er. ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE FOR BINSISILOS LIST OF SYMBOLS. 3 LIST OF TABLES 4 LIST OF FIGURES 5 1.0 PURPOSE 6 2.0 INTRODUCTION 6 3.0 GEOMETRICAL SHAPE 7 40 DESIGN LOADS 8 44° Gravity Loads 8 4.2 Wind And Seismic Loads 9 4.3 Dynamic Loads 10 4.4 Temperature 4 4.5. Unbalanced Loading " 5.0 STRUCTURAL DESIGN 2 5.1 General 2 52 Circular Bins 2 5.3 Rectangular Bins 5pane z Lal 5.4 Framings And Details 5.5. Minimum Thickness - Stee! Bin Plates 56 Allowance For Wear AndiOr Corrosion 5.7 Temporary Bracing +8: MMRe Bins Or Silos aoe 6.0 REFERENCES: APPENDIX A - EXAMPLESLIST OF SYMBOLS density of material pt ‘angle between hopper wall and horizontal deg ‘depth below top of fil at which pressures are calculated ft horizontal area of bin cross section sf interior perimeter of bin ft AU bin hydraulic radius ft ‘angle of internal friction of stored material deg angle of friction of stored material on bin walls deg tan qt = coefficient of friction of stored material or bin walls height of bin - above hopper ft bin constant - circular, square or polygonal bin ft bin constant - short wall of rectangular bin ft bin constant - long wall of rectangular bin ft length - short wall - rectangular bin ft length - long wall rectangular bin ft inside diameter of bin ft ‘maximum basic lateral static unit pressure psf ‘vertical basic static unit pressure at depth Y psf iteral basic static unit pressure at depth Y psf tctal basic vertical force per lin. ft. of wall at depth Y, due tc friction of stored material on wall above that depth ‘correction factor for dynamic effect on structure ‘equivalent fluid pressure coefficient Lesing nt Tesing angle of plane of rupture with horizontal - {er level top of material deg Load normal to sloping hopper wall (see Fig. 2) ‘Angle of inclination of hopper wall to vertical (see Fig. 2) — wensIST OF TABLES Table 1 Approximate Properties of Granular Bulk Solids. ‘Table 2 Dynamic Correction Factors Ca rer messcenLISTOF FIGURES Components of Bin Chisel Shaped Hopper Column Support Detail with W-Column and Field-Bolted Connection Figure 4 Column Support Detail with Pipe Column and Field Welded Connection Figures Examples of Details at Girder Support4.0 PURPOSE ‘The purpose of this design guide Is to provide the designer with basic information needed to proceed with preliminary design. The data provided is to be used as a guide and shall be verified forthe specific instalation. 2.0 INTRODUCTION Bins are built for the storage and handling of bulk solids, liquids or slurry. ‘This design guide covers bins for dry granular materials such as coarse or fine ore, pelels, aggregates and dry chemicals only Early designers of storage facilities for granular material assumed that the stored material behaved like a liquid and designed the vessels for an ‘equivalent ‘uid pressure. That approach was later determined to be incorrect because some of the weight of the material was actualy transferred lo the walls by fiction. Janssen confirmed this hypothesis and in 1895 published a theory that accounted for the effect of the wall friction ‘Soon afterwards, Airy proposed another method for computing wall pressures and Ketchum summarized the state of the art in a book published in 1909. Advances in understanding the behavior of granular masses in bins ‘culminated in recognition of the urgent need for modifying the Janssen and Airy classical method and the Reinbert modern static deep-bin method 10 ‘ensure the safety and economy of structures. Flow pressures can be two to four times larger than the initial pressures even in bins with central discharge. In addition, large peak pressures can occur in both the bin and. the hopper. It is now generally accepted that while the intial (charging) pressure field approaches the active state, it may change during discharge {o one approaching the passive state. Many engineers were aware of the shortcomings of the classical methods ‘and compensated for them by arbitrarily reducing the allowable stee! stresses, Consequently, bin design often depended to a great extent on the judgment, knowledge, and abiliy ofthe individual design engineer. ‘There are many publications dealing with the design of bins which will be helpful to the engineer engaged in the special problems of bin design.In addition to these references the designer should scrutinize design drawings of bins from previous jobs in order to benefit from past experience ‘and research, 3.0 GEOMETRICAL SHAPE Bulk storage silos/bins can be