s]mXpsh hnti-jn-n-m-dpf-f-Xv. ""ssiih \njvI-f-XbpsS ssI]n-Snv {]]--c-l-ky--fpsS \mp-h-gn-I-fn Ah
k-cn-p. ]IzX Ah-cpsS sdmamnIv `mh-\bvv \nb-{Ww \In. sNSn-bn hnScp ]qhns kpKw A-co--n hym]n-p--Xp-t]mse Ah-cpsS ho-W-
XnIpw kz`m-hn-I-am-bn-mWv Nnm-]-c-am-b-Xv. amp Ihn-I-fn \nv Ahsc tXP-tmsS
amn-\np Hcw-i-ambn, kv{XoXz-ns Imcp-Wy-ap-ff hoWw A\p-`-h-s-Spp''
(I \mcm-b-W)
A, IpSpw-_n-\n, [-amK-n, kv{Xolr-Zbw, {]`m-p-cw, `mh-\-bn, Dumenta, Ifn-sm-, shfn--n, Ah ]mSp-p, {]Wm-aw, ap-n, agp-hns IY,
A-e-n, shbn-em-dp-tm, ky, tkm]m-\w, \nthZyw Fn-h-bmWv Ah-cpsS Imhyk-am-lm-c-.
Ipn-I-fpsS \njvI-f--amb ktlm-Z-c-kvt\-ls \nco-n-p-tm A-bvp-mhp \nhr-Xn-bmWv "If--a ssI' F Ihn-X-bn _mem-a-Wn-b- A\p-hm-N-Iv
]Iv \Ip--Xv. sIm-\p-P-nsb emfn-m an aXn-bm-thmfw Ifnv Agp-p-]pcp ssII sXmn-en-tev \np aIs\ "Ipn-bp-Wtpw amdn \npI' Fp
]dv A hne--p-p. "Imp-sI-psS sIm-\p-P-nsb' Fv A[n-Im-c-`m-h-tm-sSbmWv Ah Bh-iy-s-Sp--Xv. An-hn-ns Imn-bp-ff apJw.... Xa-ns apf-s]mnbt]mep-ff apSn.... Ahs kmao]yw B amXr-lr-Z-b-n Dp-fn-cp-m-p-p. Abm-p sXmn-en kc-knse Hmf-n B-se--t]mse aI kz-am-bp-d-p-I-bmWv. P\ hgn \-{X- Fn-t\m-p-p-v. kym-hn-f-ns {]` sXmn-en sNI-q- hnX-dp-p. {]]-w-t]mepw IuXp-I-tm-sSbpw Bcm-[-\-tbm-sSbpw \njvI-f-amb _meys t\mp--Xmbn Ihn kqNn-n-p-p. ]mp-hv sXmn-en-te-p-p-t\mnb _mes Ip-I-fn Ap-Xm-lvfmZ hm-e-y-`m-h- kv^pcn-p, kz kp-c-amb
\oem-Im-iv k-y-bn Dze h-t`-Z ImWm-s-Sp--Xp-t]m-se.
A-bpsS hnev hI-sh-bvmsX A\p-P
- n-bpsS s\n-ta Ah sXcp-sXsc Npw_np. Ipn DWv \njvI-f--ambn Nncn-p. Xs t\mn Nncn-p-Ib
- m-sWv Ah ktmj-tmsS Al--cn-p. ]\n-\o-cn Bm-Zt- msS kv]in-p ie`wt]mse Dn-bpsS
ssI A\p-P-n-bpsS AwK--fn hnf-bm-Sn. Ahs kv]i-\n Ipns ]qta\n
Ae-c
- n-s
- -X
- p-t]m-se-bm-bn.
ssII-fn s]mh-f, apSn-bn ssIX-q-hv, s\n ]X-w, s\n-bn tKmtcm-N-\p-dn, Imen shf-fn-n-e-........ CXp-Iv Df-fn ktm-jhpw In B\-m-{ip-fpw
\nd-s-nepw ""\n Nfn--p-sIm--p-hn s]mp-ta\n sXmSmbvI \o'' sbv A
Ahs\ imkn-p. hmkvXh
- -at\m-`mhn\papIfn Icn-p-X
- n-Sp AIhpw ]pdhpw hyXyII

kvX-amb apXnhcpsS Im]Syw Ihn ChnsS kqNn-n-p-p. Im]-Sy-an-m aIs\ AbpsS hmp-I thZ-\n-n-p. Ahs apJmw_pPw hmSn. IhnSw XpSp-p. a\v ]Xdn. Npp-I hnd-sIm-p. A`n-am\`wK-m Ip-I \nd-sm-gp-Im XpS-n. CXpI A-bpsS lrZbw Aen-p. aIs\ Biz-kn-n-p.
""A-\n---sabv sXmSm at-Xp
n{X-am{Xw If--a-ssI?''
Fv GtXm arZp-kz-cw B A-bpsS Df-fn a{n-p.
Bibw hni-Z-am-pI:-
1.
hmp-I-fm Icnw-]p-X-t-pp
hmkvX-h-a-t\m-`mhw ]e-tm-gpw.
2.

Imp-sI-psS sIm-\p-P-nsb

3.

kz-\o-eamw hm\p kyX

pze Zz-t`-Z- t]meth

4.

s]m]-\n-\o-f--fn kmmZw
\njv]-Xnpw ie`w IW-ns\

5.

A-\n---sabv sXmSm at-Xp

n{X-am{Xw If--a-p-ff ssI?

D]-\ym-k-sa-gp-XpI
1.
"amXr-`m-h-ns ]qo-I-c-W-amWv _mem-a-Wn-b-bpsS Ihn-X-bpsS ImX' "If-a ssI' F Ihn-Xsb Bkv]-Z-amn hne-bn-cp-p-I.

2. Bcm-a-nse Nn-I N-pg IrjvW-n-ff

"Xopw Imev]-\n-I-\mb Ihn' N-pgsbp-dnv H-hm-Iy-n Cs\ ]dbmw. Imev]-\n-IX apn-\n-evp At-l-ns Ihn-X-I Cu hnti-j-W-n\p kmyw
\np-p-ap-v. atsXmcp {]m-\-hpw-t]mse Hcp {]tXyI Ime-L--n ae-bm-fn {]_-e-am-hp-Ibpw ]noSv kzm`m-hn-I-ambn bnpt]mhp-Ibpw sNbvsXmcp {]m\-am-Wn-Xv. 18mw \qm-n bqtdm-]y cmPy--fn-ep-mb auen-I-amb am-ns Dt]m]-amb sdmamnIv {]-m-\-ns kzm[o-\-am-Wv ae-bm-fn-ep-mb Imev]-\n-I {]m\w. B-\n-jvT-X-bm-bn-cpp CXns khn-ti-j-X.
GIm--X-bn ss\kn-I-ambn
hmp-ho-gp Hm-bn-m-bn-cpp sdmamnIv Ihn-I Ihn-Xsb IW-m-n-bn-cp--Xv.
sshIm-cn-IX, B-\n-jvT-]-c-X, Aaq _nw_-, {]Wbw hnclw XpS-nb kzImcym-\p-`-h- XpS-n-b-hbvv {]m[m\yw sImSp {]Xn-]m-Zy- Cu {]m-\-nse
Ihn-X-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-fm-bn-cp-p. sjn, Iovkv, thUvkvhv, tdmt_v t{^mv
XpS-n-b-h ]mmXy sdmamnIv Ihn-I-fn {]ap-J-cm-Wv.
II

]mmXy kmln-Xy-hp-ambp-ff \nc-c k-ns ^e-am-bmWv sdmamnkw aebm-f

- n Imev]\
- nI {]m\w F t]cn {]Nmcw t\Sp-X
- v. F.-B cmP-cm-Ph
- bpsS
ae-bm-f-hn-em-k-sa Ihn-X-bn \ncq-]-I CXns BZy-th-cp-I Is-p-p-s-nepw
Imev]-\nI kz`m-h-ap-ff Ihn-X-I-fp-m-Ip-Xv B[p-\nI Ihn-{X-b-ns Ime-L--tm-sSbmWv; {]tXy-Inv Ipam-c\
- m-ims IrXn-If
- n Cu Imev]\
- n-I`- m-h
- n\v hfbp-m-hp-Xp
ImWmw. Fm Imev]-\n-I-Xbvv hn`n--amb Hcp apJw e`n-p-Xv N-p-g-bpsS ImeL--tm-sS-bm-sWp ]d-bmw. Cwo-jn Iovkn-tbpw sjn-bp-tSbpw apw t{]a-Ko-XfpsS kzm[o\w N-p-ghn-X-I-fn \ncq-]-I Is-p-p-v. taev]-d Imev]\
- nI- Ihn-X-bpsS {]tXy-IX
- -I-sfmw N-p-ghn-X-If
- n Hn-Wn \nevp-Xp ImWmw.
{]W-b-sbpw ku-cy-sbpw Bthm-f-am-kz-Zn-m shp-tmgpw {]W-b-`w-K-tbpw
temI-ns Ccp hi--tfbpw N-p-g Xs Ihn-X-I-fn Bhn-jvI-cn-m {ian-p.
hn-hm-`n-ap-Jy-ap-ff Ihn-X-Ifpw N-p-g cNn-n-p-v. hmg-p-e, sImSp-m-v, c-]p-jv] XpS-n-bh DZm-l-c-Ww. Fm Ch-sbm-sbpw Imev]-\nI hn-h-ns \ne-bn
\np hf-cp-n-. Ihn-bpsS Imev]-\n-Iamb k-ev]-tem-Ihpw bmYmYy-tem-Ihpw tNp
krjvSn-p sshcp-ym--IX N-p-ghn-X-I-fn-ep-S-\ofw Zin-m-\m-hpw. EPp-hmb
Bhn-j
v c
- W
- hpw emfn-Xyhpw kwKo-Xm-I
- X
- bpw N-pg Ihn-XI
- sf P\-{]n-ba- m-n-onp-v. "efn-X-tIm-a-f-Im ]Zm-hen' F {]tbmKwt]mepw N-p-ghn-Xbvp thn
am{Xw Dm-n-b-Xm-sWv tUm. Un. s_-an "Imev]-\n-IX ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn' F
IrXn-bn A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p-v. N-p-ghn-Xbnse B-cn-I-kw-KoXw A\p-hm-N-I
A\p-`h
- n-p-p. apc-fo-Km-bI
- , XI apcfn, ae-bm-f
- ns Hm^yqkv XpS-nb hnti-jW- N-p-gsbpdnv ]d-bp-tm \ncq-]-I D]-tbm-Kn-m-dp-v.
Ihn-I s]mXpsh D]-tbm-Kn-m aSn-n-cp \mS Km\-io-ep-If
- mWv N-p-g Xs
Ihn-X-Imbn sXc-s-Sp--Xv. Hma-\-p- XpS-nb \mShr--sf aebmf Ihn-X-bn-tev sImp-h-Xv N-p-gbmWv.
(a-smcp Im-\nI Ihnbpw N-pgbpsS kplr-pam-bn-cp CS--ffn cmL-h]n-f-fbpsS ac-Ws {]ta-b-am-n-smv cNn ca-W F ""CSb hnem-]-Imhyw'' (Pastoral
Elegy) BWv N-pgsb km[m-c-W-P-\-n-S-bn {]i-kvX-\mn Xo-Xv. At-lns BIYm]c-amb ZoL-Im-hy-amWv ]mSp ]nim-Nv, IqSmsX _mjv]m-RvPen (BZy-Ir-Xn) kv]n-p An-am-Sw, An-bpsS ]q, kzc-cm-K-kp-[, HmW-q- XpSnb IrXn-Ifpw N-pg cNn-n-p-v. IqSmsX "XpSn-p Xmfp-I' (B--I-Y) Ifntmgn (t\m-h) Fn-hbpw [mcmfw hnh-\-fpw N-pgbptS-Xm-bn-p-v).
N-p-ghn-X-I-fpsS {]tXy-IX
- -I-fpsm-f-fp Ihn-X-bmWv "Bcm-anse NnI'. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS ku-cym--I-Xsb ]pIm sImXn-p Imev]-\n-I-a-\pw Xs
\nc-cw Akw-Xr-]vXn-bnem-gvp temIhpw tNp krjvSn-p \nc--c-kw-L- -\-amWv
Ihn-X-bpsS {]ta-bw. Ihn-XbpsS BZy-`m-Kv ku-cy-ns \iz-c-Xsb Ipdnv Ihn-lrZbw thh-em-Xn-s-Sp-p. hmSn-hm-gp ]qhn-s\-p-dn-pff Cu hymIp-eX Ipam-c-\m-ims
hoW-]q-hn-s\- Hman-n-p-p-v. Fm s]sv a\-kp-am-dp Ihn \iz-c-XsbIpdn-pff bmYmys ad-m {ian-p-Ibpw thZ-\-tXm-p thZm Nn Hgn-hm-p-Ibpw
sNp-p. Fm Cu thZm Nn-sb-bm-Wtm hoW-]qhv ]n]-p-Xv. cv Im-\nI-X-Ifpw Xn-ep-ff hyXymkw ChnsS {]I-S-am-Wv.
II

