18 Introduction To Classical Ethiopic PDF

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
ix
Abbreviations and Conventions

Introduction
Phonology
Distributed by
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INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL ETHIOPIC

by
Thomas O. Lambdin
Copyright 1978
The President and Fellows of Harvard College
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Lambdin, Thomas Oden.
Introduction to Classical Ethiopic (Ge'ez)
(Harvard Semitic studies; v. 24 ISSN 0147
9342)
Bibliography: p.
1. Ethiopic language-Grammar. I. Harvard
University. Semitic Museum. II. Title. III. Series:
Harvard Semitic series; v. 24.
PJ9023.L3
492'.8
78-12895
ISBN 0-89130-263-8
Printed in the United Stut('H or Alll('rim
(l
fi
A.
The Vowels
B.
The Consonants
2
3
C.
Stress
D.
Root and Pattern
E.
The Ethiopic Alphabet
F.
Special Phonological Rules
G.
Manuscript Errors and Normalization
5
5
6
7
13
1.1
Absence of Definite and Indefinite Articles
1.2
Prepositions
1.3
Third Person Forms of the Verb
2.1
Noun Plurals
2.2
Syntax (Verb plus Noun Subject)
3.1
Noun Plurals (cont.)
15
15
(Perfect)
15
18
18
21
3.2
Collectives
4.1
The Construct State
5.1
Gender
26
5.2
Number
27
5.3
Some Demonstrative Adjectives
6.1
The Personal Pronouns
6.2
Non-verbal Sentences with a Nominal Predicate
6.3
The Plural Demonstratives
7.1
The Accusative Case
7.2
Word Order in a Verbal Clause
21
23
27
(Independent Form)
29
30
33
33
7.3
The Accusative of Goal
7.4
The Accusative Forms of the Demonstratives
8.1
Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives
8.2
Interrogative Adverbs
8.3
The Particles -nu and -hu
36
8.4
The Remote Demonstratives
37
8.5
Accusative of Time
37
33
36
36
34
29
10.1
Prepositions with Pronominal Suffixes
10.2
The
10 . 3
JteZZ-
11 . 1
Types of Verbs
11.2
The Full Inflection o f the Perfect
12 . 1
The Perfect:
Roots II-Guttural
13.1
The Perfect:
Roots III-Guttural
13 . 2
The Perfect with Object Suffixes
14 . 1
The Perfect: Roots III-W!Y
15.1
The Perfect:
15.2
The Perfect with Object Suffixes (cont.)
waldu la-negus
Construction
49
Roots II-W!Y
qatalo la-negus
16 . 2
Attributve Adjectives
68
17.1
Adjectives: The
Qetul
Pattern
Adjectives as P redi cates
17 . 3
Adv rblal
18 . I
AdJ
11302
Tllu C;OlllplIl'nllv
Ifl.1
Ad)
Predicates
eli v
s:
ltlv
I:
Vll'.
Pattern
'I'll
Pattern
In
AdJ
I).I\
Qualification
20.1
64
ctJvos:
72
73
Qatil
76
76
QattaZ
-iilJi and -Ciy
79
79
Miscellaneous Types
79
79
Substantivization
La-
63
73
1'h
ll).
20.2
56
68
17 . 2
H).S
56
Construction
Adjectives
53
63
16.1
l't
50
60
The
AdJ
44
45
15 . 3
11)."
44
80
with Pronominal Suffixes
83
Object suffixes in a Dative or Prepositional Sense
20.3
Partitive Apposition
21 . 1
Medio-passive Verbs: Gt
88
22 . 1
Medio-passive Verbs: Dt,
Lt,
23 . 1
Cardinal Numbers
97
23.2
Ordinal Numbers
23 . 3
Cardinal Adverbs
24 . 1
Associative (Reciprocal)
25.1
Relative Pronouns and Relative Clauses
25 . 2
'Ama
and
85
(1-10)
(1-10)
(1-10)
Qt
93
97
98
Verbs: G1t
xaba 108
26 . 1
Causative Verbs: CG, CD,
CL, CQ
26.2
The Meaning of CG Verbs
III
III
101
106
83
27 . 1
Causative Verbs:
CG
27.2
Causative Verbs:
CD,
(cont.)
CL,
117
CQ
118
27.3
General Remarks on the Verbal System
28 . 1
Ba-
with Pronominal Suffixes

Indicating Possession
118
122
28 . 2
Ba-
28 . 3
Bo(tu)
Indicating Existence
28 . 4
Bo za-
as the Equivalent of an Indefinite Pronoun
28 . 5
'Albo .. . za'enbala:
29 . 1
Interrogatives with'
29 . 2
Indefinite Pronouns
Only
za-
122
123
123
123
128
128
29.3
'Akko
30.1
The Infinitive: Form
30.2
The Infinitive: Uses
31 . 1
The Perfective Active Participle
32.1
The Imperfect:
32 . 2
Independent Uses of the Imperfect
129
134
134
140
G Verbs from Sound Roots
32 . 3
Dependent Uses of the Imperfect
33 . 1
The Subjunctive:
14 4
144
145
33 . 2
The Uses o f the Subjunctive
34 . 1
The Imperative:
34.2
The Agent Noun
35 . 1
The Verbal Adjective
149
qatali
149
154
154
qetuZ
159
35.2
Further Remarks on Complements
36 . 1
The Verbal Noun (G Verbs)
160
164
36 . 2
The Cognate Accusative
37.1
Nouns of Place: The Pattern
37.2
Nouns of the Pattern
38.1
G Verbs from Roots I-Guttural:
39 . 1
G Verbs from Roots II-Guttural: Remaining Forms
39 . 2
The Verb
40.1
G Verbs from Roots III-Guttural: The Remaining Forms
behZa
166
meqtal
maqtaZ(t)
to say
170
170
Remaining Forms
41 . 1
G Verbs from Roots I-W: The Remaining Forms
G Verbs from Roots II-W!Y: The Remaining Forms
43 . 1
G Verbs from Roots III-W!Y: The Remaining Forms
44 . 1
Gt Verbs: Imperfect,
Glt Verbs: Imperfect,
44 . 3
HaZZawa
180
181
42 . 1
44.2
174
Subjunctive,
191
195
and Imperative
Subjunctive, and Imperative
with the Subjunctive and Imperfect
206
200
205
205
186
45 . 1
CG Verbs: The Remaining Forms
46 . 1
0 Verbs: Imperfect, Subjunctive, and Imperative
46 . 2
The Names of the Months
46 . 3
The Numbers Above Ten
47 . 1
0 Verbs: Verbal Adjectives
47 . 2
0 Verbs: Agent Nouns
47 . 3
0 Verbs: Verbal Nouns
209
214
The present work was developed during more than a decade of
215
teaching Classical Ethiopic on the elementary and intermediate levels.
218
It is designed to provide a detailed but carefully graded introduc
218
tion to the grammar and basic vocabulary of the language.
219
0 Verbs: Nouns with P refixed
48 . 1
Ot Verbs: Imperfect, Subjunctive, and Imperative
48 . 2
Ot Verbs: Verbal Nouns
48. 3
CD Verbs
48. 4
Independent Personal Pronouns (Secondary Forms)
220
as Semitists or students of textual criticism, require only a working
2 22
222
knowledge of the language as a tool within a wider discipline .
hope too that beginning Ethiopicists will find it an orderly and com
223
prehensive introduction to their study of the classical language.
49. 1
L, CL, and L t Verbs: The Remaining Forms
49 . 2
CGt, COt, CLt, and CGlt Verbs
223
2 25
Because the grammar is presented entirely in transliteration,

the student is urged to familiarize himself with the Ethiopic alpha
226
bet as soon as possible and to copy out and study at least the
50 . 1
Quadriliteral Verbs: The Remaining Forms
50. 2
Quinquiliteral Verbs
50 . 3
N Verbs
50 . 4
A Special Adjective Type:
228
vocabulary of each lesson in the native script .
229
In this way he will
considerably lessen the difficulty in making the transition to the
229
reading of published texts and manuscripts.
51 . 1
Conditional Sentences
51 . 2
Optative Sentences
Qataltil
2 30
It is a pleasure to acknowledge my gratitude to the many
231
classes which have worked with me through the successive drafts of
232
this grammar.
Za .. , 'efo
51 . 3
The Syllogistic Construction
51 . 4
The Sentence P articles
51 . 5
The Repeated Prepositions
51 . 6
A Special Use of the Third P erson Singular Pronominal
232
of teaching so many interested and gifted students.
ba-ba-, la-la-, za-za-
234
2 35
The P eriphrastic Passive
Attributive Adjectives in Construct Phrases
Texts in Transliteration with Glosses
235
for the great care and professional skill which she exercised in pre
Her patience with a tedious manu
Maafa ijeywat.
Lastly, I cannot let go unexpressed my deep appreciation for

the genius and diligence of August Oillmann, whose grammatical, tex
236
236
tual, and lexical work in the last century laid the firmest possible
foundation for all subsequent scholarly investigation in the field.
2 76
It is on that foundation that the present work is based.
298
The Gospel of Matthew
Matthew V, 1 - 24, in Ethiopic Script
377
Thomas O . Lambdin
378
Cambridge, Massachusetts
381
P rincipal Part of G Verbs
also wish to express my sincere thanks to Miss Carol Cross
script and author is undoubtedly registered in the
Lives o f the Saints (from the Synaxarion)
A Selected Bibliography
234
paring the copy for publication.
51.7
The Book of Baruch
I have profited greatly from their criticism, ques
tions, and corrections, but most of all from the practical experience
232
51 . 8
Glossary
The mate
rial covered in this book should be adequate in itself for those who,
m-
47 . 4
Suffixes
PREFACE
214
450
June 1978
Abbreviations and Conventions

Introduction
negative
accusative direct
neg.
object
o.
S.
object suffix
a. n.
agent noun (also an.)
O. T.
Old Testament
acc.
accusative
obj.
object
adj.
adjective
part.
particle
adv.
adverb
pass.
passive
c.
common gender
perf.
perfect
material survives from this earliest
main source is the extensive

religious literature which was trans.
a. d. o.
Classical Ethiopic, or Ge'ez, is the literary language devel

oped by missionaries for the translation of the scriptures afte the
Christianization of Ethiopia in the 4th century.
(,
The new written
language was presumably based on the spoken language of Aksum, the

commercial and political center t the time.
period
Some inscriptional
of the language, but our
caus.
causative
pers.
person
colI.
collective
pI.
plural
comp!.
complement
pred.
predicate
coord.
coordinated
prep.
preposition
spoken counterpart in a manner analogous to the survival of Latin in
dat.
dative
pron.
pronoun
demo
demonstrative
q.
Europe.
dir.
direct
reI.
relative
e.g.
for example
subj.
subjunctive, subject
encl.
enclitic
s.
singular
esp.
especially
sing.
singular
ex(x).
example(s)
suff.
suffix(es)
exclam.
exclamation
v. n.
verbal noun (also vn.)
f.
feminine
voc.
vocative
fem.
feminine
w.
with
or (used in listing alter
fig.
figuratively
foIl.
following, followed
Gk.
Greek
i. e.
that is.
imperf.
imperfect
indef.
indefinite
indir.
indirect
inf.
infinitive
interrog.
interrogative
introd.
introductory
lit.
literally
m.
masculine
masc.
ma.scul n
n.
nOLl11
N. 1'.
N w
'I'
Llunc nl
V.
lated into Ge'ez during the ensuing centuries.
guage of the church, the written language survived the demise of its
which see
"has the same meaning(s) as