classified either as a deep bin or a shallow bin. In.a deep bin the plane of rupture intersects the opposite side of the bin below the surface of the material. In a shallow bin, such a plane intersects the top of a level surface of material. Soe Appendix A, page A2, for a diagram showing the plane of rupture. Bins may be circular, square, rectangular or polygonal. They may have ‘conical or hipped discharge hoppers, or they may be flat bottomed, The configuration of a bin is usually determined jointly by the layout, ‘metallurgical and civil groups. It must be sized to accommodate the maximum anticipated surge of material and the shape must permit the ‘material to flow through as desired. Bin loading depends upon the flow pattern which develops within the bin and the sequence of charge and flow. Every effort should be made to develop hopper shape and opening size for a Mass Flow because most bins are designed for Mass Flow. When bins are designed for Mass Flow all material is in motion and slides. ‘along the surface of the bin plates. An important advantage of a Mass Flow bin is the well defined and reproducible loading due to the defined and ‘constant flow channel which coincides with bn walls. if the material is ‘coarse and abrasive, liner plates willbe required to protect bin plates. ‘The alternative to a Mass Flow bin is a Funnel Flow bin which may be a flat bottom bin or a bin with a hopper of shallow side slopes. In a Funnel Flow bin the material flows towards the outlet in a channel, formed within the stable material. The flow channel is typically circular in ‘oross-section and usually assumes a conical stape widening upwards from: the outlet. The channel may expand or contract between filings or during. —S sere40 44 the flow. As a result, loadings in a Funnel Flow bin are erratic and less reproducible than a Mass Flow bin. The clint will often have a preference for ona type of bin over another, based on his plant design and operating philosophy. For a method for determining the draw opening size, hopper ande and other factors relating to the flow of material, see reference 16. Fig. 1 shows the components of a bin, The most economical shape to build will usually be of circular cross section, In which the principal structural action is direct tension. On the other hand bins of a given capacity located inside a building will occupy less floor area if they are of rectangular shape. Also, a rectangular or square bin can be supported on building columns with simpler framing than that required for a circular bin. A special chisel shaped hopper used frequently with circular bins, has a circular cross-section where it joins the bin, but ends with a rectangular discharge opening. The transition from the circular to the rectangular section takes place smoothly over the full height of the hopper, ‘and a typical horizontal cross-section shows a ring consisting of parallel sides and circular arcs at the four comers. Fig. 2 gives elevation and sectional views ofthis hopper. DESIGN LOADS Gravity Loads Gravity loads include the bin contents, structural material in the bin itself, roof, floor, machinery and any other features whch may be supported by the bin structure. Bin contents constitute the most significant gravity loads. AA table of approximate properties of various granular bulk solids is given in Table 1. Before specific information on the particular material to be handled ‘can be ascertained, the approximate properties can be used for vertical loading, and in the formulas given in Appendix A, pages AZ through AS for pressure on the bin plates. The designer is cautioned on possible variations in the properties. Final design must be based on verified data provided or approved by the clientFor shallow bins use the Rankine theory for static pressure on the bin surfaces. For deop bins, use the classical and widely known Janssen theory. The Reimbert theory is also often used and is included in the guide for the designer's information. The pressures caloulated by these theories ‘shall be increased for dynamic effects in accordance with section 4.3. ‘A deep bin may act as a shallow bin when partly ful. This condition should 'be checked and the resulting static pressure compared with that calculated for a full bin using deep bin formulas. {In bins which have roof framing, catwalks, or any other structural elements located over or in the material, special caution must be taken to ensure that the maximum possible loading conditions are taken into account. There