University of Khartoum Faculty of Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF B.S.C. (HONORS) IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Production of ACETONE Presented by: Doaa Mohammed 082015 Reham Altyeb 082017 Salsabeel salah 082018 Supervisor: Dr.Afaf Ghais July 2013DEDICATIONS THIS PROJECT IS DEDICATED TO OUR PARENT, OUR TEACHERS AND TO ALL OF OUR COLLEAGUES AND FRIENDS WITH LOVE AND RESPECT. TO ALL OF PEOPLE THAT WE LOVE AND RESPECT AND HELPED US, WE ARE VERY THANKFUL TO ALL THE PEOPLE WHO INSPIRED US WITH THEIR ATTITUDE AND UNLIMITED SUPPORT.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT WE WOULD LIKE TO OFFER OUR DEEP THANKS TO OUR SUPERVISOR DR. DR: AFAF GHAIS FOR HER UNLIMITED SUPPORT, GRATEFUL EFFORTS, GUIDANCEAbstract ‘The objective of this project is to design plant to produce Acetone from Isopropyl alcohol (IPA), with the rate of 10.000 ton per year. ‘The important SER Cisse: is dehydrogenation of (IPA) by catalyst(zine oxide),the main units of this process are one reactors and two distillation columns. Based on this process the materials, unit operations and processes involved are identified. Material and energy balances were sequentially carried out for each unit in the same order by which they appear in the rough flow sheet. Steady state simulation was done. The production rate Acetone was found to be 1151.01Kg per hour with purity of 99 %. Process equipment and ancillaries were designed with their corresponding control systems. Also economic viability of plant was studied and the plant found to be feasible. It has a positive net present value, payback period of one year and internal rate of returns higher than the prevailing interest rate. HAZOP and environmental analysis.ree ae Qdylry rll Go se gUBY Ghee punal coll goal) Be ChagyAneDlall FyelibeY! GUIYL y ASLDL al pall Gyo aed Cubes yy fue! pad Addl od Ob 10000¢1 Gade syns od 2+ Ustad! oe Gey ouell Uj! Lhe pastel aciilaall dele by Bibs Cay yal abit ya pao y Golde oh Libeell adel Apuliyh Glan gl (AE aaS 91) Sine 4g glk (gill 5 jill aly oan y USI ALI! y Sabah isle club e (glial, Canal) Crna .%90 oli ga dole JS pas 1151 .0lo sie! cll Uae ot sd aay Lal Sal pane & 5 pall Q) apy 3 ApleiiYl cg gan Lal ol yal oh LesSes ale Lunsl Ail ul yo Coals oailill ja Ga cle! glAlall ail) Gaeey die (26 adlsillsla ulList of contents Acknowledgment ii, Abstract iii. eal! iv. List of contents v. List of figures vi. List of tables vii. 1.1 Definition 1.2 History 1 1.3 Physical Properties of Phenol a 1.4 Uses 3 1.5 Reactions q 1.6 Hazard 4 1.7 Acetone environmental effects 5 1.8 Production 5 2.1 General Process Descriptions 7 2.2Chemistry 7 2.3Detailed Plant description 9 3.1Material Balance i 3.1.1 Introduction il3.1.3 Material Balance around Process Units 3.2 Energy balance 21 3.2.1 Introduction “yas aes 3.2.2 Calculations 34 4.1 Introduction 36 4.2 Reactor design: 36 4.2.1 Reaction Kinetics 39 4.2.3 Data for reactor design 40 4.3 Scrubber 41 4.3.1Input data a2 | 4.3.2 Data for scrubber design B 4.4 Distillation Column 44 4.4.1 introduction 44 4.4.2Plate Contactors 47 4.4.5 Specification Sheet 59 4.5 Design for IPA column 60 4.5.1 Specification Sheet ofacetone Distillation 60 Column S.LFlash 61 wl5.2.Heat exchanger 62 5.2.1 Introduction 62 5.2.2 Design Procedure 63 5.2.3 Basic Concepts and Equations 70 6.1 Introduction 72 6.2 Requirements of control B /6.3 Process variables B 6.4 Hardware elements of a control system 74 6.5 Classifications of control 76 6.6 Equipment Control 76 6.6.1 Heat Exchanger E-101 Control 78 6.6.2 Reactor temperature control 79 6.6.3 Heat Exchanger E-403 Control 81 6.6.4 Acetone Distillation column T-403 control | 88 7.1 Introduction 89 7.2. Acetone 89 7.2.1, Flammabili 89 7.2.2. Toxilogy a 90 7.2.3. Routes of Exposure 90 . Emergency and first aid 91 7.2.5.Personal protective equipment 92 . Storage and handlin; 92 vilopropyl Alcohol drogen 94 Environmental impact 98 Chapter eight E calle valuatio x 8.1 Introduction 98 8.2Cost Estimation 99 8.3 Fixed Capital Investment Estimation 101 8.4 Working Capital 101 8.5 Operating Costs (total production cost) | 102 |86Generalexpensess—=<“Cis~*i‘;*:*C«dSCSd 8.7 Net profit calculation 108 8.8 Project evaluation 110 9.2 Plant layout 9.3 Plant location 116 9.4,Site layout 116 Conclusion and Recommendations: 118 References 119 Appendix 120 villList of figures No. Figures Page Fig(1.1) 2-Propane structure 4 Fig (4.1) Packed tower scrubber 43 Fig) Plate specification 45 Fig(4.3) Sieve tray 47 Fig 4.5) | Factors Affecting Distillation Operation | 47 Fig (4.6) Gilland correlation 49 Fig( 4.7) Flooding velocity, sieve plate 53 Fig (4.8) weep-point correlation | 55 Fig (4.9) Discharge coefficient, sieve plate 56 | Fig (5.1) | Temperature correction factor: one shell 65 | pass; two or more even tube passes | Fig (5.2) Tube-side heat-transfer factor | 66 I Fig (6.3) | Tube-side friction factor. 67 Fig 6.4) Shell-bundle clearance. 68 | Fig(5.5) | Shell-side heat-transfer factors, segmental | 70 baffles. Fig(6.1) Control loop for preheaters 78Fig (6.2) condenser control loop 80 Fig (6.3) | Distillation column top pressure control | 83 loop. Fig (6.4) | Drum level control loop for distillation 85 | a | Fig (6.5) Reboiler level control loop 87 Fig(6.6) Over all distillation column 88 Fig @.1) | plant layout 117List of tables xl No Tables” Page Table 1.1 Physical Properties of Phenol 14 Table 6.1 The kinds of controllers suitable for the 75 common variables Table 6.2 Control Loop elements Identification 76 | ‘Table 6.3 | Elements of control loop for the heat exchanger | 77 E-402 Table 6.6 | Elements of control loop for the reactor T-402 | 78 Table 6.3 | Elements of control loop for the heat exchanger | 80 E-403 Table 6.7 Elements of control loop 84 Table 6.8 | Elements of control loop for reboiler liquid level | 84 control : | Table 8.1 The cost of the Equipment 101 Table 8.2 Direct Cost 101 Table 8.3 Indirect Cost 102 Table 8.4 Variable Cost 102 "Table 8.5 Fixed Charges 103 Table 8.6 General Expenses 103 Table 8.7 Depreciation of items calculation 104 Table 8.8 Net profit calculation 106 Table 8.9 Present value calculations for each year 107Chapter one INTRODUCTION1.1 Introduction: ‘Acetone (systematically named propanone) is the organic compound with the formula (CH;),CO. It is the simplest and the most important of the ketones. It is a colorless, mobile, low-boiling flammable volatile liquid with a mildly pungent and somewhat aromatic odor. It is miscible with water and with organic solvents such as ether, methanol, ethyl alcohol, and esters and serves as an important solvent in its own right, typically as the solvent of choice for cleaning purposes in the laboratory. Acetone is used as a solvent for cellulose acetate and nitrocellulose, as a cartier for acetylene and as a raw material for the chemical synthesis of a wide range of products such as ketene, methy! methacrylate, bisphenol A. It is also used in the manufacture of a wide variety of coatings and plastics. ‘Acetone is found naturally in the environment and is also produced by industries. ‘As a member of the ketone bodies it is present in very small quantity in normal urine and in the blood. Acetone occurs naturally in plants, trees, volcanic gases, forest fires, and as a product of the breakdown of body fat. The most familiar household use of acetone is as the active ingredient in nail- polish remover. 1.2 Literature review: 1.2.1 History: Acetone is probably produced for the first time in the middle ages. In any event it was well known at the beginning of seventeenth century and was used for various medicinal purposes during World War I; a method of producing acetone through bacterial fermentation was developed by Chaim Weizmann, to help the British war effort, Synonyms: Acetone also called 2-propanone, beta-ketopropane, propan-2-one and dimethyl ketone. 1.2.2 Chemical formula: (CH;COCHs) and its structure:1.2.3 Physical properties: Table .1.1 Physical properties: Property Value Molecular weight (g/m) 58.08 Boiling point at 760 mmHg 56.3°C. Flash point -18°C Freezing point -94,7°C ‘Vapor pressure at 20° _C 182 mmHg Specific gravity (20/20°_C) 0.792 Liquid density at 20° C 0.79 gem? Vapor density at 1 atm 2 Viscosity at 25° _C 0.33 Cp Surface tension at 25° _C 23.1 dynes/em Specific heat at 25°_C 2.44 j/gi?C Auto ignition temperature 465°C Evaporation rate (n-butyl acetate =1) 14.4 Solubility at 25° _C solvent in water 100% Hansen solubility parameters: Total 9.8 Non-polar 16 Polar 5.1 Hydrogen bonding 3.4 Partition coefficient, n-octanol/water(log Pow) -0.24 Flammable limits (vol.% in air) lower 2151.2.4 Uses of Acetone: As solve ‘Acetone is a popular solvent for many plastics and synthetic fibers including those used in laboratory bottles made of polystyrene, polycarbonate and some types of polypropylene. It is also used for thinning fiberglass resinspaint, vinyl, adhesives and varnishes. It can be used to dissolve epoxies and glue before and after it sets. It is also used to dissolve hazardous chemical spills, as a degreaser and as a cleaner. It is also used as a solvent cattier in many pharmaceuticals. It’s also used as a volatile component in some paints and varnishes. Although it’s itself flammable, is used extensively as a solvent for the safe transporting and storing of acetylene which cannot be safely pressurized as a pure compound. Vessels containing a porous material are first filled with acetone followed by acetylene, which dissolves into the acetone. One liter of acetone can dissolve around 250 liters of acetylene. Cosmetic uses: ‘Acetone has a long history in the cosmetic industry. It is commonly used in nail polish remover and in chemical peels. It is also used by make-up artists to remove skin glue on wigs and fake mustaches. Medicinal uses: ‘Acetone is used ina variety of general medical applications and is also listed as a component in food additives and food packaging, Dermatologist’s offices use acetone with alcohol for acne treatments to peel dry skin. Laboratory: It is used as a solvent in many chemical experiments and as an equipment cleaner. It is also used for safely storing acetylene, which is unsafe in its pure form. Domestic and other niche uses: Acetone is often the primary component in cleaning agents such as nail polish remover. Acetone is a component of super glue remover and easily removes residues from glass and porcelain. 3This chemical is also used as an artistic agent, when rubbed on the back ofa laser print or photocopy placed face-down on another surface and burnished firmly, the toner of the image transfers to the destination surface. Acetone can also be used in combination with automatic transmission fluid to create an effective penetrating oil. Brake fluid is sometimes used in place of ATF, These mixtures (usually 1:1) can be useful in loosening rusted or stuck bolts. e Asa Chemical intermediate: The amount of acetone used annually in the production of other chemicals is increasing. For example, the production of derivative solvents now accounts for approximately one-third of total acetone usage. Large amounts are also used in the production of methacrylates, This application begins with the initial conversion of acetone to its cyanohydrins: (CH),CO + HCN — (CH3),C(OH CN) In a subsequent step, the nitrile is hydrolyzed to the unsaturated amine, which is esterified: (CH;),C(OH)CN+CH;0H— CH)=(CH3)CCO2CH3+NH3 The second major use of acetone entails its condensation with phenol to give bisphenol-A: (CHs),CO + 2 CHsOH — (CH3)2C(CeHjOH)2+H0 Bisphenol-A is a component of many polymers such as polycarbonates, polyurethanes and epoxy resins. Acetone is also used in the production of acetone amines which serve as antioxidants for rubber, ketone, and various cosmetic products. 1.2.5 Hazards: 1. Flammability: The most hazardous property of acetone is its extreme flammabili temperatures greater than acetone's flash point of -20 °C (4 °F), air mixtures of between 2.5% and 12.8% acetone, by volume, may explode or cause a flash fire. Vapors can flow along surfaces to distant ignition sources and flash back. Static discharge may also ignite acetone vapors. Acetone has, however very high ignition initiation energy point, so accidental ignition is rare. Even pouring or spraying acetone over red-glowing coal willnot ignite it, due to the high concentration of vapour and the cooling effect of evaporation of the liquid. It auto-ignites at 465 °C (869 °F). Autoignition temperature is also dependent upon the exposure time, thus at some tests it is quoted as 525°C. Also, industrial acetone is likely to contain small amount of water which also inhibits ignition. 2. Irritating to eyes. 3. Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking. 4. Vapors may cause drowsiness and dizziness. 1.2.6 Acetone environmental effects: Acetone evaporates rapidly, even from water and soil. Once in the atmosphere, it has a 22-day half-life and is degraded by UV light via photolysis (primarily into methane and ethane). Acetone dissipates slowly in soil, animals, or waterways since it is sometimes consumed by microorganisms, but it is a significant groundwater contaminant due to its high solubility in water. The LD50 of acetone for fish is 8.3 g/L of water (or about 0.8%) over 96 hours, and its environmental half-life is about 1 to 10 days. Acetone may pose a significant risk of oxygen depletion in aquatic systems due to the microbial consumption. 1.2.7 Production: © Previously, acetone was produced by the distillation of acetate, for example calcium acetate: (CH3COO); Ca ——A———> CH;COCH3 During World War 1 acetone was produced via bacterial fermentation. This acetone butanol ethanol process was abandoned due to the small yields. © Acetone now is produced directly or indirectly from propene: (a) CHjCH = CH, + PdCh + HO ——> CH,COCH; (b) CHsCH = CH; + HSO, > CH,COCH,© Most commonly, in the cumene process, benzene is alkylated with propene and the resulting cumene (isopropyl benzene) is oxidized to give phenol and acetone: CoHsCH(CH3)1+ O2> CoHsOH +2(CHs),CO This conversion entails the intermediacy of cumene hydro -peroxide, CoHsC(CHs)2-O-O-H). This method is preferred technology because of its lower costs and nearly 90% of acetone is produced this way * Acetone is also produced by the direct oxidation of propene with a Pd(Il)/Cu(Hl) catalysts.2. Process Description The process purpose is to produce acetone from isopropyl aleohol (IPA) at the given conditions. This chapter is formed, some properties, manufacturing process of acetone. In manufacturing process, feed drum, vaporizer, heater, reactor, furnace, cooler, condenser, flash unit, scrubber, acetone and IPA columns are used 2.1 General Process Descriptions: At the beginning of the process, feed including i-propyl alcohol and water, and recycle stream are mixed in feed drum. From here, this mixture is send to vaporizer to change stream’s phase as vapor. After vaporizer, mixture is heated to reaction temperature in the heater. Reactor used is a tubular flow reactor. Acetone, hydrogen gas (Hz) are produced and water and i-propel-alcohol are discharged. The mixture with acetone, hydrogen, water, i- propyl-alcohol are sent to cooler and then to condenser. After condenser the mixture is sent to flash unit. Hydrogen, acetone, i-propyl-alcohol and water are obtained as top product. This top product is sent to scrubber to remove hydrogen. The bottom product of flash unit which is formed by acetone, water, i-propyl-alcohol are mixed with the bottom product of scrubber before acetone column. In acetone column, acetone is obtained from top product with 99 wt% .l-propyl alcohol and water and also 0.1% of acetone is sent to i-propyl-alcohol column from bottom product. The top product of this column is sent to feed drum and bottom product is thrown away as waste water. 