"has the same range of
"is completely equivalent
to in regard to meanings
and constructions"
In tho reading of plurals, suffixes are to

a.dded to the preceding item:
'11/
t' /.Trl. ,
x
I,a' CuneI' -at)

J
/,(1' arner J
The real ancestral language on Arabian
te'mert
te'mert (p 1.
ta' amerat).
the modern South Arabic dialects such as Mehri, Soqotri, and Shahri,
when these can be extricated from their North Arabian admixtures.
'" Because the Ethiopic script is fully vocalized, the main fea- c..
tures of the grammar are clear from the texts themselves. rthog
raphy, however, has two defects: ( 1 ) consonantal doubling (gemination)

is not indicated, and ( 2 ) the presence of one of the vowels (e in our
transliteration) is not clearly indicated.
These problems may be re
solved in two ways: the first is to examine the evidence of corre

'
sponding forms in other S;;;W- i anguages; the second is to consult
the reading tradition preserved by scholars in the modern Ethiopic
Church.
with or without
-i"I! J
South Arabic as known from Sabaean, Minaean, Qatabanian, and othor

soil is irretrievably lost to us, but we do have its descendants in
meanings as the main entry'
(p I.
Ge'ez is linguistically a member of the South-east
Semitic family, but does not seem to be derivable directly from Old
inscriptions during this time.
the preceding entry"
the result of migrations from South Arabia in the form of concrcjal

millennium B.C.
scriptions, or meanings)
etc.
Although evidence is sparse and scholarly opinion is not unani

mous, the Semitic presence in Ethiopia is most plausibly explain d 0
colonizations beginning possibly as early as the middle of the first
nate constructions, tran

idem
As the official lan-
Neither of these, if taken alone, is conclusive: Semitic
historical linguistics is itself ambiguous on certain crucial ques

tions because of insufficient data; the modern reading tradition, as
published by various European scholars, contains many contradictions
and is heavily influenced by the informants I own modern languages
1
(usually Amharic).
'
In developing the grammar of Ge ez in the follow
ing lessons I have followed as closely as possible the traditional

pronunciation as studied and published by E. Mittwoch, Die tradi
tioneZZe Aussprache des Athiopischen (Berlin 1926).
All major devia
tions from this tradition are noted in the appropriate sections of
e and
\..""
a [a,a]
to imitate the modern reading pronunciation in every detail, it may

The correct pronunciation of e and a is very difficult
for the speaker of English.
Since Ge'ez is no longer a spoken lan
guage, the following approximations should prove adequate:
Phonology
A.
a [re, 11]
be ignored.
The interested reader may consult the Bibliography.
o [0]
not represented in the script, and unless the student is determined
To
attempt a harmonization of all published material would be far more
u [u]
e [e]
are very often preceded by palatal and labial glides respec

'
Y W
tively: for example, beton is pronounced [b et on]. This feature is
Since all deviations involve either consonantal dou
......-;
e [i]
High-Mid
Low
bling or the presence of an e-vowel, the reader is not likely to be
confusing.
Back
Mid- Low
from an attempt to minimize the influence of Amharic present in the
seriously misled by my interpretation of a particular form.
Central
i [i]
Mid
the lessons; these result either from a choice among variant forms or
pronunciation.
Front
High
The Vowels
The distinction between long and short vowels, a property of

earlier Semitic according to standard reconstruction, probably per
sisted into the period when Ge'ez was first reduced to written form,
as in father, short
as in machine, long
as in let, short
as in boat, long
as in father, long
as in boot, long.
as in bait, long
The length distinction between a and a is not difficult to make.
but because this cannot be proven except by appeal to certain struc
For
those who have no concept of vowel length, however, a may be pro
tural features, an argument that not all scholars would accept, and
because the modern reading traditions do not recognize vowel length
nounced like the vowel of up, and a like the first vowel of father,
as a significant vowel feature, reference to long and short vowels in
in order to maintain this important distinction.
the following discussion should be regarded as a classification which
B.
the writer finds convenient for the description of the phonology
Most of the Ethiopic consonants have an approximate counterpart
rather than a universally accepted fact about the Ge'ez vowel system.
There are seven vowels:

..!.,,'
short:
a, e" /
r;
..
in English and offer no problems in pronunciation:

"", i'
l)
I'
ILong:
"
ii, i, u,
e,
Only a and are marked with macrons in our transcription, since no

confusion can result from leaving i, u, and
and
unmarked.
The vowels e
usually result from the contraction of the diphthongs ay and
respectively.
There are many situations where
optionally (e.g. taZoku, taZawku I followed) .
aw
and
aw
alternate
Optional alternation
between ay and e is less common but not problematic.

The modern reading pronunciation of these vowels is indicated
by their position on the following standard chart.
_. __ 1..
.... 1,..
The_Consonants
Brackets enclose
as in boy
as in king
like sh in should
as in dog
as in leaf
as in tea
as in foot
as in man
as in wall
as in goat
as in no
as in yet
as in hope
as in so
,1"
No distinction is made between

are pronounced as s.
as in zoo
and s in the modern tradition; both
b tends to be pronounced as a voiced bilabial
spirant [a], in medial positions when not doubled.

_The five sounds '
gutturals.
(h
x will be referred to collectively as
Three of the gutturals (h x) are pronounced simply as II
distinction among these three sounds:
does not preserve the doubling of the guttural consonants, but there
is ordinary [h], as in hope.
is no reason to suppose that they were an exception in the classical
is the voiceless velar fricative [x], as in German Bach
language.
is the voiceless pharyngeal continuant [H], an h-sound accom
(Arabi c
c:).
A sequence of two labialized consonants is realized as a
doubled simple consonant plus labialization and is transcribe accord
w w
ingly: _k k _ ) _kk _.
panied by a tense narrowing between the base of the tongue
C.
and the back of the throat (Arabic r)'

Two of the gutturals ( '
<) are not pronounced at all in word-initial
position in the modern tradition, and both are pronounced as a

glottal stop internally.
They were originally distinct sounds, and
to avoid mistakes in spelling, the reader should make a clear dis

tinction between them:
According to the tradition adopted in this text, stress (accent)

for the vast majority of ords may be described by two simple rules:
(a)
All finite verbal forms without object suffixes are
stressed on the next-to-last (i.e. penultimate) syllable.
nabara, qatarat, yeqatteZ, yeqatteZu.
Thus:
The sole exception is the 2nd
person feminine plural of the Perfect in -ken (e.g. nabarken).
is the glottal stop [?].
(b)
is the voiced laryngeal (pharyngeal) continuant [], i.e.

the voiced counterpart of
J:!
above (Arabic
t.).
Most other words, including nouns, adjectives, and adverbs,
are stressed on the last syllable unless this ends in final -a, in
which case the stress is on the preceding syllable .
The consonants t d s and q have the common feature of glottali
Stress
The relatively few exceptions to these rules are in the pro
zation: the flow of air is cut off completely at the glottis and the
nominal system, including the pronominal suffixes on nouns and verbs.
sound is made by a forcible ejection of the air already in the oral
All deviations from the two basic rules given above will be noted in
These sounds have a very sharp, click-like character.
the lessons where appropriate.
is glottalized t,
tend to lose their stress or, at most, retain only a secondary stress.
I!
is glottalized s (sounding almost like ts),
cavity.
The same is true of the proclitic negative 'i- and of prepositions

iJ
before a noun.
is glottalized k.
D.
The older pronunciation of 4 has not been preserved, since it is now

pronounced exactly like I!'
The sound transcribed simply as p in this text
occurs mainly in Greek names (e.g. Pepros Peter) and loanwords and is
pronounced in the modern tradition as a glottalized p.
sound is now pronounced as ordinary p, but is
50
The second p
rare that it occurs
only once or twice in this entire book, transcribed as p.
The labialized sounds kW x W gW qW are simply k x g q pronounced
simultaneously with w, precisely like English [kw] in quick or [gw]

in Guam.
ShOll1 d
111,1'1
i\ 11
0r
110' tl
I 1111 HI' I
t 110
COil!; 0111111 ls
may occur simple or doubl ed.
t 1111'
d01l1>
cnn:;onant merely means ho Iding it notice-
,hllil
1," " '"fl"
I i
I1f
Root and Pattern
In Ethiopic, as in Semitic languages in general, most verbs,
There are two p-sounds, both of which occur only in words of

foreign origin.
Words in construct (see Lesson 4)
/I
(IJllIllerpart.
[The reader
The modern pronunciation
nouns, and adj ecti ves may be analyzed into a sequence of three conso
nants and a vowel pattern, with or without a prefixal or suffixal
element.
For example,
negus
king
Consonant Base
Vowel Pattern
ngs
negest
queen
ngs
berhcm
light
brh
manbar
throne
nbr
The consonantal sequence
(CI-C2-C3)
CleC2uC3
Cl eC2eC3CleCi3-CIC2aC3
Additional Elements
none
suffix -t
suffix -an
prefix ma-
is called the root of the set of
\,on15 which share that sequence and can usually be assigned a meaning
common
to Lile scI:;
compare, for example, negus and negest above with
!
jI
negs (rule, reign), nagasi (king), mangest (kingdom), nagsa (he be
which are given in Table B.
came king), all sharing the common notion of "ruling."
left to right), and a letter, e.g.
Because most of the morphology is devoted to a study of the

triliteral root and the patterns (nominal, adjectival, and verbal)
vowel of the third order.
negus, berur, beZuy
are of the pattern
For this
Thus,
qetuZ
is spoken of as k with a
We shall not adopt this awkward terminol-
The forms of the letters in the first column (read with the
vowel -a) are the basic forms of the borrowed consonants.
These
should be mastered thoroughly before taking up the remaining forms.

Each column should then be analyzed separately, since there is a
berhan, res'an, qWerban
qetZan
great deal of consistency in the way particular vowels are indicated.
manbar, manfas, marxo (from *marxaw)
maqtaZ
Note that the signs for the labialized sounds are secondary modifica
and similarly for all the words in the language that can be associ
ated with a triliteral root.
The extreme usefulness of this device
will become apparent in the lessons.
When discussing roots or
sequences of more than three consonants, we shall employ C C C C

l 2 3 4
(and similarly for more than four), since no other convention exists.
The vocalic patterns, together with prefixes and suffixes, form
the subject matter of the grammar.
Very few patterns have a com
pletely predictable meaning, but a large number of them belong to the

"almost predictable" category.
For example, qetul is almost always
adjectival in meaning (see Lessons 17 and 35), but the two frequent
nouns cited above (negus and berur) are exceptions to this rule.
Close attention to the formative patterns and the relationships among
them will give the reader a proper feeling for the derivational pro
cesses at work in the language.
E.
tions of the non-labialized counterpart.

To express numbers in numeral form the Greek alphabet was em
ployed, written within a top and bottom frame.
the combinations: 1000
10 hundred; 10,000
See Table C.
Note
100 hundred.
Several new letters were developed for the writing of Amharic

These sometimes
by modifying certain forms of the Ge'ez alphabet.
occur in Ge'ez manuscripts in writing native personal and place names.