ASp `mKv Ihn-bpsS av Ihn-X-I-fn-se--t]mse AXn-a-[p-c-amb ]Z--fmepw

ku-cy-]qWhpw hnIm-cm{Z-hp-amb _nw_-I-\-I-fmepw Bcm-as hWn-p-p.
Bcm-an hnSp Nppw Hfn-hn-X-dp ]qsf Bcm-a-ns GIm--lr-Z-b-ns
KqV-amb aqIm-`n-em-j-ambn ImWp Ihn, Xopw kzIm-cyhpw A{X ]cn-Nn-X-a-m--Xpamb _nw_-I]-\m-co-Xn-bmWv kzoI-cn-n-cp-p--Xv. Bcm-ahpw AXn\v Npp-ap-ff {]IrXnbpw tNv krjvSn-p imn Ihn-bpsS a\-ns\ ]pjv]n-n-pp. AYhm IhnX
]pjvn-p ku-cys ]pIm shp Ihn-bpsS Im-\nI a\-kp-X-s-bmWv
Cu Bcm-aw.
ASp `mKv Ihn Xopw hncp--amb Hcp temI-s-bmWv Ah-X-cn-n-p-Xv. AXv Ihn-bpsS bmYmy-tem-I-am-Wv. ]cp-]-cp Ic--fm Fs \nc-cw {]l-cnp Iq Ip-I-fm \nc-cw Xs a\-ns\ apdn-s-Sp-p Hcp temIs Ipdnv
Ihn Xs Ihn-X-I-fn \nc-cw Bhnv ]mSn-bn-p-v. ""I]-S-tem-I-n Bmam-sbmcp lrZ-b-ap-m-b-Xm-sW ]cm-Pbw'' F hcn-I-fpsS hni-Zo-I-cWw Xs-bmWv
Bcmanse Nn-I-fnse Cu `mKw. Fm ChnsS \ncm-i-b adnv Bcmaw Xn-ep-fhm-nb kzKo-bm-\p-`q-Xn-bn \np {]tNm-Z-\-apsm Ihn {]Xym-isb ]pIm
{ian-p-p. Npcp--n Bm-X-bp-f-f-h\pw \nkzm-\p-amb Ihnsb Nhn-n-mgvm\pw A]-hm-Z
- smv XvXI
- m\pw {ian-p temIs kKm-I
- X sImv
Iogvs-Sp-m-sa-mhpw Ihn Dt-in-p--Xv. XpSv tNn-cn-p-Xv Ihn \mev hjn-\ptiw Fgp-Xnb \mep hcn-I-fm-Wv. tcmK-{K-kvX-\m-bn-cp N-pg XtmSv temIw
sNbvX \n-tI-Sn-s\-p-dn-s-gp-Xnb hcn-I-fm-Wn-Xv. XnIpw \ncm-im-P-\I
- -amb k-amWv
Ihn aptmv shbvp--Xv.
ta ]d Bi-b-n \nv XnIpw hncp--am-bXv.
Ne-amb Hcp Imev]-\nI a\-ns\ kw_-n-m-sW-n CXv kzm`m-hnIw am{X-am-Wv.
ASp`mK-am-Is ss\an-jn-Ia
- mb el-cn-sb, C{n-bm-\p-`q-Xn--Isf {]Ion-p-p. shffw
tNm-sX-Sp Aar-Xn\v ka-amb Iffpw ay-amw-km-Zn-Ifpw AXv tNp-m-Ip Ifn-Nncn-Xa
- m-iI
- fpw Ihn-bpsS C{n-bm-\p-`q-Xn-I Xs. Ah-tbmSv a-cn-m kztemI-n-\pam-hn Fv Ihn Icp-Xp-p. X\nv shp \op tam-s-bmWv Ihn Xn amp-X
- v. Hcp
]t CsXmcp {]Xn-tj-[-hp-am-hmw.
Xs Ihn-X-Ifn Ihn \nc-cw Bhn-p Ccw k-- \ncq-]-IcpsS hnai-\-n\v hnt[-b-am-bn-p-v. Ihn kz--amb Hcp am\-kn-I-tem-I-n- hym]cn-p-sImv _mly-tem-Is Xs kz--amb C{n-bm-\p-`q-Xn-I-fpsS ]qo-I-c-W-n\v
XS-k-ambn \npp F Imc-W-m Xf-fn--d-bp-IbmsWv tUmIvS Un. s_ans\ t]mse-bp-ff \ncq-]-I A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. Fn-cn-nepw N-pg krjvSn B
`mhp-IXzw ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn Cv ambmsX \np-p-v.

II

3. HmKv Bdn\v hnP-b-evan

ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn thdn-tm-cp-kzcw tIn Ihn-b-{Xn-bmWv hnP-b-evan. AhcpsS Ihn-X-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw hnj-b-nse sshhn-[yhpw kzX-kn--amb ssienbpw
ImcWw ap s]I-hn-X-Ifn \nv hnP-b-evanbpsS IhnI thdnp \np--Xmbn
ImWmw. kv{XoXz-ns hnhn[ `mh- kzmX-{y-n-\p-ff hmRvO A[n-Im-c-n\p
t\sc-bp-ff FXnv ]pcm-W-I-Ym-]m-{X--fp-sSbpw anp-I-fp-sSbpw A]-\nmWw Fns\ sshhn-[y-am hnj-b--fn-tev hnP-b-evanbpsS IhnX \ofp-Xv ImWmw
s]cp--s anns\ A]-\nan-p "Xs aI' hnP-b-evanbpsS i-amb Hcp
cN-\-bm-Wv. Pn. i-c-p-dp-ns "s]cp--', sshtem-n-f-fn-bpsS "Xs aI' Fo
Ihn-X-I-fnse Bi-b-tem-Ihpw {]ta-b-hp-ambn A`n-apJw \nevpp F kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X]-c-amb {]tXy-I-Xbpw hnP-b-evanbpsS Ihn-X-bvp-v. Xs tPjvTs\ (kvt\-l-s)
hoXpfn hogvn-sm As A[n-Im-c-ns hoXpfn hnZy ]Tn-p-t]mbn F Imc-Wm Xs t\scbpw \ofm-Xn-cn-m hoSv Dt]-n-p Xs aI ae-bmf Ihn-Xbnse i-amb kv{Xo kmn-y-am-Ip-p.
kzmX-{y-tm-Sp-ff AZ-ay-amb B{Klw Df-fn-sem-Xpn ASn-a-bmbn \nt-nh-cp Ah Ah-X-cn-n-p "arK-in--I' Ihn-b-{Xn-bpsS {it-b-amb asmcp cN\-bm-Wv. kv{XoXz-ns hnhn[ `mh- hnP-b-evanbpsS Ihn-X-I-fn ]e-tmgpw
ISp hcp-p-v. {]k-h-ns ssPho-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb Ah Ah-X-cn-n-p
"hchv' F IhnX CXn\v D-tam-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ae-bm-f-n Hcp Ihn-b-{Xnbpw C-cn lrZy-ambn Cu A\p-`-hs Ah-X-cn-n-n-n-m-sbv _mem-a-Wn-b Ihn-X-s-gpXnb Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn hy-am-p-p-v.
""Hcp tImSn Ip-ap-\-I-fm ssPh
`S Xpd-pp \n\p Xmgn
Pme-I-hm-S-, Rc-p-I
hen--gn-bpp an
]nft]mses ]nf-cpI''
F "hc-hn'se Cu hcn-I ae-bm-f-nse s]I-hn-X-I-fnse s] A\p-`-h-fpsS Bhn-jvm-cs Ipdnv ]d-bp-tm \ncq-]-I FSpv ]d-bm-dp-v. ]e hnNn{X
I]-\-Ifpw Ah-cpsS Ihn-X-I-fn Is-m-\m-hpw.
""hnd-]q-sm-sc {]W-b-knwlw
Npg-p kS-am-{X-ambo {]]w''
F I]\ ae-bm-f-n\v A{X ]cn-Nn-X-am-bn-p-f-f-X-. ""ag-X attXm apJw'',
""lna-k-am[n'' XpS-n-bh hnP-b-evanbpsS av Ihn-Xm-k-am-lm-c--fm-Wv.
1945 HmKv 6\v lntcm-jn-a-bn-ep-mb AWp-t_mw_v hjs A[n-I-cn-mWv
"HmKv 6\v' F IhnX cNn-n-p-f-f-Xv. temIs \Sp-nb Cu Zpcw \Sv A-Xm-pIv tijhpw Ahn-Sps sISp-Xn-I Ah-km-\n-n-n-. B bp-sm-Xnbpw Ah-km-\np-n-. XnIpw ka-Im-enI {]k--amb hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb Hcp hnj-b-amWv Ih-b{Xn
II

ssIImcyw sNp-X
- .v lntcm-jn-asb Ipdnpw "enn t_mbv' F AWp-t_mw-_ns\ Ipdnpw
hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb hnh-c
- Ihn-X-bn Dsm-f-fn-n-p-v. bp-sm-Xn-b-cmb cmjv{S-X{-c
- psS ssIn Ifn-m-hI
- f
- m-Ip imkv{X- t_mw_p hoW lntcm-jn-asb Ipdnp-ff hnh-c- AXv hjw Ign-npw Ahn-sS-bp-ff Ah Fn-s\ Hcp teJ-\n Ds-Sp-m Ign-bp Imcy- Ihn-b{Xn Cu Ihn-X-bn Dsm-f-fn-n-cn-pp. Fm CXn\v ]cn-lm-ca
- mbn B-\n-jvT]
- c
- a
- mb Im]-\n-Ia
- mb Zo]w F _nw_s
]Icw shp-I-bmWv hnP-b-evan. Ccp-m-Ip Cu Zpc-s
- -bI
- -m Xs ssIn-ep-ff
{]m-\-bpsS, shfn--ns ssIncn sImfp-n-sh-m sImXn-p-I-bm-W-h. Ccpv H-s `qan-bpsS Ip-\op-ffn Hcp Zo]-n-\mbn sImXn-p-tm AXn Adn-bs-Sm kqcy-c-ivan-t]m-se-bp-ff Xs {]m\ IqSn-t-cp-sav Ihn-b{Xn Biz-kn-p-p.
lntcm-jna Zn\-n temIw apgp-h kam-[m-\
- n-\mbn Zo]w In-p-tm Xs kzw
hon-tev B \Zo-Xo-cs Bhm-ln-p-Ib
- mWv Ah. temIv FhnsS \S-p {]iv\fpw kzw hon-encpv Xntemhmln-m Ign-bp Fgp-ns amkvac
- n-IX
- b
- m-hm-aXv.
; shfnw. ]c-c
- m-KX
- a
- mb kw
Xs-bm-WnXv (C-cpv = Xna, shfnw = \a). Fnepw GXp I\ Ccp-n-t\bpw shfn-am-m Hcp sNdp ssIn-cnv Ign-bp-sa--Xn-\m DNn-X-am-Ipp Cu _nw_-I-\.
s]mXpsh hkvXp-\n-jvT-]-c-amb hnh-c- Ds-Sp-n-bn-p-ff Ihn-X-I KZy-ssi-enbn-emWv cNnp ImWm-dp-f-f-Xv. Fm AXn \np hyXy-kvXa
- mbn Xmf-\n-_-a
- mb coXnbn-emWv Cu Ihn-X-bpsS cN-\. Zpa-Zw, Zpm-k-\w, XpS-nb ]Z- Ihn-X-bn kzm`m-hnI-ambn CWntm {ian-n-cn-p-p. ""Ccp--sm--s `qan-X Ip-\op-ffn''
""Zo]-Zm-ln-bmbn Pzen-pI'' XpS-nb {]tbm-K
- {it-ba
- m-Wv. ""hnP-b-e-van-bpsS IhnX-Iv ]g-ba
- - m-Wv. hr-_w, kpL-Sn-Xw, PmS-If
- n-, _l-fa
- n-, \ni-_vZa
- mb {]m-\t]mse, Aanb tXt]mse Ch Db-cpp-p, F kpK-X-Ip-am-cn-bpsS A`n-{]mbw
CXn-t\mSv tNv hmbn-mw.
c

f-

II

b-

c-

c-

X-

.
v

10

samUyq-2
IY-I
1. i_vZn-p Ie
s]mIpw hn
ae-bm-f
- n, kmln-Xy-ns cq]-`m-h
- s
- f-p-dnpw cN-\b
- psS ey-s
- f-p-dnpw
NqSp-]n-Sn N-I \S Ime-amWv 1940I. ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-{]-m\w tIc-f-n
in-bmPn Cu Ime-L--n kmaq-lnI D-a\w ey-am-n-bp-ff ]e hn-h-Ir-XnIfpw ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-n-p-v. cmjv{So-b-sbpw kmaq-lym-h--sbbpw \nin-X-ambn hnainp-h
- b
- m-bn-cpp Am-ev {]Xy-s
- Hp-an sNdp-I-Y-I-fpw. XIgn inh-i
- c
-
- n-f-f,
]n. tIi-ht- Zhv, XpS-nb Am-eL
- -
- nse Fgp-p-Im-cpsS \ne-bn-emWv s]mIpw hnbpsS m\w. kaq-l
- n ImWp-s
- Xpw bYm-ambn Bhn-jvIc
- n-pI F (k-aq-ln\v t\sc-]n-Sn Im-Sn-bm-hWw kmln-Xyw) ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-ns k-ev]s
Xs-bmWv s]mIpw hn-bpw ]n]-p--Xv. IY-Isf XnIpw cmjv{So-b-h-cn-ppv At-lw. Xm\ps-Sp Itm-en k`-bpsS ]utcm-ln-Xy-ns A\o-Xn-IsXn-scbpw Xm Pohn-p Xncp-h-Xm-wIq-dnse Zp`-c-W-n-s\-Xn-scbpw kaq-l-ns I]S
kZm-Nm-c-k--s-Xn-scbpw \nc-cw Xs XqenI Nen-n-p. F-s\-sb-gp-X-WsaXn\ Fs-gp-XW
- s
- a-X
- n-\mWv Atlw {]m[m\yw sImSp-X
- v. k kn.-]n.-bpsS Zp`c-W
- n-s\-Xnsc Fgp-Xnb "tamU' F IY-bpsS t]cn At-l-n\v Pbn in A\p`-hn-tn hn-p-v. ]utcm-ln-Xy-ns s]mf-f--c- Xpd-p-Im-p "Atm-Wn\obpw A-\m-tbmSm' 'A sIms' XpS-nb IY-Ifpw s]mIpw hn-bptS-Xmbn-p-v. thiy-I-fp-tSbpw sXn-I-fp-tSbpw D-a-\-n\v thn {]h-n-m Ign-bp
m\mnv Hm thmv sNp "Ah-fpsS thmn'se thiybmb timi At-l
- ns
i-amb Hcp kv{Xo IYm-]m-{X-am-Wv. Zmcn-{Zhpw kaq-l-ns I]-S-Xbpw tNv hynIsf thiy-Ifpw Ip-hm-fn-Ifpw Bp-Ibpw sNp-X
- ns cmjv{So-ba
- mWv s]mIpw hn{]Xn-tj-[
- ns `mj-bn tcJ-s-Sp-p-X
- .v Fm CXn \npw Xopw hyXy-kvXamb
a\p-jy\pw av Pohn-hK-fpw Xn-ep-ff kvt\ls Ipdn-p IY-Ifpw Atlw cNn-np-v. B Ime-L--n \mbsb tI{-{]-ta-b-amn XIgn "shf-f-sm--n' Fsmcp
IY-sb-gp-Xn-bn-p-v. AXp-]t a\p-jy Hcp \mb-tbmSv ImWn-p \n-tI-Sns IY-bmWv. AXn\npw hyXy-kvXa
- mbn a\p-jy\pw Hcp Imfbpw Xn-ep-ff B-_
-
- ns IYbmWv s]mIpw hn- "i_vZn-p Ie' bneqsS ]d-bm {ian-p-X
- v. efn-Xmw-_nI
AP-\-ns amWn- F IY-bp-ambn \ncq-]-I Cu IYsb Xmc-X-ay-s-Sp-m-dpv.
Ij-I-\mb Ahp-tkp tN-tbpw At-l-ns {]nb-s Imf-bmb I-sbpw
\ni-_vZ-kvt\-l
- ns IY-bmWv i_vZn-p Ie-. Imf-{]m- FmWv Abmsf \mpIm hnfn-p-X
- .v IY-bpsS Ime-ssZLyw t\mp-tm sNdp-IY
- b
- n-sem-Xp-p-X CXnse
kw`-h
- . Ahp-tkp tN-s Ccp-]Xp hj-tm-fa
- p-ff Pohn-Xhpw Pohn-X-]c
- n-Wm-ahpw
IYm-Im-c Npcpn Ah-X-cn-n-p-p. t\tc-J-bn IY ]dp t]mIp coXn-bmWv
Atlw kzoI-cn-n-cn-p-X
- v. BJym-\
- ntem IYm-]m-{Xm-hn-jvc
- W
-
- ntem ]pXp-as
- bmpw
Ah-Im-is
- -Sm-\n-s-nepw IY ]d-n sImp \s A\p-`h
- nnm s]mIpw hnbpsS `mjbvv in-bp-v.
II