will be times when the bins are loaded with the maximum possible amount of material, At such a time the roof trusses, beams, catwalks and any other elements below the roof may be inundated with stored material. As this ‘material consolidates or is drawn down there will be a tendency for a portion of it to hang up on the embedded structural features. Such members shall be designed to support a volume of stored material, calculated to lie within planes extending from the outside edges of the members, upward and ‘outward along the planes of rupture of the material, to the highest possible level of loading. This loading shall be provided for in addition to all other loading applicable to the members in question even though the members may be clear of the material during normal operation. 4.2 Wind and Seismic Loads Wind forces on exposed bins and seismic forces shall be determined in ‘accordance with local conditions and codes in effect in the area. They ‘should be compatible with criteria established for the project as a whole. In the absence of local codes, wind forces shall be in compliance with reference 23 (ASCE 7) and seismic loads shall be in compliance with the Uniform Building Code. Earthquake motions induce a variation in the lateral pressure on the walls. However, quantilatve relationships between an earthquake parameter such ‘a8 ground acceleration and pressure variation on the walls has not been established. For design purpose it can be assumed that any stress increase —— cenin the wall plates caused by earthquake is compensated for by the increase in the allowable stresses for seismic loading, ‘The suppor: structure must be designed for the full wind or seismic loading, but not both, 4.3 Dynamic Loads Dynamic forces in bins occur during loading and discharge. It has been found empscally that the dynamic stresses due to (1) arching and (2) piping alternating with collapse of the granular material during discharge are much ‘greater than those during loading. Table 2 gives dynamic load correction factors based on reference 12 (Safari). They are to be used as multipliers of basic lateral and vertical pressures to provide fr localized dynamic forces resulting from gravity flow from centrally located discharge openings. The factors shal be used for the design of individual members but shal not be Used in calculating the total weight of a loaded bin. Notes: {1)_Arching refers to the condition where a granular material bridges over the discharge opening and plugs the flow. (2) Piping or Rat Holing refers to the confinement of the flow to a vertical pipe formed by build up of stable material ‘round the pipe, thus restricting the flow. Bins which are loaded by dump trucks, such as at primary crusher installations, are subjected to severed impact loading from large boulders falling direcly against the shell plates. For members exposed to this loading, inctease the pressures obtained by the Rankine or Janssen theory forthe fully lbaded condition by 100 percent. This increase shall not be added to the dynamic correction factors discussed above. 4.4 Temperature In those installations where hot materials are stored, e.g. alumina, cement, lime, and other calcined or sintered products, different temperatures can ‘oxist in different components of the structure. Thermal stresses are induced —— ie45 by restraints present among interconnecting parts which are at different temperatures or have different thermal coefficients. Such thermal stresses shall be evaluated by a rational analysis. The resulting stresses shall be ‘superimposed on stresses from other loads. If differential temperatures can exist during normal operation, no increase of allowable stresses shall be permitted for inclusion of temperature stresses. Unbalanced Loading Whenever possible the loading chutes and discharge openings should be arranged so that the bins will be symmetrically loaded throughout their height. In some cases this is not possible due to the requirements of the process and mechanical layout. Sometimes unsymmetrical loading can result unintentionally from uneven discharge of the material during drawdown, Circular bins normally designed to contain the stored material by hoop tension will be subjected to local bending stresses in addition Formulas in reference 9, article 46, case 23 (with 0 = 90) can be used to compute moments and forces in a circular ring due to unsymmetrical loading, Also, discussion of this problem associated with circular bin given in reference 