Renal/GU:

Ureteral stone dx: Ultrasound or noncontrast spiral ct pelvis/abd.

Hidascan- for acute cholecystis when ultrasound cant demonstrate obstruction at

neck of gallbladder. In acute cholecystitis pain is located predom in upper abd and
radiates to tip of right scapula or right shoulder.
Ivp- (iv pyelpgram)- uses iv contrast and plain xray to visualize urinary syst. Has risk
of contrast admin (allergy, acute kidney injury).

Sickle cell- renal papillary necrosis,

Severe pain w/ mild urinary obstruction like BPH can cause urinary retention bc
inability to valsalva..

Calcium oxalate stones- 75%-90 % of kidney stones.

Calcium phosphate stones- common in primary hyperparathyroidism and renal
tubularacidosis.
Uric acid stones- formed when urine is acidic or when there is increased cell
turnover resulting in hyperuricemia and hyperuricosuria.