11

Ahp-tkp tN-\pw I\pw Xn-ep-ff _w IYm-Irv hnh-cn-p `mKw {it-bamWv. Hcp km[m-cW Ij-I Xs Irjn-bp-]-I-c-W--fn-semp am{X-am-bmWv Imfsb
IW-m-m-dv. Fm Ahp-tkp tN-\mIs AXns\ Pnhn-bm-bnp am{X-a Xtmfw
m\-ap-ff Hcp kl-Po-hn-bm-bn-s ]cn-KW
- n-p-p. D]-I-cW
-
- sf ]c-am-h[n NqjWw
sNpI AXp-I-gn-bp-tm hen-s-dn-bpI F hn]Wn aqey-ns hncp--{[p-h-n-emWv
Ahp-tkp tN-s m\w. Abm ans\ kvt\ln-p Imfsb Bm-Y-ambn
kvt\ln-p Ij-I-\m-Wv. em`-sm-Xn-bpsS ]pXnb ck-X{w a\-kn-em-hm Ahptkp tN-s\tm-sebp-ff Ij-I F{]-Im-c-amWv Acn-Ip-h-Xv-cn--s-Sp-Xv Fv ASn-sh Aa-j-tmsS s]mhn hnh-cn-p-p.
"\oXn-tI-Smb' kv{Xo[-\-ns t]cn-emWv Ahp-tkp tN-\v Xs k-kz-amb
Imf-p-s\ hnt-n-hcp-Xv. I\pw Ahp-tkp tN-\pw Xn-ep-ff th]m-Sns
ka-bv IYm-Ir-ns `mj hnIm-cm{Z-am-hp-p. ""hmNm-e-Xbpw {]I-S-\-fpw kvt\lns Bm-hn-ep-ffX. Zp:Jnbvm Ign-hp-ff
- a\p-I Xn-ep-ff ASp-a
- mWv kvt\lsa-n I-s\-bpw Ahp-tkp tN-t\bpw t]mse ASp--h temI-n-en- Fp IYmIrp ]d-bp-tm kvt\l-s-p-dnv hfsc hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp kev]w sXfnp
hcp-p. kvt\l-s-p-dnv \nc-cw ]mSp-Ibpw ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvX, sNp kmln-Xyn Cu hmp-I Cpw {]k-a
- m-Ip-Xv B \ni-_vZX
- b
- psS I\ kucyw sImmWv, Ak-a-Xzs kvt\lw sImp ka-Xz-amn amp-Xp sImm-Wv.
HSp-hn Xm hn Is\ Ahp-tkp tN- ImWp-Xv Ad-hp-im-e-bn shmWv. Fpn {hWw \nd ]cp-h-n Is\ ImWp-tm Abmv kln-m-\m-hpn-. HSp-hn aIv XpWn hmm sh Imsi-Spv Is\ Abm XncnsI hmnsmp t]mcp-p. I\pw Ahp-tkp tN-\pw Xn-ep-ff ]p\-kam-Kahpw IYm-Irv
lrZ-b-kv]r-mbn Ah-X-cn-n-p-p. XpWn hmm-sX- h A-t\mSv ]cn-`hw ]d-bp
aI I{Xn-tbmSv Ahp-tkp tN- ]d-bp--Xn--s\-bmWv "F\nv \ns-tmse Ah\pw'.
IY-bpsS kmcw apgp-h IYm-Irv kw{K-ln-n-cn-p-Xv Cu hmIy-n-em-Wv. IY-bnse
{][m-a\s hmIyhpw CXp-X-s.
HSp-hn Xs-smn Hcp IpSpw_w apgp-h thZ\n-p-Xv ImWm-\m-hmsX I "ISp Ifp' FmWv IYm-Irv ]d-bp-X
- v. \ni_vZ
kvt\l-n\v \ni-_vZ-Xym-K-sa-p-IqSn A-ap-sv IYm-Irv ]d-p-sh-bvp-p.
IY-bn ioj-I-ambn, \ni_vZ kmn-y-ambn, _nw_-ambn \nevp Iesb
Ah-km-\-hm-Iy--fn {]Xy--_nw-_-am-n-s Ah-X-cn-n-p-p-v. Is arX-tZl-n\pw thZ-\n-bvp Ij-I\pw apI-fn-em-bn-cn-p B Npnen ]nSn Ie IjIs Zmcn-{Zyhpw \jvS-s-p-t]m-Ip Imjn-I-kw-kvm-cw, Ie-bvv ]Icw shbvmhp b{--fpsS Xf-fn--bw XpS-nb hnhn[ k-ev]-sf [z\n-n-p-p-v. IqSmsX
AXn-i--amb Cu _nw_-n-tev IYm-km-cs apgph Npcp-n-sb-Sp-m\pw IYmIrn\v km[n-n-p-v.
GXp Ime-p-hm-bn-mepw {]kn \jvS-s-n-n- F tXm-emWv Hcp IrXnsb
Imem-Xn-hn-bm-p--Xv. i_vZn-p Ie-bvv tijw ae-bm-f-IY Gsd ]ptcm-K-an-n-pv. ]e ]pXnb {]m-\
- fpw Bi-b
- fpw kt-X
- fpw IY-bn hcn-Ibpw t]mhp-Ibpw
II

12

sNbvXp. Cp \manXp hmbn-p-tm BJym-\c

- o-Xn-bn ]pXp-aI
- s
- fmpap]-tbm-Kn-m
km[m-cW IY-bmbn tXmmw Fm AXn-eh
- X
- c
- n-n i-amb {]ta-b
- n\v Cpw {]kn-bp-v. {]IrXn Nqj-W-s-p-dnpw a\p-jys HSp-m Bnsbp-dnpw Cpw
\nc-cw N sN-sSpp; IrXn-I-fp-m-Ip-p. N-Ifpw Fgp-p-Ifpw a\p-jys kaXy-s-p-dn-m-Wv kwkm-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-X
- v. Fm a\p-jy\pw {]Ir-Xnbnse ap Pohnh-s
- f-tmse Hp-am-{X-am-sWpw ap-ff
- h
- bvv {]Ir-Xnbvv taep-ff A[n-Imcw am{Xta
a\p-jy-\p-ap-ffq Fp-apff {]Ir-Xn-bn-eq-nb Imgv-mSv Cv Dbp hcp-p-v. Fm
F{Xtbm hj-v apmWv Hcp Imfsb kl-Po-hn-bmbn kvt\ln-p Ij-Is
alXzw s]mIpw hn hnfnp ]d-Xv. kvt\l-n-eq-nb Hcp hnI-k\ ImgvN-mSp
Xs-bt Cu IYbpw aptmp shbvp-Xv?

2. Hmtcm Fgp-p-Im-cn-bp-sSbpw Df-fnepw

kmdmtPm-k^v
1970 Ifn ae-bmf kmln-Xy-n {]_-e-ambn \nn-cp B[p-\n-I-Xm-{]-m\w
sXmp-dp-Iv tijw Dm-cm-[p-\n-I-Xbvv hgn-am-dn-sm-Sp-p-Xv ImWmw. B[p-\nI
Fgp-p-Im X-fptSXmb hyXykvX ssien-I kzoI-cn-n-cp--sh-nepw Ah-cp-sS-sbmw
IrXn-I s]mXpsh Hcp GI-Xm-\X ]pen-bn-cp-p. Fm D-cm-[p-\n-I- L--n
Cu GI-Xm-\X XI-s-p. ChnsS ]e-a-bmWv ]pXp-a. Hscm apJy-[mcm kmln-Xyn\v ]Icw Zfn-sX-gp,v s]s-gpv XpS-nb A\-h[n Dsff-gp-p-I ae-bmf kmlnXy-n {]Nmcw e`n-p. sNdp-I-Ybpw Cu am-n \npw amdn-\n-n-n-.
D-cm-[p-\n-I sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-p-I-fn {]ap-J-bmWv kmdm-tPm-k-^v. s]s-gpv
F kw BZy-ambn kmdm-tPm-k-^ns "]m]-d'bpsS Bap-J-n-emWv kn-Zm-\ Ah-X-cn-n-p--Xv. t]cp-t]mse Xs kv{XobpsS Nnbpw A\p-`-hhpw Pohn-Xhpsams-s
- -bmWv CXn-eqsS Bhn-jvc
- n-p-X
- v. kmdm-tPm-k^
- ns IY-Ifpw CXn
\nv hyXy-kvX-a-. ]pcpj tI{o-Ir-X-amb Hcp temIs amn--Wn-bm-\p-ff B{Klw
Fgp-n kv]jvS-am-Wv. kv{XobpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h- Akzm-X{yw ssewKn-I-X, A[nImcw (A-[n-Im-c-an-m-bva) kv{XoI hnhn[ taL-e-I-fn t\cn-Sp hnth-N-\-- XpSn-b-h-sbm-s--s-bm-Wv. ap kv{Xo Fgp-p-Im-cn-I-sf-tmse kmdm-tPm-k-^pw IYIv hnj-b-am-n-bn-p-f-f-Xv. IpSpw-_-n-\p-f-fnse Akzm-X-{y-nepw HSp-m Dc-hm-Zn-Xz--fnepw s]v Dg-ep Hcp Fgp-p-Im-cn-bp-sSbpw Df-fn-ep-f-f-XmWv kmdm-tPm-k-^v
""Hmtcm Fgp-p-Im-cn-bp-tSbpw'' F IY-bn Bhn-jvI-cn-m {ian-n-p-f-f-Xv. `mh-\bpw
bmYmy temIhpw Xn-ep-ff sshcp[yw Xs-bmWv IY-bpsS Xp. IY-bnse {][m\
IYm-]m-{X-amb Fgp-p-Imcn `m-hmb ]pcp-tjm--a-s\bpw a-sfbpw Xs sRcpn-sm-p \mep NphcpI-tfbpw Dt]-nv Xs Fgp-ns kmm-XvIm-c-n-\mbn
ta_n-f-m-bn-bpsS kzmX-{hpw kz-hp-amb hon-tev t]mIm Xocpam-\n-p-n-S-mWv
IY Bcw-`n-p--Xv. {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-ns Nn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv IY Bhn-jv-cn-n-pf-f-Xv. IYm-Imcn kzbw Rms\p hnti-jn-n-p Da]p-cpj k-\m-a-n-emWv IY
BJym\w sNbvXn-N-p-f-f-Xv. IY-bpsS t]cp-t]m-se-s IYm-Im-cn-bpsS Df-fn-ep-ff NnI `qX-Ime kw`-h--fp-ambn _-s-Spn Ah-X-cn-n-p-p. AYhm IY-b n
ssamIvkv hsc h-am-\-Imew \njv{In-b-am-Wv. IY-bpsS {]Xn-]m-Zy-hp-ambn Cu BJymII

13

\-coXn tNv t]mIn-p-v.

Xs Fgpn\v XS-ka
- mbn \np IpSpw-_w, AXnse Dc-hmZnXz, kv{Xobmb-Xn-\m am{Xw kmln-Xy-N-I-fn \np-Xs amn \nnb Ihn-I XpS-n-b-h-tcm-Spff {]Xn-tj-[hpw AXn \np-m-hp {]Xn-Im-ch
- p-amWv IYm-Imcn Bhn-jvI-cn-m {ianp--Xv. IY-bnse `m-hmb ]pcp-tjm--a\v Gsd-psd {]Xn-\m-bI m\-am-Wp-f-f-Xv.
]pcp-tjm--a F t]cv a\:]q-amWv. ]pcp-jXzw XnI--h-s\-bmWv s]mXpsh ]pcptjm--a Fv hnfn-m-dp-f-f-Xv. CXns\ sshcp-[y-tm-sS-bmWv kmdm-tPm-k^v ChnsS
Ah-Xc
- n-n-p-X
- v.
]mmXy temIv DS-se-Sp s^an-\nkw (kv{Xo-hm-Zw)-ns XpS-bm-bn-mWv aebm-f-n s]s-gpv t]mse-bp-ff coXn-I Dm-hp--Xv. ]mmXy temIv kv{XoIfpsS Ah-Im-i-pw kzmX-{y-n\pw thn i_vZ-ap-bn-b-h-cn {][m-\n-bmWv
""hnPo-\nb hp^v''. Ah-cpsS ""Fgp-p-Im-cn-bpsS apdn'' F Bibw Gsd {in--s-Xm-Wv.
honse as-m-hpw kz-ambn CS--fp-s-nepw kv{Xov am{Xw AXv \ntj-[n-s-Sp--Xn-s\-bmWv hnPo-\nb hp^v tNmZyw sNp--Xv. Hmtcm Fgp-p-Im-cnpw XtXmb Fgp-n-S
- ns kzmX{yw thW-sa Cu Bibw Xs-bm-hWw kmdm-tPm-k^n
kzm[o\w sNep-n-b-Xv. IY-bn cv temI--fp-v. IYm-Im-cnsb \nc-cw sRcp-p
Npa-cp-Ifpw apJv sXdnv hoW I^-sv t]mep-ff {]W-bhpw Igp-n Aa-cp Ccp-pXp-S t]mep-ff amXrXzhpw sImv hogp Fgp-p-Im-cn-bpsS Hcp temIw A{X-ta Im]\n-I-ambn Icp-Xp {]W-bw, amXrXzw XpS-nb k-sf XnIpw AIm-\n-I-amb
Ae-m-c- sImv hnti-jn-n-Xv a\:]q-am-IW
- w.
asmcp temIw kzmX{hpw kz-hp-amb ta_n-f
- b
- psS hoSm-Wv. GsXmcp Fgp-p-Imcnbpw kz]v\w ImWp Nph-cp-If
- n-m-Xpw {Knep-Ipw km-Ipw ]Icw XpSn-p
Rc-p-I-fp-f-f-Xp-amb Hcp hoSv. AhnsS Ahsf XS-p-sh-m Bcp-an-. IY-bn {]Xnm-\
-
- m GI]pcp-j-\m-b- PbtZh Ahn-sS-bm-Wp-f-f-Xv. AYhm ta_n-f
- m-bn-bpsS
hon ka-Xz-n-eq-nb Hcp kv{Xo ]pcp-j_
- -w-IqSn Fgp-p-Imcn kz]v\w ImWp-p-v.
AXv kulr-Z-n-emWv {]W-b-n-e Fv IYm-Im-cn FSpv ]d-bp-p-v. Cu kzmX-{yn\v thn {]W-bt- bpw IpSpw_ _-t- fbpw Dt]-n-m Xm-dm-Ip-tmgpw amXrXzs ]q-ambn Xf-fn-d- -bm IYm-Im-cnv ss[cyw t]mcm.
ta_n-f
- m-bnbpw Ah-cpsS kp-ca
- mb hoSpw Ahn-Sps kh kzmX-{yhpw Pb-tZ-h\p-samw If-fhpw Fgp-p-Im-cn-bpsS shdpw kz]v\-hp-am-sWv ]pcp-tjm--a-s\-smv
IYm-Imcn \nc-cw ]d-bn-n-p-p-v. AXv ]pcp-tjm--a-s X{-ambn IYm-Imcn ]d-bpp-s-nepw Bhnp ]d-bp kXy-amn AXns\ asmcp coXn-bn hmbn-mhpXmWv. asmcp `mKv k-cn-p Npa-cp-I X\nv ]Icw ]pcp-tjm--a-s\ thbm-Sptam Fv IYm-Imcn kwi-bn-p-p-v. akn-ep-If
- p-ff, Xe-a
- b
- n h-Xp-ap-ff Abm
\n-lm-b-\mbn t]mhn Fv Fgp-p-Imcn ]cn-lm-k-cq-t]W ]d-bp-p. kv{Xo = sshImcn-I-X, A_-e, ]pcp-j = akn, Nnm-tijn F kaqlw Iev]n-p-m-nb sPU
ka-hm-Iys IYm-Imcn sXfnp ]cn-l-kn-p-p.
HSp-hn Fgp-ns kmm-XvI-c-W-n-\mbn hoSp-t]-n-p Fgp-p-Im-cn-bpsS
ssIho-in-bp-ff \Sw C_vks t\mdsb (Dolls House) A\p-kva-cn-n-ppv. AhfpsS kzmX-{-n\v angn-th-Im D]-tbm-Kn-p Ah-km\ hmIy- AXn-`m-hp-IX
- z-ns
Xe-n-tev amdp-p-v.
II

