CH 1- CLIMATE OF INDIA

FACTORS :

HIMALAYAS
SEAS
WINDS
LATITUDNAL POSITION
ALTITUDE
JET STREAMS
RELIEF FEATURES W. GHATS

FEATURES OF INDIAN CLIMATE :

TROPICAL MONSOON CLIMATE

DIVERSITY IN CCIMATIC CONDITIONS
MONSOON MECHANISM
FOUR DISTINCT SEASONS
BAY CYCLONES OR TROPICAL DEPRESSIONS IN LATE MONSOON
WINTER RAINFALL DUE TO W. DISTURBANCES

FEATURES OF MONSOON :

UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED
ERRATIC
UNCERTAIN
UNRELIABLE
LOW RAINFALL : JAMMU, RAJASTHAN

PLACES OF

MODERATE RAINFALL : CHATTISGARH, TAMIL NADU

HIGH RAINFALL : KERALA, MEGHALAYA, N. EAST, W.

GHATS

MARCH TO MAY HOT AND DRY SUMMER

Low pressure
High temp. in northern parts away from sea
Rivers, wells dry up

 Dust storms Punjab, Haryana, U.P. loo

Torrential rainfall due to high speed wind in w. Bengal & Assam
kalbaisakhi
High speed hot winds
JUNE TO SEPTEMBER RAINY MONSOON

Low pressure attracting monsoon laden wind from surrounding sea

Uneven rainfall
Bay of Bengal branch : Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, U.P., W. Bengal
Arabian sea branch : Maharashtra, Kerala, Karnataka, Orissa

OCTOBER TO NOVEMBER RETREATING MONSOON

High pressure
Dry retreating winds
Clear skies and dry atmosphere
October heat
Low humidity
Oppressive weather
Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh highest rainfall due to cyclones originating in
Bay of Bengal

DECEMBER TO FEBRUARY COLD AND DRY WINTER

Low temp in north then south
Clear skies
Cool weather , light breeze
High pressure
No rains in S.
W. disturbances cause rainfall in Punjab and Haryana, good for wheat and
barley
Snowfall in Himalayas

CH 2 soils in india

Soil thin surface layer of earth, comprising mineral particles formed by

weathering of rocks
Ex situ soil transported alluvial soil
In situ soil found where formed laterite, red, black/regur soil
ALLUVIAL SOIL

Transported by rivers as silt

Rich in potash, humus and lime & deficient in lime
On banks of Indus & tributaries, Ganga & tributaries
Godavari & Krishna mixed with regur dark yellow and grayish in colour
Punjab, Haryana, U.P. & Bihar yellow in colour
Bhangar old light grey
Khadar new non porous, clayey & loamy - yellowish
Crops jute & rice

BLACK SOIL

Volcanic origin
Deccan trap
Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra
Disintegration of basalt rich in potash, humus and lime
Deep, fine grained and black to chestnut brown in colour
Moisture retentive sticky when wet & forms cracks when dry
Crops cotton & wheat

RED SOIL

Weathering of crystalline and metamorphic rocks

Tamil nadu, Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh
Red in colour , high iron oxide
Deficient in nitrogen, lime, phosphorous & humus rich in potash
Crops wheat rice millets

LATERITE SOIL
Leaching of lateritic rocks
Building material due to poor quality

Unsuitable for cultivation

Goa and kerala & malwa plateau
Poor in nitrogen & lime
High acidity cant retain moisture
Crops cashew nut and tapioca

SOIL EROSION removal of upper fertile layer by agents of denudation

CAUSES

Water sheet erosion gully erosion

Human deforestation
Over grazing by cattle
Wind
Improper farming techniques

EFFECTS
Loosening of soil
Landslides & flash floods
Leads to unproductive soil poor crop yield
METHODS TO PREVENT

Strip cropping and terrace farming

Add organic matter, grow leguminous plants & crop rotation
Af
afforestation
planting of shelter belts of trees
Contour ploughing and contour binding
Watershed management

CH 3 NATURAL VEGETATION OF INDIA

Natural vegetation is that which grows without human interference and adopts
itself to environment.