22. Withdrawal of granular materials through eccentric openings also causes lateral pressure changes on both sides of the opening. The pressure increases should be assumed to apply to both the near side and the side ‘opposite the eccentric discharge opening. For citcular silos, the increase should be assumed as constant around the circumference. Formulas in reference 12 can be used to calculate the pressure increases. —= se orat5.0 STRUCTURAL DESIGN 5.1 General The design notes should clearly tabulate the results of the evaluation of Vertical loads, lateral loads, bin pressures and adjustments used for dynamic loading. The final design loads are those obtained after all of these analyses have been evaluated and adjusted in accordance with the assumptions used for design. These final design loads should then be used to size the structural members and to complete the bin design by using conventional structural design methods. 5.2 Circular Bins ‘Acircular bin, usually consisting of a cylindrical section with a conical hopper hanging from it, should be supported at the juncture of the cylinder and cone by a girder or columns. In circular bins the lateral pressure exerted by the material is resisted by circumferential tension, calculated by the formula PyD/2. To provide for the reduced efficiency of butt-welded Joints the working stress should be lowered to 85 percent of the normal allowable working stress ofthe steel. The portion of the bin which hangs below the supporting girder or column is supported by direct tension in the plate. The working stress here should also be reduced to 85 percent of normal allowable. The plate thickness should be designed for the larger of these tensile forces. In case the bin is supported by three or more columns, the shell with its sliffeners act as vertical girders to transfer the weight of the bin and contents, tothe columns. Flexural, shearing, and torsional stresses are involved. ‘An exact stress analysis is very complicated. The first question is that of the depth to be assumed. Some designers consider all the load to be taken by a vertical girder whose lower flange is the balcony girder [see (1) on page 40] and whose upper flange is a stiffener at the top of the columns. Since all plating from the bottom of the lower cone to the roof must deflect uniformly, it appears more logical to consider the "hipped" structure formed by the lower cone and the cylinder. Again this is complicated and it appearssufficiently accurate to corsider the full height effective. With this ‘assumption the balcony gitder is near the neutral axis and itis not necessary to add bending stresses due to vertical girder action to the stresses ccaleulated in (1) below. It should be noted that there is a torsional moment inthis girder. If effective, this moment would produce a considerable rotation in the girder and produce high shearing stresses. However this rotation is inhibited by the oof and the stiffeners. It is therefore considered that stresses from this torsion may be neglected. ‘Acolumn supported circular bin shall have the following horizontal stiffeners: (1) Balcony Girder “The balcony girder is the horizontal stiffener provided at the junction of the cone and the cylinder. Stresses in the balcony girder resutt from: (@) The horizontal component of the tangential stress in the conical bottom, This is resisted, in part, by the ring tension at the bottom of the cylinder, It appears reasonable to use a shell height of 2 feet in addition to the girder. (b) The stresses from the lateral loads: In the usual case, because of clearances between the bracing and the cone, eccentricity ‘occurs in the bracing. This results in flexure of the column, increasing the shear and moments in the balcony girder. (©) Inthe case of battered columns the balcony girder is subjected to further thrust and moments. 