See Table D.
The Old South Arabic monumental script regularly employed a
vertical stroke as a word divider.
This too was borrowed and appears
after every single word in an Ethiopic text as :

text for examples).
a sentence, and
:I
(see the specimen
The sign I is used as a colon or semicolon within

is used as a period.
F.
The Ethiopic alphabet was borrowed directly from the Old South
Genuine
cursive forms are modern; manuscripts consistently (and happily)

employ a more or less hand-printed form, with separation of all the
The individuals responsible for the borrowing of the alpha
bet and its adaptation to their literary purposes showed an ortho
Other more elaborate de
was altered into a fully vocalized syllabary by the addition of vari

ous strokes and modifications to the individual letters.
The result
The order of the
lettorsis trnliltionlll lind doos not include the labialized consonants,
Special Phonological Rules
These rules are taken up in detail in appropriate lessons of

the Grammar; they are summarized here for convenience in reference
and need not be studied before beginning the lessons.
The presenta
tion is purely synchronic, dealing only with forms as they can be

paired in the language, without reference to antecedent reconstructed
forms.
The treatment of the latter would take us too far afield.
graphic acumen rare in the Semitic world: the consonantal alphabet
ing "alphabetic syllabary" Is given in Table A.
The numerical valu s
are the same as those known from Greek sources.
vices are sometimes used to mark off paragraphs and longer sections.
Arabic monumental script, gradually modified for book use.
letters.
h. (ki)
ogy.
associated with it, it is convenient to have a way of specifying "any

triliteral root" in a less clumsy fashion than C -C -C .
l 2 3
purpose Semitists generally employ the "dummy" root qtZ.
The columns are sometimes numbered (from
1.
The presence of a guttural consonant (
duces an alteration of a given word pattern.
'
< h h x) often pro
Many of these are
according to fixed rules:
(a)
*-aU- > -CiG-, where G is any guttural that closes a sy1111-
Table A:
Ca
IJ
Il
tit
h
1
Cu
U
fr
the
no
oo-
lP
IP-
+
n
T
()4!
01:
l
fI
s
q
b
t
x
...
k
W
z
y
h
OJ
0
H
f
-,
ill
p
s
d
f
{.
"1-
....
OJ.
0It
ffi<'
A.
8-
4-

Ci
'L
I\.
the
CIt
PI.
t
II.
4!
Il
t
l
t
it.
he
C13.
'I
Ce
1,
1\
"1
Ib
db
''1
PI.
(.,
OIJ
iJ
:P
III
fL
4!
C,Ce
U
A
ill
9"
"..
C
II
if-
11
Ci
'"
(l,
1:
h.
If!
'P
if!
OJ
tl
II
".
11
0,.
-'t
ffl.
?..
:t
t.
:J
11
'}
y
p,
tL
fu
fo
;J
IlJ
1,
1I1
1t.
'L
4-
....
t..
.-re
T
1
1
/J
.f.."
If
fto
th
".,
.,.
,.,.
-)...
?t.
:}
'-
W.
t.J.
8
9v.
13
]0
12
14
1
..
15
C,Ce
Ce
!k
."..
1'W1--
.,.
\J.
,.
Numerical Signs
11
r-
1;
4 0
Iii
Ie
If
r.
..,
..,
Ii!
11:
20
30
40
50 j
60 ;;
70 (t
80 11"
90 j
100
200 @
..,IV....
10000 fl'
1000
] 00000
If
r
Table D.
f..
rrr"
..,..
Table C.
tJ
sP
P
c:
Ca
,..
Ci
bo
W
k
dj
lJ!
-fa
K"
iJ
ti
' q
W
fl
-)
(Il
Ca
1:-
fa
?
tp
Labialized Consonants
Table B.
Co
c
n
z
r;:
-Ii
if
:e
1-
7i
!f
if
it
:,;
1
1F
1(
11:
;tr
1f'
Q.l:
QJ..
lib].
6f,b
(.fib
Ci
if
if..
7i
1i
1j.
1i.
QJ.
C,Ce
Ce
Cu
1f
Amharic Modifications
C13.
Ca
T
1
"fff
....
.. ..
=IE
-'j.
:{
-Ii
11.
:(
1a
"'i
11
1.-
rr
1i
.,.
11
10
Typical Example
Pattern
Guttural Example
yeqtaZ
yegbar
yesma(
qatZ
gabr
bal;tr
maqtaZ
mantas
miixdar
qataZt
?aatt
sama(t
yetqattaZ
yetgabbar
yetbaZZa(
One important situation where this change does not take place (at
least graphically) is after word-initial
Janbara
Ja( baya (not Ja(baya)
JaqtaZ
JagmiiZ
JaJ ban
In the patterns
"'-aG(G)i- and *-aG(G)e-, a
>
pabib
(not
J aJban).
e is deleted when the preceding syllable was short (ev):

sQm(a
This zero or
sam(a
Note, for example, the sUbjunctive
ba-Jegara at the feet of

In the pattern
*-eG(G)a-, e
2,
*teJexza
not
*be-Jegara.
yenabber
yalyawwer
qetal
nebar
laJak.
Note that this does operate across a morpheme boundary, as in the
ye- in yaer above.
case of the prefix
It does not apply, how
ever, across the boundary of a s,tem and its suffix:

+
yesamme(
(d)
aka
+ acc .
-a
yesamme(aka
abage( a
guttural radica.l of
an
,1
yesme(u, yesme(ani, etc.

u and i may be shortened to e when the
-to
This change is frequent in the case of
(see Lesson 17) and rare in the case of

+
kebur
Zehiq
The long vowel
3.
t
+ t
qeddus
-7
i:
kebert
mighty
qeddest
holy
Zeheqt
old, eldest .
a may remain in such positions or be shortened to a:
sanniiy
s aZas
samcm
sanniiyt
good, beautiful
sannayt
J
s aZast- (in saZastu)
samant- (in samantU)
eight.
The alternations
three
i-ey and u-ew occur regularly at the end
of verbal stems from roots whose third radical is

flectional ending or object suffix is added,
w or y.
If no in
u and i are usually
written:
he will hear you
yesatti
yetaZZu he will follow
he will drink
sheep
But with the addition of any element beginning with a vowel:
The peculiar behavior of the stem vowel before a final
at work during
e when any vowel is added to the stem:
but
the feminine ending
yeqatteZ
J abage
but, sama(ku
The long vowels
The rule does not
not
>
ii when an ending beginning
syllable in \hich they occur becomes doubly closed by the addition of
tions):
he was taken
he was heard.
The a which results from the rule given in paragraph (a) above is
apply across certain morpheme boundaries (e . g. prefixes, preposi
td exza
he heard
e alternates regularly with
yesma(
yeZehheq
mahher, yemahher (Lesson 46).
and imperative forms
*same(a)
(not
tasam(a (not *tasame(a)
e:
Zehiq
yenabber
Exceptions to this rule are rare.
he caused to hear.
regularly replaced by
yeqatteZ
JaBme(a
JaqtaZa
qatiZ
(c)
he summoned
with a consonant is added to the stem:

J
But see below, G2.

(b)
This
Bawwe(a
yetaZZewu
verbal stem is the result of various analogies
oar 1.1 er stago of the language .
they will follow
yetaUewani he will follow me
In the inflection
yesatteyu they will drink

yesatteyo he will drink it .
of the PerrecL Lhuro Is nn I' before the third root consonant when the
But the final syllables o f nouns and adjectives are normally written
rrcCt'<iinH ',yl llll>l"
-ew
I'.
101\,: lev. ev('):
a nd -cy:
max2itt'IJ
l.IIIIPS
laycdey nights
(eZew perverse
Zal;tey beautiful.
13
12
larly becomes
in
>
-ut, as in *<elewt
*beluyt
*beleyt
-an and
-awiy- and -awey- when the plural endings

In adjectives of the pattern
radical i s
the end of a verb (where

-0,
replaced by
*<aragkemu
as in
usually contract to
-0
and -e respectively, as in
fere (for *feray, fruit) .
added to nouns ending in
-aw
and
at
l arly b ecomes
-ay
marxo (for *marxaw,
When the plural ending
as
in
-at is
-e, the result i s e i ther -eyat or -eyat ( e . g .
-aw (where w is the third root con
Sometimes i t remains, as in
ing) , and sometimes it is lost , as in

(for
eyaw (liv
tasfii (for *tasraw, hope), feda
*fedaw debt) .
7.
-y-
seup
-t (a feminine adjectival and nominal ending) is
-7
kebedt
>
d or t.
kebedd
.,
..... __
__
_ .:t....:,_
.......
(J
-y- wi l l be transcri bed as
Manuscript E rrors and Normalization
n!;s
Lilli lalou T'egularly to a follow;0;'
Rough ly in chronological order, these errors are the
The earli est was the confusion of Ij. and?, as the former
merged with the latter .
If)'
This change was so ear l y , in fact , that it
contaminated nearly all manuscri pts, and our choice of 4- or ? (or

TIe
vice versa) in spelling a particular root is sometimes arbi trary .
4- or ? in th i s text usually fo llows that of Dill
Lexicon, but i n a few i nstances ( e . g . bq</b<, qbJ/b') the
alternate forms have b e en retained because they are so frequent .

2.
-et- ( i n the Imperfect and Subjunct ive forms of
Gt , Dt, Lt , Qt, and Glt verbs) i s

....
shall not s i l .
fOl lowing :
any forms.
Prefi xal
, i-yenabber
appl i ed their own pronunciation to the ancient language and misspelled
mann's
Remember that the Ethiopic script shows no doubling of consonants in
(b)
I shall sit
tion of systematic errors into manuscript copying by scribes who
norma l i zation of
setett > se te tt
'i-yaer I shall not go
dialects into the modern languages of Ethiopia l ed to the introduc
1.
regu lar l y assimilated to a preceding dental stop
kebud
'i-yafqara he did not love
G.
behavior of prefixal and suffixal t:

Suffixal
'afqara he loved
'aer I shall go
throughout this text.
accordingly .
Consonant assimilations are relatively rare except for the
(a)
proflx
The gradual evolut i on of spoken Ge ' ez and its anci ent sister
The treatment of final
sonant) i s also inconsistent:
'a- (see Lesson 26) and the
To faci l i tate recognition , this secondary
daset, pI . dasayat.
6.
< araggemu you (pl . ) went up .
y after the procli tic negative 'i-:
'enabber
r T'eyZit, fereyat); the "historically correct" form occasionally shows

lip,
you l eft
a-/'e- of the first person (Imperfect and Subjunctive) the' rogu
yetraxxaw or yetraxxo ( it will open); -ay usu

At the end of a noun ,
I fell
xadagga
In the causative prefix
w is the third radical) may optionally b e
ally remains in this situation .
>
wadaqqu
See Lesson 11 ( end).
9.
-aw
>
*xadagka
dewuy or dew(w)ey sick .

