KKHS Mathematics with Calculus Programme

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Unit #7
INTEGRATION - Techniques and Applications
Objectives
M8-11 Choose and apply a variety of integration and anti-differentiation techniques to functions and relations, using both analytical and
numerical methods.
M8-12 Form differential equations and interpret the solutions.
References
Delta Mathematics(2nd Ed) Chapters 16 - 25
Workbook Section 3 - Integration
Homework: for each hour in class, about an hour more is needed to effectively practice and process the work from that lesson, in readiness
for the next one. If you are having difficulty with something related to a lesson DO SOMETHING about it straight away.
Lesson
Detail
Workbook
1
plus
homework:
Revising L2
work
2
plus
homework:
Integrate
eax + b

3
plus
homework:
Integrate
trig
functions

4
plus
homework:
Integrate
1
x

x n 1
c, n 1
n 1

n
x dx

Page 169-171
Questions
#1-22

Integration of polynomials: RULE

Expand brackets first, do division if possible
Write terms without root signs and without powers of x in denominators
Use given information to find c where it exists
Integration of Exponential functions: think about reversing the differentiation process
Try differentiating a likely function: 1/a eax + b
Check with original, and modify as needed.
Remember c
Integration of Trig Functions
Try differentiating a likely function look in the differentiation table
Check with original, and modify as needed.
Remember c
Special cases: sin2x and cos2x
Use the appropriate version of the cos2x identity
cos2x = 1 2sin2x = 2cos2x - 1

Re-write sin2 x as

Re-write cos2 x as
Remember c

Page 172-3
Questions
#23-34

Pages 174-6
Questions
#35-46

1 cos 2 x
1 1
cos 2 x
2
2 2

before integrating it

1 cos 2 x
1 1

cos 2 x
2
2 2

before integrating it

Integration of x
Try differentiating a likely function: 1/a ln(ax + b)
Check with original, and modify as needed.
Remember c

Pages 177-8
Questions
#47-60

Integration of Rational functions DO the division first

5
plus
homework
time
Integrate
rational
functions

6
plus
homework
time
Reversing
quotient rule
7
plus
homework
time

E.g.

ax+ b
x

Divide each term of the numerator by the denominator, integrate the new

simplified terms separately

E.g

ax+ b
cx+ d

[Achieved]

Write in the quotient + remainder form:

Integrate the new parts separately:

q( x) dx

q( x) r ( x) dx

r ( x) dx

Remember c
Integration by identification of a Chain Rule quotient situation - MERIT
Look for some multiple of a quotient involving a function and its derivative

a f ( x)
dx
f ( x)

i.e. the pattern:

Try differentiating a likely function f(x)
Check with original, modify as needed, to get the desired multiple, a
Remember c
Integration by identification of a Chain Rule product situation - MERIT
Look for some multiple of the product of a function and its derivative
i.e. the pattern:

a f ( x) f ( x) dx

Pages 177-83
Questions
#61-90

[Merit]

Pages 184-6
Questions
#91-108

KKHS Mathematics with Calculus Programme

Reversing
product
rule

page 2

Try differentiating a likely function f(x)

Check with original, modify as needed, to get the desired multiple, a
Remember c

UNIT #7 continued
Lesson
8
plus
homework
time

Detail

Workbook

Integration of Trig products - MERIT

Use appropriate identities to change products to sums
Write products of trig functions as sums of individual trig functions
Integrate term by term and remember c

Pages 187-9
Questions
#109-124

9
plus
homework
Integrate by
substitn

Integration by Substitution - MERIT

Let u = the difficult bit: the bit inside a bracket or under a root sign
Differentiate u, rearrange expressions in order to be able to replace all the necessary x parts,
including dx, with equivalent u terms
Integrate with respect to u
Re-substitute to get an expression in terms of x not u

Pages 190-93
Questions
#125-144

10
plus
homework
Definite
integrals

Definite Integration and applications - Definite integrals - ACHIEVED

Integrate the function, f(x) to get a new function, F(x)
Evaluate F at both the higher and the lower limits given
Evaluate the difference: F(higher) F(lower)

Pages 194-6
Questions
#145-160

11-12
plus
homework
Properties
of definite
integrals
Finding
areas

Properties of Integration Finding areas

The integral associated with an area above the x-axis has a +ve sign
The integral associated with an area below the x-axis has a ve sign
Areas above and below the x-axis must be found by evaluating their integrals separately.
Use symmetry to evaluate some integrals:
Even functions are symmetric about the y-axis
Odd functions have rotational symmetry 180o about the origin
Periodic functions can be horizontally translated
NOTE Be clear about what you are finding!
If it is an integral, then negative signs CANNOT just be ignored.
If it is an area, use common sense you want the SIZE of that area.
Application Areas under curves
The area under f(x) between x-values a and b