14

Npcp--n "s]s-gp-ns' kzc-amWv kmdm-tPm-k-^ns "Hmtcm FgppIm-cnbpsS Df-fnepw' F-IY Dds tIn-p--Xv. apJy-[mcm Fgpv ]nXp-S-cp ]pcpj
tI{o-Ir-X-amb t\ms a\:]qw Xnc-kv-cn-p-sImv AhnsS X-fp-tS-Xmb CSw
AS-bm-f-s-Sp-m-\mWv ka-Im-enI Fgp-p-Im-cn-I {ian-p--Xv. AXn-\mbn kz-amb
Hcp `mj-Xs Ah krjvSn-p-p. CXn-eqsS \ne-\np apJy-[mcm Fgp-nse
tatmbva XIp hog-W-sa IrXy-amb cmjv{Sobeyw Cu Fgp-p-Im-cn-Ipv. CXn-t\mSv tNmWv kmdm-tPm-k-^ns Cu IYbpw hmbn-t--Xv.
kmdm-tPm-k^
- ns IrXn-I:
{][m\ IYm-ka
- m-lm-c-:--
a\-knse Xo am{Xw, ]m]--d, ImSns kwKo-Xw, \nemhv Adn-bp-p, HSp-hn-es
kqcy-Im-n, ImSnXp ImWm-tbm.
cmam-bW
-
- nse kv{XoI-Ym-]m-{X-f
- mb XmS-I, koX, aWvtUm-Zcn XpS-n-bh
- sc tI{oI-cnv cmam-bW
- s A]-\nan-s-gp-Xnb ImSns kwKo-Xw, \nemhv Adn-bpp Fnh Gsd
{it-ba
- m-bh
- b
- m-Wv.
{][m\ t\h-ep-I:
Aem-l-bpsS s]a-, HX-v, am-n, Ducp-Im-h, BXn, Btfm-l-cn, B\w

3.

]pXnb hmXn-ep-I

A-Iv_ I-n
ka-Im-enI sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-p-I-fn Xs-Xmb Hcp m\w AS-bm-f-s-Sp-nb Fgpp-Im-c-\m-Wv, AIv_ I-n. ae-bmf kmln-Xy-n B[p-\nIX {]m\w {]_-eX-bmnv \nn-cp Ime-L--n-emWv AIv_ I-n Fgp-Xn-p-S-n-b-Xv. Fm
At-l-ns IY-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-I ]cn-K-Wn-v I-n-ens B[p-\nI IYm-Ir-p-Ifn Ds-Sp-m Ign-bn Fv sI. ]n. i-cs\ t]mse-bp-ff \ncq-]-I A`n-{]m-b-sn-p-v. D-cm-[p-\n-I-Xbvv Ipdp IqSn Ab N-Iq-Sm-b-Xn-\m Hcp ]t AXn
Ds-Sp-m Ign-t-p-sap IqSn Atlw Iqn-tp-p. ihm-k-\-sa IY-bn
AIv_ I-n Cs\ ]d-bp-p.
""ssZhw Hcp IYm-Im-c\
- m-sWv
arX-tZlw Hmp. Hcp IY
]d-bm IY krjvSn-Xp t]mse
bpn `{Z-amtWm kwi-b-Xo
XamtWm Fsmpw t\m-an-.
ssZhw krjvSn-bn F{X-am{Xw
kzX-{-\mWv A\n-tj-y\mWv''
CtX hmIy- D]-tbm-Kn-mWv At-l-ns IY-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-fmb kzmX{yw, An-jvT-X, A\n-tj-[yX Fnh \ncq-]-I FSpp Imp--Xv Fm Cu hmIynS-bns Hcp sshcpyw Hfn-n-cn-p-v. IYm-Irv Xs krjvSn-bn kzX{\pw A\n-tj-[y-\p-sa-nepw A\p-hm-N-Iv At-l-ns IrXn Fs\ A\p-`-h-sSpp Fp-f-fXpw {][m\w Xs-b-s.
AIv_ I-nens "Aym-]I IY-I' Gtd {]kn--am-Wv. X\nv ]cn-Nn-X-amb
kvqfpw ]cn-k-chpw AhnSps k--amb A\p-`h
- -fpw \aw Ie `mj-bn AhII

15

X-cn-n-p [mcmfw Aym-]I IY-I At-l-n-s-Xm-bn-p-v. AIv_ I-nens

Aym-]I IY-I-sf-p-dnv ]d-bp-tm Imcq \me-I-WvT-]n-f-f-bpsS Aym-]I IY-I-fpambn tNp shp ]d-bm-\pf {]h-WX \ncq-]-I-cn-ep-v. ss{]hv FbvUUv kvIqfp-Ifn Ipd thX-\-n\v ]Wn-sb-Sp-t-n-h Aym-]-I-cpsS Zmcn-{Z-ns IY-I-fmWv
Imcq ]d-bm {ian-n-cp-s
- X-n amdnb hyh-b
- n i-fhpw kpc-n-XX
- z-hp-ap-ff Aym]I hrn-bnse Agn-a-Xnbpw PoW-X-Ifpw sXmgn-en-t\m-Sp-ff amdnb at\m-`m-hhpw t\cnb
\aw Ien-]-d-bm-\mWv I-n {ian-p--Xv. "Am-Sn-\n-e-hm-cw, GUvam-jv, ]cn-an-XnI, ]yq _mte-, kvq Ubdn XpS-nbh CXn NneXv am{Xw.
t\ \w Ien-bp-ff IY-]-d-n coXn-bmWv At-l-n-t-Xv. Pohn-Xns ko-X-I, sshcp-y-, I]-S-\m-Sy- XpS-n-b-hbpw Atlw Xpdp
Imm {ian-n-p-v. av ka-Im-enI FgpvImsc t]ses Xm Pohn-p \mSpw
\mp-Imcpw At-l-ns IY-Iv hnj-b-am-bn-on-p-v. \mS coXn-bn IY-]-dbm-\p-ff At-l-ns coXnsb ]e hnai-I\pw mLn-p-p-v.
Abp-n-I-Xbpw, {`am--I-Xbpw At-l-ns Nne-I-Y-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-fmWv.
hnhn[ kml-N-cy--fn \np-ff hyXvIn-I ac-W-n-tev Hcp ap-dn-bnpw IqSmsX
ISp sNp "Bdmw Imew' F IY CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. s]mXp-ioj-I--fmbn
IY-Isf {Ia-s-Sp-p BJym-\-co-Xnbpw Atlw kzoI-cn-n-p-v. t]mfnv tj-s\
s]mXp-ioj-I-n\v Iogn Nn-ns hen-w, If-f-thm-v, {^o Fo sNdp-ioj-I {Ia-s-Spn Fgp-Xnb IY CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ck-I-c-amb IYm-ioj-I-fmWv asmcp {]tXy-I-X. "Ipn-m-p t]mb hgn, C\n \apv djo-Z-sb-Ip-dnv kwkmcn-mw, InW-n hoW ]qsb Fs\ Ib-mw, hS-I-c-bn \npw ]p\-n Ip_vZp-ff hnfn-pp' XpS-n-bh DZm-l-c-W-.
]pXnb Ime-ns AXn-Po-h-\ X{-fmWv AIv_ I-n Xs "]pXnb hmXnep-I F IY-bn Bhn-jvI-cn-m {ian-p--Xv. At-l-ns av Nne IY-I-fnteXvt]mse Abp-n-I-sap tXmn-n-m-hp Hcp {`am-I A-cow Cu IYsb
hebw sNbvXv \np-pv. UnPn- bpK-ns krjvSn-bmb Iyq-dpw Cs\pw
tkmjy aoUn-bbpw Fmw tNv krjvSn-p ]pXnb temI-{I-a-sbpw AXv Pohn-Xn-ep-m-Ip Zqc-hym-]-Ia
- mb kzm[o-\t- bpw Ipdnv ae-bm-f-n Ctm [mcmfw IYI Dmbn hcp-p-v. Chsb ssk_ IY-Is
- f-mWv s]mXpsh hnfn-m-dp-ff
- X
- v. tkXp,
N{-a-Xn, Sn.-hn. sImp-_m-h, XpSn ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-bnse ka-Im-en-I-cmb ]e Fgp-pImcpw Ccw ssk_ IY-I cNn-n-p-v. As\ t\mptm Hmqpw Iyq-dpw
UnPn- sIWnbpw {][m\ m\-pw- Nnetm {]Xnm-\pw hcp "]pXnb hmXn-epI' B hIp-ns]Sp-m-hp-X
- m-Wv.
Hmq-n Nmv sNbvXv Xfp-d-p d\n-X, Hcp ]pcp-js tXmn ap\-bn-temWv DWs-gp-tpXv. `h-\-t`-Z-\hpw, _emkw-K-hp-amWv Xs Dt-i-sav
Xpdv ]d-bp B If-f\pw AXns\ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn Dsmp {]Xn-I-cn-p s]Ipnbpw ]pXnb Ime-ns s]cp-amX{-am-bn-mWv IYm-Irv ImWp--Xv. `h-\-t`-Z\w
_emkwKw XpS-n-bh A{X-ta kzm`m-hn-I-amb Hcp kaq-l-amWv \psSsXpw IYmII

16

Irv Dt-in-p-X
- v. HSp-hn Xm Xs \nn-s-Sp UnPn- sIWn-bn-eqsS If-fs\
Imdn ]qn-bn-p-shv s]Ip-n-bpw A\p-hm-Ncpw Biz-kn-p-p. s]Ip-n-bpsS UnPn ]cn-m\w ChnsS D]-Im-ca
- m-Ip-p. Fm Cu [mc-W-Isf XInSw adnv sImm-Wv
I-Y-bn "Sznv' Dm-Ip--Xv. sNdp--m-c kpJ-ambn CXns\ t`Znv ]pdv hcn-Ibpw
Ahsf s]mn-sb-Spv ASp hmXn-en-\S- p-tv sNp-n-S-mWv IY Ah-km-\n-p-Xv. ChnsS hyh-m-]n-Xa
- mb coXn ]p\:m]n-s
- -Sp-p. Iyq--tdm, UnPn- kmt-XnI
hnZytbm Hcp s]Ip-nsb Hbvv \np-hm {]m]vXb
- m-n Fpw AXns\ t`Zn-m
ssPho-Ia
- mb in-tbmsS Hcp ]pcp-j\v km[npw Fp-ap-ff ]gb Nn Xs-bt IYmIrv ]I-cp-Xv Fv kwi-bn-t-n-bn-cp-p-p.
ssk_ temI-ns ambn-I-X-Isf Ipdnv IY-]-d-bp Atlw IY ]d-n
coXn-bpepw ssk_ `mj D]-tbm-Kn-m a\:]qw {ian-p-p-v.
DZm:- Abm-fpsS Ip-I Ah-fpsS ico-c-ns HSn-hp-I-fn-tepw hSn-hp-I-fn-tepw
"U_vnv' sNbvXp-sIm-n-cp-p.
IqSmsX IY-bnse IYm-]m-{X--fmb d\n-Xbpw If-f-\p-samw Hcp shNz dnbm-enn
am{X-amtWm Fv A\p-hm-N-Iscsmv tXmn-n-p Hcp BJym\ X{w IYm-Irv
kzoI-cn-p-p-v.
Cv Ime-lc
- W
- s
- v t]mb Hmqv AXnse kmt-Xn-I]
- Z-
- f
- mb "dnIzv' "kv{Imv'
XpS-n-b-h-sbmw IYm-Irv D]-tbm-Kn-p-p-v. A\p-Zn\w A]vtUv sN-s-Sp \ham-[y-a-tem-Iv Ccw Ime-l-c-W- kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. Chsb A[n-I-cnv IY cNn-ptm hfsc {in-t--Xp-v. IY ]noSv hmbn--s-S-W-sa-n A\p-hm-NI\v ck-\ob-am-Ip Ftm NneXv IqSn IcpXn shbvt-X
- p-v. As-n Ime-lc
- W
- s
- v t]mIp
Hmqvt]msebp-ff k--tfm-sSmw Ccw IY-Ifpw t]mbva-dbpw.