-aw and -ay is inconsistent .
>
*wadaqku
-at are added.
-ewwe-), e.g .
The b ehavior of final
-k- of the verb a l subject suffixes -ku, -ka, -ki, -kemu, ,
-ken is regularly assimi l ated to a preceding q or g:
qetuZ from roots whose second
mewut or mew(w)et dead
key) and
belit.
w, the sequence -ewu alternates optiona lly with -ewe- (per
haps to b e read as
S.
>
-awi show a frequent variation between
Nouns and adj ectives ending in
4.
The
8.
>
yeanmaq he w i l l be baptized .
For further e xamples see Lesson 44 .
-eyt results from *-uyt b y rule 2 above:

beluy old, worn out
yessammay he will be named
>
*yetpammaq
<elu Final -eyt may remain, as
laeyt, but usually appears as -it; this is especially true i f
>
*yetsammay
-t to adjectives , -ewt re gu
With the addition of the feminine ending
and
Probably next in order was th e loss of contrast between
a after a guttural consonant, with a becoming a.
The spelling
errors produced by thi s change are ub i quitous: any sy l lab l e beg] nn I nft
Ca- may
he
wri tten CCl-, and vice versa .
This error has been COT'T'll<':Lcd
15
14
in our texts.
Occasional ambiguities remain,
se-b(eJ-a-t and se-b(eJ-a-t the same word?

read as sebbet,
however:
e.g. are
Should the latter be
Lesson 1
a D verbal noun?
Because the initial sequence 'a- was later always pronounced as
'a-, the prefixing of the negative 'i- (F,9 above) often resulted in
There is no definite or indefinite article in Ethiopic.
1.1
Thus,
the spelling 'i-ya-:
3.
'i-'afqara
>
'i-yafqara
spelled
'i-ya!qara
'i-'a'mero
>
'i-ya'mero
spelled
'i-ya'mero (ignorance).
Almost equally common in all but the best manuscripts is
the confusion among the three h ' s (h xJ,
although a given manu
in only a few roots (e.g. hg Z)
is there any real
5.
and
"
as noted above (p.
).
Perhaps the most recent error is the'confusion between '
an error which is not present in many manuscripts at all,
frequent in others.
Normalization here is not problematic,
earlier and correct spellings are,
for the most part,
but
since the
known.
The cumulative effect of the preceding errors can be quite

bewildering unless one has a firm grasp of the forms and lexicon of
genuinely ambiguous);
(unless,
of course,
a word is unknown or
even more reprehensible is the burdening of a
Most prepositions are written as separate
westa hagar
in/into/to the city
diba dabr
on the mountain.
in,
Za-
to, for (dative)
, em-
from (ablative,
with (location,
agent,
mannor)
source),
baxayZ
with strength (xayZJ, Zanegus to the king, 'emhagar from the city.
For the sake of clarity we shall always transcribe these with hyphens:
,
ba-xay Z,Za-negus, em-hagar.
form of the preposition 'em-,
, emenna hagar
There is also an independent (unbound)

namely 'emenna:
' em-hagar
from the city,
Ba- and 'em- are freely combined with the other prepositions.
The failure of modern editors of Ethiopic texts to normal
ize spelling is puzzling
the king.
which are always written a s a unit with the following word:
the older language as it has been recovered by Dillmann and other

scholars.
Prepositions.,
the city
ba
Many texts show a confusion between s and s, . reflecting the
merger of these two sounds in Amharic,
a king
or
The exceptions are
uncertainty about the correct form.
4.
negus
1. 2
Here again we have followed the lexical norm estab
lished by Dillmann;
a city
words before the noun they govern:
script may show consistency in the spelling (wrong or right) of a

particular root.
hagar
Ba-, as in ba-diba and ba-westa, seldom alters the meaning of the sec
ond preposition.
'Em- has its usual force:
critical apparatus with such trivial and predictable pronunciation
westa from in.
errors.
laries as they are required.

1.3
later,
'em-diba from on, Jem_
These various compounds will be noted in the vocabu
Although we shall defer full treatment of the verb unti 1
it is necessary here to introduce the 3rd person forms of tho
inflection called the Perfect:

Singular
3rd pers.
masc.
3rd pers. fern.
Plural
nabara
he sat
nabaru
they
(Ill. )
nabarat
she sat
nabara
they
(r. )
The four endings, -a, -at,
-u,
-a)
suL
tlL
are used on all verbs in the 1 U/I
guage Lo lIIark these four forms of the Perfect, regardless of tho
16
17
mot-a he died, re'y-a he saw, 'anbar-a he set ,

W
'astabq ea he implored. Note t hat t he pronominal sub ject (he , she ,
xaba or ba-xaba by , wi t h , at , near (person or place); t o , t oward ,
they) is i ncluded in the verb form itself and need not be expressed
ba-
shape of the stem:
The E thiopic Perfect corresponds to the English simple
separat ely .
past
unto;
Exercises
A.
The basic le xical form o f the E t hiopic verb is the 3rd pers .
masc . si ngular of the Perfect .
In the l esson vocabularies and in the
Glossary we shall always give the English meaning in the infinitive
nabara to sit .
form; t hus:
W i t h verbs of motion the goal is expressed by various preposi

t ions, the most frequent o f which are westa and xaba.
Westa is used
if the goal is a place, as i n

He went to t he city .
ijora westa hagar.
Xaba is used with both persons and places:

ijora xaba negus.
He went to the k ing.
ljom xaba bet.
H e went to the house .
Whether a preposition like westa means " to," "into , " or "in" depends
on t he verb with which it is employed:
nabara westa to dwell in,
bo'a westa t o enter into , ora westa to go t o .

V ocabulary 1
Nouns:
hagar city.
bet house .
negus king.
dabr mountain.
V erbs:
nabara to sit , sit down; to stay, remain, continue; to li ve , dlell .
''
.
\.1 warada to descend, come down , go down .
. 1
f, -
'\.- )
.,
to ascend, come up , go up, climb .
ora to go .
Prepo si tions :
, emf' emenna from, out of , alvay from .

weota o r l'a-I,}er.i:a
",./,,,
'em-xaba from wi t h , from the presence o f .
into; b y , w i t h ( o f agent) .
(he went , wrote , etc . ) or present perfect (he has gon e , he has
wri t t en, etc . ) .
, " i
in,
'"
wi I I I i
I..,
II.
jn,
i !lto, to (a place); 'em-westa from i n , from
/'/'" "'I, "1'''".
11111,,;
','m-diha
from on, from upon .
B.
1.
westa hagar
6.
2.
diba dabr
7.
3.
' emenna bet
'em-negus
8.
4.
'em-westa bet
ba-xaba negus
9.
ba-westa bet
diba negus
5.
' em-diba dabr
10.
' em-westa hagar
Nabara westa bet .
6.
Nabarat ba-westa bet .
ora west a dabr .
7.
!:lora westa bet .
8.
Waradu ' em-diba dabr .
1.
2.
3.
'Argu diba dab r .
4.
'Arga westa hagar .
5.
9.
'Arga xaba bet .
Waradat ' em-diba b1:lt.
10.
Warada 'emenna hagar.
18
19
Vocabulary 2
Nouns :
Lesson 2
Noun P lura l s .
2. 1
hagar (pl . ' ahgur) c i t y .
I n genera l , the p lural of a noun i s formed
bet (pl. ' abyat) house.
in one of two ways :

a.
P attern repl acement :
b.
Addition o f an ending :
dabr (pl . ' adbCir) mountain .
dcibr -) ' adbar

'amat -) 'Qmatat
P lurals formed by pat t ern repl acement are often referred to as "bro
ken" p l urals or " i nternal" p lural s ; those with suffixe s , as " external'
p l ural s .
Because there is no sure way to predict the form of the
p l ural from that of the s ingu l ar , i t i s neces s ary to l e arn both forms
These w i l l be g iven in the lesson vocabu l ar ies.
[rom the out s et.
Some nouns have more than one p lural form , though they may not be of
equal frequency.
The patterns used for noun p lura l s are for the most p art d i s
t i n c t ive and s e l dom occur i n s i ngular noun s .
For reference onl y , the
fo l l owing l i st of p lural noun types includes a l l but the rare forms :

e . g . ' egar
qetal
negus ( p l . nagast) king .
the p l ural o f
' egr
foot
gabr (p l . ' agbert) s ervant .

be' si (pl . sab' ) man , husband ; the pl. also means peop
l e in general .
be' s i t (p l . ' anest) woman, wife .
amar
(pl . ' aar) boat , ship ( o f any s i z e) .
Verb s :
ma?' a to come
wad
. ' a to go/ come forth , emerge ,' Wl' th
'
to I eave , d epart r rOIll ; I ( )
em ',
spring from, originate i n .
bo' a to enter (westa, ba-J .

wadqa to fal l , fal l down , co l l ap s e .
Adverbs :
, aqtal
' adbCir
dabr
mountain
heyya/ba-heyya ther e , in that p l ace ; ' em-heyya from there , the n ce .
, aqtu l
' ahgur
hagar
c ity
zeyya/ba-zeyya here , in this p l ace ; ' em-zeyya from here , hence .
, aqtel
' cib ter
batr
rod , staff
Conj unction :
' aqteU
' agbert
gcibr
serv ant
qataU
nagast
negus
k ing
C aC aC eC 4 t
l 2 3
C aC aC eC
l 2 3 4
' aqatel
mala' ekt
mal'ak
messeng er , ange l
' anCiqel}
' anqal}
gate
' cibage '
bag '
sheep
2.2
Syntax.
immediate ly.
The nominal sub j ect of a verb normal ly fo l l ows i t
The problem of the agreement between verb and sub j ect
wi l l be di s cus sed in Lesson 5 .
I t i s sufficient here to not e that
nouns denoting male human b eings are mas cul ine and those denoting
femal e human beings are feminin e .
The verb agrees with the s e nouns
in numb er and gender :
wa- and (written as p art of the fo l lowing word , e. g . be' si wa-be' sit
a man and a woman) .
Exercises
A. l . xaba gabr
6.
2 . ba-xaba b e ' s it
3 . diba amar
8 . xaba nagast
4 . ' emenna be ' s i
9 . ' emenna ' ahgur
5 . diba ' adbar
1 0 . ba-xaba s ab '
B . l . N abaru ' agbert heyya.

2.
7 . Mas ' a ' an est xaba negus.
Nabarat be' s it b a-heyya .
8 . Wadqa b e ' s i ' em-diba bet .
' Arga be ' s 1 d i ba dabr .
9 . Wadqu sab ' ' em-diba dabr.
ijora negus .
The king went.
ijoru nagast .
The kings went.
3.
ijorat be' sit.
The woman went .
ijorQ. ' anest.
The women went .
4. Waradu sab ' ' em-diba bet .
See the exercises for further exnp l es .
ba-diba ' amar
7 . ' em-wes t a ' abyat
5 . I. loru n <l!< a s t wes t a ' ahgur.
6 . 1 ;I ' <I
): :111 1'
xaba
negu s .
1 0 . Wad ' u sab ' ' em-heyya .

l l. ' Argat ' em - z eyya.
1 2. Bo ' a wes t a bet wa-nabara h eyyo .
21
20
1 3 . War ada ' em-we sta ' adblir wa-bo ' a

w e s t a hagar .
1 4 . Ma ' u w e s t a hagar wa-bo ' a
xaba negu s .
15 . Wa? ' u ' agbert ' em-hagar wa- J:toru

w es t a dabr .
1 6 . Ma;; ' a ' em-heyya wa-nabara

zeyy a .
Lesson 3
17 . Wadqa bet .
18.
'Arga ' ane s t westa amar .
3.1
Noun P l ura l s ( cont . ) .
nal p l ur a l s are -an and -at .
The two endings us ed to form exter
-an i s , for the most p art , restri cted
to nouns denoting ma l e human b eings :
mas agger
p l ural :
liq
ma saggeran
fishermen
Uqa.n
e l d ers , ch iefs .
-at has no such r e? t r i c t i on :

nahiy
nahiyat
prophet s
negest
nege stat
queens
gadam
gadamat
w i l derne s s e s .
p l ural :
It is by no means uncommon to find broken plural s further p l ura l i zed

by the ending -at, but b ecau s e these forms are sporad i c and e a s i l y
ident i fied, they wi l l no t b e l i s t ed in t h e l es son vo cabu l ar i e s .
Several b i consonantal nouns have p lur a l s ending in -aw :
' edaw
hands
' af
'e4-
'edC/1J!
trees
red
'edaw
mal e s
' ah
W
' ex
' ed
pl.
pl.
' afaw
' abC/1J!
' ax
C/1J!
mouths
fathers
brothers .
Be' si (man) and be' sit (woman) have t h e p lura l s sah' and ' anest re
The word sah ' , whi ch as a p lural m ay b e trans l at ed "men"
spect i v e l y .
or " peop l e , " may a l s o be u s ed as a s ingu l ar noun in the sense of "a

m an" or "mankind . "
3. 2
Co l l e ctiv e s .
S ome nouns , formal l y s ingu l ar , d e s i gnate
groups or speci es as we l l as a s in g l e i t em .
'e4-
a tree ( p l .
For examp l e ,
'e4-aw) ; a group of t r e es , a grove , woods .
It a l s o deno t e s the mater i a l "woo d . "
'waf) ; fowl in g eneral .
'of
a bird (p l . ' a
ezb
a peop l e or nat i on (p l .
daqiq
offspr ing , progeny , chi ldren .
'
azW) ; peop l e (as a p lural).
When there is a conf l i ct between form ( s ingu l ar) and meaning (plural),
the noun may b e construed e i ther way :
peop l e came .
ma?' a ezb or ma? ' u ezb the
23
22
V o c abu l ary 3
Les son 4
Nouns :
mas agger (p l . -an) fisherman .
4.1
The Const ruct S t at e .
A modifying r e l at ionship between two
liq (p l . -an, liqawent, liqanat) e l der , chief .
nouns i s ind i cated by add ing the ending -a to the first noun in t he
nabiy (p l . -at) proph et .