2.2Chemistry: (CH3)2CHOH-> (CH3),CO+H> IPA Acetone Hydrogen 2.3Detailed Plant description: e Feed drum: Feed drum is a kind of tank used for the mixing of the recycle stream and feed stream. Recycle stream concentration was assumed to be same with the feed stream. The temperature of the feed stream is assumed to be 25° C, at 2 bar pressure, which is assumed to be constant.Chapter two PROCESS DESCRIPTIONe Pre-heater: Since the temperature leaving the vaporizer is not enough for the reaction a pre- heater was used. The unit is working at 2 bars, and assumed to be constant. The entrance and leaving temperatures are 109.5 C and 325°C e Reactor: The reactor was the starting point for the calculations. The temperature values for the entering and leaving streams were found from literature, which are 325” C and 350° respectively, The reaction taken place inside is endothermic, for this reason the reactor has tube heated. For heating, molten salt was used. The pressureis1.8bar and assumed to be constant. © Cooler: The entrance temperature of the cooler is 350° C and leaving is 94.7° C. For cooling, water was used. Instead of water a refrigerant may be used. Better results may get. But since it costs too much, it wasn’t chosen as the cooling material. From the temperature values it’s easily seen that the load is on the cooler not on the condenser, for this process. But in reality the unit cannot cool that much, and the load is mostly on the condenser. In this process, the mixture cooled down to its dew point. The pressure is 1.5 bar, and assumed to be constant. © Condenser: In the condenser water was used as cooling material. The leaving and entering temperatures are 94.7” C and 81° C , respectively. The pressure is 1.5 bar, and assumed to be constant. e Flash: Flash unit was assumed to be'isothermal, for this reason temperature was not changed. It is 81° C in the entrance and exit. The pressure is 1.5 bar, and assumed to be constant.© Scrubber: Scrubber was assumed to be adiabatic. The temperature of water entering the unit was assumed to be 25° C. The temperature of the off gas, including hydrogen and a very little amount of acetone, was assumed to 70° C. But this assumption is too high, a lower temperature should have been assumed, since a lot of water is used in the unit. It should have been around 40° C - 50° C. The temperature of the leaving stream was found to be 25.94? C.The pressure of the unit is 1.5 bar, and assumed to be constant. e Acetone column: The acetone column is used to separate the acetone from the mixture. The entrance temperature is 45° C. The leaving temperatures for the top and bottom product are 102.3° C and 105° C, respectively, which are the bubble and dew points. Top product of the unit includes acetone i-propyl-alcohol and 99wt% of the product is acetone, From the bottom i-propyl-alcohol, water and a very little amount of, 0.1%, acetone is discharged. The pressure is 1,1bar, and assumed to be constant. e IPA Distillation column: In IPA the distillation column, i-propyl-alcohol and water are separated. The entrance temperature is 105° C. The leaving temperatures of the top and bottom products are both] 11.5’ C. The top product is recycled to the feed drum. For this reason it’s assumed to have the same concentration with the feed stream. But in reality a very little amount of acetone exists in the stream. It’s calculated but neglected on the recycle stream calculations. The bottom product is assumed to be pure water and it’s thrown away. Since its temperature is very high it cannot be recycled to the scrubber. But if a cooler is used, a recycle can be used. The pressure is!.1bar and assumed to be constant,Vy CO) EMR Eg TM Tae 1 Fehue Vgar Hake Per fire et Sle eden PAC at waste weer i | / Pracess Flaw Diagran For Production Of dceone 103.Material and Energy balance 3.1Material Balance: 3.1.1 Introduction: Material balances are important first step when designing a new process or analyzing an existing one. They are almost always prerequisite to all other calculations in the solution of process engineering problems. Material balances are nothing more than the application of the law of conservation of mass, which states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed. Thus, you cannot, for example, specify an input to a reactor of one ton of naphtha and an output of two tons of gasoline or gases or anything else. One ton of total material input will only give one ton of total output, i.e. total mass of input = total mass of output. A material balance is an accounting for material. Thus, material balances are often compared to the balancing of current accounts. They are used in industry to calculate mass flow rates of different streams entering or leaving chemical or physical processes, 3.1.2The General Balance Equation A balance (or inventory) on a material in a system (a single process unit, a collection of units, or an entire process) may be written in the following general way: Input + — generation — output - consumption = accumulation (Enters (produced (leaves (consumed (buildup Through within through within within System system system system) system) Boundaries) — boundaries) boundaries) ‘This general balance equation may be written for any material that enters or leaves any process system; it can be applied to the total mass of this material or to any molecular or atomic species involved in the process. The general balance equation etymay be simplified according to the process at hand. For example, by definition, the accumulation term for steady-state continuous process is zero. Thus the above equation becomes: Input + generation = output + consumption For physical process, since there is no chemical reaction, the generation and consumption terms will become zero, and the balance equation for steady-state physical process will be simply reduced to: Input = Output 3.1.3 Material Balance around Process Units: Assumption: Product = 10,000 tone/year Acetone, Purity = 99% 10,000* 100 kg*0.99/6760 hr*58 = 19.485 kmol/hr. Equation of reaction: CH3CHOHCH3 + H20 > CH3COCH3 + Hz ab 3 1 $ 1 2 TPA = 19.485kmol/hr In feed: IPA = 88% H,0 = 12% e Reactor: 4) (6) 12Conversion = 80% Noceione(s) = 0-8" 19.485=15.588kmol/hr Niigs)= 0.8" 19.485=15.588kmol/hr N pags) = 0.2*19,485=3.897kmol/hr N in.0(5) = 8.857 kmol/hr N oia(s) = 43.93 kmol/hr Y acctone(6) = 15.588/43.93 = 0.355 Y 1h0(5) = 8.857/43.93 = 0.202 Y ns) = 15.588/43.93 = 0.355 Y 1pais) = 3.897/43.93 = 0.089 ‘Component In(g Out(kg) ‘Acetone : 904.104. He | 31.176 10 159430 159.432 IPA 1169.1 233.82 Total 1328523 1328.523 © Flash: > @) CDE Ea () 13Assume that there’s no change in temperature and pressure, Ki=P) Py = yi T=81C° For Acetone:- logP°= 7,02447- 1161/(224+81) PP? wotone = 1651.6mmHg Kecctone = 1651.6/1125.092 =1.467 For IPA:- logP® = 8.37895- 1788.02/(277.438+81) ° = 381.89mmHg Kipa = 381.89/1125.092 = 0.339 For H20:- logP® = 7.96681- 1668.21/(228+81) P* = 369,89mmHg K to = 369.89/1125.092 = 0.328 Using trial and error method: V/L=0.01 — , F=28.342kml/hr ‘V=0.28342kmol/hr L=28,05658 y=K*x F*2=x (VK+L) x=FV/(VEK+L) For Acetone: 14x=15,588/ (0.28342*0.339) +28.05658=0.547478381 y=0.803150785 For IPA: x= 3.897/ (0.28342*0.339) +28.05658=0.138423867 y=0.046925691 For H,0: X=8.857/ (0.28342*0.339)+28.05658=0.314641001 y=0.103202249 ‘Component Stream(8) Stream() y*V(kmol/hr) x*L(kmol/hr) ‘Acetone 0.227628995 15.36037099 H20 | 0.02924958 8.827750416 TPA 0.013299679 3,883700298 H, 15,588 a : ‘Component In(7) Out (8) Out (9) ‘Acetone 904.104 13.20248171 $90.9015174 t H20 | 159.423 0.52649244 | 158.8995075 TPA 233.82 0.79798074 233,0220179 He 31.176 31.176 3 Total 1328.523 13281523 15° Scrubber: (12) ro) (8) (10) Assume that (1/1000) of Acetone with off gas. Nyveipne(12)-0-227628995/1000=0.000227628995kmol/hr 1N gecione( 10) = 0.227628995- _ 0.000227628995=0.227401366kmol/hr N toua(g) = 15.85817825kmol/hr N sora 12y = 15.58822763kmol/hr Yacetone(12) = 0.000227628995/15.58822763= 1.460262195*1075 Yeectone(8) = 0.227628995/15,85817825=0.014354044 yi2/y(8)= 1 — A/(4 — AS) A=Lay /mVey 1.460262195*10~5/0.014354044= 1.017317625*10-3=1 — A/(1 — A®) A=3.727433753 M=1.445 Lay =N H20(11) =m*V(8)*A= 85.41439632kmol/hr N iocio) = 0.02924958+85.41439632= 85.4436459kmol/br 16‘component In Out Stream(8) Stream) Stream(10) Stream(12) H20 0.52649244 1537.459134 1537.985626 IPA 079798074 0.797988074 ‘Acetone 13.20248171 13.18927923 0.0132024817 Hp 31.176 31.176 Total 1583.16208 158316208 e Acetone column: a4) = as) L+» N ewtone (13) =15.6037099+0.22740166=15.58777236kmol/hr N wa as =3.883700298+0.013299679=3.896999973kmol/hr N 0 113) =8.8277504 16+85.4436459=94.27139632kmol/hr N toa a3) =113.7561687kmol/hr Assume that (1/1000) of Acetone in the bottom product. N acetone (15) = 15.58777236/1000=0.015.58777236kmoV/hr N acetone 1 =15.57218459kmoV/hr Purity=99% N wa cia =15.57218459*0.01/0.99=0.157294793kmol/hr N ipa as) =3.896999973- 0.157294793=3.739705183kmol/hiN 11.0 15) =94,27139632kmoV/hr 7‘component In (kg/hr) '8758Out (ke/an Stream (13) Stream (14) ‘Stream (15) H20 1696.885134 z 1696.885134 TPA 233,81999986 943768758 224382311 ‘Acetone 904.0907969 903.1867062 0.904090796 Total 2834.79593 2834.79593 e IPA column: "an (as) ee (16) Since all the IPA in the top product: N waa =N acs) =3-739705 183kmoV/hr N ccctone (17) =0.01558777236komI/hr Assume that the composition of recycle stream is feed stream. Y 1.00.12 Y ipa=0.88 N 2017) =3.739705183*0.12/0.88=0.509959797kmol/hr N u20 (16) =94.27139632- 0,509959797=93.761 43652kmol/hr 18Component In (kg/hr Out (kg/hr Stream (15) Stream (16) Stream (17) ‘Acetone 0.904090796 5 0.904090796 IPA 224,382311 g 224382311 H20 1696.885134 1687.705857 9.179276358 Total 1922.171536 19221171536 e Feed drum: Tl @) oO = I} an TPA=3.739705183kmol/hr H,0=0.509959797kmol/hr Input=output N wag =19.485- 3.739705183=1 5.74529482kmol/hr N to a) =8.857- 0.509959797=8.347040203 Component Tn (kg/hr) Out (kg/hr) Stream (1) Stream (17), Stream (2) IPA 944.7176892 224,382311 1169.1 H20 150.2467237 9.179276358 159.426 Total 1328.526 1328.526 19e Over all material balance: Acetone PA HO 0 ——> Hp H,O(scrubber)— IPA ——-_ Component In Out IPA 944,717689 9,43 768758 H20 150.2467237 1687.705857 HO (erubber) 1537450134 0 ‘Acetone 0 903.1867062 He 0 31.176 | 0 0.0132024817 | ‘Acetone 0.904090796 Total 2632.42354 2632.42354 20Chapter three MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE3.2Energy balance: 3.2.1 Introduction Energy is transferred either as heat or work. A system does not contain “heat”, but the transfer of heat or work to a system changes its internal energy. Heat taken in by a system from its surroundings is conventionally taken as positive and that given out as negative. ‘The equation that we used to calculate the power Q (heat duty) or W (work) for any equipment is: Q-W=AHR + (-AHin) + (AHout) + (AKE) + (APE) .....(1) Where AKE = the change in the kinetic energy. APE = the change in the potential energy. Enthalpy can be calculated from specific and latent heat data. If the kinetic and potential energy terms are neglected equation (1) simplifies to: H2-HI =Q-W......@) This simplified equation is usually sufficient for estimating the heating and cooling requirements of the various unit operations involved in chemical processes. For many processes the work term will be zero, or negligibly small, and equation (2) reduces to the simple heat balance equatio: H2-H1=Q(3) Where heat is generated in the system; for example, in a chemical reactor: Q=QP + QS (4) Qs = heat generated in the system. If heat is evolved (exothermic processes) Qs is taken as positive, and if heat is absorbed (endothermic processes) it is taken as negative. QP = process heat added to the system to maintain required system temperature, so QP = H2 - H1 - Qs (5) Hi = enthalpy of the inlet stream, H2 = enthalpy aa3.2.2 Calculation of Specific Enthalpy (H) Tabulated values of enthalpy are available only for the more common materials. In the absence of published data the following expressions can be used to estimate the specific enthalpy (enthalpy per unit mass). For pute materials, with no phase change: T Hy= JCpdT .....(6) aT Where HT = specific enthalpy at temperature T Cp = specific heat capacity of the material, constant pressure, To = the datum temperature. Ifa phase transition takes place between the specified and datum temperatures, the latent heat of the phase transition is added to the sensible-heat change the sensible- heat calculation is then split into two parts Tp T Hy = [Cp d+ [CpdT.....(7) aT Tp Where Tp = phase transition temperature, CP1 = specific heat capacity first phase, below TP, CP2 = specific heat capacity second phase, above TP. The specific heat at constant pressure will vary with temperature and to use equation 7, values of Cp must be available as a function of temperature, For solids and gases Cp is usually expressed as an empirical power series equation: Cp=A+BT+CT2 + DI3+ET4 (8) Absolute (K) or relative (oC) temperature scales may be specified when the relationship is in the form given in equation (8) 223.2.3 Enthalpy of Mixtures : For gases, the heats of mixing are usually negligible and the heat capacities and enthalpies can be taken as additive without introducing any significant error into design calculations as following: Cp (mixture) = XA CP,A + XB CP,B + XC CP,C +... (9) Where XA, XB, XC, etc. are the mol fractions of the components a, b, ¢. N*CP = NAXCP, A + NB NxCP, B+ NCXCP, C+... ... (10) Where N= the stream total molar flow rate, CP = the stream heat capacity, NA, NB, NC, = Components molar flow rates, CP, A, CP.B, CP,C, ... = Components heat capacities. For mixtures of liquids and for solutions, the heat of mixing (heat of solution) may be significant, and so must be included when calculating the enthalpy of the mixture. For binary mixtures, the specific enthalpy of the mixture at temperature t is given by: Hmixture,T = XAHA,T + XB HB,T + AH m, T (4) Where H A, T and HB,T are the specific enthalpies of the components A and B and AH m, T is the heat of mixing when 1 mol of solution is formed, at temperature T. Heats of mixing and heats of solution are determined experimentally and are available in the handbooks for the more commonly used solutions. Tfno values are available, judgments must be used to decide if the heat of mixing for the system is likely to be significant. 3.2.4Energy Balance around Process Units: e Feed drum: a) =) 2) T=25C° | or) TS111.5C°M ipx=224.3823 1 kg/hr M to =9.179276346kg/hr Tie 250%) Cp ra=2.-497kj/keg Cp m0 =4.178kj/kg Cp pix=2-497*0.88+4.178*0.12=2.69872kj/kg M toat ty =944.7176892+150.2467237=1094.9644 13kg/hr M toa) =1328.523kg/hr M out 17) 224.3823 1 149.179276346=233.5615873kg/hr Qin= Q out 1094.96441*2.69872* (25.25) + 233.5615873*2.698772*(111.5- 25) = 1328.523*2.69872*(T- 25) T=40.21C° Vaporizer: (2) (3) T=40.21c°8 Co, > t=109.5 M IPA=1169.1kg/hr MIPA=1169.1 M H,0=159.423 M H,0=159.423 At T=40.21 C? : Cp IPA=2.228ki/kg Cp H,0=2.291ki/kgFor water: Tc=508.3k Tb=394.399k AH; =39838kj/kmol ABhapsio=AHe*(Te — T/Tb — Tb) 0.38 =39838*(508.3- 382,5/508.3394.399)90,38=41376.97kj/kmol=2298.387222kj/k For IPA: Te=647.3k Tb =375k AH;=40683kj/kmol AHyap.1pq =40683*(647.3- 382.5/647.3- 375)*0.38=40253.505kj/kmol=676.89175kj/kg Q= M iva*Cp ra AT) + (M 10*CP Ho AT) + (M tao" AEbaptteo) + (Mipa* AH vapiva) = 1380848,22k4/hr ° Preheated: T=109.5 C° T=325 C° M no =159.423kg/hr M ino =159.432kg/hr = M pa =116.1kg/br Tyee =109:5 6? Cp pa=2.468kj/k Cp tro =2.019kj/kg, Q in=(M p0* Cp no*AT) + (M ira* Cp ira*AT) Q=691154.5819kj Ar 25e Reactor: CH3CHOHCH3 — CH3COCH3 + Hz 1=325,C2 T=350 C° (4) (5) AH ingpa = -272.29+S (32.427 + 1.886 « 1071 «T + 6,405 * 10-5 #7? — 9,261 + 1078 « T3dt) From T=25 to T=325 2.1 86kj/kmol AB ina = -2 AB outta =-272.29 + Jf (32.427 + 1.886 * 1071 «T+ 6.405 * 10-5 « T? — 9.261 * 10-8 « T3dt) From T=25 to T=250 AH ouuira ==249.691kj/kmol AL ut senene =-216.685 + J (71.96 + 20.1 » 10°? * 7 + 2512.78 » 10-5 » T? + 34.76 * 10-8 « T?)dt AH us pesone ="182.745kj/kmol ABT ou, ne =f25°(28.84 » 10°? + 0.00765 * 10S » T + 0.3288 « 10°8 « 7? 0.8698 » 1012) dt AH ou, te =9.466kj/kmol AB’: = (-216.685-(-272.29))=55.605kj/kmol 26AHr =15.588 kmol*55.605kj/kmol= 866.77074kj Q= (2 Nix Hijout — Di» Hi)in +AHr Q=2106.496071kj Ar © Cooler: T=350 C° T=94.7 Co Mya =233.82kg/hr (5) © Mra = 233.82kg/hr M uo =159.423 kg/hr Mino = 159.423kg/hr M acetone =904.104kg/hr M acetone =904.104kg/hr M y,=31.176kg/at M 4,731.1 76kg/hr T er=94.7 C° Cp 1, =12.608ki/kg Cp pa =2.536ki/kg Cp ino =2.035kj/kg CP acetone =1,896kj/kg Q=[(M Ho*Cp i.) + (Mura *CP ipa) + (MH20*Cp H20) + (M accione *CP acs )]* AT Q=7.72190793*105kj /hr e Condenser: T=94C° T=81C° M tea =233.82kg/hr_(6) (1) Miva 3233.82k@/hr ea My,0=159.423kg/hr Myno=159.423ke/hr My, =31.17kg/hr Mu. =31.17kg/hr M acetone #904. 