FACTORS

Rainfall
Temperature
Soil
Topography altitude and latitude

TROPICAL EVERGREEN FOREST

200 cm of rainfall
24 C to 27C
Diff. trees germinate & wither @ different times
Dense trees, climbers & epiphytes
Dark floor as no sunlight penetrates
Trees not in pure stand
Rosewood, ebony, shisham making furniture Andaman & nicobar
islands, assam, Meghalaya & Tripura

TROPICAL DECIDOUS/ MONSOON FORESTS

100 200 cm of rainfall

Shed leaves in hot weather
Pure strands of trees
Economically most imp. & most exploited
Sal furniture
Teak ship building
Sandalwood handicrafts Karnataka, m.p. chattisgarh
Semal toys, matchboxes
Myrobalan for dyeing clothes and tanning leather

TROPICAL DRY

Less than 25 cm of rainfall

25c to 27 c
Trees long roots, small leaves & thorns
Babul gum & its barks tanning skin
Kikar, acacias,thorny bushes
Rajasthan, kutch & saurashtra in Gujarat

TIDAL/DELTA FORESTS

Dense & impenetrable

Roots out in air during low tide
Tangled root system
Deltas of ganga. Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari
Glossy leaves
W. Bengal, Andhra Pradesh
Sundari hard, making boats
Gorjan & hintal source of fuel wood

MOUNTAIN FORESTS

Mountain area Kashmir to assam

Vegetation deciduous & coniferous
Depending on elevation & rainfall
Himachal coniferous, taiga Christmas tree wood pulp paper
Himadri tundra moses & lichens
Shivalik deciduous
Chir pine extraction of resins and turpentine
Silver fir matches, paper
Deodar railway sleepers & house construction
Kashmir, himachal Pradesh

FOREST CONSERVATION

Check deforestation
Prevent overgrazing
Reforestation
Shifting cultivation needs to be controlled

CH 4 WATER RESOURCES OF INDIA

Irrigation is key to indias agricultural success :
Uneven distribution of rainfall
Seasonal rainfall

 Indias agricultural season extends over winter

Indian monsoon uncertain
Diff. water requirements
METHODS
WELLS - n. plains UP, Punjab & Rajasthan
By digging hole in ground till water table (manually)
Requirements high water table permeable rocks soft soil
Cheapest & simplest source of irrigation
Disadvantages dry up during summer can water limited land time
consuming brackish water
Modern perennial lined wells covered dug till permanent source (using
machines)

TANK IRRIGATION = peninsular plateau Andhra Pradesh & tamil nadu

natural depressions hard rocks
Constructing walls across a depression
Requirements - ground should be rocky
Disadvantages silting of tanks, dry during summer, occupy large area
TUBE WELLS U.P. Bihar
Deep bore dug & water is lifted with electricity
Requirements groundwater close to surface and plenty, regular supply of
cheap electricity, region must be fertile
MULTI PURPOSE PROJECTS
BHAKRA NANGAL dam satluj highest dam in asia Punjab, Haryana &
rajasthan govind sagar lake
DAMODAR VALLEY CORPORATION damodar first multi puproject after
independence
HIRAKUND dam Mahanadi largest dam in india Orissa

Rihand dam rihand river tributary of son largest lake reservoir govind
ballab pant sagar lake bihar
Tungabhadra - largest no. of canals Andhra Pradesh & Karnataka two irrigation
canal on both sides across Tungabhadra a tributary of Krishna
IMPORTANCE

To store water
To generate electricity
To control floods
To provide drinking water
To develop pisciculture & recreational centres

WATERSHED development an imp. Method to conserve water, increase

agriculture & stop env. Degradation.
Rain water harvesting it is a technique of increasing the recharge of ground water
by capturing & storing rainwater.
Objectives

Meet demands of water

Improve groundwater quality
Reduce soil erosion
Avoid flooding of roads
Reduce surface run-off

EG: roof water harvesting, hand pumps, recharge through stop-dams on small
streams.