gadam (p l . -at) wi l dernes s ; any remo t e , uninhab ited are a .
sequence Noun + Noun .

l
2
o r qua l i fi e s the firs t .
ezb (p I . ezab, ' azab) peop l e , nation ; crowd ; a l s o \v i t h t h e nuance
or in the construct s t at e .
o f gent i l es in the N . T .
Verbs :
1'0?a to run .
W
g ayya to f l e e .
gab' a t o return , come/go b ack .
ba?a to arriv e .
It is t h e s econd noun t h at mod i fi e s , l imi t s ,

i s s ai d t o be in cons t ruct with Noun ,
l
2
Study the fo l l owing examp l e s :
Noun
negusa hagar
the king of the city
walda negus
the son (wa ld) of the king
qa la nabiy
the vo i c e (qal) of the prophet
sema mal' ak
the name (sem) of the ang e l (mal' ak)
fe lsata BabiZon
the Babylonian Exil e (fe l sat)
Uqa kahenat
the chief o f the pri e s t s (kahen)
ma <lira gadam
w i l d honey ; l it . honey (ma <ar) of the
fenota bal'
the s e a road ; l i t . the road (fenot) o f t h e
Prep o s i t i on :
w i l tl l' ,. -
ness
mes la w i t h , in the company o f .
s e a (ba)
Exe r c i s e s
Most such comb inations may be trans l at ed , at l e a s t rough l y , by t h e
1 . Ro ? u ' agbert ' em-bet .
W
2 . G ayyu s ab ' westa ' adbar .
u s e o f the prepo s i t ion " of . "
3. G ab ' u naga s t wes t a hagar .
transparent l i t eral l y wi l l be g iven in the vocabu l ari e s .
4 . B a ? u e zb mes l a nab i y .
W
5 . G ayya nabiy w e s t a gadam .
W
6 . G ayya ' anest ' emenna bet .
Two formal point s should be noted :

( a)
Mo st nouns ending in -i have their construct in -e :
(b)
Nouns ending i n the l on g vowels
?aaje hezb
7 . G ab ' a mas agger ' emenna hamar .

8 . Bo ' u l iqan xaba negu s .
1 2 . Nab aru ma s aggeran h eyya.

1 3 . N ab ar a l iq heyya me s l a e zb .
W
1 4 . G ayya e zb w e s t a g adam wa-nabara heyya .
1 5 . B a ? at b e ' s i t xaba bet .
w
1 6 . Ro ? u ' em - z eyya wa - g ayyu h eyya .
' cllI - h ryyn wn -nabaru
" " ' : I j'. L' 1'
' <'Ill d i b a
-0
remain un
s ame way :
1 1 . M a? ' u nabiyat westa hagar .
W il d '! : ,
-a, -e J
The construct s t a t e of p l ural nouns is formed in exact l y the
1 0 . Horu mes l a nabiy wa- ' agb ert .
18.
the s cribe of the peop l e
changed in the construct .
9 . W a ' a nabiy ' em-hagar .
1 7 . G ab ' u
This exceedingly common c on struct ion
wi l l pose l i t t l e difficu l t y to the reader ; expr e s s ions t h at are not
z e yy a .
h a l il a r .
nagasta hagar
the kings of the c i t y
we luda negus
the sons o f t h e k ing
qalata nabiy
the words of the prophet
Con struct sequences of three or more nouns o ccur but are rare .
Tn
mo s L
; l I s L an c e s a
f n: q l l c l l l
sub s et of the s e quence is a fixed express i o l l ( i . c .
compoun d ) ,
I i l e r: , 1 I y " I ll<'
such as beta maqdas the Temp l e in J erus a l em ,
h o u s e of the ho l y p l a c e , " in the s e quence
24
25
the t op ( tadbab) of the Temp l e .
tadbaba beta maqdas
Note a l s o the curious , but not rare , expres s ion

the Son of Man ,
where ' emma eyii:W " the mother (' emm) of the l iving (eyii:W) " is an
W
epi thet o f Eve , and ' eg ala ' emma-eyaw, lit . "the o ffspring o f Eve , "
denote s mankind.
Also in fixed expre s s ions one may find a compound
Noun , such as samay wa-medr heaven and earth in

2
' Amlaka samay wa-medr
the Lord of heaven and earth .
Vocabul ary 4
Nouns :
' cdawa
' udbar
z cnanlat a samay
fenot (pl . fenaw, fenawe) road , way , path ( l it . and fig. ) .

' arwe (pl . ' arawit) animal , wild beast .
samay (p l . -at) heaven , sky .
beta negus pal ace , royal res idence .
P repositions :
' enta via, by way o f .
tata under , below .
Adverb :
' i- the general negat ive , prefixed direct ly to the verb in a verbal
s entence .
Exercises
A . 1 . negus a hagar
2 . hagara negus
beta negus
9.
' ahgura negus
1 0 . ' ahgura nagast

1 1 . amara masaggeran
4 . fenota dabr
1 2 . ' al;mara masagger
5 . gabra nabiy
13.
6.
b e ' sita masagger
7.
fenota gadam
8.
' zaba hagar
14.
' arawita dabr
' arallita gadam

W
1 5 . q a l a ' ed
W
16 . ' aq e l a ' eaw
negusa s amayat
5 . GW ayya ' emenna ' arawita gadam .
6.
Warada barad wa- zenam .
7.
ora nabiy ' em- z eyya wa- ' arga westa samay .
8.
Wad ' a ' arwe ' em - t ata bet .
9.
Wadqa 'ed diba beta nabiy.
W
1 2 . G ayya ' anest a masaggeran .
13.
Warada zenam ' em-westa s amay .
1 5 . Wadqu ' aqW ela 'eaw westa fenot .
zenam (p l . -at) rai n .

w
w
q a l (p l . ' aq e Z ) leaf, fo l i age .
20 .
3 . Wadqa ' em-westa ' e .
1 4 . ora ' ent a fenot a gadam .
barad hail .
fenawe gadam
4 . Ma ' a ' em-westa s amay .
1 1 . Basha ' anesta hagar .
ceq.m,;) tree , wood .
19.
B. 1 . Nabara tatlta ' ed .

2 . G ab' a ' enta fenota dabr .
1 0 . Gab ' u ' agberta negus .
Ceq. (pl .
3.
]7.
18.
26
27
g j ven tran s l at o r .
Lesson 5
5.1
G ender.
T h e genders o f t h e non-personal nouns i n Vo cabu l ar i e s 1 - 4 a r e
The gender o f a given noun is not based on formal
a s fo l l ows :
crit eri a , such as the presence or ab s ence of a part i cu l ar endin g .
hagar f . m .
a;nar f . m .
[enat f . m .
barad m .
G ender i s apparent only i n the agreement that exi s t s , for examp l e ,
bet m . f .
gadam m .
' arwe m . f .
b etween a noun and a modi fying adj ective o r between a noun subj ect
dabr m .
ed m . f .
samay m . f .
zenam m . f .
w
q a? l m . f .
and its verb .
When we con s i s t ent l y find zentu be' s i for " t h i s man"
5. 2
Numb e r .
<
Only nouns denoting human be ings regularly have verbal and
l in e form and zati a s the feminine form of the demonstrative adj e c
agreement in the p l ural .
t ive .
Then , b ecause a noun l ik e [enat wi l l appear somet imes with
zentu and s ometimes with zati , we are l ed t o observe that the gender
Th e p lural s of a l l other nouns may
!lilV/,
ence s .
5. 3
In gener a l , gender us age is fixed ( i . e . predic t ab l e) only for

nouns denoting human b eing s , where grammati c a l gender coincides with
Some D emonstrative Adj ectives .

this
m as c .
ze
t h at
m as c .
we' etu
fem.
za
fern .
ye' e i 'i
zentu
Nearly al l o th er nouns o ccur in e ither gender ,
but for many nouns there i s a d efinite preference .
adj ect i V l I l
either s in gu l ar or p lural verbs and modifiers , w i t h n o c l a A r p ro ll' !'
of [enat is v ar i ab l e , or p erhaps b e tt er , irrel evant .
natura l gender ( s ex) .
gonu o l' .
Agreement i n number i s simi l ar t o that o f
and zati be' sit for "this woman , " we may ident i fy zentu as the mas cu
The fo l l owing
zat
za-
al'O
W t' l t
ru l e s are sometimes cited in t h i s connection, but they cover an ins i g
The s e r egu l arly precede the noun they modify.
nifi cant r ange of nouns and admit of numerous excep t i ons :
ten proc l i t i c al ly (ze-be' si, za-be' sit) , but if preceded by /l!1oLhor
(a)
Nouns denoting the names of months , s t ar s , meteoro l o g i c a l
phenomena, rivers , metal s , and weapons t end to be treat ed as mascu
I inc .
pro c l i t i c e l ement , such
and
the prepos ition ba- , the two p ro c l it i c e l e
ments may be wr itten t o g ether as a s ingle word :
ba-ze bet in th i s
hous e ; ba-za hagar i n this c i t y .

(b)
The names of towns , c it i e s , district s , and paired p ar t s o f

V o cabul ary
t h e body t end t o b e treat ed a s feminine .

In
the vocabu l ar i es and G l o s s ary the gender o f non-personal
nouns wi l l b e indi c ated in the fo l l owing way :

m . or f . al one means t h at t h e noun i s almost exc lusively
treated as marked .
m . f . or f . m . means that the noun occurs in both genders , but
that the first gender ind i c at e d i s the more frequ ent .
The s e d e s i gnations must b e considered as only appro ximat e , s ince they
wou l d doubt l e s s ly be s ub j ect to some r evis ion if a fu l l t abu l at i on
were made .
Such a study , however , would hardly b e worth t h e enormous
e ffort required , s ince gender us age vari es mark ed l y from one t e xt t o

anot h e r , and i n some c a s e s i t may even be dependent o n t h e gender o f
t h e underlying Greek noun .
appears to have an
i ar ,
as
Ze-
In other cases , variat ion in gender
expr e s s i v e
i nu l v i.uu:i l l z i l l g )
func t i on ( feminine
a l ld d epend s
diminut i v e , fami l
on t h e personal pred i l ection s o f a
Nouns :
w
w
mak annen (p l . mak anent) j udge , administrator, h i gh o ffic i a l .
qal (p l . -at) m . f . v o i c e , word , sound ; s ayin g .
nagar (p l . -at) m . spe ech , account , narrative ; thing , affai r , s ituation.
mal' ak (p l . mala' ekt) ange l , mes senger .