[ACHIEVED/MERIT/EXCELLENCE]

Page 197-208
Questions
#161-182

f ( x) dx

a
b
is a
Sketch the function to determine x-intercepts
Integrate parts above and below the axis separately
Setting out hint: Use absolute value notation around those integrals whose sign needs to change for
their value to be used to give an area
Application Areas between curves
Find their points of intersection by equating y-values and solving for x.
Evaluate: integral of uppermost curve integral of lower curve
Take account of areas over and under the x-axis, as needed
Application - Kinematics and Rates of change - ACHIEVED

13
Kinematics

differentiation

Distance(x)
Integration

differentiation

Speed (v)

Acceleration (a)
integration

Note:
when integrating, dont forget to include the possibility of a constant reappearing!

Pages 209-14
Questions
#183-191

KKHS Mathematics with Calculus Programme

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KKHS Mathematics with Calculus Programme

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UNIT 7 continued
Lesson
1
5
4
3
2
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5

Detail
Numerical Integration
- ACHIEVED/MERIT/EXCELLENCE
Mid-ordinate rectangle Rule
Divide the relevant section of the x-axis into equal bits. Length of each bit is h.
Rectangles are drawn on each consecutive bit. The midpoint of the top of each rectangle is a point
on the curve.
The sum of the areas of the rectangles is approximately equal to the area between the curve and
the x-axis. The extra area is about the same size as the missing area:
5

Workbook

4
3

15
plus
homework
time
1
5
4
3
2
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5

Numerical
methods
for
integration

2
1
1

FORMULA: Area h.ym where (xm, ym) is where the top of a rectangle cuts the curve
Trapezium Rule
Divide the relevant section of the x-axis into equal bits. Length of each bit is h.
A trapezium (instead of a rectangle) is drawn on each bit. The top of the trapezium is the line joining
points on the curve.
The sum of the areas of the trapeziums is a better approximation equal to the area between the
curve and the x-axis, as the extra area and the missing areas are much smaller:
5

Pages 214-9
Questions
#192-203

4
3
2
1
1

16-18
plus
homework
time
Solving
differential
equations

FORMULA: Area h/2 [y0 + yn + 2(y1 + y2 +y3 + .)]

Differential Equations -are equations containing derivatives.

The solution to a DE is y=f(x)
A given function is shown to be a solution, using substitution of appropriate derivatives, much like
proving an identity:
substitute in LHS and show it to be equal to the RHS.
[DEs are formed by differentiating to eliminate constants: after a differentiation, where necessary, make
the constant the subject, and then substitute back in the original equation.]
Differential Equations continued
Solving 1st Order DEs by separating variables. Put dy and all terms with y on one side of the equal
sign and dx and all terms with x on the other. Integrate each side with respect to the appropriate
variable. Rearrange to get y = f(x).
Differential Equations applications
In many real situations the rate of change of a quantity is proportional to itself, i.e. dQ/d t Q This gives
the DE: dQ/d t = kQ for some constant k.
The solution is: Q = Ae k t where A is another constant. (show this by separating variables)
Two pairs of (t,Q) values and simultaneous equations are used to find A & k.
When temperature is involved, Newtons Law of Cooling is used.
The rate of cooling of an object is proportional to the difference between T (its temperature) and T o (the
ambient temperature).
i.e. dT/dt (T To) This gives the DE: dT/dt = - k (T To)

18
plus
homework
time
Assessment

Excellence questions
Practice exam-type questions pages 182 - 185

General solutions
Pages 220-1
Questions
#204-213
Particular solutions
Pages 222-8
Questions
#214-237
Separating
variables and
applications
Pages 229-242
Questions
#238-271

Pages 243-45
Questions
#272-78

- This standard is externally assessed in November. Practice Tests on the work in this unit will be give you some feedback on progress towards reaching the standard.

KKHS Mathematics with Calculus Programme

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Not in the course, but a useful application.

14
plus
homework
time
Finding
volumes of
revolution

Application - Volumes of Revolution - ACHIEVED/MERIT/EXCELLENCE

Draw a sketch of the curve involved
Take a typical slice of the area to be rotated that is at right-angles to the axis about which the
rotation is to occur
Determine the area of the slice: f(x).dx or x.dy
Rotate the slice-area and find the volume of the typical solid generated. It will be either a cylinder
(A = 2rh) or a thin walled cylindrical shell, which if slit along its length and opened out, is
approximately a thin rectangular solid or box (A = length .width .height)
Get the expressions for length, width and height, in terms of x and/or y as needed, from the sketch
of the curve

Cylinder

Shell

Section 2.13
Pages 138-45
Questions
#192-214