104k g/hr M ccetone =904.104kg/hr aloge? = A-B/(C + Tap) Assumptions: Pt=1.Sbar= 1125mmHg (Yocetone* Pr/P° aceione* Tap) +(Yn.0* PrP io" Tap) + (Yue*Pr/Po* Tap) + (Yira* BP pa Tap) = | P =X acetone P acetone (Tup) + Xp*P°b*(Tup) + M*Cp*AT + M*Cp*AH; Using trial and error: Y acetone = 0.6 Yu, =0.1 Y pa = 0.3 Tap = 81C® For Acetone: At T = 94,7C? and P =1.Sbar Cp = 1.297kj/kg.k Q= MCPpAT = 904.104* 1.2978 (81- 94.7)= 16.065*10°KI AH yap= AH; [(To-T)/(Te-Tb)]*0.38 = 29140* (508, 1-354/(508.1-341.5)}70.38 = 28289.029KJ/kmol AH yap = 487.742kj/kg For IPA: At T=94.7 and P= 1.Sbar Cp =L.761kj/kg-k Q=-5.641*108Kj AH; =39858kj/kmol 28Te =508.3 Tb =366.6 AH vap= 686.156kj/kg For water: At T =94.7 and P =1.5 Cp =1.898kj/kg.k Q=-4.191*10%kj AH,= 40683kj/kmol Te =647.3k Tb =385.180k AH yap = 2357.892kj/kg For hydrogen: Cp = 13.225kj/kg.k Q=-5.649*108 kj DT Mi * Cpi* AT =- 31.1546*103kj YMi * ANvapi = 9.773*105kj Q total =Y Mi * Cpi » AT + Y Mi * A Hvapi = 945754kj Ar * Scrubber: (12), T=T0C° da p= ®o— T=81°C 10) T3281°C Qin=Qout ante Ter =25C° (31.176*14.419*(81-25)) + (13.20248171* 1.25*(81-25)) + (0.52649244*4,193*(81-25)) + (0.79798074*1.716%(81-25)) = (31.176*14.401*(70-25)) + (0.0132024817* 1.229*(70-25)) + 29(13.18927923* 1.249*(T-25)) + (1537.985626*4,183*(T-25)) + (0.79798074*1.71*(T-25)) T=25.94C° e Acetone column: __, (14) T=102.3C° Tae? 3)c=s LS 5). P= 105e° Condenser: For Acetone: Pe =47bar Te =508.1k P=1.0133 T=329.2k InPs** = A—B/T Ln1.0133 = A — B/329.2 In47 = 4 — B/508.1 At L.lbar pressure boiling A =10.91 B =3587.3 Lnl.1=10.91 —3587.3/Tb Tb =331.706k For IPA: Pe =47.6bar P=1.0133bar Te =508.3k T =355.35k [n1.0133 =A — B/355.35 20ie 1n47.6=A rel At 1.1 bar A =12.807 B=4546.375 Lnl.1=12.807 — 4546.375/Tb Tb =357.653k Substituting the results to the firs equation: AH acetone = 29140*[508. 1-375.3/(508. 1-357.653)] =45 1.038kj/kg At T=102.3C® AH ipa = 3985*[308.3-375.3/(508.3-357.653)] = 633.567ki/kg, At 102.3C? for the mixture: AHmixture = 451.038*0.99 + 633.567* 0.01 = 452.86kj/kg, The energy balance for the mixture: Q=M*AH =912.624393*452.86 = 4,133*105kj/bre For water: Pe =220.5bar Te =647.3k P=1.0133bar T=373.1k Inl.0133 = A- B/373.1 1n220.5 = A- B/647.3 at 1.1 bar A=12.72 B=4743.39 Inl.1 = 12.72- 4743.39/Tb Tb =375.723k Reboiler T=105C° =378k AH vap, acetone =29140* { 508, 1-378/(508.1-331.706)}*0.38 =447.53 1kj/kg a1AHL, vap, water =40683* {647.3-378/(647.3-375.723)}°0.38 =2252.947kj/kg AH, sap, wa =39858* {508,3-378/(508.3-357.653)}*0.38 =628.663Kj/kg Y, acetone =4.703*10~* Y, HzO =0.883 Y, IPA =0.117 AH cap, nistre =(447-531*4.703*10~) + (0.883*2252.947) + (0.117*628.663) =2063.116ki/kg Q=MPAB sop, misture =1922.171536*2063.1 16 =3.966*106kj zn e IPA column: (17) — S11 1.5C° Se T=105C° L_,(16) T=L11.5C° Same procedure is followed as in Acetone column. Tb pa = 84.653 Tb water = 102.723 A pwater = 40683kj/kmol AH; IPA = 39858kj/kmol AH, acetone = 29140kj/kmol AB ap, ra = 633.56 7kj/kg AH yap, acotone = 451.03 8kj/kg Since Acetone is neglected Ywater =0.12 and Y IPA =0.88 32AH yap, mistre= (2238.566*0.12) + (633.567*0.88) =826.167j/kg, Q mixture = M*AH =233.5615874*826.167 = 1.929*105kj Reboiler: AB hap, war 40683*{647.3-384.5/(647.3-375.723)}90.38 = 2232, 196kj/kg Q=M*AHjap, water = 2232.196* 1687,705857 =3.767*10°Kj /he 33Chapter four EQUIPMENT DESIGN4.1 Introduction Every industrial chemical process is designed to produce economically a desired product from a variety of starting materials through a succession of treatment steps. The raw materials undergo a number of physical treatment steps to put them in the form in which they can be reacted chemically. Then they pass through the reactor. ‘The products of the reaction must then undergo further physical treatment (separation, purification, etc.) for final product to be obtained. All these units need to be designed (determine the internal and external structure and dimension of the unit). 4.2 Reactor design: 4.2.1 Reaction Kinetics: The reaction to form acetone from isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol) is endothermic with a standard The reaction is kinetically controlled and occurs in the vapor phase over a catalyst. The reaction kinetics for this reaction are first order with respect to the concentration of alcohol and can be estimated from the following equation: -Typa= Koexp[-Ea/(RT) | Cir With Ko=3.51*10°[ m° gas/m*bulk catalyst s]_,Cira has units of{ Kmol/m’ gas] Several side reactions occur to a small extent, Thus, trace quantities of propylene, isopropyl ether, acetaldehyde, and other hydrocarbons and oxides of carbon are also formed. The non-condensable are removed with the hydrogen while the aldehydes and ethers can be removed with acid washing or adsorption. These side reactions are not accounted for in the preliminary design you should not consider these side reactions further. The reactor design used in the current process consists of a fixed bed containing solid catalyst and inert solids. The endothermic heat of reaction is supplied by a circulating flow of molten salt Heat transfer fluid that passes through heat transfer tubes immersed in the bed. This molten salt provides the heat required to maintain the fixed bed at 350°C, and the molten salt is circulated through a fired heater where its temperature is raised to 410°C. This reactor configuration can be Accurately modeled as an isothermal plug flow reactor, the Maximum temperature of the fixed bed should not exceed 375°C, and the maxim single pass, Conversion should not exceed 80%. Properties of the solid catalyst are as follows: 34Solid density, p, = 2500 kg/m’, bulk density, pbulk = 1200 kg/m’, particle size, dp = 100 mm Inert filler particles have the same properties as the catalyst. 4.2.1 Reaction Kinetics: Assume that feed gas immediately heats to the reactor temperature of 350°C. The molten salt approach temperature is 10°C and therefore the molten Salt temperature leaving the reactor is 350°C. =2106.496071 MJ/h olten salt with the following average physical properties: Cp = 1.56 k/kg K, p= 1980 kg/m’, n= 2.1 oP, Maximum operating temperature = 1000°C Use a AT = 60°C for the circulating salt, Tin = 410°C ATIm = (410-350)/In [(410-350)/(350-325)] = 68.5347°C Energy balance on molten sa Q=MCpAT—2106.496071* 10° = (M)(1560)(60) M = 22505.2999 kg/h = 6.2515 kg/s a Vol flow of salt = M/p= 6.2515 /1980=3.1573*10° m’/s Evaluation of U: Fixed Bed to tube wall, ho = 200 W/m°C Inside heat transfer coefficient [molten salt to wall], hi =? Assume that the velocity in the tubes is 2 ft/s = 0.61 m/s Use ¥2” diameter tube 18 BWG with inside diameter = 0.01021 m Re = (0.61)(0.01021)(1980)/(0.0021) =5872 Nu =0.023Re”“Pr0* =(.023)(5872)'5(1560*0.0021/0.606)"* Nu=41.553173 hi = Nulk/d] = (41.553173)(0.606)/(.01021) = 2466.33 W/m"°C Below 500°C molten salt should not foul so hf = very large Overall heat transfer coefficient, Uo = [do/(di* hi) + I/ho}'= [1.244/2466.33+1/200]"' = 181.673065 W/m2°C Heat transfer area, Ao = Q/UoATIm = (2106.496071* 10°)/[(3600)(1 81.673 1)(68.53471)] = 46.996 m* Check tube arrangement and molten salt velocity: External surface area of 20 ft tubes = ndoL. =(3.142)(0.0127)(20)(0.3048) = 0.243 m2 Number of tubes = (46.996)/ (0.243) = 193.3992 Use 27 parallel sets of 7 tubes piped in series Cross sectional area (csa) for flow of molten salt = (27)(3.142)(0.01021)2/4 = 0.00221m? Velocity of molten salt in tubes = 3.788771*10°/0.00221 = 1.429 m/s 35This gives Re = 13756.373 and Nu = 232.344 , hi = 1365 W/m’ °C and U = 169,173 Wim?°C Height of Catalyst and Filler in Bed: Use a square tube pitch of 1.5 inches Dimensions of tube'bank are 27*1.5/12 by 7*1.5/12 by 20 ft = 3.375 by 0.875 by 20 ft Assume bed width and depth of 15 by 20 ft respectively Volume of solids to just cover the tubes, assuming bottom row of tubes is 6in from distributor Plate and 6 in of solids above tube bank = Vsol Vsol = (15)(20)(1+0.875) — volume occupied by tubes = 562.5 — (193)(20)*(0.5)'/(4*144) = 560.825 fr = 15.84 m> Calculate the amount of catalyst required for 80% conversion: For a first order, isothermal, irreversible reaction at constant pressure we have the following Expression for the conversion of component A, XA: KT=(1+eq)ln(1/1-Xq) Xa G40 oexp[-Ea/(RT) ] K=3.51*10™exp (-72380/(8.314*623) ) m®bulk catalyst s/m*gas From the kinetics expression, at a reactor temperature of 35°C, we have: cA = (number of moles if completely reacted — number of moles initially)’ number of moles initially = (43.93 — 28,342)/(28.342) = 0.549996 Using above values and 80% conversion we get: m3 kT=(1+.549996) In(=z)-(.549996*.8) =2.055 T=6.857 m‘bulk catalyst/m°gas the volumetric flow rate of gas, vgas = 1.62375 m3/s Veatalyst = (1.62375)(6.857) = 11.13551 m’ bulk catalyst Amount of catalyst required is 11.131551 m’, therefore we must add 4.7 m’ of inert filler to give a totalof 15.78 m’ of bed solids. This will give aslumped bed height approximately Gin above the top of the tube bank. Check minimum velocity: Cross sectional area (csa) of bed = 300 ft2 = 27.9 m properties of gas flowing through fixed bed: 36p= 1.067kg/m3, u= 18.2*10° kg/m.s flow of gas = 1328.526 kg/h vol flow of gas = (1328.526)/[(1.067)(3600)] = 0.3458 m/s superficial gas velocity, u = (0.3458)/(27.9) = 0.0124 m/s catalyst particles are approximately 100 mm in diameter, and have a density of 2500 kg/m? and i bulk density of 1200 kg/m’, Calculate minimum velocity using the correlation Repnt™ [33.7 * + 0.0408Ar]'? — 33.7 Where Ar= d,°p,(p;— pg)8/H7 L Ar = (10")°(1.067)(2500 — 1.067)(9.81)/(18.2*10°) = 78.97 Rep,mf = [33.72+0.0408(78.97)]1/2 — 33.7 = .0478 umf = (0.0478)(18.2*10°)/{(1.067)(10")] = 0.00815 m/s wumf = ,0124/0.00815 = 1.5 >0.K.gas in the range 1< v/umf< Pressure Drop Across Fixed Bed: Height of solids in fixed bed = 1,875 f= 0.57 m AP yea = 1 Pouik 8 = (0-57)(1200)(9.81) = 6727 Pa = 0.067 bar Distributor loss = 0.6 APbed = 0.040 bar Internal cyclone losses = 0.14 bar (The design of the cyclones has been based on a maximum superficial gas velocity of Sumf) Total loss across bed = 0.067 + 0.040 + 0.14 =0.25 bar Use a reactor height of 5.0 m to accommodate solids bed, plenum, freeboard, and cyclones. ‘ Pressure drop of molten salt through heat transfer tube: Re for molten salt flow=13756.373 Roughness of drawn tube;e=.0015mm. e/d=,0015/10.21=.00015 L.=length of tube-+requlivent lengthof 12- 90°bends=(7*20)(0.3048)+(12)*(30d)=46.3m AP=2pf Lequ’/d=319KPa 374.2,3 Data for reactor design: MOC I Carbon steel Width E £ 457m Depth 610m Height 5m Heat transfer area 46.996m" Operating pressure 1.8bar Catalyst Type Solid+inert filler Conversion of IRA 80% Paretical size 100 microm Tube: Se Number of tube _ E 193 Length 0.6096m, | Inside diameter 0.01021m Outside diameter 0,0127m Heat transfer area 46.996 m Tube pattern Square Tube Pitch 1.5 inch Inlet and out let temperature 410°,350"e Sell: Fluid TPa,H,0 oe Flow _ 1328.526Kg/hr | In temperature 325°C Out temperature 350°C Heat transfer coefficient 200W/m™"C Pressure loss | 0.28bar 384.3 Scrubber: 4.3.1Input data: Packing type Intallox saddles | Packing size 38 mm Gas pressure drop/ m bed 2.0 mm water/m packing | Total packing height 3.5m Gas / vapor properties:~ Gas flow rate = 45.70295489 kg/hr Inlet temperature = 40C° Average gas molecular weight = 2.799608564 kg/kmol Component to serubbed = Acetone Acetone flow rate = 13.20248171kg/hr = 0.227315456 kmol/hr Molecular weight of Acetone = 58.08 Liquid scrubbing media properti Scrubbing media = water Water flow rate = 1537.459134kp/hr = 85.41439633 kmol/hr Water density = 1000 kg/m? Water viscosity = 10-3 Ns/m? Packing factor, Fp = 170 m=? Calculations:- 1 fo (1 5) a G Se aoa) 622 = era ™m 7 “v2 Oe: Nog =7 stages Nog 39Gas density = Mav » =. = 2.799608564* 1.5/(1000*313*8.3144621*10-5) = 0.1614 kg/m? (#)- 2 =0.4274 K4=0.35 At flooding K4 = 0.8 Percentage flooding =V (72) = 66 percent 0s pv(pl — pv) Vw =| Ka ae or Vw = 0.1 kg/m?s Column area required = 0.012695265/0.1 = 0.1269526 m? — 4.3.2 Data for scrubber design: Diameter = 0.402 m | Type Diameter (m) Length (m) __ packed column 0.402 3.5 40reo nT ecyae hi! Packed Tower Scrubber Figure4.1 414.4Distillation Column 4.4.1 introduction: for a detailed cost comparison. The choice between use of tray column or a packed column for a given mass transfer operation should, theoretically, be based on a detail cost analysis for the two types of contactors. However, the decision can be made on the basis of a qualitative analysis of relative advantages and disadvantages, eliminating the need Which are as follows or AM FON Liquid dispersion difficulties. Capable of handling wide ranges liquid rates. . Cleaning. Non-foaming systems. . Periodic cleaning. Weight of the column. Design information. . Inter stage cooling. 9. Temperature change. 10. Diameters. 4.4,2Plate Contactors: Cross flow plate are the most commonly used plate contactor in distillation. In which liquid flows downward and vapours flow upward. The liquid move from plate to plate via down comer. A certain level of liquid is maintained on the plates by weir. 42Plate Specifications Figure4.2 43Three basic types of cross flow trays used are: -Sieve Plate (Perforated Plate). -Bubble Cap Plates. -Valve plates (floating cap plates). Selection of Trays: Bubble-cap tray Valve trey. Sieve tray sabiecees | vais | Siaves Relate Sat 20 ie 20 ore igheat | Rifermediafe | “Towa eiicionsy Highest ohest | towest Vapor capacity ~~~] Lowest | Highest [Highest Teed eres | 2 | Figure4.3 Sieve Plate because: -Pressure drop is low as compared to bubble cap trays -Their fundamentals are well established, entailing low risk. -The trays are low in cost relative to many other types of trays. -They can easily handle wide variations in flow rates. -They are lighter in weight. It is easier and cheaper to install. -Maintenance cost is reduced due to the ease of cleaning. 4aFigure4.4 Factors Affecting Distillation Column Operation: Entrainment Flooding Vapour flow rate Liquid flow rate Figure4. 4.4.3 Designing Steps of Distillation Column: -Calculation of Minimum number of stages. Nurin -Calculation of Minimum Reflux Ratio Ry. -Calculation of Actual Reflux Ratio. -Calculation of theoretical number of stages. -Calculation of actual number of stages. 45-Calculation of diameter of the column. -Calculation of weeping point, entrainment. - Calculation of pressure drop. -Calculation of the height of the column. 4.4.4Calculation for Design for Acetone column: Fenske equation for calculating number offstage at total reflux: Nmin=4.6 Underwood equation for calculating minimum reflux ratio: Ryt1=D(ai*Diy/(ai-®) Rytl=2.2 Ry=1.2 Minimum reflux ratio Ry = 12 46 The enter temperature =45°C Feed | Mole] A B Oma =Pt K | Gan frac. IPA _| 0.034 | 8.37895 | 1788.02 | 227 | 63.8737 | 0.077| 1 [water | 0.829 | 8.1075 |1750.286| 235 71.88 | 0.087 | 1.13 Acetone | 0.137 | 7.11714] 1210 | 229.664 | 514,94052 | 0.624 | 8.1 component TOp(%o) Bottom(xn) IPA 0.001 0.038 Water 0 0.96 Acetone 0.999 | 0.0024 a ace Jy {xDI/XBE Nin nfoeeGilland correlation for calculating number of stage: R=1.35* Rn R = 1.62 (R- Ry/( R-1)=0.16 (N-Nmnin)/(N#1)=0.55 N= 13 stage 002) rey) |__| 087 O62 G04 O10 02 0406 10 Gilland Correlation Figure 4-6 Number of theoretical stage by Mecabe Thiele method: “N= 13 stages Feed stage location: 0.206 Nr = Ee “le Ns \lxf, lel led, nk] D 47Ne/Ns=1.16 Nr + Ns=13 Ns= 7stage Nr= 6 stage Column efficiency: Eo=51-32.5*log (Gay* Hav) Mav=0.259 Eo= 51% Actual number of stage: Na= 0.51*13 =7 stages Height of column: 0.8 Ht=Na*e + [(Na-1)/10}*c Plate spacing in the range: o=3"-12" c=0.45m Ht= 4.275 m Flow Parameter: Lyrpvyos sal ied For top section: Fy = Liquid Vapor Factor L=R*D V=R*D+D 48/V=R/(R+1) =0.69 p= PIRT=35.25 Kg/m’ py= 2.04 Kg/m? PIF YacetonePAcetone Yipat Pipa =0.999* 165.846+0,001*155,300= 165.835 Ke/m? FL=0.69[2.04/165.835]°* =0.076 From figure4-2: K,=0.08 Correction equation for actual K: Rieo ey oa ~ 20 K,=0.08 K1=UE *[pv/(pl-pv)l?* Uf .72 m/s V=L+D=(R+1) D=2.62*9 12.6243938039=3029.912987 Kg/hr An=Q/ (Uf*.85) 3029.91 3600#2.04+0.72+0.85, =0.68 nv/s At=An/0.88=0.59 m? D=0.98 m For bottom: Vy=1137.006741 Kg/hr 49Ly=3059.178241K g/or pv=0.69K g/m? pl=924.97Kg/m* FI=0.073 From figure4-2: K1=0.075 Actual K1= 0.09 KI1=Uf *[pv/(pl-py)]°* Uf=3.13 m/s An=0.112 m? At=An/0.88=0.20 m? D=0.50 m 50Figure4-7; floading velocity, sieve plate «. Column Diameter D, =98 om + Column Cross-sectional Area A.=0.75 m? Down comer area Ay = 0.15A.