?aa[i (pl . aa[t) s cr ib e ; a l i terate (hence l e arne d ) person .
wald (p l . welud) so n , chi l d , boy , l ad ; the p l . form is a l s o used as a
s ingular.
walatt (pl . ' awiHed) daughte r , girl .

And t h e demonst rat i v e adj e ct ives given in the l es s on .
29
28
E xercis es
A . 1 . t aht a z entu ' eg
2 . mes l a we ' etu ' arwe
7.
3 . ' enta za- fenot
8 . ' em-ze bet
' em-westa z at i h agar
9 . ba-diba z entu dabr
5.
ba-westa we' etu gadiim
1 0 . tahta ye ' et i amar
2 . qal iit a nabiyat

w
3 . nagara mak annen
w
4 . ' abyata mak iin ent
C.
ba-xaba ze-nabiy
4.
B . 1 . l iqa aft
5.
qal a z entu mal ' ak
1.
' I -wadqu
7.
weluda ? afi
w
8 . ' aw1ileda we ' etu mak annen
9 . ' arawita z entu dabr

1 0 . aafe negus
w
aq ? e l a ye ' et i ' eg o
3 . 'Arga qalata nabiy wes t a s amay .

5.
6. 1
6 . walda mas agger
2 . Warada z enam ' em-west a samay wa- ' i -warada barad .

4.
Les s on 6
w
6 . mes la z entu mak annen
The P ersonal Pronouns ( Independent Form) .

Singular
P l ural
1st p ers . common gender
' ana
neJ:na
we
2nd p ers . mas cul ine
' anta
you
' anterrru
you
2nd p ers . feminine
' anti
you
' anten
you
3rd p ers . mas cul ine
we' etu
he , it
' errrun tu
t h ey
3rd p ers . feminine
ye' eti
she , it
' emaniu
Li I (IY
The form we' etomu i s a l s o used for the 3rd pers . mas c . and
1'0111 .
r al . . Readers unfami l iar with other Semitic l anguages shou l d
p I li
111 1 1 1\(1
special note of the gender d i st inction in the 2nd person ; thl o,
fO Il I I l I' 1 I
is pres ent in al l the pronominal infl ections in the l UlIguugu .

6. 2
Horat wal atta negus xaba we ' etu nabiy .
a,
M as ' a be ' se ye ' et i b e ' s it xaba negus .
6 . Wad ' a mal ' ak ' em-westa s amay wa-ba?a xaba beta ye ' eti b e ' sit .
w
7 . Rou we luda mak annen westa fenota hagar .
8 . Wadqa walda we' etu b e ' s i ' em-we s t a zentu ' eg o
9 . B a u mal a ' ekta s amay westa hagar wa-nabaru heyya.

w
1 0 . ' I -horu sab ' xaba we ' etu mak annen .
Non-verbal Sentences with a Nominal Predi cate .

The subj ect i s a p ersonal pronoun :
Noun
pre d .
Be' si ' ana.
I am a man .
Be' sit ' anti .

Masagger we' etu .
w
Mak anent ' emuntu .
You are a woman .
Nabiyat nena.
We are prophets .
' Iyarusalem ye' eti .
It is J erus a l em .
! ' ro I l O I l I I ' " , I l ! .
He i s a fisherman .
They are j udges .
For special emphasis the pronoun may b e dup l i cated at the h ead o f the
c l aus e :
I am a man .
'Ana be' si ' ana.

fie'
etu is sometimes u s ed as a neutral i z ed copul a in s ent ences of thi s
typ e , r egardless of the person , number , or gender of the real pronom

w
inal sub j e ct . One may thus find : 'Ana mak annen we' etu, ' Anta
w
w
mak annen we' etu , et c . or ' Ana we' etu mak annen , et c , Such us ages
vary from text to t ext , but they are not rare construct ions .
They
should be viewed as a repl acement of the construct ions given above by

thos e of
fo l l owing sect i on , with the personal pronouns simply
the
t ak i ng the p l ace o f t he nominal subj e ct .

h.
: l l l d 1 1 I' , ' d
I r
i I' : 1 1
i l l e suhj
('
1':111
oct i s a noun", the dist incti on between subj cct
h e Illade
only on the basis of the seman t i c s
0f
Lllu
31
30
Proper Name s :
There are thr e e pos s i b l e forms for such pred i c at i on s :
context .
Noun
Noun
Noun
l
l
l
+
+
+
Noun
+ 3rd pers . pron .

2
3rd p er s . pro n . + Noun
2
Noun
Yo annes makUJ annen.
Yo annes makUJannen UJeJ etu.
Yohannes UJeJ etu makUJ annen.
The s e may a l l be trans lated as "John is a/the j udge . "
Yoannes J o h n .
'EgziJ aber G o d ( c annot , a s a proper name , b e u s e d in the construct

s t at e ) .
'AmZak the Lord (may, as an epi th e t , be used in construct ; e . g .
Not e espe
c i a l l y the u s e of the 3rd p ers . pronoun as a copu l a ; there will usu

al l y be agre ement in numb e r and gender i f the nouns denote human
'A mZaka samay the Lord of Heaven) .

J Esra.'eZ I s rael .
b e i n g , but , as noted abov e , there i s a t endency for UJ eJ etu to be gen

e r al i ze d for all purposes as a neutral copu l a .
c.
And the Independent P e rsonal Pronouns given in the l e s s on .
I f t h e sub j e c t i s a demon s t rative pronoun (note that t h e
words given as demonstrat i v e adj e ct ives in the preceding l e s s on a l s o

funct ion a s pronouns ) , the m o s t frequent word order i s D em . p ro n .
3rd p er s . pron.
+ Noun :
Zentu UJ eJ etu J orit UJ a-nabiyat. Thi s i s the Law and the Prophets.
Za.ti yeJ eti UJaZatta negus.
Th i s i s the daugh t er of t h e king.
'EZZu 'emuntu UJeZuda negus.
These are the s ons o f t h e king .
6.3
The P l ural Demonstrat i ve s .
fern.
'eUontU
J
J eU?, 'eZUmtU
m as c .
' emuntU
fern.
J emantu
masc .
these
those
J eUu
Vocabul ary 6
Nouns :
ayq (p l . -at) shore (of s e a or l ak e ) .
< ed (pl .
<edaw) co l I . men , males ; t h e menfo l k (of a given community) ;
a l s o used as a p l ur al of beJ s i .
J emm (p l . -at) mother .
'ab (pl . ' abaw) father , forefather , ance stor ; beta J ab fami l y .
met (p l . 'amtat) husband .
daqiq (col I . ) chi ldre n , o ffspring , progeny .
negest (p l . -at) queen .
Conj unct
Daqiqa J Esra.J eZ the Children of I s r ae l , t h e I sr ae l
ites .
i on :
' ({ I I ,; hi l l
( .1 1 1 , ,
"
I "" " ('d l l ' ) 1 I(,)(: t l i v e c l ause) .
Exerc i s e s
A . l . aJ:lafi ' ana .
2.
1 0 . Daqiqa ' E s r a ' e l
' Ane s t ' emantti .
' cmun ! ( I .
1 l . ' Emma Yoh anne s ye ' et i .
3 . Masagge ran neJ:lna .
1 2 . ' Ab a negest we ' et u .
' Ed awa h agar neJ:l na .

w
5 . Mak annen ' ant a .
1 3 . Negesta z at i hagar y c ' e l 1 .
6 . G abra negus ' anta .
1 5 . J:lamara ' e l l u masagge ran
4.
1 4 . ' Aba ' emuntu we l ud wc ' c ttt .
7 . B e ' s i t a nabiy ' anti .
8.
' Anesta masagg eran ' ant en .
9 . Mal a ' ekta ' Eg z i ' abJ:ler ' antemu.
ye ' eti .
1 6 . Daqiqa z entu gabr ' emuntu .
W
1 7 . ' Aq e l a z entu ' ed w e ' ctu .
1 8 . Meta zati b e ' si t we ' et u .

B . 1 . ' E l lu ' emuntu s ab ' a zati hagar .
w
2 . ' E l lontu ' emuntu mak anent .
3.
' E l lantu ' emantu ' anesta negus .
4.
' E l l u ' emuntu l i qana Q e zb .
5 . Z e - w e ' etu nabiya ' E g z i ' abJ:ler .

6 . Zati ye ' eti ' emma ' e l l antu ' aw al ed .
7.
' E l lontu ' emuntu ' amt at a ' a.n e s t .
8 . Zentu we ' etu nagar a ' Am l ak .

w
9 . E l lu ' emuntu daqiqa mak ann en .
1 0 . NeJ:lna nabiyata ' Eg z i ' abQer nehna .
ll.
' Antcmu aJ:laft ' ant emu .
1 2 . Z e - w e ' etu gadam ,

13.
wa- ' e l l u ' emuntu ' arawit a gadam .
' E l l u s ab ' ' emu n tu ' amtata ' emantu ' anest .
1 4 . Zc-\;e ' ct u ' i\lI1 l ak a s amay .

JS.
l ii ! i
y o ' et i
{'o no l a
gadam .
33
32
.
C. 1 . G W ayya ' e l l a ' anest ' em-h agar
W
al la nabaru west a hagar .
2 . ' I _ g ayyu ' amtat a ' anest , '
w
n xaba negu s .
3 . B o ' u daqiq a we' etu mak anne
' eti hagar .
em-ye
'
4 . G ab ' at ' emma z entu gabr
abyat a zat i hagar .
5 . Warad a b arad wa- zenam diba '
t xaba hagar .
6 . Basha z entu negus mes l a neges
, ' al l a rou westa ayq .
7 . ' I abaru we l ud a h agar heyya
Lesson 7
7.1
marke d b y
The Accus at ive Cas e .

a
of a tran s i t ive verb .
The accusative i s the only c a s e
special ending and i s us ed primarily as t h e direct obj ect

The ending is usually -a on both s ingu l ar and
p lural nouns :
.
8 . Gab ' u ' emuntu s ab ' ' em- ' adbar
t a hagar .
wes
a
'
9 . ' Arga ' em-we s t a ayq wa-bo
' emuntu masag geran xaba J:1ayq .
1 0 . B a h. at ' ah. mara
ijaa?a beta.
He bui l t a hous e .
Ijana?a ' ohyata.
He bui l t hous e s .
The fo l lowing exceptions are to b e noted :

F inal -i i s repl aced by -e :
( a)
H e s aw a man .
Re' ya be' s e .
F inal -a, -e, and
(b)
undergo no change :
He found a k ey (mar'xo )
Rakoha marxo .
Re' ya <asa.
He saw a f i sh ai'lii) .
He took the fru i t (j"IJ!'i!)
Nas' a [ere .
P ersonal names and p l ace names are either l eft lIo 'i n f J e ct ed
( c)
or take the ending -h :
David
Dawit walada Salomonha.
b egot So lomo n .
Becaus e a noun i n construct al ready has an ending identical to that

of the accusative cas e , there is no further change when such a noun
is us ed as the direct obj ect :
H e found t h e s cr i b e ' s house.
Rakoha beta ?aJ:afi .

7.2
Word Order .
When there is no special emphas i s or contrast
desir ed , the normal order with a transitive verb is Verb
Subj ect
Obj ect , as in
The man p l anted a tre e .
Takala be' si < e9a.