CH 5 MINERALS IN INDIA
COAL

Basic source of energy

Production of chemicals, dyes, fertilizers and paints
Steel industries
By products benzol, ammonia, naptha and sulphur

4 TYPES:

Anthracite 90 95 % - jet black

Bituminous 60 75 % - dark brown domestic uses
Lignite 40 50 % - brown
Peat below 30 % - light brown

PROBLEMS
Medium quality more ash & smoke water logging fire accidents
GONDWANA old W. Bengal ranigunj oldest Jharkhand Jharia largest
bokaro
TERTIARY Kashmir riasi assam lakhimpur
PETROLEUM

Source of power and fuel

Generation of power
By products kerosene, tar and lubricants
Assam digboi oldest
Gujarat ankleshwar
Mumbai high largest

IRON ORE

Production of iron & steel

Used in transport, building dams & bridges
Most - hematite and magnetite limonite poorest, hematite 68% iron
Orissa keonjarh, mayurbhanj
Jharkhand singbhum
Goa netarlim, burgadongar
Maharashtra chandrapur
Main importer japan, iran & china

MANGANESE

Used in making iron & steel

Raw material for paint & glass
Japan main importer usa, uk
Orissa sundergarh, koraput
Karnataka bellary, chitradurg
Madhya Pradesh(most) balaghat

BAUXITE

Raw material for aluminium

Making of machines & tools
Making utensils
Aircraft industry
Orissa, Jharkhand

LIMESTONE
Used in chemicals, iron and steel, cement, glass & fertilizers
Chattisgarh & Madhya Pradesh

CH 6 agriculture in india
SUBSISTENCE FARMING
Farming for farmer to consume small sized land more manual labour no
machines mostly food crops double cropping, crop rotation & multiple
cropping

JHUMMING, SHIFTING AGRICULTURE

Slash and burn, low quality seed, less production, improper cultivation, ecological
balance disturbed, crops left to grow on their own & no irrigation or fertilization is
provided

INTENSIVE COMMERCIAL FARMING

Small sized fields, more labour & scientific method to make soil more productive,
use of hybrid seeds, mostly food crops.
EXTENSIVE COMMERCIAL FARMING
Big fields, machines, cash crops, sparsely populated areas with ample of land.
product only for sale
MIXED FARMING
Animal rearing along with crops/livestock raising largest no. of cattle in world
india modern machinery & good seeds are used
PLANTATION FARMING
Predominance of single crop with some other crops only once plantation yield
many years scientifically managed crops only for sale
PROBLEMS

More than 60% farming dependent on monsoon

Farmers conservative, illiterate & poor
Soil erosion increased soil infertility
Farmers indebted cant afford new machines

SOLUTION

Improving farmers health & lifestyle

Preventing fragmentation
Irrigation
Educating farmers

FOOD CROPS
Cereals collective term for all kinds of grass like plants having starchy, edible
seeds.
CROPS

RAINFAL

SOIL

STATES

EXTRA INFO

L
150300CM

RICE

2232

WHEAT

1015
2732

50-100CM
50-120CM

ALLUVIA
L
ALL

AL
L

ALL

ALL

MILLET
S

PULSES

ALLUVIA
L

TAMIL NADU,
ANDHRA
PRADESH & W.
BENGAL
PUNJAB,
HARYANA
JOWAR U.P.
HARYANA
BAJRA GUJ,
MAHARASHTR
A
RAGI
KARNATAKA,
ANDHRA
PUNJAB,
HARYANA