=0.09 m? Net Area Ay = Ac - Aa =0.66 mv Active area Ay=Ac-2Aq = 0.57 m? Hole area A, = 10% A, =0.057 m? Weir length: Find: Ay/ Ac lw = 0.185 Lw= 0.65 m SLTake: Weir height h, (0.015-,05) m Hole diameter d, (3.2-12.7) mm Plate thickness = Smm_ Check Weeping: _ k-0.9(25.4— do) Un pus how=750]; E te AED hhoy=29.7 mm liquid At minimum liquid rate at 70% turn down ratio: anats0 [2p hyw=23.42 mm liquid hy +ho=50+23.42=71.41 mm liquid from figure4-3: K=27.5 5232 v 20 40 60 80 Td 120 (ag Pe) i Figure4-8:weep-point correlation “Uycnin=8.34 m/s Actual minimum vapor velocity =minimum vapor rate / Ay = (0.7*0.413)/0.057=5.09 m/s Plate Pressure Drop (P.D): Consist of dry plate P.D (orifice loss), P.D due to static head of liquid and residual P.D (bubbles formation result in energy loss) Dry Plate Drop: nes (4) Max. Vapor velocity through holes (Uh) =maximum volumetric flow rate/hole area 53Perforated area Ap (active area) = AyAp Plate thickness/hole diameter = 1, Ab/Ap=0.1 We get, from figure4-4 : C, = 0.84 099, 200 BO 088 6a. ate sn 78) ‘3 * w 8 Ey Poe com pereraina en, Ay! 100 Figure4-9 :discharge coefficient , sieve plate U=7.27 m/s hy=47mmliquid Residual Head (h,): hy = (12.5*10° / pi) b, =12.5* 10°/165.835=75.4 mm liquid Total pressure drop: 54he het (hy thoy) Hh, =47+79.7+75.4=202.1 mm Total column pressure drop Pa, (N/m’): Pt =ghip.N =4,274.200 Nim? Down comer Liquid Backup: Caused by Pressure Drop over the plate and resistance to flow in the down comer itself. by=(fyet how) thet hae hy=down comer back up. The main resistance to flow in down comer will be caused by constriction in the down comer outlet, and head loss in the down comer can be estimated using the equation given as: na ha=t66 (SHE) Lyd= the liquid flow rate in down comer, kg/sec Aap = the clearance area under the down comer, m* Aap =BopLve bayehy-10=50-10= 40 mm Ago=0.65*.004= 0.026 m? h,p= the height of bottom edge of apron above the plate. If Ag less than area of down comer Ay so using Agp values in above formula. hy=166[0.75/4.31171]°=5.02m m. hy=73.4+202.1+85.273+5,02=365.793 mm,=0.45m c=450mm hy <% (Tray spacing + weir height) So tray spacing is acceptable, and flooding occurs. Residence time: Vd=L/(3600* Ad*pl) =4.179 Rt= 04,179/0.75= 5.7 sec It should be > 3 sec. so, result is satisfactory No of Holes: Area of | Hole = 1.9625*10° m? Area of N Holes = 0.057 m? Number OF Holes = Area of N Hole/Area of 1 hole =2905 hole Hole pitch= distance between the hole centre should be less than 2.0 hole diameter Ay/Ag=0.9(dy/Lp) Ly=hole pitch A,=perforated area d,=hole diameter 0.131=0.9(.005/Lp)’,Lp=0.013 mm. 564.4.5 Specification Sheet ofacetone Distillation Column: a)Identification: Ttem: Distillation column. No. required: 1 Tray type: Sieve tray. Function: Separation of acetone from IPA . Operation: Continuous. Moc: carbon steel b)Design data: R 1.62 Percent Flooding 85% | eflux ratio No. of tray 7 Tray spacing | 0.45 mm Height of column 4273m_ |Holediameterd,| 47mm Diameter of column 98em | Plate thickness 5mm Down comer area 0.09m? | Residual Head h, | 75.44 mm Ag Net Area Ay 0.57mi Dry pressure | 0.04274 bar | drop ActiveareaA, | 0.75m Residence time | 5.7 sec Hole area Ay, 0.057 m” | Area of 1 Hole | 1.96*10°m’ Weir height 05cm ‘Area of N Holes | 0.0057 m’ Weir length Ly. 0.65m Number OF 2905 Z a __ Holes No. of theoretical 13 Column ost | | stage E efficiency 874.5 Design for IPA column: 4.5.1Specification Sheet ofacetone Distillation Column: a)Identification: Item: Distillation column. No. required: 1 Tray type: Sieve tray. Function: Separation of IPA from water . Operation: Continuous. MOC: carbon steel b)Design data: Reflux ratio 3.38 Percent Flooding) 85% | No. of tray eee | Tray spacing | 0.6mm Height of column 7m Hole diameter d, | 759mm Diameter of column | 99cm Plate thickness | __5 mm Down comer area | 0.0924 m? | Residual Headh, | 75.44 mm Ag | Net Area A, 0.6776mn' Dry pressure | 0.03157 bar drop Active area A, 077m Residence time 7 see Hole area Ay 0.059 m? | Area of 1 Hole | 1.96*10°m Weir height @5em | Area of NHoles | 0.00586 m Weir length L, 0.65m Number OF 2986 Holes No. of theoretical 3 Column 0.59 stage efficiency |5.1.Flash: Table 5.1;Caleulated data: Vapor flow rate | Liquid flow pv pl rate | | 45.703 kg/hr —_—‘| 1282.823 0.9875 kg/m® | 2.758 kg/m? kg/or Design steps and procedures: L—pvi°* Vo =hv eel pv At vapor maximum velocity )] ~ "Syapor maximum flow rate A = 0.09373/46.282/3600 = 3.291 m? Vv = 0.07[2.758—0.0987/0.0987]*0.5 = 0.09373 mls Selected liquid phase ts =5 min = 300s Ll¥A=Vl «ts Liquid volumetric flow rate = 1282.832/2.758 = 465.13 = Ll = 465.13*300/3600*7.291 = 5.316235 m Separator height H: H=L1+15*D+0.4572= 1,035 m 59Chapter five &ANCILLARIES DESIGN5.2.Heat exchanger: 5.2.1 Introduction The transfer of heat to and from process fluids is an essential part of most chemical processes. The most commonly used type of heat-transfer equipment is the shell and tube heat exchanger. The advantages of this type are - It offers great flexibility to meet almost any service requirement, - The configuration gives a large surface area in a'small volume, - Good mechanical layout: a good shape for pressure operation, - Uses well-established fabrication techniques, - Can be constructed from a wide range of materials, - Easily cleaned, - Well-established design procedures. Shell and tube heat exchangers are built of round tubes mounted in a cylindrical shell with the tubes parallel to the shell. One fluid flows inside the tubes, while the other fluid flows across and along the axis of the exchanger. The major components of this exchanger are tubes (tube bundle), shell, front-end head, baffles and tube sheets, Shell types-various front and rear head types and shell types have been standardized by Tubular Exchanger manufacturers Association (TEMA) The E-shell is the most common due to its cheapness and simplicity. In this shell, the shell fluid enters at one end of the shell and leaves at the other end that is there is one pass on the shell side . The tubes may have a single or multiple passes and are supported by transverse baffles. This shell is the most common for single phase shell fluid applications. With a single-tube pass, a nominal counter flow can be obtained . ‘The design of a shell and tube heat exchanger is an iterative process because heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop depend on many geometric factors, including shell and tube diameters, tube length, tube layout, baffle type and spacing and the numbers of tube and shell passes, all of which are initially unknown and are determined as part of the design process . In the production of cumene there are four heat exchangers to be designed. These heat exchangers will be designed as shell and tube heat exchangers in the subsequent sections. The design of each heat exchanger was done by using kern's method. This method was based on experimental work on commercial exchangers with standard tolerances and will give a reasonably satisfactory prediction of the heat-transfer coefficient for standard designs . 605.2.2 Design Procedure : ‘The steps in a typical design procedure are given below : 1. Define the duty: heat-transfer rate, fluid flow-rates, and temperatures. 2, Collect together the fluid physical properties required: density, viscosity, thermal conductivity. . Decide on the type of exchanger to be used. . Select a trial value for the overall coefficient, U. . Calculate the mean temperature difference, ATm. . Calculate the area required from equation . Decide the exchanger layout. Calculate the individual coefficients. Calculate the overall coefficient and compare with the trial value. If the calculated value differs significantly from the estimated value, substitute the calculated for the estimated value and return to step 6. 10. Calculate the exchanger pressure drop; if unsatisfactory return to steps Tor4or 3, in that order of preference, 11. Optimize the design: repeat steps 4 to 10, as necessary, to determine the cheapest exchanger that will satisfy the duty. Usually this will be the one with the smallest area. 5.2.3 Basic Concepts and Equations: Physical Properties In the correlations used to predict heat-transfer coefficients, the physical properties are usually evaluated at the mean stream temperature . Shell and Tube Passes 1-2 shell and tube heat exchanger will be considered first. Heaters Steam is frequently used as a heating medium. The film coefficient for condensing steam can be calculated using the methods given in the previous sections; but, as the coefficient will be high and will rarely be the limiting coefficient; it is customary to assume a typical, conservative, value for design purposes. For ait- free steam a coefficient of 8000 W/m2 oC (1500 Btu/h fi2 oF) can be used . Saturated steam at temperature of 2200C is to be used . Coolers Cooling water is recommended for cooling with inlet temperature of 250C and out let temperature not exceeding 450C . Basic Equations ; The following equations will be used in the heat exchangers design. Q=U*A* ATM Where Q = heat transferred per unit time, W, WeIAV AWU = the overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 oC, A= heat-transfer area, m2. ATm = the mean temperature difference, the temperature driving force, oC. do L Pe To he ae Where Uo =the overall coefficient based on the outside area of the tube, W/m2 oC, ho = outside fluid film coefficient, W/m2 oC, hi = inside fluid film coefficient, W/m2 oC, hod = outside dirt coefficient (fouling factor), W/m2 oC, inside dirt coefficient, W/m2 oC, thermal conductivity of the tube wall material, W/m oC, di = tube inside diameter, m, do = tube outside diameter, m. (fit) — F2—t) ADiale Tih) (f2.—h) In Where ATIm = log mean temperature difference, TI = hot fluid temperature, inlet, T2 = hot fluid temperature, outlet, tl = cold fluid temperature, inlet, t2 =cold fluid temperature, outlet. ATm = Ft * ATIm. Where ATm = true temperature difference, the mean temperature difference for use in the design equation .1, Ft = the temperature correction factor. The correction factor is a function of the shell and tube fluid temperatures, and the number of tube and shell passes. It is normally correlated as a function of two dimensionless temperature ratios: a oT) a Ga (o-t) it) Ft can be estimated using these two ratios from figure below. 62en Figure 5.1: Temperature correction factor: one shell pass; two or more even tube passes . Tube side: Iya “ee jerroS Where heat transfer coefficient for tube side, di = tube inside diameter, kf= tube side fluid thermal conductivity, jh = heat transfer factor, which can be estimated from figure 6.2, Re = Reynolds number =p utde/ jt = Gtde/ 1, Pr = Prandtl number = Cp p /kf, p = fluid density at the bulk fluid temperature, kg/m3, de = equivalent (or hydraulic mean) diameter, m 4 *cross-sectional area for flow /wetted perimeter = di for tubes, fluid velocity, m/s, fluid thermal conductivity, W/m oC, 1 Gt = mass velocity, mass flow per unit area, kg/m2s, u= fluid viscosity at the bulk fluid temperature, Ns/m2, tw = fluid viscosity at the wall, Cp = fluid specific heat, heat capacity, J/kg oC. 63tearm ne hace | a 10! ‘et io ‘ot ‘oe ‘oe Reyna ner, Re Figure 5.2: Tube-side heat-transfer factor arvan, [tn (E) (£) 425] w here APt = tube-side pressure drop, N/m2 (Pa), Np = number of tube-side passes, jf = dimensionless friction factor, wich can be estimated from figure 6.3, ut = tube-side velocity, m/s, L = length of one tube, m= 0.25 for laminar flow, Re < 2100, = 0.14 for turbulent flow, Re > 2100, i / pws taken as 1. 6aww! Fiction tn o e vo e - 2 remia nse ube-side friction factor . Shell side: Any yee () where Db = bundle diameter, m, Nt = number of tubes, Db = bundle diameter, m, niand K1 = constants depend on tubes arrangement and number of tube passes. Some values of these are shown on the following table. Table 5.2: Constants for use in equation 6.9 ‘Triangular pitch, p, = 125d, No. passes 1 2 4 6 3 Ky 0.319 0,249 0.175 0.0743 0.0365 mI 2.142 2.207 2.285 2.499 2.675 Square pitch, pr = 1.25do No. passes 1 2 4 6 8 Ki O25 0.156 0.158 0.0402 0.0331 mt 2.207 2.291 2.263 2.617 2.643 Shell diameter, Ds = Db + clearance 65The clearance between shell and tube bundle depends on bundle diameter and type of head. It can be estimated using figure 5.4. 400 se amma ae 90 £ ° oS Puilbthrough fleating head 5 E 80 3 || 2 L—— 3 70 B : | —“| B 60 | 2 : a ie | ing floating head & 50 - z & a Outside packed head 30 20 + = Le 40 el | Fixed and U-tube ° en 02 oa 06 08 1.0 12 Bundle diameter, m Figure 5.4: Shell-bundle clearance. 66As =(pt— do) * Ds * IB /pt 6.11) [1] Where p pt =tube pitch, pt = 1.25do, do = tube outside diameter, Ds = shell inside diameter, m, IB = baffle spacing, IB = 0.2 to 1 shell diameter Gs = Ws/As us = Gs/ p where pL Ws = fluid flow-rate on the shell-side, kg/s, p =shell-side fluid density, kg/m3. Equivalent diameter for a square pitch arrangement: mands 4 4 1.27 => 2 0.78542) a (Pe Equivalent diameter for an equilateral triangular pitch arrangement Be a 4 <08Tp.— $n) = ae 2 = 110 — o.9t7d2y Re =Gsde/p1 = usdep/ ae aus Nu = "8S = jyperr'? (4) a ay 0 Where hs = heat transfer coefficient for shell side, Jh = heat transfer factor for shell side, which can be estimated from figure « (Ds\ (EN wt ent armsir (7) (G)% (E) where L = tube length, IB = baffle spacing, 67jf = shell friction factor, wich can be estimated from figure 5.6. 107 POPP Figure 5.5: Shell-side heat-transfer factors, segmental baffles. so jah tt sae tt tee fA perost 22a serset 1f | Lt 1 ea a erage 98 a Baragy ok 8 nergy 8 eR ETORL, ‘ * we to oe eyotde mandate Figure 5.6: Shell-side friction factors, segmental baffles 68The calculated Uo is compared to the assumed value and see if satisfactory error is obtained. Also check for pressure drop. Table 5.3:Summary of design for all heat exchangers: Units Area(m2) Bundle diameter | Shell diameter (mm) (mm) vaporizer 207.85 TI9.AS 776.18 Reactor pre heater with steam 70.39 433.53 490.53 Condenser 149.634 14.8 605.03m Cooler 14 278.63 331.63 | 69Chapter six CONTROL AND6.1 Introduction: Designing control system for complete plant is the ultimate goal of a control designer. The problem is quite large and complex. It involves large number of theoretical and practical considerations such as the quality of controlled response, stability and safety of operation. The difficulties are aggravated by the fact that chemical are largely nonlinear and imprecisely known. Consistent quality, increased productivity and reduced operating costs can all occur from effective control of major plant variables. A control system must be designed to fit the needs of the particular process to which it will be applied to. The more information and intelligence a designer can put into a control system the greater are its chances of success. All processes are subject to disturbances that tend to change operating conditions, compositions, and physical properties of the streams. In order to minimize the effects that could result from such disturbances, chemical plants are implemented with substantial amounts of instrumentation and automatic control equipment. In critical cases and in especially large plants, moreover, the instrumentation is computer monitored for convenience, safety, and optimization. Since we cannot cover all aspects of plant control within one chapter we will focus our attention on the essential features and present a general methodology for the control system. 6.2 Requirements of control: During the operation of chemical plant, the control system must satisfy several requirements and it must accomplish certain objectives, among these requirements are the followings: 6.2.1 Safety: The safe operation of a chemical process is a primary requirement for the well being of the people in the plant , thus the operating pressure, temperature, and concentrations of chemicals should always be within allowable limits. 6.2.2 Product specifications: ‘A plant should produce the desired amounts and quality of the final products. 6.2.3 Environmental regulations: Various laws may specify that temperatures, concentration of chemicals and flow rates of the effluents from a plant must be within certain limits. 706.2.4 Operational constraints: The various types of equipments used in a chemical plant have constraints inherent to their operations. 