II

17

samUyq-3
\mSIw
em-evan
{ioI-WvT \mb

aS-hq.-Fk
- v.-\o-eI
- WvT]n-f-fb
- p-sSbpw ]c-hq am[-hn-pn A-bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn 1928 BWv {ioI-WvT \mb P\n--Xv. hnZ-ymYn-bm-bn-cn-p-tm Xs k-zm-X-{-y-k-a-cn BIr-jvS-\mb Atlw 1948- AJn-te-ym hnZ-ymYn tIm{K-ns {]kn-U-mbn. tZi-_p hmcn-I-bp-sSbpw tIc-f-`q-j-W-n-tbpw ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cpp. A-Xp-I-fnemWv Atlw \mS-I-c-N\ Bcw-`n--Xv. At-l-ns \mS-I-sf {]l-\-k-z-`m-h-ap-f-f-h,
kmaq-ln-I-\m-S-I-, cmam-b-W-I-Ysb Bkv]-Z-am-n-bp-f-f-h, X\Xp \mSIw Fn-s\
hnhn[ hn`m-K--fm-m-hp--Xm-Wv. As ae-bmf \mS-I-v `mc-X-n-ttbm tIcf-n-ttbm an thcp-I-fn-sv a\-n-em-nb Atlw Xs \mS-I
- -fn \mtSm-I-em]m-c--cyw IqSn kn-th-in-n-m {ian-p. Cusbmcp e-y-tmsS Atlw cNn \mS-IamWv Ien. Ah-X-cWw e-y-am-n-bmWv Atlw \mS-I-c-N-\-bn-tes--sX-nepw Ahbnse Imh-ym-I kw`m-j-W- Db kmln-X-ya
- q-e-y- Dsm-f-fp--h-bm-Wv.
cmam-b-W-\m-S-I-{Xn-Xbw F t]cn Adn-b-s-Sp Im-\-koX, kmtI-Xw, emevan Fn-h-bn-eq-sS-bmWv {ioI-WvT\m-b ae-bmf \mS-I-km-ln-X-y-n Nnc-{]-XnjvT
t\Sn-b-Xv. 1961- Im-\-ko-Xbpw 1975- kmtI-Xhpw 1976- em-e-vanbpw ]pd-p-hp. ]pcm-W-I-Ym-]m-{X-sf D]-Po-hn-p-mb kmln-X-y-IrXnIfn-e-[n-Ihpw Imev]-\n-I-XbpsS AXn-`m-hp-I-X-z-ap-f-f-h-bm-bn-cp-p. ]nm-ev Fw.-Sn.bpw amcmcpw ]n.sI _me-IrjvW-\p-sams CXn-lm-k-I-Ym-]m-{X-v am\p-jn-I-`mhw \In Ah-X-cn-n-p-I-bp-mbn. {ioI-WvT \mb Ccw IYm-]m-{X-sf AXp-e-y-]-cm-{I-an-I-fmbn A-h-X-cn-n-p-tXm-sSmw am\p-jn-I-amb Zu_-e-y- DNn-X-ambn Ah-cn hnf-n-tp-Ibpw sNpp. ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-Im-cam Ah-K-W--sXv tXmn-p IYm-]m-{X--fpsS at\m-KX-fpw `mh--fp-amWv {ioI-WvT \mb-cpsS \mS-I-v angn-th-Ip--Xv. {SmPnIv kev]--fpsS ]q-X-bmWv em-e-van-bpsS apJ-y-k-hn-ti-j-X.
]qhmw
e-bpsS {]th-i\ tKm]p-c-amWv cwKw. cm{Xn Hcp cm-kn-bpsS cq]w Ah-y-ambn ImWmw. Ccp-fn-eqsS l\p-am IS-p-h-cp-p. l\p-ams {]l-c-tav cmkn \new
]Xn-p-p. hoWn-Sv \nv Fgp-tp cm-knv kp-chpw Znh-y-hp-amb tZh-Xmcq]w ssIh-cp-p. {_m-hns im]-ta--Xp-sIm-mWv tZh-X-bmb X\nv cm-kn-bpsS
cq]w ssIhv e-bpsS Imh-em-fmbn \nt-n-h-Xv Fpw, em-evan l\p-ams\
II

18

[cn-n-p-p. l\p-ams {]l-c-m X\nv im]-tamw e`n-n-cn-p-p-shpw emevan l\p-ams\ [cn-n-p-p. l\p-am koXm-]l
- c
- W IYbpw Xs ZuX-yhpw hnh-cn-pp. l\p-am\v th \nt-i
- fpw ap-dn-bn-p-If
- pw \In Hcp bpK-k
- nv \nan-a
- mWv
\osbv Hmn-np sImv em-evan \n-]qhw bm{X-bm-Ip-p.
e-bpsS sFi-z-c-y-amWv em-e-van. e Akp-c-cm-P-[m-\n-bm-sW-nepw tZh-X-bmb
evan AhnsS A[n-h-kn-p-p. Hcp thf em-evan e-hn-sm-gn-bp--tXmsS e-bpsS
aIp-S--fn B]-ns Idp taL- Dcpp IqSp-p. AXn \nmWv em-evan-bnse \mS-I-_oPw apf-s]m-p--Xv.
Hm-aw
cmh-Ws k`m-a-WvU-]-amWv cwKw. cmh-Ws amXp-e-cmb hr-\mb hncq-]m-\pw
a[-yh
- b
- k
- vI\
- mb kp]mviz- \
- pw, cmhW ktlm-Zc
- Ipw`-IWs ]p{X \nIpw-` (a-{n),
cmh-W-]p-{X C{-Pn-v, bphm-hmb AXn-Im-b Fn-h-cpsS kw`m-j-W--fn-eq-sS-bmWv
Hm-aw hnI-kn-p--Xv. e ]Sp Ing-hn-bmbn Xon-cn-p-p-shv C{-Pnv Xpd--Snp-p. aqp-tem-Ihpw Pbn cmh-Ws sImm-c-n Hcp Imp-Ip-cv (l-\p-am) \Snb ]cm-{I-a--fn A-a-\mWv AXn-Im-b. \nIpw-`\pw l\p-ams ]cm-{I-as \nmc-ambn Ah-KW
- n-p-n-. cmh-Ws {]Xm-]I
- m-es AP-X
- b
- p-sSbpw sFi-zc
- y-
- n-sbpw
Hm-If
- n A`n-ca
- n-p hr-\mb hncq-]m- l\p-ams B{I-aW
- s Imc-y-am-p-n. AXns\ A{X Kuc-h-n FSp-t--Xn FmWv hncq-]m- C{-Pn-m-Zn- bp-hmsf D]-tZ-in-p--Xv. ]v kh-tem-Ihpw Iog-Sn cmh-W\pw Iqcpw e-bn-se-n-btm A--ch
- Ipw`o-\k
- nsb a[p-sh cm-k Xn-sm-p-t]m-bXpw cm-kI
- p-ens-X
- p-sIm-p-am{Xw a[p-hn\v cmh-W amv \In-bXpw hncq-]m- Hmp-p. cmhW\v kzw hwi-tm-Sp-ff {]Xn-]n IYm-cw-`
- n Xs CXn-eqsS \mS-I-Irv kqNn-np-p. D-hp-thn Fp hnp-ho-gvNbpw cmPmhv sNpw Fv C{-Pnv hne-bn-cpp-p.
Ipw`o-\k
- nsb Xn-sm-p-t]m-bX
- p-t]mse \nm-ca
- e Npp-s]m-Sn l\p-ams hcshv \nIpw-` hopw ap-dn-bnp \Ip-p. ZqXs (l-\p-am) hncp-Xp-sIm-q-lnmw
i{Xp-hns _ew FmWv \nIpw-`s A`n-{]m-bw. kp]mi-zs A`n-{]m-bhpw adn--.
Xpd-p-]d- v Aip-`
- ns Icn-\n-g cmh-Ws\ t_m[ysSp-W
- s
- av Atlw ap-ff
- hsc D]-tZ-in-p-p.
ssIIkn ]p{X-\mb cmh-W e hos-Spv hwis cn--tm XpW-bmbn
\n B Hm-I-fpsS hoc-y-n Ctmgpw Ign-p-Iq-Sp hncq-]m-\v ebvv Aip`w
hcp-p-shv kp]mi-z ]d-Xv kln-m-\m-Ip-n-. Bcpw B{I-an-m ss[cyw
ImWn-m ebvp t\sc Nnd-sI-p cma CjvS-]-Xv\nsb hos-Sp-m-\p-ff t]mcn\mWv Hcp-p--sXpw AXn\v GsXm-cp-h-t\bpw t]mse cma\pw Cc-n-_-e-ap-m-bn-cn-psapw kp]mi-z ]d-bp-p. _men-h[w cmas in-p-ff sXfn-hm-sWpw \mw
DWp-X-s-bn-cn-W
- -sapw \nIpw-` ]d-bp-p. bp-X{w \ho-Ic
- n--W-sav Dd--kz-c
- n C{-Pnpw {]Xn-Ic
- n-p-p. CXv tIp-sIm-p-hc
- p ]S-\m-bI
- {]l-kvX (cm-hWs asmcp Am-h) Cm-cyw A-t\mSv t\cnp Xs ]d-bm cmh-W]
- p-{X-t\mSv D]-tZin-p-p. e-bpsS Bbp[ hoc-y-nepw cm-k-ho-c-y-nepw B-hn-i-zmkw Gsd-bp-ff
{]l-kvX cmas aNn-dsb INn-d-sIn {]Xn-tcm-[n-m-sav ]d-bp-p. cmas aNnII

19

dsb Ah-K-Wn-m C{-Pnv Hcp--am-bn-cp-n-. A\p-Iq-e-m-\v sIn-bm aNnd

Xs ebvv `oj-Wn-bmIpw Fm-bn-cpp C{-Pn-ns A`n-{]m-bw.
bp-X{- -s-- n-bp-ff Nbvv Xm-dm-hp {]l-kvXs\ bp-X{w t]mse {][m\-amWv e-yi
- p-nbpw Fv kp]mi-z Hm-s-Sp-p-p. A\-ys `mc-yb
- vp-th-n-bpff bpw ebvv Fs\ `qj-W-amIpw F kp]mizs tNmZy-n-\p-ap-n BZyw
Ghcpw ]I-bv-p-p. {ItaW `n-{]-Xn-I-c-W--fmbn AXv amdp-p. bpw Hcp ioe-am-Wv.
ImcWw C. ImcWw Ah-iy-hp-an Fm-bn-cpp {]l-kvXs \ne-]m-Sv. Imc-Wh
- amcpw
t]c-n-Sm-fpw AS-nb Cu k`-bn kv{Xo A]-l-cWw N sNp-Xv \ Fmbn
AXn-Im-b. AXn-Im-bs A A]vk-c-mb [\y-am-enbpw A]-l-cn--s--h-fm-sWpw
Ah-fpS aI-\mb AXn-Im-b aWvtUm-Z-cn-bpsS aI-s\m-w- bm-tXmcp Ipd-hp-an-msX Cc-s] Ipp-s
- f-tm-se-bmWv hf-sXpw hncq-]m- Nqn-Im-Wn-p-p. aWvtUm-Zcnsbtmse amenbpw ebvv Ag-Im-Wv. sIn-e--amsc Ipdn-p-ff Cu N-I C{-Pnns\ Akz--\m-p-p. AgIv FhnsS Imepw Ic-pmetbm Am-sXtbm ssIsImf-fp-Xv cm-k[
- -amWv F-Xm-bn-cp-p \nIpw-`s \ne-]m-Sv. Ag-Ip-ff kv{XoIsf A]l-cn- hwi-hn-I-k-\-n-\p-ff t]mwh-gnbpw [-hp-am-sWv hncq-]m- IqSn-tNpp. hnI-k\
- -n-tbpw hn\m-i
- n-tbpw _oPw Hp-X-s-bm-sW adp-]Sn ap-ff
- h
- v
Ffpw Zln-n-. A]-l-cn--s b-In--c,-tZh, am\h PmXn-m-cmb s]In-Sm-
e-bn s]cp-In-bm AXv hwi-k
- -c-n\v CS-bm-p-sapw cm-kh
- w-i
- n\v ipnbpw
hocyhpw Ipd-v ]pXnsbmcp k-c-hwiw DS-se-Sp-p-sa-m-bn--cp-p kp]miz Dt-in-X
- v.
henb Imc-Wh
- am-cpsS amey-hm, kpam-en, amen A K-kv{Xo-bm-bn-cp-p. Xs
A-\mb cmh-Wt]mepw k-ca
- mWv Fv C{-Pnv Nqn-m-Wn-p-p. Ag-Ip-ff ]pcpjs\ tXSnb iq-W-J-tbmSv eva-W sNbvX {Iqc-Xbvv ]Icw tNmZn-m sN Jcq-j-W-{Xn-in-cm- sIm-s--Xns {]Xn-Im-c-am-bmWv cmh-W koXsb A]-l-cn--sXv
{]l-kvX \ymbw Is-p-p.
Cu N-In-sS-bmWv k`-bn-tev cmh-W {]th-in-p-X
- v. D]-h\
-
- n ]mnn-cn-p cma-]-Xv\nsb sIm-W-sa \ntiw {]l-kvX aptm-p-sh \nanjw AXn`o-I-c-amb i_vZ-tmsS e-bpsS Xmgn-I-pSw HSnp hoWp. cmh-W ]t Ipep-pn-. abs\ hcpn \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp--Xnepw A[nIw Db-c-ap-ff Xmgn-I-psS kzn Xs \nn-m cmh-W D-c-hn-Sp-p.
hnjvWp-hns Ah-Xm-c-amWv cma F A`yqlw Cu Ah-k-c-n hncq-]m-
cmh-Ws {i-bn s]Sp-p-p. ]v acp-s bmK-im-e-bn kn-ln-X-cm-bn-cp
C{, ba, hcp-W, ssh{i-h-W\ apX-em-b-h Xm Ahn-sS-sb-n-b-X-dnv thjw
amdn HmSn-c--s IY-tbmv cmh-W Nncn-p-p. Xs shm hnjvWp t]mepw
aSnp\n-Xv cmh-W Hmp-p. cmas apt--ns nXn-b-dn-bm hn`o-j-Ws\
hcp-m cmh-W Bh-iy-s-Sp-p.
hm\cssk\yw ISn-ds
- In C-sc-sb-n-bX
- mbn {]l-kvX kqNn-n-p. Nmc-\mb
imq-e cma-ssk-\y-ns \nP-n-Xn-sh-fn-s-Sp-p-p. hnym-New sXmv sXtm-p-ff
hm\-c-ssk\yw apgp-h Ds kp{Ko-hs \mb-I-Xz-n-ep-ff ]S hfsc hep-Xm-Wv.
t]mbpw an-en-f-p hnpw [cn cma-e-va-Wam kqcy-s\-tmse I-n-n-pII