2) Stifener at Top of Column While not always used, itis desirable to place a stiffener at the top of, the columns. The stresses in the vertical girder have been discussed above. It is recommended that the stresses be calculated with the ‘assumption that the depth of this girder is the distance from this ‘stiffener to the balcory girder, and stresses shall also be calculated with the assumption that the entire height of cylinder and cone iseffective, The mean between these two calculated stresses should not exceed the allowable unt stress, (3) Stiffener at Top of Bin Oper top bins shall be stiffened unless equivalent stiffening is provided by floor or other construction at this point. (4) Intermediate Horizontal Stiffeners Stifeners in addition to the above may be required either to resist fovaling from wind or to prevent buckling of the shell under flexural stresses. When the bin is loaded the shell is in tension and buckling will not occur. The worst condition occurs with wind and flexural stresses in a partially loaded bin. For wind velocity below 100 miles per hour intermediate stiffeners shall bbe used whenever the ratio of bin diameter to thickness of plate ‘exceeds 600, and the distance from the roof to the stiffener at the top. Of the columns exceeds h in the following formula. The spacing, h, shall not exceed 6001(100UD)"* and the section modulus shall not be less than h D#/10,000. The outstanding legs of these stiffeners shall bbe braced to the shell so that L/b ratio does not exceed 30. In these formulas: pacing of stiffeners, feet Thickness of plate, ins. Inside diameter of bin LL= Distance between supports for stiffener, ins b= With of outstanding leg of stiffener, ins. It vertical stifeners are welded to the shell plate the working tensile stress in the plate shall be reduced to 75 percent of normal allowable. This reduction ig not to be applied on top of the 85 percent reduction for joint efficiency ‘There will be vertical compression in the plate due to friction of the contents Which must also be taken into account. This compression can be computed by the formulas given in Appendix A, pages A3 and AS. eS necucrssFor the chisel hopper shown in Fig. 2, horizontal stifeners of tee or angle sections are required to maintain the configuration. The stiffener is designed as a ring having for its section the tee or angle together with an effective Wiath of plate. Case 48, Table Ill of Ref. 9 gives moment coefficients for the: fing. The moments obtained should be combined with the axial tension from. the lateral pressure. 5.3 Rectangular Bins In rectangular bins the lateral pressure exerted by the material is resisted in. bending of the shell plates and stiffeners. ‘The bin plates ate subjected to bending and membrane stresses spanning: between stiffeners, tensile stresses resulting from the gravity loads of bin ‘and contents, and horizontal tension due to lateral loading of the adjacent ‘sides. They also participate in girder action of the entire bin side transfering the load to the comer support points. Siiffeners are required to support the bin plates against lateral pressure, ‘support the juncture of the hopper and vertical bin sides, stiffen the top and bottom of the bin and support the plate against buckling due to shear and compression. In the case of stifeners supporting lateral load, such as horizontal stiffeners in the hopper section, it is important that the end reactions are transferred property to the adjacent sides. Stiffener spacing is rolative to plate thickness and must be decided by trial and economic analysis. ‘Square or rectangular bins are supported at the come's. Sometimes they are connected directly into the columns, but more often they rest on girders which frame into the columns. As the entire bin and hepper are assembled into a single integral unit it must act as a girder over its full height from the top of the bin to the bottom of the hopper. in bins of ncrmal proportions the depth of such a girder is usually so great that the vertcal loading is easily transferred to the supports without any additional structural elements. Very deep beams, whose depths are comparable to their spans, behave differentty from beams of ordinary proportions, and stresses will not be distributed in accordance with straight line theory. For a detailed discussion Of this phenomenon see reference 14. We will have this deep beam case5A 55 when we consider the shell plates of a bin and hopper acting as a girder. ‘These variations can be conservatively accounted for by calculating stresses, using the formulas for shallow members and reducing the allowable stresses by one half. It may be assumed that the contents of the bin will provide the required lateral suppor forthe shell plates. Framing And Detai Structural detailing of bins is usually more complicated than typical steel framing and platework, due to the hipped configuration, large size and heavy loads, Examples and typical details are given in Figures 3, 4, and 6. ‘Although as a general rule itis desirable to minimize field welding, assembly of large bins by field bolting requires extremely heavy connection details, so