6.2.5 Economic: The operation of a plant must conform with the market conditions, that is, the availability of raw material and the demand of the final product, Furthermore it should be as economical as possible in its utilization of raw materials, energy , capital and human labor. Thus it is required that the operating conditions are controlled at given optimum levels of minimum operating costs, maximum profit and so on. ‘All the requirements above dictate the need for continuous monitoring of the operation of a chemical plant and external control to guarantee the satisfaction of operational objectives. There are three general classes of needs that a control system is called on to satisfy: 1. Suppressing the influence of external disturbance. 2, Insuring the stability of a chemical process. 3. Optimizing the performance of a chemical process. 6.3 Process variables: ‘A process variable is a condition of the process fluid (a liquid or gas) that can change the manufacturing process in some way. Common process variables include: e Pressure. Flow. Level. Temperature. Density. pH (acidity or alkalinity). Liquid interface (the relative amounts of different liquids that are combined in a vessel). ° Mass. e Conductivity. eeecee 6.4 Hardware elements of a control system : In every control system we can distinguish the following control elements 76.4.1The chemical process : It represents the material equipment together with the physical or chemical operation that occurs there. 6.4.2The measuring instrument or sensor: It is used to measure disturbances, the controlled output variables or secondary output variables. It is the main source of information about what is going on in the process. 6.4.3 Transducers: Many measurements cannot be used for control until they are converted to physical quantities, Transducers are used for that purpose. 6.4.4Transmission line: These are used to carry the measurement signal from the measuring device to the controller. 6.4.5The controller: Receives the information from the measuring devices and decides what action should be taken. 6.4.6The final control element: It is the hardware element that implements the decision taken by the controller. The control valve is the most frequently encountered control element but not the only one, other typical final control elements are: -Relay switches -Variable speed pumps -Variable speed compressors 6.4.7Recording element: Used to provide physical demonstration of how a chemical process behaves. Classifications of control 6.5: 6.5.1 Feedback Control: In feedback controller when an offset is generated in the controlled variable, the controller acts to eliminate or reduce this offset, usually an oscillation is produced in the value of the controlled variable whose amplitude, period, damping and permanent offset depend on the nature of the system and the mode of action of the controller. The usual controllers provide one, two, or three of these modes of corrective action: 1. Proportional, in which the corrective action is proportional to the error signal 2. Integral, in which the corrective action at time t is proportional to the integral of the error up to that time. 723. Derivative, in which the corrective action is proportional to the rate at which the errot is being generated. Table 6.1: The kinds of controllers suitable for the common variables: Variable Controller Flow and liquid pressure eh Gas pressure P Liquid level P or Pl Temperature PID | Compositions |P, PL PID 6.5.2Feed forward control: Feed forward control immediately takes corrective action when an input variable (load variable) changes and therefore it results in a fast control action. In practice, the load-change compensation principle and the feed forward technique are rarely used separately. They are however, increasingly being used in conjunction with the alternative closed- loop feedback system of control. It is used as a compensation for the primary load disturbances affecting the system. Feedback control is a relatively simple technique for dealing with the problem external disturbances; especially when there are many sources of disturbances. BTable 6.2: Control Loop elements Identification: ee Symbol Meaning Pressute Indicator Controller "Temperature Indicator Controller | Valve @ Level Indicator Controller Ba “le Relief Valve 746.6 Equipment Control : 6.6.1 Heat Exchanger E-101 Control: Feed Outlet Temperature control: Reason for control: The heat exchanger E-102 is used to preheat the feed before it enters the reactor which must operate at 598K to give the desired conversion. The outlet temperatuie can be controlled by changing the steam flow rate. Table6.3Elements of control loop for the heat exchanger E-402: Process | Heating Controller Automatic (PID) Controlled variable Temperature | Measuring element Thermocouple. | Regulating element Valve. Manipulated element Steam flow rate Set point 598K Action: The outlet stream temperature is measured using the thermocouple then the transmitter sends the measured value to the controller, the controller compares the measured value to the set point. If the temperature is increased above 598K decreases the steam flow rate. And if it is decreased below 598K then increases the flow rate of the steam. EESteam outlet Heat Exchanger Feed outlet Feed inlet Set point Figure 6.1: Control loop for preheaters 766.6.2Reactor temperature control: Reasons for control: The reactor is endothermic with ratio of IPA to water equal to 88tol2from figure 72 the feed is entering the reactor at 598K then the outlet must not exceed 623K. We can control the outlet temperature by controlling the flow rate of the molten salt in the furnace. Table6.4: Elements of control loop for the reactor T-402: Process Heating Controller Automatic (PID) z| Controlled variable Temperature Measuring element Thermocouple. | Regulating element Valve. | Manipulated element Steam flow rate | Load variable rR a i e| Leakage or the outside ambient | | temperature Set point 623k Action The temperature of the reactor effluent is measured using thermocouple and the measured value is sent to the controller using transmitter, the controller compares this value with the set point or desired value. If the temperature is increased above 623k then flow rate of molten salt must be decreased. And ifitis decreased below 623 then increase the molten salt flow rate. ci6.6.3Heat Exchanger E-403 Control : Outlet Temperature control: Reason for control: The heat exchanger E-403 is used to cool the reactor effluent before it enters the flash column to remove propane which must operate at 354K to achieve the desired separation. The outlet temperature can be controlled by changing the steam flow rate. Table6.5: Elements of control loop for the heat exchanger E-403: ‘Process Heating Controller Automatic (PID) | Controlled variable Temperature Measuring element Thermocouple. | Regulating element — = | Valve. | Manipulated element Steam flow rate Load variable | Leakage or the outside ambient temperature ambient temperature | Set point 354K Action: The outlet stream temperature is measured by the thermocouple then the transmitter sends the measured value to the controller; the controller compares the measured value to the set point. If the outlet temperature is cooling water flow rate is increased. And if it is decreased below 354K then the flow rate of the cooling water is decreased. ncreased above 354K 78et & Cooking Water inlet ‘Mout Exchanger ( | Feed owlet Cookag Water outer eed inlet Figure 6.2: condenser control loop. 796.6.4Acetone Distillation column T-403 control : market discounting rate. Since 55% > 15%; hence project is acceptable. 3. Profitability Index: It is an indicator for the profit gained from each dollar has been spent pj = Taal") TCl PI=1,835 Where P/> | thus project is acceptable. An =net profit per yearn i= 15% TCI= Total Capital Investment. PI= that means for each dollar we spent a dollar will be recovered plus additional 0.835 dollar profit. t 4, Payback period: It is the period that the project takes to recover the Initial Investment but without regarding the time value of money and potential risk. PBP = fixed capital investment FCI Profit per year PBP=1 year9.1, Introduction: The geographic location of the final plant must be taken into account when process designed when a process designed is developed. A suitable site must be found for a new project, and the site and equipment layout planned. Provision must be made for the ancillary buildings and services needed for plant operation; and for the environmentally acceptable disposal of effluent. 9.2 Plant layout: Plant layout refers to the arrangement of physical facilities such as machines, equipment, tools, furniture etc. in such a manner so as to have quickest flow of material at the lowest cost and with the least amount of handling in processing the product from the receipt of raw material to the delivery of the final product. Objectives: A well designed plant layout is one that can be beneficial in achieving the following objectives: Proper and efficient utilization of available floor space © Transportation of work from one point to another point without any delay © Proper utilization of production capacity. e Reduce material handling costs © Utilize labour efficiently e Reduce accidents @ Provide for volume and product flexibility © Provide ease of supervision and control © Provide for employee safety and health © Allow easy maintenance of machines and plant. e Improve productivity Principles of Plant Layout:- Principle of integration: A good layout is one that integrates men, materials, machines and supporting services and others in order to get the optimum utilization of resources and maximum effectiveness. © Principle of minimum distance: This principle is concerned with the minimum travel 109(or movement) of man and materials. The facilities should be arranged such that, the total distance travelled by the men and materials should be minimum and as far as possible straight line movement should be preferred. ® Principle of cubic space utilization: The good layout is one that utilize both horizontal and vertical space. It is not only enough if only the floor space is utilized optimally but the third dimension, ie., the height is also to be utilized effectively. ¢ Principle of flow: A good layout is one that makes the materials to move in forward direction towards the completion stage, i.e., there should not be and backtracking. * Principle of maximum flexibility: The good layout is one that can be altered without much cost and time, i.e., future requirements should be taken into account while designing the present layout. e Principle of safety, security and satisfaction: A good layout is one that gives due consideration to workers safety and satisfaction and safeguards the plant and machinery against fire, theft, etc. Principle of minimum handling: A good layout is one that reduces the material handling to the minimum. Types of layout: There are mainly four types of plant layout: (a) Product or line layout: In this type of layout the machines and equipments are artanged in one line depending upon the sequence of operations required for the product. It is also called as line layout. The material moves to another machine sequentially without any backtracking or deviation i.e the output of one machine becomes input of the next machine. It requires a very little material handling. It is used for mass production of standardized products. (b) Process or functional layout:- In this type of layout the machines of a similar type are arranged together at one place. This type of layout is used for batch production. It is 110preferred when the product is not standardized and the quantity produced is very small. (c) Fixed position or location layout:- Fixed position layout involves the movement of manpower and machines to the product which remains stationary. The movement of men and machines is advisable as the cost of moving them would be lesser. This type of layout is preferred where the size of the job is bulky and heavy. Example of such type of layout is locomotives, ships, boilers, generators, wagon building, aircraft manufacturing, etc. (d) Combined or group layout:- A combination of process & product layout is known as combined layout, Manufacturing concerns where several products are produced in repeated numbers with no likelihood of continuous production, combined layout is followed. 9.3.Plant location: Is an important strategic level decision making for an Organization. One of the key features of a conversion process (manufacturing system) is the efficiency with which the products (services) are transferred to the customers. This fact will include the determination of where to place the plant or facility. The selection of location is a key-decision as large investment is made in building plant and machinery. It is not advisable or not possible to change the location very often. So an improper location of plant may lead to waste of all the investments made in building and machinery, equipment. Before a location for a plant is selected, long range forecasts should be made anticipating future needs of the company. The qaplant location should be based on the company’s expansion plan and policy, diversification plan for the products, changing market conditions, the changing sources of raw materials and many other factors that influence the choice of the location decision. The purpose of the location study is to find an optimum location one that will result in the greatest advantage to the organization. Need for selecting asuitable location: The need for selecting a suitable location arises because of three situations: © When starting a new organization. © Incase of existing organization. e Incase of Global Location. Factors influencing plant location: Facility location is the process of determining a geographic site for a firm’s operations, Managers Of both service and manufacturing organizations must weigh many factors when assessing the Desirability of a particular site, including proximity to customers and suppliers, labour costs, and transportation costs. Location conditions are hard to measure. Tangible cost based factors such as wages and products costs can be quantified precisely into what makes locations better to compare. On the other hand non-tangible features, which refer to such characteristics as reliability, availability and Security, can only be measured along an ordinal or even nominal scale. Other non- tangible features like the percentage of employees that are unionized can be measured as well. To sum This up non-tangible features is very important for business location decisions. It is appropriate to divide the factors, which influence the plant location or facility location On the basis of the nature of the organization as: e General locational factors, which include controllable and uncontrollable factors for all type of organizations.© Specific locational factors specifically required for manufacturing and service organizations. General locational factors:- Following are the general factors required for location of plant in case of all types of organizations. e CONTROLLABLE FACTORS: 1, Proximity to markets. 2. Supply of material: 3, Transportation facilities. 4, Infrastructure availability. 5. Labour and wages. 6. External economies. 7. Capital, e UNCONTROLLABLE FACTORS: 8. Government policy 9. Climate conditions 10. Supporting industries and services 11. Community and labour attitudes 12. Community Infrastructure A brief discussion of these principal factors will be given in the following sections. Proximity to markets: Every company is expected to serve its customers by providing goods and services at the time needed and at reasonable price organizations may choose to locate facilities close to the market or away from the market depending upon the product. When the buyers for the product are concentrated, it is advisable to locate the facilities close to the market. Locating nearer to the market is preferred if + The products are delicate and susceptible to spoilage. + After sales services are promptly required very often. * Transportation cost is high and increase the cost significantly. + Shelf life of the product is low. Nearness to the market ensures a consistent supply of goods to customers and reduces the Cost of transportation. 