7. 3
The Accus ative o f Goal .
The accusative case i s us ed also
to express goal with verbs of motion :

Bo ' a hagara.
He ent ered the city.
lora ' adbara.
He went to the mount ains .
A l l s uch accus at i ves , un l i ke the direct obj ect , may be rep l a c ed

npp r n p r i n t f'
by
p r'cpos j t ional phrases (westa hagar, westa ' adbar) w i. l h[) U I
34
35
altering the meaning. Occasiona l l y the accus ative is used to ind i

cate static position , a s in
Exerci s es
A.
He dwelt in the wi l dernes s .
Nabara gaacuna.
1.
anau ' abyata ba-westa hagar .
2.
Qatalu negus a wa-negest a .
But this i s rare , and a prepo sit ional phrase (ba-westa gadam) i s pre
3 . T akalu
ferred .
4.
eqawa heyy a .
Re ' yu ' adbara.
7.4
The Accus ative F orms of the D emonstratives .

zentU
zati
acc.
ze, e Uontu
Zo.- ,
' e l lantU
acc .
' e UZmta
zanta
z ata
we' etu
we' eta
za-
ye' eti
ye' eta
5.
S adadu ' agbert a ' em-westa bet .
6.
Qat alu Kerestiyana ba-westa ' e l la ' ahgur .
7.
' I - rakabu ' aara masaggeran .
8 . S adada liqana ezb ' ern-hagar .

9 . Qat a l a z anta nabiya.
' e l Zonta
1 0 . Tak a l a ' a ada wayn westa ' adbar .
' e ZZu , and ' e Z Z have no dist inct accus ative forms , nor do the
1 1 . Rakaba ' arwe ba-we s t a fenot .

1 2 . Re ' ya mala' ekta westa samay .
personal pronouns ' emuntu and ' emo.ntU when used demonstrat ively as
1 3 . ana a hagara ba-westa we ' etu ayq .
direct obj e ct s .
14.
Vocabul ary 7
B. 1 .
geba (p l . -at) m. f . ( ear ly) morning ; the e ast .
I,
meset (p l . -at) evening, twi l ight .

wayn (p l . ' awy) m. vine ; wine .
<a?ad (pl . ' a <?ad, -at) m . f . any circums cribed area :
atrium ; pen , s t al l ; f i e l d , farm; v i l l ag e .
courtyard,
<a?ada wayn vineyard.
V erb s :
l'e' ya to s e e .
ana?a to bui l d , const ruct .
qataZa to ki l l , murder .
l'akaba to find , come upon ; t o acqu i re .
sadada to persecut e ; to drive out , b ani s h , exi l e ; to excommuni cat e ;
t o divorce ( a wife) .
takaZa to p l ant ; to fix i n , imp l ant .
Proper N ames :
beta Kel'estiyan (p l . beta Kel'estiyano.t ,
' abyata Ker'e,q tiyo.no.t) church ; the Church .
I -rakab a ' edawa hagar .
1 5 . S adadu Kerestiyana ' em-' abyat a Kerestiyanat .
Nouns :
Kel'estiyan (pl . ) Chri sti ans .
<
2.
w
B a - $ eb ora ' a ada mes l a daqiqa mak annen .
B a-meset gab ' u ' em-heyya hagara .
3 . N ab ara heyya ba- eb wa-ba-meset .
4 . Re ' yu zenama wa- b arada wa-gW ayyu .

5.
R akaba aafta ba-westa beta negus.

6 . GW ayyat negest beta Kerestiyan ba-eba .
7.
S adada we' eta nabiya ' em-west a hagar .
8.
G ab ' a gadama b a-meset .
9.
Rakabu wayna wes t a w e ' etu bet .
1 0 . ' I -anau ' abyat a , ' al Ia nabaru b a-westa gadam mes l a ' arawit .
1 1 . ' I -rakabu zata amara .
1 2 . Rosu ' amtata ' ane s t ayqa .
I :
I
37
36
-nu
i. s very
freque l l t l y
a t t ached to the interrogative words (other
than mannu) o f the preceding paragraphs :

Le s s on 8
1r
mannu
what?
ment
whi ch?
' cryy (p 1 . ' ayyat )
Mannu we' etu zentu be ' si ?

Manna qataZu?
Ment we' etu zentu?

Menta rakaba?
menta
' ayya (p I . ' cryyat a)
The Remo t e Demon s trative s .
There is a s econd group o f de
mon strat ive pronoun s / adj e c t ives , much l e s s frequent than the we' e tu/
ye ' eti group , used to ind i c a t e a more remote l o cation or reference j n
r e l at i on s h ip to the speaker and h i s aud i ence .
Eng l i s h " that , that . . . there , t'hat
m. s .
Who is this man?
Th e s e correspond to
yonder . "
W
zeku ( ac c . ze k a)
zektu ( ac e . zekta)
W
zekW tu (acc . ze k ta)
Whom did they ki l l ?

What i s thi s ?
c.p1.
f . s . ' enteku
What d i d h e find?
' entakti ( acc . ' enttxkt a)
' e Ueku
' e Uektu ( acc . ' e L Zekta)
W
' e ZlekWtu ( acc . ' eZZek ta)
Whi ch city i s thi s ?
' Ayya hagara ana? u?

Xaba mannu gWcryyu?
To whom d i d they f l e e ?
with a s l ight ly pej or;l

The s e demon strati ves are s ometim es emp l oyed
Who s e son are you?
t i ve or d i sdainful nuance .
Ba' enta ment hora?
Where did he find th e ch i l d ?
' Ayy hagar zati ?
WaZda mannu 'anta?
There j
' Ayte-nu rakaba waZda?
8.4
manna
accusative :
who ?
a prep o s i
n a c l aus e unl e s s gover ned by
Thes e norm al ly s t and first i
les :
w i t h a prec ed ing noun . Examp
t ion o r i n cons truc t s eque nce
II'
What did he see?
e ct i ve s :
Int erro gati ve Pronouns and Adj
8. 1
Menta-nu re'ya?
Whi ch city did they bui l d ?
Why ( l i t . b ecause of what) d i d

h e go?
p l ural for mannu , n am e l y ' eZZa

a l s o a rath er r are s p e c i f i c
mannu :
ba-?eba1 in the mornin g .
Who are they?
Int errogative Adverb s .
8.2
V o cabulary 8
Nouns :
\'Ihere?
'cryte, ba-' cryte
how ?
whence?
) em-' cryte
why ?
when?
ma'ze
'e fo
Za-ment, ba' enta ment
leZit (p l . ZayaZey) m . f . n i ght .
ba-ZeZit at night , during
the night .
d
Any c l ause may b e conv erte
.
The P art i c l es -nu and -hu
t
firs
the
to
ng -nu ( l e s s freq uent l y -hu)
into que s t ion form by addi
the
in fact att ache d t o
Be caus e th e s e p art i c l e s are
\'lord or phra s e .
cent ers , thei r
nd wh i ch the int erro gat i on
e l emen t oC the s en t ence arou
al word orde r :
" ( \ ('j1l1 r l l l rt' f rulII norm
\1 <; [ ' O i" l l' l l requ i I'l.
kona to be , to be come .
t ive i n the accus
8.3
/ '. ' // . 1 1
ZeZita
Verbs :
t in a c l aus e .
The s e a l so usua l l y s t and firs
1/11
Words d e s i gnating p eriods of t ime may
to indi cate the t ime when

b e used adverb i a l l y in the accus at ive cas e
ba-meset in the even in g , ?ebaa
an action took p l ac e . T hus , me s e ta
=
' EZ l a mannu ' emuntu?
Accus ative of T ime .
8.S
Kona may a l s o be used impers onal l y :
priest .
Are yo u a j udge?
se n
Oid h e see this?
!l, rln', r
adj e
U s ua l l y fo l l owed by a predi cate noun or
a
ative cas e : kona kahena he was/be came
there/ i t was/
t ive ( t h e
In t h i s us age a fo l l owing noun may be accusa
b e c ame .
: kona ZZi t (a) i t
predic ate) or non- accus ative ( t h e subj ect)
a) there was hai l .
was n j ght , i t became n i ght ; kona barad(
to
"
II
( t 0 : ;r:nim ,
t o i l l' t ,
,;o r k ,
Za-) .
e;
i"lil l c t i on ; to mak e , fashio n , creat e , produc
t o
39
38
do , perform , enact , carry out .
:S .
ba' enta (prep . ) about , concerning ; because of, on ac count o f ; for the
s ake o f .
ba' enta ment why? for what reason?
ba' enta-ze be
caus e o f thi s , thus , therefore .
'. 1
Exerc i s es
A. l .
2.
3.
4.
S.
w
Mak annena zati hagar we ' etu .
Mannu we ' etu z entu be ' si ?
Menta re ' ya ba-we s t a ' adbar? Re ' ya ' arawi t a .

Mannu gWayya ba- l e l i t ? GW ayyat negest ba- l e l i t .
' Ayte gW ayyat negest ? GW ayyat gadarna .
' Em- ' ayy hagar gW ayyat ? GW ayyat ' em- zati hagar .
6.
Ment we ' etu z entu?
7.
Menta takalu zeyya?
8.
' E l la mannu t akalu ' e l lu ' edawa?

' cdawa .
9.
' E fo hora heyya?
Zentu w e ' etu ' a ada wayn .

Takalu ' awyana z eyya .
ora heyya ' enta ye ' eti fenot .
10.
Mannu gabra zata fenota?
11.
Ba' enta mannu gabru z anta?
Gabru s ab ' a hagar zata fenota.

Z anta gabru l a-e zba hagar .
Zata gabra we' etu masagger.
12.
Mannu gabra z ata h amara?
13.
Ma ' ze ora hagara?
14.
Ma ' ze wadqa zeku ' e?
IS .
La-mannu sea z anta beta?
16.
B a ' enta ment sadada Kerest iyana?
B. 1.
Mannu ' anta?
Takalu ' edawa hagar ' e l l u
Hora mes et a .
Wadqa ba- l e l it .
w
Set a zanta beta l a-mak annen .
' Ana nabiya ' E gz i ' aber ' an a .
2.
Xaba mannu sea amara?
3.
Manna sadadu ' ern-hagar?
4.
Menta-nu J!ana?u heyya?
S.
Mannu kona n abi ya?
w
Sea amara xaba walda mak annen .
S adadu Kerestiyan a .
anau beta Kerest i yan .
6.
Kona Yoannes nabiya.

w
Kona walda s ahafi mak annena .
7.
Konu hezba ' enteku hagar Kerest iyana.
8.
La-ment kona aafe ?
9.
B ' c n t a - z c
10.
1.1 1 1 1 l 1 1
I I .
I I ' I I I
I '
' I\ \, \,
fn l > rll
wa ' u ' cm- hagar wa- ' i -gab ' u .

' ; : I m ?i y u ?
11 1 1 \>J , I I , l d , 1
,
1 11 I I
" 'III
:: "' l i l "
G abra ' Egzi ' aber s amaya.

W .1 rada zenarn.
':' : I IIl;i y ?
: , 1 1I I n
hi;' ,
scu .
nu k u n a
ba-ye ' ct i 1 e l i t ?
Ba-ye ' et i l e l i t kona z enarna
14 .
wa-ba rada .
' Ayyat a ' ahgura hanasu?
IS.
Manna sadadu ' em-beta Kerestiyan?
16.
Neg estata-nu s adadu?
17.
Hora- nu mes l a hezb?
Other :
la- (prep . ) t o , for ( in the dat i ve s ense) .
Mcnta
anau ' e lleku ' ahgura .