HARVESTING THRESHING
HAND POUNDING
POLISHING
RUST & SMUT

PEAS, BEANS, LENTILS,

MOONG,MASOOR,TOOR,UR
AD

CASH CROPS
OIL SEEDS
15C - 25C 150 200 CM RAINFALL
BLACK SOIL
COTTONSEED
GROUNDNUT
SOYABEAN

ALLUVIAL SOIL
SESAME
LINT(non edible)
RAPE & MUSTARD

ANY
SAFFLOWER
CASTOR(non edible)

Oilcake by product of oil seeds.oil is extracted from oil seeds and residue
is termed oilcake.
Advantages of oilseeds : - generate employment, - earns foreign exchange
Uses seasoning of food, preservatives in pickles etc, oilcake as fodder &
manure, lubricants for machinery, in paints, inks, dyes.

CROP

RAINFALL

SOIL

STATE

COTTON

20 30

50 120

BLACK

JUTE

25 -35

150 200

ALLUVIAL

RUBBER

25 - 35

175 300

SUGAR
CANE
TEA

20 30

100 200

RED /
LATERITE
ALLUVIAL

10 -20

150 250

COFFEE

20 30

125 200

RED /
LATERITE
RED /
LATERITE

GUJARAT
MAHARASHTR
A
W. BENGAL,
GANGA
BRAMAPUTRA
DELTA
KERALA,
KARNATAKA
PUNJAB
HARYANA
ASSAM,
KERALA
KERALA,
KARNATAKA

BEVERAGE CROPS
TEA

Plantation crop largest producer india

Types
Black
Green steaming leaves in vats crushed & dried no fermentation
Oolong partial fermentation of leaves
Sowing seeds in nursery , 9 -12 months, transplanted to tea estates, cutting
taken from mother plant for better quality and grown into tiny shrubs
plucking early morning. For finest quality, two leaves and a bud are plucked.
This is fine plucking. Flush new bud on the shoot of a tea plant.
Withering to reduce moisture, air is blown
Rolling twist leaves to expose their juice for fermentation
Fermentation
Firing or drying
Tasting & blending
Export Kolkata
CTC machine crushing, tearing & curling

COFFEE

Arabica
Robusta
Liberica
Shrub with glossy, evergreen leaves & white flowers/
Shelter belts are provided
Wet or Parchment method removal of skin, pulping, fermenting, washing
& drying
Dry or native method covering is removed by drying in sun pounded to
remove outer covering colour, flavour & taste are result of roasting

FIBRE CROPS
COTTON

Short staple less than 2.2cm

Medium staple 2.2. to 2.8 cm
Long staple above 2.8 cm
Ginning separation of seeds and short fibres fromraw lint.
Abundant sunshine during ripening & plucking
Manual labour
Sowing broadcasting
Boll worm & boll weevils
Problems frost destroys the crop, rain only during early growing period,
cloudy weather, pests

JUTE

Manual labour
Clear soft water
Jute mites
stalks are cut near roots and then tied in bundles and steeped until outer bark
begins to rot. This is termed as retting.
Retting soaking of stalks to remove fibre from bark
Rinsing
Washing
Cleaning
Drying
Problems stiff competition in intl. market.

COMMERCIAL CROPS
RUBBER

Coagulated sticky milk or latex of rubber tree

Hold air, keeps moisture out, conducts electricity
Cheap skilled labour required for tapping
Insertion of strip of bark containing bud from high yielding clons under bark
till they unite in 3 4 weeks. The old seedling stem is then cut off below
grafted bud, which grows into new rubber plant.
Cover crops
Tapping collecting latex from rubber plant
Coagulation remove impurity by adding chemicals
Rolling to remove water
Drying
Crepe dried in shade white
Smoke smoke is supplied ting of pink
Vulcanized instant, cut into pieces, pink

SUGARCANE
Tall, perennial
Sugar cane is divided into internodes connected by joints called nodes. Each
node has a bud. Monoculture crop
Dry season for harvesting
More labour