143Supply of raw material: It is essential for the organization to get raw material in right qualities and time in order to have an uninterrupted production. This factor becomes very important If the materials are perishable and cost of transportation is very high. Effects of raw materials on plant location are: + When a single raw material is used without loss of weight, locate the plant at the raw material source, at the market or at any point in between. * When weight loosing raw material is demanded, locate the plant at the raw material source. + When raw material is universally available, locate close to the market area. + If the raw materials are processed from variety of locations, the plant may be situated so as to minimize total transportation costs, Nearness to raw material is important in case of industries such as sugar, cement, jute and cotton textiles. ‘Transportation facilities: Speedy transport facilities ensure timely supply of raw materials to the company and finished goods to the customers, The transport facility is a prerequisite for the location of the plant. There are five basic modes of physical transportation, air, road, rail, water and pipeline. Goods that are mainly intended for exports demand a location near to the port or large airport. The choice of transport method and hence the location will depend on relative costs, convenience, and suitability. Thus transportation cost to value added is one of the criteria for plant location. Infrastructure availability: The basic infrastructure facilities like power, water and waste disposal, etc., become the prominent factors in deciding the location. ‘A waste disposal facility for process industries is an important factor, which influences the plant location. Labour and wages: The problem of securing adequate number of labour and with skills specific is a factor to be considered both at territorial as well as at community level during plant Location. Importing labour is usually costly and involve administrative problem. The history of labour relations in a prospective community is to be studied. Prospective community is to be studied. Productivity of labour is also an important factor to be considered. Prevailing wage pattern, cost of living and industrial relation and bargaining power of the unions’ forms in important considerations. External economies of scale: External economies of scale can be described as urbanization and locational economies of scale. It refers to advantages of a company by setting up operations in a large city while the second one refers to the “settling down” among other companies of related Industries. In the case of urbanization economies, firms derive from locating in larger cities rather than in smaller ones in a search of having access to a large pool of labour, transport 114facilities, and as well to increase their markets for selling their products and have access to a much wider range of business services. Location economies of scale in the manufacturing sector have evolved over time and have mainly increased competition due to production facilities and lower production costs as a result of lower transportation and logistical costs. This led to manufacturing districts where many companies of related industries are located more or less in the same area. As large corporations have realized that inventories and warehouses have become a major cost factor, they have tried reducing inventory costs by launching “Just in Time” production system. For being so successful. Just in time ensures to get spare parts from suppliers within just a few hours after ordering. To fulfill these criteria corporations have to be located in the same area Increasing their market and service for large corporations. Capital: By looking at capital as a location condition, it is important to distinguish the physiology of fixed capital in buildings and equipment from financial capital. Fixed capital costs as building and construction costs vary from region to region. But on the other hand buildings can also be rented and existing plants can be expanded, Financial capital is highly mobile and does not very much influence decisions. Government policy: The policies of the state governments and local bodies concerning labour laws, building codes, safety, etc., are the factors that demand attention. In order to have a balanced regional growth of industries, both central and state governments in our country offer the package of incentives to entrepreneurs in particular locations. The incentive package may be in the form of exemption from a sales tax and. excise duties for a specific period, soft loan from financial institutions, subsidy in electricity charges and investment subsidy. Some of these incentives may tempt to locate the plant to avail these facilities offered. Climatic conditions: The geology of the area needs to be considered together with climatic conditions (humidity, temperature). Climates greatly influence human. efficiency and Behavior. Some industries require specific climatic conditions. Supporting industries and services: Now a day the manufacturing organization will not make all the components and parts by itself and it subcontracts the work to vendors. So, the source of supply of component parts will be the one of the factors that influences the location. The various services like communications, banking services professional consultancy services and other civil amenities services will play a vital role in selection of a location. 11sCommunity and labour attitudes: Community attitude towards their work and towards the prospective industries can make or mar the industry. Community attitudes towards supporting trade union activities are important criteria. Facility location in specific location is not desirable even though all factors are favoring because of labour attitude towards management, which brings very often the strikes and lockouts. Community infrastructure and amenity: All manufacturing activities require access to a community infrastructure, most notably economic overhead capital, such as roads, railways, port facilities, power lines and service facilities and social overhead capital like schools, universities and hospitals. These factors are also needed to be considered by location decisions as infrastructure is enormously expensive to build and for most manufacturing activities the existing stock of infrastructure provides physical restrictions on location possibilities, 9.4.Site layout: The physical layout of the plant should be designed to print coordination between the operation of process equipment and The use of storage and material handling equipment. The process units and ancillary buildings should be laid out to give the most economical flow of materials and personnel around the site. Hazardous processes must be located at a safe distance from other buildings. Consideration snust also be given to the future expansion of the site. The ancillary buildings and services required on a site, in addition to the main processing units (buildings), will include: © Storages for raw materials and products: tank farms and warehouses. ¢ Maintenance workshops. e Stores, for maintenance and operating supplies. e Laboratories for process control. e Fire stations and other emergency services. © Utilities: steam boilers, compressed air, power generation, refrigeration, transformer stations. e Effluent disposal plant. e Offices for general administration. Canteens and other amenity buildings, such as medical centers. 116© Car parks. 9.5.Acetone plant: Figure9. I:plant lay out. 117Conclusion and Recommendations: Conclusion: There are many processes for production of acetone; however process of dehydrogenation of IPA which has been designed for the manufacturing of acetone by the dehydrogenation of IPA using zinc oxide catalyst. Higher yield of acetone has been obtained using this process . The basic components of this process are reaction and separation sections. There are one reactors; . The reaction is endo thermicand the reactors have been operated at high temperature 623K ,and pressure about 2 bar. The separation of product has been carried out using two distillation columns namely, acetone column and IPA column. The produced acetone purity is 99%. The process equipment have been designed and submitted to the standards of equipment design. Also their auxiliary equipment have been considered and sized. Control systems of process equipment have been considered and it was found that reactors have needed tight control of temperature and pressure to ensure that only liquid phase is present and to achieve longer life time of catalyst. Hazard and operability analysis have been applied considering all hazards expected to take place and their corresponding safety systems have been considered. General environmental assessments also have been conducted and it shows the acetone process is environmentally friendly. The project has been found to be economically feasible according to economic evaluation criteria. Recommendations: Recommendations concerned about how to overcome problems that have been encountered in the project to obtain better results in the future. Also they concerned about proposing new process alternatives, new reaction paths and new equipment technologies. For the current acetone process it is recommended to do heat integration so as to reduce energy costs (steam and cooling water) and losses. And minimize recycle and excessive energy costs. Also reactor temperature and pressure need to be optimized to increase yield, minimize catalyst deactivation and to ensure safe operation. The separated water inert can be used as fuel for steam generation. It is also recommended to design acetone production facility within the plant area ‘IPA which is the main derivative of acetone’ so as to increase the profits. 118References: > Coulson & Richardson's Chemical Engineering, Vol. 6, Chemical Engineering Design, 4th Ed., 2005, > Walas, S., M., Chemical Process Equipment: Selection and Design, Butterworth, Stoneham,MA, 1988, p. 190. > Wen, C.Y., and Y.H. Yu, AICHE J, 12, 610 (1966). > Treybal, R.E., Mass-Transfer Operations, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1980Perry, R. H. and D. Green, eds., > Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 7th edition, MceGraw- > Hill, New York, 1997. > Jennifer Lyons ,Process Equipment Cost Estimation, National Energy Technology Center 119A\ Science Lab,com : Chemicals & Laboratory Equipment i Reactivity 0 Personal Protection Material Safety Data Sheet Acetone MSDS Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification Product Name: Acetone Contact Information: Catalog Codes: SLA3502, SLA1646, SLA3151, SLA3608 ‘Sciencelab.com, Inc. 14025 Smith Rd CASH: 67-641 Houston, Texas 77396 RTECS: AL3150000 US Sales: 1-800-901-7247 International Sales: 1-281-441-4400 TSCA: TS‘ ite te EAN B(b) Inventory: Acetone Order Online: ScienceLab.com Giff: Not applicabl ls Not applicable: CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call: ‘Synonym: 2-propanone; Dimethyl Ketone; 4-200-424-9300 methyl Pyroaceti Dipti tomalietde) Eyrocvelc AX International CHEMTREG, call: 1-703-527-3887 Chemical Name: Acet ee eae For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400 Chemical Formula: C3-H6-O Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients Composition: "Name CAS # % by Weight | Acetone 67-644 100 Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Acetone: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 5800 mg/kg [Rat]. 3000 mg/kg [Mouse]. 5340 mg/kg [Rabbit]. VAPOR (C50): Acute: 50100 mg/m 8 hours [Rat]. 44000 mg/m 4 hours [Mouse]. Section 3: Hazards Identification Potential Acute Health Effects: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (iritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (permeator) Potential Chronic Health Effects: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: A4 (Not classifiable for human or animal.) by ACGIH. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Classified Reproductive system/toxinifemale, Reproductive systemitoxin/male [SUSPECTED]. The substance is toxic to central nervous system (CNS). The substance may be toxic to kidneys, the reproductive system, liver, skin. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage, Section 4: First Aid Measures ptEye Contact: Check for and remove any contact lenses. Immediately flush eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes, keeping eyelids open. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention. Skin Contact: in case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Cold water may be used. Wash clothing before reuse, Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical attention. Serious Skin Contact: Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek medical attention. Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention if symptoms appear. Serious Inhalation: Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Seek medical attention. Ingestion: Do NOT induce voriting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistoand. Get medical attention if symptoms appear. Serious Ingestion: Not available. Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data Flammability of the Product: Flammable. Auto-Ignition Temperature: 465°C (869°F) Flash Points: CLOSED CUP: -20°C (-4°F). OPEN CUP: -9°C (15.8°F) (Cleveland). Flammable Limits: LOWER: 2.6% UPPER: 12.8% Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2). Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Highly flammable in presence of open flames and sparks, of heat. Explosion Hazards In Presence of Various Substances: Risks of explosion of the product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Slightly explosive in presence of open flames and sparks, of oxidizing materials, of acids. Fire Fighting Media and Instruction: Flammable liquid, soluble or dispersed in water. SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE FIRE: Use alcohol foam, water spray or fog. ‘Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Vapor may travel considerable distance to source of ignition and flash back. Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Forms explosive mixtures with hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, nitric acid, nitric acid + sulfuric acid, chromic anydride, chromyl chloride, nitrosyl chloride, hexachloromelamine, nitrosyl perchlorate, nitryl perchlorate, permonosulfuric acid, thiodiglycol + hydrogen peroxide, potassium ter-butoxide, sulfur dichloride, 1-methyl-1,3-butadiene, bromoform, carbon, air, chloroform, thitriazylperchlorate. Section 6: Accidental Release Measures ‘Small Spill: Dilute with water and mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place in an appropriate waste disposal container. p.2Large Spill: Flammable liquid. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Stop leak if without risk. Absorb with DRY earth, sand or other non-combustible material. Do not touch spilled material. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined areas; dike if needed. Be careful that the product is not present at a concentration level above TLV. Check TLV on the MSDS land with local authorities. Section : Handling and Storage Precautions: Keep locked up.. Keep away from heat. Keep away trom sources of ignition. Ground all equipment containing material. Do rot ingest. Do not breathe gas/fumes/ vapor/spray. Wear suitable protective clothing. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents, reducing agents, acids, alkalis. Storage: Store in a segregated and approved area (flammables area) . Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Keep container tightly closed and sealed until ready for use. Keep away from direct sunlight and heat and avoid all passible sources of ignition (Spark or flame) Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection Engineering Control: Provide exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep the airborne concentrations of vapors below their respective threshold limit value, Ensure that eyewash stations and safety showers are proximal to the work-station location. Personal Protection: Splash goggles. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approvedicertified respirator or equivalent. Gloves. Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill: Splash goggles. Full suit. Vapor respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this, product. Exposure Limits: TWA: 800 STEL: 750 (ppm) from ACGIH (TLV) [United States] TWA: 750 STEL: 1000 (ppm) from OSHA (PEL) [United States] TWA: 500 STEL: 1000 [Austalia] TWA: 1185 STEL: 2375 (mg/m3) [Australia] TWA: 750 STEL: 1600 (ppm) [United Kingdom (UK)} TWA: 1810 STEL: 3620 (mg/m3) [United Kingdom (UK)] TWA: 1800 STEL: 2400 from OSHA (PEL) [United States|Consult local authorities for acceptable exposure limits. Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties Physical state and appearancé iquid. Odor: Fruity. Mint-like. Fragrant. Ethereal ‘Taste: Pungent, Sweetish Molecular Welght: 58.08 g/mole Col pH (1% solniwater): Not available. Boiling Point: 56.2°C (183.2°F) Melting Point: -95.35 (-139.6"F) Critical Temperature: 235°C (455°F) Specific Gravity: 0.79 (Water = 1) ‘oloriess. Clear p.3Vapor Pressure: 24 kPa (@ 20°C) Vapor Density: 2 (Air= 1) Volati Odor Threshold: 62 ppm Not available, Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: The product is more soluble in water; log(olllvater) = -0.2 Joni in Water): Not available. Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water. Solubility: Easily soluble in cold water, hot water. Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data Stability: The product is stable. Instability Temperature: Not available. Conditions of Instability: Excess heat, ignition sources, exposure to moisture, air, or water, incompatible materials. Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with oxidizing agents, reducing agents, acids, alkalis. Corrosivity: Non-corrosive in presence of glass. Special Remarks on Reactivity: Not available. Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Not available. Polymerization: Will not occur. Section 11: Toxicological Information Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Dermal contact. Eye contact, Inhalation. Toxicity to Animals: WARNING: THE LCSO VALUES HEREUNDER ARE ESTIMATED ON THE BASIS OF A 4-HOUR EXPOSURE. Acute oral toxicity (D80): 3000 mg/kg [Mouse]. Acute toxicity of the vapor (LC50): 44000 mg/m 4 hours [Mouse]. Chronic Effects on Humans: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: A4 (Not classifiable for human or animal.) by ACGIH. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Classified Reproductive system/toxin/female, Reproductive systemitoxin/male [SUSPECTED]. Causes damage to the following organs: central nervous system (CNS). May cause damage to the following organs: kidneys, the reproductive system, liver, skin. Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Hazardous in ease of skin contact (iritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (permeater). ‘Special Remarks on Toxicity to Ar ls: Not available. ‘Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: May affect genetic material (mutagenicity) based on studies with yeast (S. cerevisiae), bacteria, and hamster fibroblast cells May cause reproductive effects (fertility) based upon animal studies. May contain trace amounts of benzene and formaldehyde which may cancer and birth defects. Human: passes the placental barrier. Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans: ‘Acute Potential Health Effects: Skin: May cause skin irtation. May be harmful if absorbed through the skin. Eyes: Causes eye initation, characterized by a burning sensation, redness, tearing, inflammation, and possible comeal injury. Inhalation: inhalation at high concentrations affects the sense organs, brain and causes respiratory tract irtation. It also may affect the Central Nervous System (behavior) characterized by dizzness, drowsiness, confusion, headache, muscle weakeness, and possibly motor incoordination, speech abnormalities, narcotic effects and coma, Inhalation may also affect the gastrointestinal tract (nausea, vomiting). Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive (gastrointestinal) tract (nausea, vorniting). It may also p4affect the Central Nevous System (behavior), characterized by depression, fatigue, excitement, stupor, coma, headache, altered sleep time, ataxia, tremors as well at the blood, liver, and urinary system (kidney, bladder, ureter) and endocrine system. May also have musculoskeletal effects. Chronic Potential Health Effects: Skin: May cause dermatitis. Eyes: Eye iritation. Section 12: Ecological Information Ecotoxi Ecotoxicity in water (L.C50); 5540 mgil $6 hours [Trout]. 8300 mg/l 96 hours [Bluegil]. 7500 mgil 96 hours [Fatthead Minnow], 0.1 ppm any hours [Water flea], BODS and COD: Not available. Products of Biodegradation: Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are net likely. However, long term degradation products may arise. Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The product itsetf and its products of degradation are not toxic. Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available. Section 13: Disposal Considerations Waste Dispos: Waste must be posed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations. Section 14: Transport Information DOT Classification: CLASS 3: Flammable liquid. Identification: : Acetone UNNA: 1090 PG: II ‘Special Provisions for Transport: Not available. Section 15: Other Regulatory Information Federal and State Regulations: California prop. 65: This product contains the following ingredients for which the State of California has found to cause reproductive harm (male) which would require a warning under the statute: Benzene California prop. 65: This product contains the following ingredients for which the State of California has found to cause birth defects which would require a warning under the statute: Benzene California prop. 65: This product contains the following ingredients for which the State of California has found to cause cancer which would require a waming under the statute: Benzene, Formaldehyde Connecticut hazardous material survey.: Acetone illinois toxic substances disclosure to employee act: Acetone Illinois chemical safety act: Acetone New York release reporting list: Acetone Rhode Island RTK hazardous substances: Acetone Pennsylvania RTK: Acetone Florida: Acetone Minnesota: Acetone Massachusetts RTK: Acetone Massachusetts spill list: Acetone New Jersey: Acetone New Jersey spl ist: Acetone Louisiana spill reporting: Acetone California List of Hazardous Substances (8 CCR 339): ‘Acetone TSCA &(b) inventory: Acetone TSCA 4(a) final test rules: Acetone TSCA &(a) UR: Acetone Other Regulations: OSHA: Hazardous by definition of Hazard Communication Standard (28 CFR 1910.1200). EINECS: This product is on the European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances. Other Classifications: WHMIS (Canada): CLASS 8-2: Flammable liquid with a flash point lower than 37.8°C (10°F). CLASS D-28: Material causing other toxic effects (Toxic), psDSCL (EEC): R11- Highly flammable. R36- Irritating to eyes. $9- Keep container in a well-ventilated place. $16- Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking, $26- In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. HMIS (U.S.A): Health Hazard: 2 Fire Hazard: 3 Reactivity: 0 Personal Protection: h National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.): Health: 1 Flammability: 3 Reactivity: 0 ‘Specific hazard: Protective Equipment: Gloves. Lab coat. Vapor respirator, Be sure to use an approvedicertified respirator or equivalent. Wear appropriate respirator when ventilation is inadequate. Splash goggles. Section 4 : Other Information References: “Material safety data sheet issued by: la Commission de la SantA® et de la SACouritA@ du Travail du QuA@beo. -The Sigma- ‘Aldrich Library of Chemical Safety Data, Edition ll. Hawley, G.G... The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11¢ ed.. New York NLY., Van Nostrand Reinold, 1987. LOLI, RTECS, HSDB databases. Other MSDSs Other Special Considerations: Not available. Created: 10/10/2005 08:13 PM Last Updated: 05/21/2013 12:00 PM The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect fo such information, and we assume no liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations fo determine the suitability of the information for their particular purposes. In no event shall ScienceLab.com be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising, even if ScienceLab.com has been advised of the possibility of such damages. p.6A science Lab.com ww A Chemicals & Laboratory Equipment RERenVreere Brateation Material Safety Data Sheet Isopropyl alcohol MSDS Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification Product Name: Isopropyl alcohol Contact Information: Catalog Codes: SLI1183, SLI1579, SLI1906, SLI1246, Sciencelab.com, Inc. 8111432 14025 Smith Rd. Houston, Texas 77396 CASK Oras US Sales: 1-800-901-7247 RTECS: NT8050000 International Sales: 1-281-441-4400 TSCA: TSCA &(b) inventory: Isopropyl alcohol Order Online: Scenceleb-cam, Ci: Not available. CHEMTREG (24HR Emergency Telephone), call: 4-800-424-9800 im: 2-Pr Som, Zee International CHEMTREG, call: 1-703-527-3887 Chemical Name: isopropanol For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-447-4400 Chemical Formula: C3-H8-O Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients Composition: Name CAS# % by Weight Isopropyl alcohol 67-63-0 100 Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Isopropyl alcohol: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 5045 mg/kg [Rat]. 3600 mg/kg [Mouse]. 6410 mg/kg [Rabbit]. DERMAL (LD50): Acute: 12800 mg/kg [Rabbit]. Section 3: Hazards Identification Potential Acute Health Effects: Hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, sensitizer, permeator) Potential Chronic Health Effects: Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (sensitizer). CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Ad (Not classifiable for human of animal.) by ACGIH, 3 (Not classifiable for human.) by IARC. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Classified Reproductive system/toxin/female, Development toxin [POSSIBLE] The substance may be toxic to kidneys, liver, skin, central nervous system (CNS). Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage. Section 4: First Aid Measures ptye Contact: ; ye Tor and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact, immediately fu inutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention ish eyes with plenty of water for atleast 15 kin Contact: Jash with soap and water. Cover the itritated skin ray be used. erious Skin Contact: Not available. «with an emollient. Get medical attention if iritation develops. Cold water nhalatio i 7 ratgted, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. f breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical tention if symptoms appear. Serious Inhalation: io taie the viotim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight clothing such 2s @ collar, tie, belt or waistband. If steathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the victim fs not breathing, perfor mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Seek medical attention ingestion: rior suce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person, Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tio, belt or waistband. Get medical attention if symptoms appear. Serious Ingestion: Not available, : ‘Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data Flammability of the Product: Flammable. ‘Auto-Ignition Temperature: 399°C (750.2°F) Flash Points: CLOSED CUP: 11.667°C (53°F) - 12.778 deg. C (55 deg. F) (TAG) Flammable Limits: LOWER: 2% UPPER: 12.7% Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, C02). Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Fight femmable in presence of open flames and sparks, of heat, Flammable in presence of oxidizing materials. Non- flammable in presence of shocks. Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Base eriosion of the product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Explosive In presence of open flames and sparks, of heat. Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: Farid usd, soluble or dispersed in water. SMALL. FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE FIRE: Use alcohol foam, water spray or fog. Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: sees may travel considerable distance to source of ignition and flash back. CAUTION: MAY BURN WiTT| NEAR INVISIBLE. TAME. Hydrogen peroxide sharply reduces the autoigition temperature of Isopropyl alcohol. After @ delay, Isopropyl ElcohoTignes on contact with dioxgeny| ttrafuorborate, chromium trioxide, and potassium tert-butoxide, When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes, Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: soecla ay alcohols are ready autooxidized in contact with oxygen or air, forming ketones and hydrogen perexite. Itean pecome potentially explosive. it reacts with oxygen to form dangerously unstable peroxides which can concentate and fxplode during distillation or evaporation, The presence of 2-bulanone increases the reaction rate fot peroxide formation. Explosive in the form of vapor when exposed to heal or flame. May form explosive mixtures wih 2 Isopropyl alcohol + Ghosgene forms isopropyl chloroformate and hydrogen chloride. Inthe presence of ron salts, thera! ‘decompositon can ateur whicn in some cases can become explosive. A homogeneous mixture of concentrated peroxides * isopropyl alcohol are Capable of detonation by shock or heat. Barium perchlorate + isopropyl alcohol gives the highly explosive alkyl perchlorates. p.2forme explosive mixtures with trintormethane and hydrogen peroxide It produces a vilent explosive reaction when heated hit sluminum isopropaxide + crotonaldehyde, Mixtures of isopropyl alcohol + nitroform are explosive ‘Section 6: Accidental Release Measures Small Spill: iret can water and mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place in an appropriate waste cisposal container Large Spill: Fee sie iquid. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Stop leak if without risk. Absorb wit DRY earth aera ac non-sombustible material. Do not touch spilled material, Prevent entry into sewers, basements or conned sao ake if noeded. Be careful thatthe product isnot present at a concentration level above TLV. Check TLV on the MSDS and with local authorities. Section 7: Handling and Storage Precautions: Kosp away from heat, Keep away from sources of ignition. Ground all equipment containing material, Do not Ingest. De 00% breathe gasifumes! vapor/spray. Avoid contact with eyes. Wear suitable protective clothing. In case of insufficient venviston. rca suitable respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label. Keep away from incompatible such as oxidizing agents, acids. Storage: Store in a segregated and approved area. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Keep container tightly closed and sealed until ready for use. Avoid all possible sources of ignition (spark or flame). Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection Engineering Controls: Provide exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep the airborne concentrations of vapors below their respective threshold limit value. Ensure that eyewash stations and safety showers are proximal to the workstation location. Personal Protection: Splash goggles. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approvedicertified respirator or equivalent. Gloves. Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill: Splash goggles. Full suit. Vapor respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult @ specialist BEFORE handling this product. Exposure Limits: TWA: 983 STEL: 1230 (mg/m3) [Australia] TWA: 200 STEL: 400 (ppm) from ACGIH (TLV) [United States] [1999] TWA: 980 STEL: 1225 (mg/m) from NIOSH TWA: 400 STEL: 600 (ppm) from NIOSH TWA: 400 STEL: 500 (ppm) [United Kingdom (UK)] TWA: 999 STEL: 1259 (mg/m) [United Kingdom (UK)] TWA: 400 STEL: 600 (ppm) from OSHA (PEL) [United States] TWA: 980 STEL: 1225 (mg/m3) from OSHA (PEL) [United States]Consult local authorities for acceptable exposure limits, Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties Physical state and appearance: Liquid. Odor: Pleasant. Odor resembling that of a mixture of ethanol and acetone. Taste: Bitter. (Slight.) Molecular Weight: 60.1 gimole GARG INOGENIC BEF ECTS (Not clsamable fox numan or aval) By ACGIH, 9 (Not enanebs Dimer by [ARC DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Clasifed Reproductive systetoxinfemale, Development toxin [POSSIBLE]. May cause lamage to the following organs: kidneys, liver, skin, central nervous system (CNS). p4ther Toxic Effects on Humans: Eo eee ingestion, of inhelation. Sighlly hazerdous in case of skin contac (iitant, sensitizer, permeator). special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Not available. special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: i ce Ree eee procuctive/teratogentpertecie(rectitity tetoxtct{yicsvclcP i: ha itis (developmental txin)) based cn animal studies. Detected in maternal mikin human, special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans: Soe ie clantial Health Effects: Skin: May cause mild skin ititation, and sensitization. Eyes: Can cause Cit. initation, Nfalation: Breathing in small amounts ofthis material during normal handling is not likely to cate harmful effects. However, ing large amounts may be harmful and may affect the respiratory system and mucous mentorer ee (iritation), behavior rena (Gentral nervous system depression - headache, dizziness, drowsiness, stupor, incoorditaton, lunconciousness, ae a anv possible death), peripheral nerve and senstation, blood, urinary system, and liver, Ingest: Swallowing small Sa aresting normal handling isnt likely to cause harmful effects. Swallowing large amounts may be harmful. Swallowing large amounts may cause gastrointestinal tract iritation with nausea, vomiting and dlarsnea, abdominal pain. It also may Hoe eo arhany aystom. cardiovascular system, sense organs, behavior or central nervous system (somnaleron, generally depressed activity, iitabilty, headache, dizziness, drowsiness), liver, and respiratory system (breathing difficulty), Chronic Seo calth Ettects: May cause defatting of the skin and dermatitis and allergic reaction. May cause adverse reproductive effects based on animal data (studies). ‘Section 12: Ecological Information _ Eeotoxicity: Ecotoxiity in water (LC50}: 100000 ml 96 hours [Fathead Minnow]. 64000 mal 96 hours [Fathead Minnow] BODS and COD: Not available. Produets of Biodegradation: Preeti hazardous shor term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradation products may arse. Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The product itself and its products of degradation are not fov'c Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available. ‘Section 13: Disposal Considerations Waste Disposal: Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations. Section 14: Transport Information DOT Classification: CLASS 3: Flammable liquid. Identification: ; Isopropyl Aleohol UNNA: 1219 PG: Il ‘Special Provisions for Transport: Not available, Section 15: Other Regulatory Information Federal and State Regulations: Cennectigut hazardous material survey.: Isopropyl! alcoho! llinois toxic substances disclosure to employee act: Isopropy! net Rhode island RTK hazardous substances: Isopropyl alcohol Pennsylvania RTK: Isopropyl alcohol Florida: Isopropy! Sicohol Minnesota: Isopropyl alcohol Massachusetts RTK: Isopropyl alcohol New Jersey: Isopropyl alcohol New Jersey spill list Isopropyl alcohol Directors list of Hazardous Substances: Isopropyl alcohol Tennesee: Isopropyl alcohol TSCA 6(0) inventory: Isopropyl alcohol TSCA 4(a) final testing order: Isopropyl alcohol TSCA 8{2) IUR: Isopropyl alcohol TSCA B(c)and 8 data reporting: Isopropyl alcohol: Effective date: 12/16/86 Sunset Date: 12/18/96 TSCA 12(0) one time export: Isopropyl Slcohol SARA 313 toxic chemical notification and release reporting: !sopropyl alcoho Other Regulations: I ee eeaaser by defintion of Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 110.1200). EINECS: This product ison the European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances Other Classifications: WHMIS (Canada): 5 CLASS £:>. Flammable quid with a flash point lower than 37.8°C (100°F). CLASS D-28: Material causing other toxic effects (Toxic). DSCL (EEC): u Rit. Highly flammable. R36-Initating to eyes. S7- Keep container tightly closed. $16- Keep away from sources of anton Ay eruking, $24/25- Avoid contact with skin and eyes. S26- In case af contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. HMIS (U.S.A.): Health Hazard: 2 Fire Hazard: 3 Reactivity: 0 Personal Protection: h National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.): Health: 4 Flammability: 3 Protective Equipment: Gloves. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approvedicertified respirator or equivalent. Wear appropriate respirator when ventilation is inadequate. Splash goggles. Section 16: Other Information References: Not available. Other Special Considerations: Not available. Created: 10/09/2005 05:53 PM Last Updated: 05/21/2013 12:00 PM The information above Is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect fo such information, and we assume no fiabilly resulting from its use. Users should make their ov investigations to determine the suitability of the information for their particular purposes. In no event shall ScienceLab.com be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising, even if ScienceLab.com has been advised of the possibility of such damages. p.6A Science Lab.com 3 Chemicals & Laboratory Equipment 0 Reactivity 0 Personal Protection Material Safety Data Sheet Water MSDS Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification Product Name: Water Contact Information: Catalog Codes: SLW1063. Sciencelab.com, Inc. 14025 Smith Rd. CAS#: 7732-18-5 Houston, Texas 77396 RTECS: ZC0110000 US Sales: 1-800-901-7247 International Sales: 1-281-441-4400 Order Online: ScienceLab.com CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call: TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Water Cit: Not available, Synonym: Dihydrogen oxide 4-800-424-9300 Chemical Name: Water International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887 ‘Chemical Formula: H20 For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400 Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients CAS # °% by Weight 7732-185 400 Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Not applicable. Section 3: Hazards Identification Potential Acute Health Effects: Non-corrosive for skin. Non-iritant for skin, Non-sensitizer for skin. Non-permeator by skin. Non-inritating to the eyes. Non- hazardous in case of ingestion. Non-hazardous in case of inhalation. Non-irritant for lungs. Non-sensitizer for lungs. Non- corrosive to the eyes. Non-corrosive for lungs. Potential Chronic Health Effects: Non-corrosive for skin. Non-irritant for skin. Non-sensitizer for skin, Non-permeator by skin. Nor-irritating to the eyes. Non-hazardous in case of ingestion. Non-hazardous in case of inhalation. Non-iritant for lungs. Non-sensitizer for lungs. CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIG EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. Section 4: First Aid Measures Eye Contact: Not applicable petSkin Contact: Not applicable, Inhalation: Not applicable. Serious Inhalation: Not available. Ingestion: Not Applicable Serious Ingestion: Not available. Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data Flammability of the Product: Non-flammable. Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not applicable Flash Points: Not applicable. Flammable Limits: Not applicable Products of Combustion: Not available. Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Not applicable. Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substance: lot Applicable Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: Not applicable. Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Not available. Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Not available. Section 6: Accidental Release Measures ‘Small Spill: Mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place in an appropriate waste disposal container. Large Spill: Absorb with an inert material and put the spilled material in an appropriate waste disposal Section 7: Handling and Storage Precautions: No specific safety phrase has been found applicable for this product, Storage: Not applicable. Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection Engineering Controls: Not Applicable Personal Protection ‘afety glasses. Lab coat. Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill: Not Applicable Exposure Limits: Not available. Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties Physical state and appearance: Liquid.Odor: Odorless Taste: Not available. Molecular Weight: 18.02 g/mole Color: Colorless. pH (1% soln/water): 7 [Neutral] Boiling Point: 100°C (212°F) Melting Point: Not available. Critical Temperature: Not available. Specific Gravity: 1 (Water = 4) 3 kPa (@ 20°C) Vapor Density: 0.62 (Air = 1) Volatility: Not available. Odor Threshold: Not available. Water/Oll Dist. Coeff.: Not available. lonleity (In Water): Not available. Vapor Pressure: Dispersion Properties: Not applicable Solubility: Not Applicable Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data Stability: The product is stable. Instability Temperatur lot available. Conditions of Instability: Not available, Incompatibility with various substances: Not available, Corrosivity: Not available. Special Remarks on Reactivity: Not available. Special Remarks on Gorrosivity: Not available. Polymerization: Will not ocour. Section 11: Toxicological Information Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Eye contact Toxicity to Animal: LD50: [Rat] - Route: oral; Dose: > 90 milkg LC50: Not available. Chronic Effects on Humans: Not available. Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Non-corrosive for skin. Non-irritant for skin. Non-sensitizer for skin. Non-permeator by skin. Non-hazardous in case of ingestion. Non-hazardous in case of inhalation. Non-irritant for lungs. Non-sensitizer for lungs. Non-corrosive to the eyes. Non- corrosive for lungs. Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Not available. p.3special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: Not available. Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans: Not available. Section 12: Ecological Information Ecotoxiclty: Not available. BODS and COD: Not available. Products of Biodegradation: Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradation products may arise. Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The product itself and its products of degradation are not tox ‘Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available. Section 13: Disposal Considerations Waste Disposal: Waste must be disposed of in accordance wit federal, state and local environmental control regulations, Section 14: Transport Information DOT Classification: Not a DOT controlled material (United States). Identification: Not applicable. Special Provisions for Transport: Not applicable. Section 15: Other Regulatory Information Federal and State Regulations: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Water Other Regulations: EINECS: This product is on the European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances. Other Classifications: WHMIS (Canada): Not controlled under WHMIS (Canada), DSCL (EEC): This product is not classified according to the EU regulations. Not applicable. HMIS (U.S.A): Health Hazard: 0 Fire Hazard: 0 ivity: 0 Personal Protection: a Rea National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.): Health: 0 Flammability: 0 ity: 0 ‘Specific hazard: Reacti p4Protective Equipment: Not applicable. Lab coat, Not applicable. Safety glasses. Section 16: Other Information References: Not available. Other Special Con: Created: 10/10/2005 08:33 PM Last Updated: 05/21/2013 12:00 PM jerations: Not available. The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available fo us. However, we make no warranty of merchantabiliy or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and we assume ro lability resutting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of the information for their particular purposes. In no event shall ScienceLab.com be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for lost profits or any speciel, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising, even if SciencaLab.com has been advised of the possibilty of such damages. pSEconomic Indicators (1957-59 = 100) ae CEindex td Equomert 708 eatexchongos fonts 619 Pocessmocingy 6423 Posvonesdiings —__8987 Pocessmaiumerlt ____4240 Pampsiicompresses ___ 9) Bechiolequpment __ 5106 Setue)syppats mie 7003 Conshuctonioore —___st4s Gain en fanering dt spsnnion __ 087 ‘ug 2 Fina 566 7001 ais 8h wm 10 790 alla m2 was Sus wee Sept) Fl #00 Moen CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PLANT COST INDEX (CPC! 2010 mm 2077 mmm 2012 soem Annual Index: 2004 2 4.2 2005 2 468.2 2006 = 96 2007 2 528A 2008 2 515.4 208 $21.8 ‘m0 808 ‘ON 25887 if JFMAMSSASONDCURRENT BUSINESS INDICATORS uaest PREVIOUS unaso (Ploutputinder (2007 =100) Od? = 89 | Spe = 873 | Agl2 = B75 | Od = 879 ‘Clyduectoutpu $iions. Sen © 2TH | Aug? = 21753] AAT2 = 21088 | Sep = 21977 ‘Cloperotng ie Och? © 150 | Spl2 = M3] Ag? = 765] Ob = 159 Produces prices. industrial chemicals (1982 100) O12 = BAI | Smd2 = SOA | Wg? = WP | Oo = 562 Indust roduc in Monochxing (2007100) Och 0] Seni? = WB] Ag = 87] OdN = NS ‘Hoty ecrmings index chemiogl otied products 1 Ooh? = 1876 | Sep? = 1683 | Angl2 = 1877 | Oct = 1808 Pioducttyinder chemicals Ried peducts(1992=100) _Ook'12 = WM 1 Sep12 = 1082 1 Aug’? = 1028 | O11 = 1069. CPIOUTPUTINDEX(2007= 100) CPIOUTPUT VALUE ($piuions) CPI OPERATING RATE () ta LL] LJ (1 +| | ol lt ef ||| | | alba | | | i | AHHH a j | | | | | ] 1 } 60ll JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND CURRENT TRENDS c= equigment prices, ot reflecied in the CE Plant Cost Index ICEPC; top), dropped 3.12% from August to September (the ‘most recent doo), Meanwtile, the Curent Business Indicators from IHS Global Insight (idl), show less hon 0 0.5% decrease inthe operating rete ond ouput inde, From Augusto Septem: ber. Al the some time there wos a 1.49% increase in the value of ‘eutpu over he some ime period, ond a 0.13% everoge decrease inthe producer prices, indusial chemicals, Year over yea, here {s1.17% decreos inthe ouput indox, 3.28% increase inthe velve of ouput, 1.23% decrease inthe operating roe ond « 7.86% decrease in the producer prices, indus chemical ‘According to the American Chemistry Council's (ACC; Wash- inglon, D.C; wwawamericanchemishy.com) lotest weekly eco: nomic report at CE press fime, The Organization for Economic ‘Co-operation ond Development (OECD) composite leading ind ‘alr (Cll for September pein fo weak growth in many major ‘economics, bu! signs of slabiization are emerging in Canada, China ond the US. Formore on capital cot rends and historical CEPC! dota, visi -veww.che.com/pei o G4 CHENICAL ENGINEERING. Wunl/CHE.COM DECEMBER 2012BlBhre. elaz Elew kmel/h 28.7098 4973140 9.9900 28.7996 "2.2877 a9%.2Laa we flaw kgvh as2a. 5260 2264.3060 4.0000 1129. 8280 lore. 1270 2264.8080 2 Temp K 298.0000 967.7000 6.0000 982, 5000 £29. 0000 967.7000 Prep az z.0000 1.000 9.0000 2.0000 1.3000 2.8000 0.01704 1.000 9.0000 1.000 1.008 1.000 Inch k3/h 6. 2ossE+O06 3 .9330t006 9.00000 “7 .ag22Et006 «© ~1.2e47Et007 +S. 9322nr eos “3.9 aAceaal vol man 8.0205 8308. 2006 9.9000 sae. 7946 2076. 0037 $303 .2600 e dtd dag mivh 1. bots a. usu vu .uouy 1. pos Levey Ls usu std van UE mifh ay. 2UzB Ase. 22 u.uuuu 84d. 9U26 Luss 97807 6 a: 10 il ie 492.2144 o.o000 o.o000 28.2035 28.8276 11.8861 | 2284.8060 o.o000 o.oo00 1226.5260 1g27.5908 248.2081 267.7000 o.o000 o.0000 262.5000 267.7001 269.0112 1.8000 o.o000 o.0000 2.0000 1.6000 1.8000 1.000 o.o000 o.o000 1.000 1.000 o.0000 -5.9313E+006 o.00000 o.o0000 -7.2631E+006 “6. S556E+005 “3. 3969E+008 82692688 o.o000 o.oo00 425.6376 474.6299 0.4297 15.0030 o.0000 o.0000 1.6225 1.6242 O.2940 11056 .9728 o.o000 o.0000 624.3646 646.1317 266.4110LI Stream No. 13 14a 15 16 n 1s Name - = Overall - - Wolar flow kmol/h 2.1829 28.7996 28.8275 464.4568 16.9415 8.7082 Wass flow kak 187.2713 129.5260 1927. 5908 937.2183 982.2646 158.0248 Temp K 966.0642 ig.2000 267.7000 267.7000 ga7.a992 288.2052 Pres bar 1.8000 z.0000 1.8000 1.8000 1.8000 1.8000 Vaper mole fraction a.o000 0.01876 1.000 1.000 o.o000 0.0000 Enth kd/h -9.S8Z9Et005 -8.6A70E+ 008 -6.S586E+008 8 .2739E+005 -4. 1662E+008 “2.42 78E+006 Actual vol md/h 0.2639 8.7175 a74.s298 7894.6924 1.2584 0.1677 Bed liq m3/h 0.2355 1.6468 1.6282 18.2786 1.2208 0.1585 Sed vap 0 C ma/h 71.9415 645.5026 646.1917 10410.8426 279.2207 195.0596