that field welding is often a more practical approach. Joints to be field ‘welded should be provided with erection clips and backup plates. It is especially important to call for these detalls when fabrication is by one contractor and erection by another. bin must be designed and fabricated to be shipped to the site in the largest easily transportable sections and erected with the minimum field labor possible. Minimum Thickness - Stee! Bin Plates. Al structural stee! bin walls shall have a minimum plate thickness of 1/4 inch, Allowance for Wear andiOr Corrosion Excessive wear or corrosion for steel, unless otherwise provided for, may be provided for by an additional thickness of 1/16 inch above that required for structural design considerations. ——— Leet5.7 Temporary Bracing Denting and collapsing of steel plate walls of large bins by wind pressure fave been known to occur during construction as the result of inadequate temporary bracing. To reduce this hazard a note calling for adequate temporary bracing shall appear on the design drawings. 5.8 Concrete Bins Or Silos Very large bins or silos, such as those used for ore storage, are frequently built of reinforced concrete. A principal advantage of a reinforced concrete bin is that it has good resistance to local bending caused by wind pressure or other non-uniform loading. It will usually be circular in cross section and horizontal reinforcing is determined from hoop tension and the effects of unsymmetrical loading. Vertical reinforcing is determined from temperature requirements or compression due to vertical friction of the contents, whichever is greater. Wall thickness should be designed to suit local bending, compression, and reinforcing details. Large concrete bins are very adaptable to slip forming, especially if they are tall and several in number, and they should be designed with a uniform horizontal cross section throughout their height to facilitate this type of ‘construction. Concrete bins can be supported on a heavy elevated pedestal, for easy access to feeders underneath, or they can be carried down to a foundation on the ground. 6.0 REFERENCES (1) "Specification for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural Stee! for Buildings", A.LS.C. (2) "Code for Welding in Building Construction’, AW.S. D1.1 (3) "Specification for Elevated Water Tanks", AWWA D100 (4) "Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage", A.P.L, Standard 650. (6) “Unfired Pressure Vessels, Section VIII", Vessel Code, ASME Boiler and Pressure, =e beer6) ” (8) ® (19) ty (12) (13) (1a) (15) (16) (17) (19) “Walls, Bins and Grain Elevators", Ketchum, "Plates and Shells", Timoshenko, "Strength of Materials - Part II", Timoshenko. "Formulas for Stress and Strain", Roark (McGraw Hill 4th edition 1965). “Hipped Plate Construction", Winter & Pei "Design of Large Coal Bunkers", Rogers - Trans ASCE, Vol. 117, Pg. 579 (ASCE Separate #72 June 1951). "Design Pressure of Granular Materials in Silos", Safarian - Tile No. 66-51 ACI Journal August 1969. "Dynamic Pressure of Granular Material in Deep Bins", Turitzin - ASCE Joumal Str. Vol. 89, No. ST2- April 1963, Pg. 49. "Stresses in Deep Beams", Chow, Conway and Winter - Trans. ASCE Vol. 118, Pg. 686, “Bin Loads", Jenike and Johanson - ASCE Str. Journal, Vol. 94, No. ‘ST4, April 1968. (a) "New Design Criteria for Hoppers and Bins", Johanson & Colian - Reprinted from Iron and Steel Engineer, October 1964 (b) "Properties of Various Raw Materials Related to Gravity Flow’, by Johanson - Paper (30.016-005) (8), March 30, 1965. US. Steel Applied Research Lab. - Technical Re2ors, "Hipped Plate Analysis", Gaatar - Trans. ASCE, Vol. 119, Pg. 743. "Web Buckling Tests on Welded Plate Girders’, Welding Rescarch ‘Council, No. 64, Sept. 1960. —_—_— seer(19) (20) 2) (22) (23) (2a) (25) (28) (27) “Strength of Plate Girders in Shear’, Basler - Journal Str. Div., ASCE. Vol. 87 - ST7, Oct. 1961, Pg. 151. “Buckling Stresses of Metal Structures", Bleich. “Thin Walled Members in Combined Torsion and Flexure", Lansing ~ ‘Trans. ASCE Vol. 118, 1953, Pg. 128. "Denting of Circular Bins with Eccentric Drawpoints’, Jenike - ASCE Journal Str. Div. Feb. 1967, Pg. 27. "Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures’ ASCE 7. ACI 313-77 (Revised 1983) Recommended Practice for Design and Construction of Concrete Bins, Silos, and Bunkers for Storirg Granular Materials, Uniform Building Code. Design Guide for Circular, Square and Rectangular Bins end Square ‘and Rectangular