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discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287995954
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2 AUTHORS:
Jean-Benot Morin
Pierre Samozino
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INVITED COMMENTARY
Definitions
The power-force-velocityprofiling approach is based on force
velocity (FV) and powervelocity relationships characterizing the
maximal mechanical capabilities of the lower limbs neuromuscular
system. The definition and the practical interpretation of the main
mechanical variables of interest are presented in Table 1.
Table 1 Definition and Practical Interpretation of the Main Variables of Interest When Using Power-Force-Velocity
Profiling in Ballistic Push-Offs (Vertical Profiling) and Sprinting (Horizontal Profiling)
Profiling variable
Practical interpretation
VTC-F0 (N/kg)
Maximal concentric force output (per unit body mass) that the athletes lower
limbs can theoretically produce during ballistic push-off. Determined from
the entire FV spectrum, it gives more integrative information on force capability than, eg, concentric squat 1-repetition-maximum load.
VTC-V0 (m/s)
VTC-Pmax (W/kg)
Sfv
Index of the athletes individual balance between force and velocity capabilities. The steeper the slope, the more negative its value, the more forceoriented the FV profile, and vice versa.
Sfvopt
The optimal FV profile that represents the optimal balance, for a given individual, between force and velocity capabilities. For a given maximal power
Pmax, this profile will be associated, ceteris paribus, with the highest ballistic
push-off performance possible for this individual. Training programs should
be designed to both increase Pmax and orient Sfv toward Sfvopt.
FVimb (%)
HZT-F0 (N/kg)
Maximal force output (per unit body mass) in the horizontal direction. Corresponds to the initial push of the athlete onto the ground during sprint acceleration. The higher the value, the higher the sprint-specific horizontal force
production.
HZT-V0 (m/s)
HZT-Pmax (W/kg)
RF (%)
RFmax (%)
Maximal value of RF, computed as maximal value of RF for sprint times >0.3 s.
DRF
Describes the athletes capability to limit the inevitable decrease in mechanical effectiveness with increasing speed, ie, an index of the ability to maintain
a net horizontal force production despite increasing running velocity. The
more negative the slope, the faster the loss of effectiveness of force application during acceleration, and vice versa.
Vertical
Horizontal
268
Figure 1 Vertical forcevelocity profiles of 2 track and field athletes (body mass for A, 67.2 kg, and B, 82.8 kg; push-off distance for A, 0.34 m, and
B, 0.35 m) obtained from maximal squat jumps (SJ) against additional loads of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 kg. Despite a higher VTC-Pmax (maximal mechanical
power output) value, athlete As squat-jump performance is lower because his FVimb (magnitude of the relative difference between the slope of the linear
forcevelocity relationship [Sfv] and Sfvopt) is greater than for athlete B. For athlete A, the black line indicates the actual profile, and the dashed line, the
optimal profile. Note that athlete Bs profile if almost optimal, and therefore the actual and optimal relationships are confounded in the right panel (gray
line and black dashed line). Abbreviations: VTC-F0, maximal force production of the lower limbs; VTC-V0, maximal extension velocity of the lower limbs.
Figure 2 Vertical forcevelocity profiles of 2 elite young (under-19) soccer players (body mass for A, 78 kg, and B, 75.5 kg; push-off distance for
A, 0.26 m, and B, 0.28 m) obtained from maximal squat jumps (SJ) against additional loads of 0, 10, 20, 40, and 50 kg. One player has a force deficit
(magnitude of the relative difference between the slope of the linear forcevelocity relationship [Sfv] and Sfvopt [FVimb] of 72%), whereas the other has a
velocity deficit (FVimb of 137%). Player A is a central defender and player B is a goalkeeper. Abbreviation: VTC-Pmax, maximal mechanical power output.
IJSPP Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
Figure 3 Horizontal forcevelocity profiles of 2 elite rugby union players (body mass for C, 108.8 kg, and D, 86.1 kg) obtained from maximal
30-m sprints. Both players reached their maximal running speed before the 30-m mark. Abbreviations: HZT-Pmax, maximal mechanical power output
in the horizontal direction; DRF, rate of decrease in ratio of force with increasing speed during sprint acceleration; HZT-F0, maximal horizontal force
production; HZT-V0, maximal running velocity.
IJSPP Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
Figure 4 Decision tree to interpret the force-velocity-power profiles in relationship with ballistic push-off (eg, jumping) and sprinting performances.
These mechanistic relationships are based on both the theoretical features of our models5,6,913,20 and some experimental evidence (18,19 and unpublished
data). In sprinting, the shorter the acceleration distance, the higher the importance of HZT-F0 capabilities compared with HZT-V0, and vice versa. Abbreviations: FVimb, magnitude of the relative difference between the slope of the linear forcevelocity relationship (Sfv) and Sfvopt; VTC-Pmax, maximal
mechanical power output; HZT-F0, maximal horizontal force production; DRF, rate of decrease in the ratio of force with increasing speed during sprint
acceleration; HZT-V0, maximal running velocity; RFmax, maximal ratio of force.
Practical Synthesis
Figure 4 shows a decision tree, with a specific focus on ballistic
push-off and sprint-acceleration performance, which are 2 major
physical determinants in many sports. This figure is designed to help
practitioners use the vertical and horizontal profiling approach to
better detect the strengths and weaknesses in their athletes and design
more-effective training interventions. Vertical profiling will provide
information as to what physical capabilities should be developed
to improve ballistic push-off performance and as to the maximal
levels of force and velocity of the athletes neuromuscular system.
Horizontal profiling will provide information as to the specific sprintacceleration motion and as to what underlying physical or technical
feature(s) mainly limit each individuals sprint performance.
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