20

p. Ah-cpsS ] \nc-h[n Znhym-bp-[- Dv. Ch-sb t\cn-Sm D]m-b-an-m-nmtWm koXsb sImm-\p-ff A`n-{]mbw Iq-n \np-b-sXv cmh-W ]p-tmsS
tNmZn-p. C{-Pn-mWv B A`n-{]mbw Dbn-sX-d- n-t- m "]qmsb Igp-n-dpn
sImp-Ib
- m-Wtm Ipn-Iv IuXpIw' Fmbn-cpp cmh-Ws {]Xn-I-c-Ww.
e-bpsS ]S \c-p-t]m-sbpw bp-X{w \ho-I-cn--W-sa-p-ap-ff C{-Pn-ns
A`n-{]mbw {]l-kvX\pw hncq-]m-\pw Ah-X-cn-n-m koXsb inc-ivtOZw sNbvXv cmae-vaW
- amp-ap-n shm Ah AkvXh
- o-cy-cmbn ]Xn-p-sapw bpw Ac-Ww
sIm-h-km-\n-p-sapw C{-Pn-v hopw A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. koXm-\n-{Klw cma-e-vaWam-cpsS hocyw Cc-n-n-m-\mWv km[y-X-sbpw koXsb Xncn-tn-p-I-bmWv
thXv Fpw kp]miz \nt-in-p-p.
koXsb Iw sImSpv cmh-W cmas kma--\m-I-W-sa-mtWm ]dp hcp-sXv hncq-]m- tNmZn-p-p. CXn-\p-ff cmh-Ws {]Xn-I-cWw Cu \mS-I-ns
a-am-Wv. koXm-]-l-cWw F Ipw sNp cmh-Ws\ B Ip-n \np-]-cn-bmbn
ImWm \s t{]cn-n-p \mS-Ir-ns D]m[n cmh-Ws \ymbo-I-c-W-n ImWmw.
""aqhp-e-I--fn Aaq-ey-ambn GsXm-p-tm, AXv e-bn-ep-m-h-Ww. tPjvT
ssh{i-hW
- s ]pjv]Iw \mw A]-l-cn-X
- v, B Znhy-hm-l\w e-bp-tS-Xm-hm-\mWv. {_mhns t]m em-[n-]-\p-f-f-Xm-Wv. kZm-in-hs N{-lmkw e-bpsS Bbp-[-p-cbvv
Ae-m-cw. Ht ebvv Cm-Xp-f-fq Ima-t[-\p. hcpW temI-p-shv \mw Ip,
hnfn-p, hn-. k-X-an-msX hmepw ^e-an-m--Xn-\m, \mw _em sImp-h-n. asmw e-bvp-v. kakvX ku-cy-fpw ku`m-Ky-fpw k{]u-Un-Ifpw
koXbpw e-bvp-Xs thWw. kv{XoPn-X-\ {ioPn-X-\mWv cmh-W. {ioXzw hnf-p
Fmw cmh-W t\Spw. ebvv AXv Ae-m-c-am-bn-cn-pw. cm-k-hw-i-n\v CuSp-hbv]m-bn-cn-pw''.
]noSv hn`o-j-W\pw cmh-W\pw Xn-ep-ff kwhmZw Hm-a--nse Ghpw {][m\-s `mK-amWv. cmh-W-amKhpw hn`o-j-W-amKhpw Xn-ep-ff Gp-ap- IYm-K-Xnv
IqSp-X angn-th-Ip-p. cma-]-s t\cn-Sm e-bpsS _ew t]mcmsX hcpw Fv
hn`o-j-W ap-dn-bnv \Ip-p. Fm cmh-W\v e-bpsS _e-nepw Xs AP-X-bpepw kwi-ba
- p-m-bn-cp-p-. koXsb hnp-sIm-Sp-m Xs-bmWv kp]miz-s\-tmse
hn`o-j-W-sbpw [tm]-tZ-iw. Fm t\Sn-b-sXmpw hnp-sIm-Sp-m-\p-f-f-X Fmbn-cpp cmh-W-s- \n-e-]mSv. Xs PohnXw t\--fp-tSXv am{X-am-bn-cp-p-shv cmh-W
]dpd-n-p-p. Xs t\--sf-p-dn-p-ff cmh-Ws `mjWw B-kvXp-Xn-bmbn Npcpp-n-. AXnse hwtim-m-cW Xm]cyw kzw hwi-tm-Sp-ff kvt\lhpw cmh-W\n kzmYX ImWm-\p-ff Bkzm-Z-I-cpsS {ia-sf \nho-cy-am-p-p.
cmas\ t\cn-Sm X\nv in-bn-spw koXsb hnp-sIm-Sp-m GXm-bpw
Xm kzoI-cn-m-sapw hn`o-j-W ]d-bp-p. [w ssIhn ebpw kXy-s-
- m
Cfn-p cmj-k-Iq-hpw s]mcpXn acn-m-\p-ff BZifmbn X\nv tXmp-n-sv
hn`o-j-W Xpd--Sn-p-p. ChnsS \nm A{]n-b-amb B-I kzoI-cn-tn hcpII

21

sa-X
- p-sImv Xm ehnSp-p-shv hn`o-j-W ]d-bp-p. cmPy-tamlw sImmWv hn`oj-W cma-]w tNcp-s
- Xv {]l-kvX Ip-s-Sp-p-p. hn`o-jW
- \v Imcm-{Klw \Im
\nt-in-p-p. kzP-\--fpsS c-I-\mb Xm Ahsc inn-m-\p-ff Icpv C\nbpw
t\Sn-bn-n-sv ]d-bp cmh-W hn`o-j-Ws\ t]mIm-\-\p-h-Zn-p-p. cmh-Ws kzP-\kvt\lw Xs-bmWv Chn-sSbpw {]I-Sa
- m-Ip-X
- v.

Aw cv
cmh-Ws k`maWvU-]-n hncq-]m-\pw kp]miz\pw Xn-ep-ff kw`m-j-Wn-eq-sS-bm-Wv cmw Aw XpS-p--Xv. [p{am-\pw {]l-kvX\pw bp-n h[n-s-n-cn-p-p. CX-dn kp]miz Zp:JnX\pw hncq-]m- A-a-\p-ambn ImW-s-Spp. hr-\m-sW-nepw Xm tijn-sI--h-\-spw cmPmRvP [n-cnpw Xm ]Sn-bn-d-psapw hncq-]m- {]Jym-]n-p-p. e-bpsS XI apIqn I kp]miz ac-Wns {Kojvaw e-bn hoin-Ig- n-n-cn-p-p-shv Dd-n-p-p. Zp:JnX-\mb kp]mizs\
Biz-kn-n-m hncq-]m- {ian-p-p.
ac-W-s ]S-\m-b-I {]l-kvXs hnpw XpWo-c-hp-ambn AXn-Im-b {]th-in-pp. acW ka-bv {]l-kvX ]d--X-\p-k-cnv hnpw XpWo-chpw {]l-kvXs tPyjvS\mb kp]miz\p \Ip-p. Imn Ce-I-sf-tmse e-bpsS ]X\w Hcp-an-m-sWv
ip`m-]vXn-hn-izmkw Xosc CmsX kp]miz ]d-bp-p. ImcWw cmPm-hns ]miz-fn s]mcp-Xn-bn-cp Xe-apd Ah-km-\n-n-cn-p-p. hncq-]m- hr-\m-Wv. Xm t]mcmSm Ign-hn-m--h\pw i{Xp-]w tNv cmh-Ws t\v ]kw Npgnb hn`o-jWs\pdnv AXn-Im-b ]pO-tm-sS-bmWv kwkm-cn-p--Xv. ]S-bn N-h hopw
Pohn-p--XmWv Ctm cmh-W-ssk-\y-n-\p-ff `oj-Wn. AXn\v cma-]-s klmbn-p Znhyu-j[
- -tfm Ah Xncn-d- n-bm-hp sshZy-mtcm e-bn-en-. lna-h ]mizn hf-cp Ahsb cm-k, am\-h, b, hm\c PmXn-bns--h kao-]n-m Ah
`qavSn-bn Hfn-p-sapw cmh-Ws\ Im Ah B-\miw hcp-n-tb-p-sapw
kp]miz ]d-bpp. cmh-W aqp temIhpw Iog-S-n-b-Xv Huj[--fpsS klm-bm-e Fv A-a-\mb hncq-]m- {]Jym-]n-p-p.
hn`o-j-Ws\ i{Xp-]
- t- v t]mIm-\\
- p-hZ- n--Xn C{-Pnpw AXn-Im-b\pw hncq]m-\pw Hcp-t]mse \ncm-i-cm-Wv. B-\m-in\pff Bbp[w Adn-p-sImv A
i{Xp-]--n\v km-\n--Xm-sWv AXn-Im-b Ip-s]-Sp-p-p. _men-sb-sImv kp{Kohs\ Injn-In--bnse cmPm-hm-nb AtX X{-amWv hn`o-j-Ws Imcy-n cma
kzoI-cn-p--sXv C{-Pnv \nco-n-p-p. hn`o-j-W\v inc-tO-Z-amWv hn[n-t-n-bncp--sXv hncq-]m-- A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. A-:]p-c-n Ctmgpw Ign-bp hn`o-jWs `mcy kc-ab
-- psS Xe-bmWv AXn-\p-ff {]Xn-hn-[n-sbv C{-Pnv ]d-bp-p. cmnw In\mhpw Iv A:]pc-neqsS Cg-p-\-S-p hnj-m-m-bmWv kc-asb C{Pnv ImWp-X
- v. Cu Ah-kc
-
- n thZ-hX
- n-bpsS kv{Xoaqew B]-p-m-Ip-sa im]w
kp]miz Hmn-n-p-p.
hn`o-j-W Hmm-p-dv Xs t\v ]kw Fdn-Xp Iv Nn-bn-em
cmh-W tXX-n Xfv \np-p-sh hnhcw imq-e [cn-n-p-p. C-Xp-tI
AXn-Im-b bp-cw-Kt- v HmSn-tm-Ip-p. XpSv cmh-W {]th-in-p-p. cm-kh
- oII

22

cy-an-m IrI-emkw Fv cmh-W hn`o-j-Ws\ Ip-s-Sp-p-p. Hcp hwis \in-nm B hwi-nt\ Ignbq Fpw hn`o-j-Ws XpW-bmWv cmas in-sbpw cmhW \nco-n-p-p. Fm-ht- cbpw ]d-b
- v cmh-W aWvtUm-Zc
- n-bpsS ]cn-Nc
- W
-
- n
hn{i-an-p-p.
A:]pc-nse KqV-th-gvN-I t]mepw XtmSv Xpd-p-]-d-bp-am-bn-cp-npw koXsb-p-dnv Hpw ]d-n-tm Fv aWvtUm-Zcn Nqn-m-Wn-p-p. koX ]Xn-{h-X-bmsWpw Ahsf hn-b-n-s-n B]-p-h-cp-sav Xm `b-p-p-shpw aWvtUm-Zcn
Adn-bn-p-p. Xosm-f-f-tev ]nS-bp-tm cmh-Ws Abvpw CtX `bw Dm-bn-cpp. AXv cmh-W-s\- [-cn-n-m aWvtUm-Zcnsb Ah Npa-X-e-s-Sp-n-bn-cp-p. Cu
Ah-k-c-n cmh-Ws adp-]-Sn-bn \ncm-ibpw \n-lm-b-Xbpw \ng-en-p-p-v.
""\mw kml-N-cy--fpsS XS-h-d-bn-emWv. C\n \mw koXsb hn-b-m ]S-bn tXmpsh-m-Ww''.
AXn-Im-bs ac-Wh
- m Adn-bn-p-sImv kp]miz IS-p-hc
- p-p. cmh-W Zp:JnX\m-Ip-p. AXn-Im-bs A [\y-am-ensb Biz-kn-n-m-\mbn aWvtUm-Zc
- n- [rXn-bn t]mIpp. Cu {]Xn-k-n-bn cmhW\v Ipw`-Is\ DWt-n-h-cp-p. Xs t\ct
DWm-Xn Ipw`-I p`n-X-\m-Ip-p. Xm Pohn-n-cn-p-tm tPyjvT
Bscbpw `b-t--Xn-sv {]Jym-]nv Ipw`-I bp-cw-Kt- v bm{X-bm-Ipp. Cu
ka-bv kp]m-iz-\p-am-bp-ff cmh-Ws kwhmZw Xs PohnXw ]mgvsN-eh
- m-bn-tm-bn-cptm
F B ]cn-tim-[-\bvv At-ls t{]cn-n-p-p. Ipw`-Ih[-tmsS Xm IqSpX GI-\mbn F t_m[w cmh-Ws\ _m[n-p-p. XpSv bpw \bnv C{-Pn-ns
anI-hn hnP-b-In-cWw cmh-W kz]v\w ImWp-p. appw ]npw CShpw hehpw t\mn
s]mcp-Xm C{-Pn-ns\ A\p-{K-lnv bm{X-bm-p-p.