Bunkers, Bechtel Design Guide C2.12, 1974. “Tubular Stee! Structures, Theory and Design’ James F. Lincoln Welding Foundation, 1982.TABLE 1 ‘Approximate Properties of Granular Bulk Solids Density: pat ‘Angie of [Angle of Fition: Interna Material Friction: For Storage | For Stuck ‘OnSisal_[ On Cone: Capacity | Design ‘umn EJ 6 30° 2" 2 ‘Ashes a0 S 40 2" 30 Bayles 760 160 a5 30° ao Bausle s 0 35" 20" 20° ‘Beans 46 cd 20° TD) TBD Borax % 7 | 30-150" | 20" 30° Carbon, Blak EJ Ed 35 20° 30° Cement, es 8 [35° oa] a2 30° Portland hips, Wood) 2 Ey a 2 Ea Cinders oo S a0 25 a0 Coal, Anthracite [60 0 Te 30° Coal, Bituminous | 0 ed ae 20" 35 Coke 2 35 a0" 25 36° Copper Ore 20 760 35 18° 2 Cryo 700 100 Me 18 2 Culet 3 oo ae 20" 30 Dolor cd 100 33 20 305 Faldspar 7% 75 50 25 2" Flour a 30 35" 30 40° Flourspar 5 5 ae 25 35 Gravel To 725) 2a 2a a7 Tron Ore 7 150 | ateas" | a7 70) ime 30 40 [ 35°60" | ar 35Danaea Taga | — hoe FGF Mateal crs Fer Songs | Far Sroct ‘Gaal | On Gone Covoaty |" Ceson Tine Sr = = |e Tie Sone = foo [a | nef a8 i Wogresa | 10 oO Fe a Marre, a ® =| Teo] Teo Bare Phosphate Rook | 65 To ree | Te Te Rock Wael 35 85 3° [a0 [190 Sat 7 S Tao [ tao | Teo Sand wo v0 [ara] eos Sica Sard; By_| —T00 ot ace seioae lf testo Sod Ah 3B @ [sree] az | a Sods ® a a Granar Sugar Raw z = oe TBD =ToBe DeterminesTABLE 2 Dynamic Correction Factors Cd For Steel Bins and Hoppers ‘Application Reimber | Janssen | Rankine For lateral pressure on vertical wall. Upper portion of Bin to depth = Dtan 92 13H 4.10 1.50 1.50 For Tateral pressure on vertical wall Lower 2/3 of bin height HID = 1.5 (see note) 1.65 1.95 1.65 HD = 45, 1.95 1.95 na, For vertical load on hoppers and ring beams. 2.50 2.25 na. Note: 1. For notation, see list of symbols. 2. Values of Reimbert’s and Janssen's factor Cd for HID between 4.5 and 4.5 may be determined by interpolation.TOP STIFFENER RING BIN WALL [WTERMEDIATE STIFFENER, [BING (AS REQUIRED) STIFFENER ATTOP OF [COLUMNS ‘EXTENSION OF COLUMN INTERRUPTED AT BALCONY GIRDER) BALCONY GIRDER \{CONT, AT COLUMNS) }—HOPPER : {WIDE FLANGE OR z PIPE COLUMN, q BRACING Components of Bin Figure 47 aL For long wall "bof rectangular bins: (19% Paar = Mtn a and 120) oe a a aan ‘The static vertical force (due to fiction) per linear foot of bin wall at depth Y_ ey ¥, = OWY- OR For rectangular bins use R or Ry and conesponding value of Q,. For pressure on hopper walls use formule (4). ‘See Table 2 for Cy© ” ® ® (10) (1) (12) (13) (14) (19) (18) (17) (18) “Walls, Bins and Grain Elevators", Keichum. "Plates and Shells’, Timoshenko, "Strength of Materials - Part I", Timoshenko. “Formulas for Stress and Strain", Roark (McGraw Hill 4th edition 1965), “Hipped Plate Construction", Winter & Pei “Design of Large Coal Bunkers", Rogers - Trans ASCE, Vol. 117, Pg, 579 (ASCE Separate #72 June 1951). “Design Pressure of Granular Materials in Silos", Safaran - Title No. 166-51 ACI Journal August 1968. “Dynamic Pressure of Granular Material in Deep Bins", Turtzin ~ ASCE Journal Str. Vol. 89, No. ST2 - April 1963, Pg. 49. “Stresses in Deep Beams", Chow, Conway and Winter - Trans. ASCE Vol. 118, Pg. 686, "Bin Loads", Jenike and Johanson - ASCE Str. Journal, Vol. 94, No. ‘ST4, April 1968. (@) "New Design Criteria for Hoppers and Bins", Johanson & Colian = Reprinted from Iron and Stee! Engineer, October 1964, (©) “Properties of Various Raw Materials Related to Gravity Flow’, by Johanson - Paper (30.016-005) (8), March 30, 1965. USS. Stee! Applied Research Lab. - Technical Reports, “Hipped Plate Analysis", Gaatar - Trans. ASCE, Vol. 119, Pg. 743. "Web Buckling Tests on Welded Plate Girders’, Welding Research ‘Council, No. 64, Sept. 1960.(19) "Strength of Plate Girders in Shear’, Basler - Journal Str. Div., ASCE Vol. 87 - ST7, Oct. 1961, Pg. 151. (20) “Buckling Stresses of Metal Structures", Bleich, (21) “Thin Walled Mombors in Combined Torsion and Flexure", Lansing - Trans. ASCE Vol. 118, 1953, Pg. 128. (22) "Denting of Circular Bins with Eccentric Drawpoints’, Jenike - ASCE Journal Str. Div. Feb, 1967, Pg. 27. (23) “Minimum Design Loads for Budings and Other Structures" ASCE 7. (24) ACI 319-77 (Revised 1983) Recommended Practice for Design and Construction of Conerete Bins, Silos, and Bunkers for Storing Granular Materials (25) Uniform Building Code. (26) Design Guide for Circular, Square and Rectangular Bins and Square and Rectangular Bunkers, Bechtel Design Guide C2.12, 1974. (27) "Tubular Steel Structures, Theory and Design’ James F. Lincoln Welding Foundation, 1982. —_——w- mine