Aw aqv
C{-Pn-ns t]mcm-hpw hncq-]m-s bp-{]-th-ihpw ]cm-{I-a\pw kp]miz\n \n-dn cmh-W ktm-jn-p-p. Fm e-bpsS Xmgn-I-pSw ]p\\nnm {]m]vXn-bp-ff inev]n-I H-Sw ]S-bn HSpn F-dn-bp-tm "A{Xbvv iq\yamtbm e'? Fm-bn-cpp cmh-Ws {]Xn-I-c-Ww.
Cu Ah-k-c-n-emWv amey-hm {]th-in-p--Xv. bp-n \nv cmh-Ws\
]nXn-cn-n-m B htbm-[n-I BhXpw {ian-p-p. Xs hwi-ns Dbbpw
]Xbpw A\p-`-hn--dn--h-\mWv B Imc-W-h. ame-hy--cm-hW kwhm-Z-n cmj-khw-i-ns inbpw Zu_-ey- Hcp-t]mse shfn-s-Sp-p. A[w Gsd sNbvXps]m-b-Xp-sImv aqhp-eIpw cmh-W\v \ndsb i{Xp- Df-fXv amey-hm Nqn-m-p-p.
Ctm bp-a kn-bm-Wm-hi
- y-sa Atlw \nt-in-p-p.
C{-Pn-ns ac-W-tmsS Xs ]X\w cmh-W apIqn ImWm XpS-p-p.
Atlw GXv \nan-jhpw IS-]p-gIn hogm-hp ha-c-ambn amdp-p. koXsb h[n--Wsa C{-Pn-ns \ntiw Hmv cmh-W AXn\v apXn-cp-tm aWvtUm-Zcn hne-pp. iq-W-J-bpsS amdnSw tOZn cma-e-va-Wam-sc-tmse Xcw-Xm-g-cp-sXv aWvtUmZcn Hmn-n-p-p. cmh-W\v t\- \nd PohnXw hnZq-c-amb Hcp Hm-bmbn A\p`-hs
- v XpS-p-p. Xncn-p-hc
- h
- n-\p-ff Ah-km\ {ia-sa \nebvv \nIpw-`n-eb
- nse tlmaw
II

23

XpS-cm aWvtUm-Zcn \nt-in-p-p. tlmaw apS-p-Ibpw aWvtUm-Zcn AwK-Z\

- m am\-`wK-n-\n-cb
- m-hp-Ibpw sNp-t- XmsS Xs Zpcw ]q-am-Ip-X
- mbn cmh-W\v t_m[y-s-Spp. ""\s i]n s]p-f
- psS \mp ^en-n-cp-s-n Ft \mw I_-\
- mbn \S-p\m-bn-cpp'' Fv im]s Ah-K-Wn cmh-W Hcp hop-hn-Nm-c-n\v apXn-cp-p. ameyhm hop-san [-]Xv\n aWvtUm-ZcnbpsS cw sImv Xne-I-a-Wn-bnv cmh-Ws\
bp--f-n-tev Bk--amb Zpc--n-tev bm{X-bm-p-p.
D-cmw
""ssiXyw IS-mepw ImWn-t\cw IqSn sabv InSp-pw-t]mse hmXn hnd-]qp-\np'' koX An-ip--bmb esb Xs `mK-ambn AwKo-I-cn-p-p. shn-Xn-fp DZ-b-nepw GtXm \oena tijn-p-Xv Ah Adn-bp-p. kthm-]cn Xm
kmnbpw Imc-W-hp-am-bn-cp-p-shv Xncn--dn-bp-p. e-bpsS An-]-co Ah-km-\ns-nepw koX-bpsS An-]-co _mn-bp-s kqN-\-tbm-sS-bmWv \mSIw Ah-km-\np--Xv.
cmh-Ws Pohn-X-nse Bm-Z--tfbpw hnjm-Z--tfbpw cmh-Ws Xs at\mhr-n-bn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-m-\mWv \mS-I-Irv {ian--Xv. \jvS-sa hmp-t]mepw A{]nb-am-bn-cp e-\m-Ys a\-n `uXn-I-kp-J-Pm-e- Akz--X-bn-tev Hgp-In-t-cpp-sh kp]mizs hmp-I Xd-pp. Xs PohnXw ]mgvsN-e-hm-bn-cptm Fv
Atlw kp]miz-t\mSv tNmZn-p-p-v. Iptd-qSn kn-Kv[X \nd L-n CtX
tNmZyw atm-Z-cn-tbmSpw cmh-W Bhn-p-p-v. ZpxJ-`m-chpw t]dn im]-{K-kvXcmbn Ae-bp a\p-jys Zpc--Po-hnXw Xs-bmWv em-e-van-bn {ioI-WvT\m-b
A]-{K-Yn-p-X
- v.
k`hpw Bi-bhpw hni-Z-am-pI
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

ZqX-s hncp-Xp-sIm-q-lnmw i{Xp-hns _ew.

]c-Zm-c-p-th-n-bp bpw ebvv Fs\ ipn-bp--Xm-hpw.
hnIm-k-n-tbpw hn\m-i
- n-tbpw _oPw Hp-X-s-bm-W-tm.As\m-Wp ktmjw atm-Zc
- n-bvpapmh-s.
]qm-sb Igp-n-dp-n-sIm-p-Ib
- m-Wtm Ipn-Iv IuXp-Iw.
AXp bp-X-{-a-, X{-bp--am-Wv. KXy--c-an-s-n {]tbm-Kn-mw.
koXsb Iev]w sImSpp kma--\m-IWw cmh-W, At?
AXv C{n-b-tKm-N-ctam AtXm, A\y-I-ev]-\tbm?
e-bvXv Ae-m-c-am-Ipw, cm-k-hw-i-n\v CuSp-h-bv]m-bn-cn-pw.
\nXy-a-m P-n AP-X AXnepw A\n-Xyw.
cmPy-a{w samgn-tb-Xv Fs IS-ab
- m-Wv.
t\Sn-bs
- Xmpw hnp-sIm-Sp-m-\p-X
-
- .
\mb-Is Nn-ipn A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS in-bm-Wv.
A{]n-b-k-Xy-am-hp-tm kzchpw ]cp-j-am-bn-tXm-pw.
[w ssIhn ebpw kXy-s--m Cfn-p cm-k-q-hpw s]mcp-Xn-a-cnm-\p BZi--fmbn F\nv tXmp-n-.
Fs am\-Zw Rm emfn-p Xz--fm-Wv. AXm-sWs aqey-hpw.
]qPm-]pjv]w F\npw sIme-tmc Atbvpw IqSp-X CW-pw.
II

24

18. \mw kzP-\--fpsS c-I-\mWv Ahsc inn-m-\p Icpv CXp-h-scbpw \mw

t\Sn-bn-.
19. ac-W-ns {Kojvaw e-bn hoin--gn-p.
20. Atm Imn Ce-I-sf-tmse ]X\w Hcp-an-m-Wv.
21. B cmPy-tam-lnsb ]e- Xp-mbn Non IS-en Fdn-tb--Xm-bn-cp-p.
22. B-\m-i
- n-\p Bbp[w Adn-p-sImv A i{Xp-hn\v km-\n--Xm-Wv.
23. AtX X{w e-bnepw {]tbm-Kn--Xm-h-Ww.
24. cmPy-X{- hpw _phm-eyhpw cm-sWv Adn-tb-n-bn-cn-p-p.
25. Hcp bp-nepw lrZy-amb Cu A\p-`hw Dm-bn-n-.
26. Ah Bcp ]d-mepw tIp-I-bn-.
27. Ah-s\-n IqSp-X tIm ka-\ne sXpw.
28. \psS PohnXw ]mgvsN-eh
- m-bn-cptm?
29. hniz-tP-Xm-hmb cmh-Ws ]Ip-Xn-bmWv ASp ]Xn--Xv.
30. A{Xbvv iq\y-amtbm e.
31. Hcmp asm-cm Imhe. Atbvp Ap-Xs Imh. A-bpsS inbpw
Ap-Xs
- .
32. e-bvs-s-nepw ipn tijn-p-p-s-n AXp `RvPn-p-I.
D]-\ym-k-sa-gp-XpI
1.
2.

Hcp hyn-bp-tS-sX--Xn-t\-m Hcp hK-ns ]pcm-W-am-bn-mWv \mS-I-Irv

em-e-vansb k-ev]n-n-p--Xv hni-Zo-I-cn-p-I.
cmh-Ws kz`m-h-Nn-{XWw F{X-tmfw kqva-am-bmWv em-e-van-bn Ah-X-cn-s-n-p--sXv hne-bn-cp-p-I.

II

25

samUyq-4
Ch Fs {]nb kn.sP.
tdmkn tXmakv
{]ikvX \mSIIrv kn. sP. tXma-kn-s\-p-dnv At-l-ns kl-[nWn tdmkn
tXmakv Fgp-Xnb Poh-N-cn-{X-amWv "Ch Fs {]nb kn.s-sP. hyh-m-]n-X-amb Hnt\mSpw s]mcp-s
- -SmsX A\o-Xn-It- fmSv \nc-cw Ie-ln-p-sIm-n-cp Hcp Iem-Im-c\
- m-bncpp kn.-sP. Fv Cu Poh-N-cn-{X-n tdmkn tXmakv Hmp-p.
tdmkn tXma-kns ]nXmhv Fw.-]n. t]mfn-s tImtf-Pn Cwojv A[ym-]I
- -\mbn htm-gmWv tdmkn BZy-ambn kn.sP sb ImWp--Xv. saenv Akm-[m-cW s]mhpw Ihnfn-tev Hen-n-d
- p IrXm-hp-ap-m-bn-cp kn.-sP.-bpsS apJv sNdp-
- m-cs {]k-cntm
ktm-jtam Dm-bn-cp-n-. t]mkv tImtf-Pnse Ipn-I sNdp--m-c-\mb kn.sP sb
"sImp-km' Fm-bn-cpp hnfn-n-cp--Xv. Hcp sImp-Ip-n-bpsS emL-ht- msS kn.sP sb
ImWp-Ibpw kwkm-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvX BZy-Im-es
- mpw kn.-sP. Hcp t{]a-_m-[b
- mbn tdmknbn IS-p-Iq-Sn-bn-cp-n-. ]Xnsb kn.sP bpsS tdmkn-tbm-Sp kzmX-yhpw A-p
s]cp-am-hpw tdmkn CjvSs
- -Sm XpS-n. Am-ev kn.sP shdp-sX-bn-cn-p-Xv A]qhamtb tdmkn In-p-q. an-tmgpw Fgp-Xp-Itbm hmbn-p-Itbm Nn{Xw hc-p-Itbm
sNp-Ib
- m-hpw. F.-_n.-Fk
- ns IhNn-{X-f
- psS apgp-h IpI Av kn.sP mbn-cpp. kn.sP sbp-dnv aph ]d-p-m-nb Hcp A]-hm-Z-Y tdmkn Hmp-p.
kn.sP bpsS Xs IpSpw_nse Hcp hn[-h-bpsS Ahn-ln-X-K`-ns D-c-hm-ZnXzw
kn.sP bn Nmn i{Xp- {]N-cn-n IY tdmkn-bpsS sNhn-bnepw Fn. Ccw
Ibv]p A\p-`-h--fmWv mbn-bmb Hcp hnjm-Zm--IXzw At-l-n \ng-en-m CSbm-bs
- Xv tdmkn \nco-n-p-p. Cu kw`-h
- ns \nP-nXn Adn-X
- n-\p-tijw tdmknv
\nc-]c
- m-[n-bmb kn.sP tbmSp kplr-Zv_
- hpw Kpcp-`
- nbpw IqSp-X B{Z-am-bn. kn.sP
tbmSv thZ\Ie Ftm Hcp hnImcw tXmnpS-n. sk]vXw-_ kvs]j mkp-I
Xotijw kn.sP tIm-b-tv aS-n. Xm BZy-ambn kn.-sP.bvv Ab In
A-c--fp-m-bn-cp-n-sv tdmkn Hmp-p. Hcp ]-p-Xn-csb \oe--S-em-kn `wKnbmbn ]n-p-sh--Xm-bn-cpp B Iv.
]noSv kn.-sP hopw N-\m-t-cn-bn-tev h-tm an kmbm-
- f
- nepw Xs
A\p-P-n-tbm-sSmw tdmkn kn.-sP- bpsS Xmh-f-amb A-md kin-m-dp-m-bn-cpp. Nne Znh-k--fn ]{Xw hmbn-m\pw ]pkvX-I-sa-Sp-m-\p-ambn kn.sP tdmkn-bpsS
hon sN-pw. B ki-\-n-sS-bmWv kn.sP bpsS Ie-i-emb s]bnnwKv {`aw
tdmkn a\-n-em-p-X
- v. Ccp-hc
- p-tSbpw {]Wbw hon henb FXnp-If
- p-m-n. kn.sP
tbmSv henb aXn-p-m-bn-cp-npw Pmam-Xm-hmbn At-ls k-ev]n-m Fw.-]n. t]mfn\v
Ign-n-. hm-ey-\n-[n-I-fmb Xs amXm-]n-Xm-sf Cu t{]aw hmsX thZ-\n-n-pshv tdmkn Hmp-p. A[ym-]-I-\mbn h Xm t]mkm-dns aIsf Xn-sb-Spp
F A]-cm-[-t_m[w kn.sP bvpap-m-bn-cp-p.
]nXm-hns k-n kn.sP v ]ptcm-ln-X-\m-tI-n-h-Xpw ]noSv kn.sP
Xs ]ptcm-ln-X-p-mbw hen-p-Io-dp-Ibpw sNbvX ck-I-c-amb IY tdmkn Hmp-p.
bmtm-_mb kap-Zm-b
- nse DXvIr-jvS\
- mb Hcp ]ptcm-ln-X\
- m-mthn sNdpw apXte
II

26

kpdn-bm\n ]Tn-n-p. ]t kn.sP bvv ]ptcm-ln-X-\m-hm CjvS-a-m-bn-cp-p. Fm-eXv

]nXm-hn-t\mSv Xpd-p-]-d-bm-\p ss[cy-hp-ap-m-bn-cp-n-. simm- (]p-tcm-ln-X)
Bm-\p I-n\v sImp-t]m-Ip--Xns Xte-m B-l-Xy-sb-p-dn-p-hsc kn.sP. Nnn-p. ]ptcm-ln-X
- p-m-b
- msc tImtf-Pn s]mXpsh ]cn-lm-ka
- m-bn-cp-X
- p-sImv
kn.sP bpsS tImtfPv hnZym-`ymkw Xmdp-am-dm-bn. kn.-sP. ]ptcm-ln-X-p-mbw Ducm
Xs Xocp-am-\n-p. bYm-n-Xn-I s\n Npfn-p. Ipm-b-aq-cn-sb-nepw kn.sP bpsS hopIm At-ls "sNm-' F hnfn XpSp. hopIm-cpsS FXnv cq-am-b-tm
kn.sP bn\nv AI-em {ianv tdmkn Ipsd-\m Ip-I t]mepw Ab-n-. ]t
kn.sP bpsS \odp Ip-I tdmknv hp-sIm-t-bn-cp-p. B ka-bv tdmkn
Beph bp.-kn. tImtf-Pn ]Tn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Hcp Znhkw kn.sP bpsS A-bpsS acW-hm Adn-bn-p-sIm-p ImUv hp. B Abvv Xs-Im-Wm Gsd B{K-lap-m-bn-cp-p-shpw Xs Ipw t^mtmbpw Xw- t\mn A hmbn-mdpw ImWm-dpap-m-bn-cp-p-shv ]noSv tdmkn ap--h-cn \n-dn-p.
kn.sP bvv \smcp tPmen-bp-m-bn-cp-s-n hop-Im-cpsS FXnpw {]iv\--fpsams Ipsd Xop-In-p-sav tdmknv tXmn. Fw.F bvv tNv ]Tnv nc-amb Hcp
tPmen km-Zn-m tdmkn kn.sP sb D]-tZ-in-p. a{Zm-kn Fw.enn\p tNp ]Tn-m
kn.sP Xocp-am-\n-p. Iqm-p-Ip-fs Hcp N-bn-ep Hcp ]oSnI ]W-b-sa-gpXn Bbncw
cq]bpw hmn kn.sP a{Zm-kn-tev Xncn-p. {]kn-Ukn tImtf-Pn {]th-i\
-
- n\v Aev]w
ssIa-Wn-bpsS Bh-iy-ap-m-bn-cp-p. kn.sP AXn\p Xm-dm-ImsX ]T-\t- am-la
- p-t]-n-p.
Am-e-mWv kn.sP Fw. tKmhn-s\ ]cn-N-b-s-Sp--Xv. Fw. tKmhn- sIb Hm^n-embn-cp-p. kn.sP bpsS a{Zm-knse tahn-em-kw. D-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-n\v a{Zm-kn t]mb
kn.sP bvv tKmhn- F Bm kplr-ns\ Inn-b-Xp-am{Xw anw. Am-ev
Pb-tI-cf
- b
- nh At-l-ns teJ-\- tdmkn hmbn-p-am-bn-cp-p. anXpw \ninX
hnai-\
- f
- m-bn-cp-p-shv tdmkn Hmp-p.
tdmkn-bpsS honshv amXm-]n-Xm--fp--tm am{Xta Ccp-hcpw Ip-ap-m-dp-mbn-cp-p-q. bp.-kn. tImtf-Pn tN-Xn-\p-tijw amk--fmbn kn.sP sb In-cp-n-.
F-s\bpw Hp ImW-W-sav tdmkn kn.sP bvsgp-Xn. X Fd-Wm-Ip-fv ta{Ss
IqsS tjmnw-Kn\v hcp-p-spw sPn--Sp-p _jo-dns _pvmfn kn.sP sb
In-s-n t\sc Imb-en-te-s-Sp-p-Nm-Sp-sapw `oj-Wn-s-Spn tdmkn-sb-gp-Xn. tdmknbpsS t{]a-IY ta{S\pw Iqp-Im-cn-Ipw Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-p. "\nsfmp kwkm-cn-sp
IcpXn temIw CSnp hogp-I-sbm-p-an-s-m-bn-cpp ta{Ss \ne-]m-Sv. kn.sP kabpXs hn-cp-p. kn.sP v CjvS-s ]-km-cn-bmWv tdmkn DSp-n-cp--Xv. HuNnXy-t_m-[-ap ta{S\v Ahsc ko hyq tlm-en t]mbn DuWp-I-gn-m A\p-h-Zn-p.
ImWp--h ImWs F `mh-n Av kn.sP bvsmw kss[cyw ^qSv]m-n-eqsS
sRfn-p-\-S-Xv tdmkn Xam-i-tbmsS Hmp-p. kzIm-cy-ambn Dm-\m-bn-cpp tdmknbpsS B{K-l-sa-nepw s]mXp-lm-fn-en-cn-m-\mWv kn.sP Xm]cyw ImWn--Xv. Btcm
]dv CXv tdmkn-bpsS hon-e-dn-p. Xm Fgp-Xn-bn-mWv kn.sP Fd-Wm-Ip-fv hsXv tdmkn A-tbmSv ]d-p.

II

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{]Ir-Xnv sImSp-pI
Zbm-_mbn
at[yy-bnse BZna tKm{X-hn-`m-K-m-cpsS D-a-\-n\v thn {]hn-p aebm-fn-bmb kmaq-ly-{]-h-I-bmWv Zbm-_mbn F t]cn {]i-kvX-bmb tagvkn amXyp.
a[y-{]-tZ-inse D\m-S BZn-hmkn {Kmao-W-cpsS Pohn-X-n kaq-e]
- c
- n-h\w krjvSnm Zbm-_mbnv km[n-n-p-v. _olm, lcn-bm-\, a[y-{]-tZ-iv, alm-cm-jv{S. ]n-a-_wKm Fn-hn-S--fnse tKm{X-hn-`m-K-m-cpsS Ah-Im-i-p-thn Ah \S-nb Hbm t]mcm-- temI-{i t\Sn-bn-p-v.
{]Ir-Xnv sImSp-pI F teJ-\-n Zbm-_mbn ap-kw-c--W-n-tbpw
Pe-kw-c
- W
-
- n-tbpw {]mtbm-Kn-I]
- m-T
- ]p-sh-bvp-p. cmk-hf
- I
- o-S\
- m-in\n {]tbmK--fn-eqsS hnj-en-]vXhpw Xcn-ip-am-bn-Xo-cp av kwc-n-t--Xns Bh-iy-I-X-bntev Ah hnc Npp-p.
BZn-hm-kn-In-S-bn \o-S-kw-c--W-n\v ]c--cm-K-X-amb coXn-I-fp-m-bncp-p. Pe-e-`yX t\mn-bmWv Ah-cpsS "_kvXn-'I cq]w sIm-Xv. apw Pehpw kwcn- m-\ p {]Ir-Xn-] m-T - B[p-\n-I- X- b psS Ipsm-gp- n BZn-h m- k n- Iv
ssItamiw hp. a[y-{]-tZ-inse _dq {Kma-nse apw cmk-h-f- apdn-thnv
Xcn-imbn XpS-n-bn-cp-p. alp-hm, ANm, Nntcmn XpS-nb GXm\pw hr- am{XamWv Ahn-sS-bp-m-bn-cp--Xv. ag-m-ev an Dun-d-msX shw Ipn-sbmgpIn t]mIp-I-bm-bn-cpp ]Xn-hv.
av kwc-n-m agsb an-en-cp-m-\m-bn-cpp Zbm-_m-bn-bpsS BZy-{i-aw.
`qansb Xp-I-fmn. AXn-cp-If
- n apfw-ssX-I shp-]n-Sn-n-p. ag-p-gn-I Ipgn-p. Irjnbn-d-n-b-tm If-Isf In-p-I-f-bmsX anXs \nt-]n-p. AXn-cnse ]SpIsf AtX ]Sn \ne-\nn Nne ]pn-\- IqSn AXn-cp-I-fn shp-]n-Sn-n-p. CXv av
Hen-p-t]m-hm-Xn-cn-m klm-bn-p. Irjnsb ssPh-]-c-amb Hcp I-amn Xop-I-bmbn-cpp Ah.
abpw s\p-amWv BZyw Irjn sNbvX-Xv. sImbvX hnf-bpsS Xpw Ipnbpw
Hmtcm Ce-Ifpw In-p-I-f-bmsX anXs Aen-bm-\n-p. NmW-I-n-\p-thn ]ipsf hfn. anc Itmv D]-tbm-Kn-p. \mep-hjs a-tbm-sS-bp ]cn-N-cW-n-eqsS hc-p-Wn ImW-s-n-cp B `qan D-c-am-bn. Pe-t{km-X-p-Iv Poh
hp. Cv Cu `qan-bn ]g-fpw ]--dn-Ifpw Ing-p-Ifpw kpe-`-am-Wv. cmk-h-f-ap-]tbm-Knv tami-amb an ssPh-Irjn ]co-n-p-tm BZy-amZyw Imcy-amb hnfhv
Inp-I-bn-. CXmWv Ij-Isc ssPh-Ir-jn-bn \n-I-p--Xv. Fm ]Xps Xs
{Kma-hm-kn-I cmk-hfw Dt]-nv kzm`m-hnI Irjn-coXn kzoI-cn-p-shv Zbm-_mbn
kmy-s-Sp-p-p.
]mp-If
- n-eq-sSbpw \mS-I
- f
- n-eq-sSbpw ap kwc--W
- n-tbpw Pe-kw-c
- -W
- ntbpw {]Ir-Xn-]mT Ah tKm{X-hK-{Km-a
- f
- n ]Ip-\In. Xs `qan-bn Ah
\nc-h[n Huj-[k
- k
- y-fpw shp-]n-Sn-n-p. Ah-cpsS `qan-bpsS apn-eqsS IS-p-t]m-Ip-hv NqSp-Im-epw Ipfna A\p-`-h-s-Sp-p. hc ans\ Ipfna-tb-dnb hnf-`q-an-bmbn
]cn-hn-n-m Ah sNbvXXv ans\ {]Ir-Xnv Xncn-p-sIm-Sp-pI F efn-X-amb
Imcy-am-bn-cpp Ah sNbvXX
- v.
II

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Fgp-ns Cunw
efn-Xmw-_nI AP\w
sIms ]p\-eq-cnse Hcp bmYm-n-XnI \q-Xncn IpSpw-_-n 1909 emWv efnXmw-_nI A\w P\n--Xv. ]cn-an-X-amb Hu]-Nm-cnI hnZym-`ymkw am{Xw knn
AP\w kz{]-b-Xv\-m hmb-\-bp-tSbpw Fgp-n-tbpw temIw Iog-S-n. \q-Xncn
kv{XoI-fpsS ]Xn-Xm-h--bn a\kv s\m Ahv Fgp-n-eq-sS-bp kmaq-ly-]-cnjv-c-W-{i-a-v {]tNm-Z-\-am-bXv tbmK-t-a-k-`-bpsS {]h-\--fm-Wv. tI{--tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-A-m-Zan AhmUp-I t\Snb "An-kmn' F t\mh-emWv Ah-cpsS
Ghpw {]i-kvX-amb IrXn. "B-I-Y-bvsm-cm-apJw' F Ah-cpsS B-IY BZyIme \q-Xn-cn-k-ap-Zm-b-ns Pohn-X-n-tev shfnw hoip i-amb IrXn-bm-Wv.
Fm-hc
- p-sSbpw Pohn-X
- n hgn-n-cnhv krjvSn-p Am-Xa
- mb in-hn-tijw
Xs-bmWv Xsbpw Fgp-p-Im-cn-bm-n-b-sXv efn-Xmw-_nI AP\w Hmp-p. Phm-k-\-bp-s-n t]mepw Imew A\p-Iq-en-n-s-n Hcp Fgp-p-Im-c\pw hnI-kn-pn-. Fgp-p-Imv thXv kzmX-{y-amWv; Fpw [n-cn-m-\p kzmX{yw. Cu
kzmX{yw X\nv km-\n-Xv kzw `m-hm-sWv Ah \n-tbmsS kvacnpp.
A-\p-a
- -bpw hmb-\sb t{]mm-ln-n-n-cp-p. Fm kmln-Xy-hm-k\
- -sb, Fgp-ns\
FXnp-an-, t{]mm-ln-n-Xp-an-.
Xs kKm-I
- X aln-fm-am-kn-I-Ip \pp-\p-dp-p-If
- psS Fgp-n HXpn
\nnb Ime-mWv \q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-n \thm-m-\-ns Imp-hoin XpS-n-bXv. hn.-Sn.-bpsS "ASp--f-bn\nv Ac--tv' F \mSIw kv{XoI-fpsS hntam-N-\-]mXn-bn-tev shfnw hoin. CXv kap-Zm-b-n kaq-e-]-cn-h-\-n-\p \mn-Ip-dn-p.
Cu {ia-v {io.-a-p ]-\m-` \In-t]m ]npW AP\w Hmn-p-p.
a-ns BZi-[o-c-Xbpw {Im-Zin-Xzhpw ktlm-Z-c-k-ap-Zm-b-tm-Sp klm-\p-`qXnbpw Xs Pohn-X-n-tbpw KXn-Xn-cn-p-hn-sv Ah kmy-s-Sp-p-p.
\q-Xncn kv{XoI Hcp Imev A\p-`-hn-n-cp ]Xn-Xm-h efn-Xmw-_nI AP\w Xpd-p-Im-p-p. Ahv \ho\ hnZym-`ymkw \ntj-[n--s-n-cp-p. EXp-a-Xn-I-fmbm Ax-]p-cv ]pdw-tem-I-_--an-msX Ign-bm Ah hn[n--s-p. h-tmgpw
]pd-n-d-p-tm-gm-Is Hme-p-S-bp-tSbpw tNe-p-X-n-tbpw XpW-bm-fp-I-fp-tSbpw he-bn Ah izmkw apn. ]e-tcbpw \nm-c-Ip--n\v kvam-hn-Nmcw \Sn {`jvS-I-fmn.
bph-P-\-kwLw Ah-X-cn-n \mS-I--fn-eqsS \q-Xn-cn-kv{Xo-I-fpsS bYm-amb
PohnXw Iv ap kap-Zm-b-mqSn Io s]mgn-p-h-t{X. Cu Ne\w Ax-]p-c-kv{XoI-fnepw ]Sp. ]mhXo s\o-\n-aw-K-e-n-tbpw Bcy-]--n-tbpw t\Xr-Xz-n
Xrm-e-bnsh-p-\S- bph-P-\-k-am-P-n-tev Btd-gp-bp-h-Xn-I \n`bw IS-p-h-p.
Cu ]cn-jvI-c-W-{i-as BZyw ssI\on kzoI-cnv A`n-\-n-Xv ap ]-\m-`-\m-bn-cpp. AtXan-ep Hcp kzoI-cW
- a
- mWv Xtbpw hnap--bm-n-b-sXv A-P\w Hmpp.
amth-en-c
- b
- n shv \S-p \mb kt-f\
-
- n tLmj _ln-jvIc
- n AP\-v kzoI-cWw \Im av ]-\m-` Xocp-am-\n-p. AP-\-k-am-Pmw-K-
Gsd ktm-j-tmsSbmWv B hm kzoI-cn--Xv. IpSbpw ]pX-p-an-msX Pohn-X-nsem-cn-epw Ah ]pd-n-d
- n-bn-cp-n-. IpSpw-_-_---fpsS ]ncn-ap-dp-hpw bmYm-nII

29

Xn-Ic
- psS FXnpw, {`jvSc
- m-bn-tm-Ip-tam-sb `bhpw XS-a
- m-bn-cp-p. cpw Iev]nv amthen-c kt-f\
-
- n ]s-Sp-mXs Ah Xocp-am-\n-p. ASp-p alm-t-{X-n
t]mIpp F \mSy-n-emWv hon \nn-d-n-b-Xv. _kvmnse-n-b-tm IpS Zqscsb-dn-p. kmcn-bm-bn-cpp thjw. tbmK-e
- v A{]-Xo-n-Xa
- mbn Fn-s AP\-s
- f -Iv ap ]-\m-` Ap-X]
- -c-X-{-\m-bn-tm-bn.
amth-en-c aonwKv Ignv hon-se-n-b-tm nXn-K-Xn-I Ipg-p-a-d-n-cpp. A Kuc-h-]qw ]pn-cn-s-nepw A Xe-Xn Ic-p. IpSpw-_-nse ]cnjvIm-cn-I-sfv \Sn-n-cp A]v^amt]mepw Ahsc kzoI-cn-m Xm-dm-bn-. ]nXmhns {im-n\v A-t\m-sSmw DmsX Ah Cd-n-tm-bn. `r-Kr-l
- nse FXnv
IqSp-X ISp--Xm-bn-cp-p. Cu ]ncn-ap-dp--ns Ak-ly-X-bn \nsm-gn-bm hoSp-amdm-\p B{Klw AP\w As\ Adn-bn-p. A Ahv C-p-\npw Gsd
AI-se-b-msX Hcp hoSp ]Wn-Xp-\In. "`mkvI-c-hn-emkw' F B hon \n`-b-bmbn
PmXn-aX
- -t`-Z-at\y \nc-h[n kplr-p-v BXn-Yy-a-cp-fnb B Ime-mWv Xnse Fgpp-Imcn ]qW-hn-Imkw {]m]n--sXv A\w Hmp-p.

II

30