Sadadu ' e l lonta nagast a .
' I - s adadu negestat a .

ora mes l a ezb wa-me s l a ' agbert .
40
41
( c)
mendo.b e ,
Les s on 9
9.1
The Noun w i th Pronominal Suffi xes .
Pronominal p o s s e s s ion
i s indicated by a s e r i e s o f suffixe s attached direct ly to t h e noun .
S i ngu l ar nouns ending in a long vowel other than " (e . g .

aff l i ct ion) :
my affliction
mendo.byo
your (m. s . ) aff l i ction
mendo.bka et c .
accus at i v e : mendo.bya
mendo.bka e t c .
There are s l ight variat ions depending on whether the noun s t em ends
T h e suffixes are l ike tho s e on ?ao.fi above , w i t h no change whatever
in a vowel or consonant .
in the final s t em vOIV e l of the noun .
(a)
S ingular nouns ending i n a consonant ( e . g . hagar city) :
hagareya
(d)
P lural nouns .
A l l p lura l nouns have a suffi x -i- a d d C' d 1 0
the s t em before the pronomi nal suffixe s .
The result ing in f l e e t i 0 1 1 I ',

l i k e that of the non - accusat ive forms of ? al].o.fi abov e
, except I h i l i
the endings -iya and -iki usua l ly app ear as -eya and
-eki r e s p c "
tive l y .
There are n o d i s tinct accusati ve forms .
my c i ty
hagareya
your ( m . s . ) c i ty
hagareka
hagaraka
your ( f . s . ) city
hagareki
hagaraki
h i s city
hagarU
hagaro
her city
hagara
hagaro.
my cities
your (m . s . ) c i t i e s
' ahgurika
your ( f . s . ) c i t i e s
' ahguriki/' ahgureki
accusative :
our city
hagarena
hagarana
your (m . p l . ) city
hagarekemu
hagarakemu
your ( f . p l . ) c i ty
hagare ken
hagaraken
their (m . ) city
hagaromu
hagaromu
the i r ( f . ) city
hagaron
hagaron
( e)
' ahguriya/' ahgw'eya
C' I c .
Col l ective noun s , like daqiq , are usual ly L r e ::t t etl
liS
*daqiqihu .
Real p l ural forms , howev e r , sporadi cal l y app e a r w i t h oul
Note especial ly the -u/-o contrast in the 3rd pers . mas c . s ing . and
the characteri s t i c -i- , e . g .
the l ack o f a d i s t inct accu s at ive form in the 1 s t pers . sing .
vers e l y , many singul ar nouns which superficial l y resemb l e p l ural
[In
the tradi t i onal pronun c i at i on the -k- o f - kemu ( and somet imes , o f
-ken) i s doub l e d i n a l l o f the parad i gms given i n this l e s s on . ]

(b)
S ingu l ar nouns ending i n -i , accus ative - e ( e . g . ?aafi ,
,!ao.je s cribe) :
Ni l i l'
1 1,,11
?al].o.fiya
my s cribe
?al].afiy a
your (m . s . ) s cribe
?aafika
?ao.feka
your ( f . s . ) s cribe
,!aafiki
?ao.jeki
his s cribe
$ a/;Lo.fihu
?al].o.fihu
her s cribe
?ao.fiho.
accus at ive :
our s c ribe
?ao.fina
,!aafina
?ao.fikerrru
,!aajekemu
yo u r ( f . p l . ) s cr i he
:.;c!,o.fi km
? ao.fiken
:"!/ti.f7:homu
?ao.fih8mu
1.'I/liirihc5n
,!ao.fih8n
L Il l' I !'
( Ill . )
. <': I'
1 1,,' 1 1
( I . I
. .. . I I I , , '
I I , , " 1 ' , 1
i l l,
i I,,
,I"
11'..1 1 i v,'
I ' l i d i 1 1 )( i 5 retained only befo re t h e
liqo.nu h i s e l ders ( for liqo.nihu ) .
Con
forms may take the -i- of the p lura l ; this is especi al ly true of sin
gular nouns w i t h - 0. - in the f i n a l s t em s y l l ab l e (notab l y -an) and
nouns ending in -at after a guttural cons onant ( and hence pronounced
-at; see p . 1 3 ) .
( f)
w ( brother) , I].am ( father- in
Th e four nouns ' ah (father), ' ex
l aw) , and ' af (mouth) have extended forms i n -u- ( ac e .

s ingul ar before the pronominal suffixe s .
-0.- ) in the
Infl ection is l i k e that of
mendo.be above :
?aafiho.
yO llT (lIl . p 1 . ) s c r i b e
S 1 11-
gul ar (no -i-) before t h e pronominal suffixes ; thus , daqiqu , not
acc.
' abuya . . .
' exuya . . .
' ahaya . . .
amuya . . .
' exWo.ya . .
' afuya . . .
amo.ya . . .
' ar
aya . . .
The accus ative forms are o ften rep l aced by the non - accusat i v e .
(g)
The noun ' ed (hand) app ears in the s ingu l ar with -e- be
fore suffj x c s :
' edey a , ' edeka, ' edeki , ' edehu , ' edeho. et c .
42
43
Vocabul ary 9
C.
1.
Zentu
wc ' ctu ' oxuka .
6 . Zentu we ' etu qalata ' ab awina .
2 . ' Ayti ' abuk a?
Nouns :
, ext (p I . ' =iit) s i s t e r .
medra ?ebii eastern country .
' exteya .
D.
beer (p l . baawert) m . region , province , district .
beera gebiiQ
e as tern region .
1 0 . Mannu we' etu aafik a?
5 . ' E l lu ' emuntu we luda ' exuk i .
' arwe medr a
snak e .
8. Zentu we' etu ' arwi medr .

9 . Yoannes makw annenomu we ' etu .
4 . ' E ntakti ye ' eti walatta
medr (pI . -at , ' amdar) f . m . the earth ; earth , ground , soi l ; land ,
dis trict , country .
7 . ' Ayte we ' etu beta ' abukemu?
w
3 . Mannu wc' etu mak anneneka?
w
The acc . may be written ' ex a or ' exwa .
w
> ex (pI . ' =aJJJ ) brother .
1 . S akaba westa beta ' exuhu .

2 . Sabaka ba- wang1H westa ' emuntu baawert .
3 . S akabu ' edaw tat a. 'edaw .
4 . Sabaku nagarat a wange1u westa ye ' eti hagar .
5 . azanat ba' enta mota meta.
wange l m . f . gospel .
mo t m . f . death .
6 . azana meta ba' enta mota .
Verb s :
7 . azana ba' enta mota ' amtatihon .
sakaba to l i e , l i e down.
8 . Wa- ' emdexra mot a meta gab ' at xaba hagara .
mota to d i e .
sabaka t o preach (dir . obj .
i n acc . o r with ba- :
9 . Wa- dexra mota met a .

sabaka ba-wange l
azana to be/become s ad .
10 . Wa- ' emze orat gadama l e l i t a wa-nabarat heyya .

1 1 . \a- ' emdexra- ze wasl ' u ' em-heyya wa-horu beeromu .
1 2 . Mannu ana a be taka?
Other :
1 3 . Qata1u aaftina wa- ' agb ert ina .
he preached the gospe l ) .
1 4 . La-ment qatalu gabraka?
' emze (adv . ) then , next , thereupon .

dexra (prep . ) behind , in back o f ; ba-dexra idem ; ' em-dexra from be
hind , after (of t ime) .

afterwards .
' em-dexra ( conj . ) after .
dexra ( adv . )
' emdexra-ze aft erwards .
B.
5 . be' s i t eka
1 9 . ' I - rakaba ' abahu heyya.

1 3 . ' a adomu
9 . qalu
2 . hagareya
6 . be ' s iki
1 0 . nagaratihu
1 4 . ' a ' adihomu
3 . negusena
7 . ' anestihomu
1 1 . aafika
1 5 . daqiqomu
4 . betena
8 . liqanikemu
1 2 . sahaftika
1 6 . we1udihomu
1 . beta ' exuya
6 . l iqana ezb ena
1 1 . zenamata beeru
2 . hamara ' abuya
7 . nagas ta ' amdarihomu
1 2 . nagara mal a' ektihu
3 . qallita ' emmeya
8 . ' ahgura medrekemu
1 3 . ' amtata ' awal ediha
4 . mo ta ' exteya
9 . bahawerta medromu
1 4 . ' amdara sebah
5 . ' agb e r t a b c t cn a 1 0 . qalata nabiyat ihomu
1 6 . ' Ayte rakabu amaraka?

1 7 . Ma' ze re ' yu ' exw aka?
w
1 8 . Mannu qatal a ' ex ahu?
Exerci s es
A . 1 . gabreya
1 5 . Menta gabra gabreka ' emdexra-ze?
1 5 . ' arawita medr
20 . Sabaka wangelo heyya.

2 1 . Sea beto l a - ? aafi .
2 2 . Manna s adada ' em-medreka?
2 3 . Mannu gW ayya medraka?
2 4 . ' I -kona gabraka .
2 5 . ' I -konu ' agbert ina.
45
44
j'af!u.doll/U
Les son 1 0
The pronominal
obj e c t of a prepo s i t i on is expr e s s e d b y adding the suffixes o f L e s s on

9 to a p r e suffi xal form of the prepo s i t io n .
in
Thi s most common ly ends
-e- and requires the forms of t h e suffixes after a vowel ( c f .
?aafi)
' emenna:
' emenneya, ' emenneka, ' emenneki, et c .
diba:
dibeya, dibeka, dibeki, e t c .
to.hta:
tateya, to.teka, to.teki, etc .
and l ik ew i s e for the prepo s it i ons
suf f i xe s , where i t may s t i l l be v i ewed as a s imp l e noun :

with final
ba-ma' kalomu
Even more rare l y , t h e s imp l e prepo s i t i ons may app ear
westa , ba' enta , and kama ( l ike) , d i ffer
westetey a, weste te ka , westeteki , westetu , et c . ,

as though on a s ingu l ar noun
ba' enta:
I')estet.
ba' enti' aya, ba' enti' aka , ba' enti' aki , ba' enti'ahu
e t c . , on the s t e m
kama:
ever ,
(1)
ba' enti' a- .
kamay a , kamo.ka, kamaki , kamo.hu e t c . , on th e s t em
Ba- and la- w ith suffixes w i l l be g i v e n in a l ater l e s s on .

waldu la-negus Construct ion .
Po s s e s s i on by a speci
t i on , wher e the po s s e s s or is ind i c at ed f i r s t by the appropri at e pro

s i t i on
walda negus i s unmarked j n r e g ard

waldll /"
Thus ,
waldu la-negus can m e an only " the king ' s son , " but 'k'a /.rla
negus may mean " a k i n g ' s son, the king ' s son" or s imp ly " a prince . "
Sty l i s t i cal l y , waldu la-negus i s more f l exi b l e than the fixed and j n
separab l e construct s equence ; the e l ements may be t r anspo s e d ( la-negus

waldu) or s eparated (Waldu ' anta la-' Egzi' aber You are the Son of
waldu
I t is probab l e that the construct ion originat ed as

"
'
, where
la-negus . . .
Za- s erve d , not as a dative prepo s i t i o n , but as a
resumptive ( as for t h e k ing , . . . h i s son . . . ) .
o f the third person and then introduced by t h e prep o -
La- :
,,)u / , II I 7tl " , 'UW;
1 ,;, / " I I ' / " " " i /
I t i s by no means un
common to find this word order , even with the init i a l

A l though the
la- omitted .
waldu la-negus construction i s used ext ens i v e ly
for p ers onal po s s e s s i on , it i s not restricted thereto , as our remarks

wou l d indicat e .
Not e , for examp l e ,
hagW la. la-hagar
the destruction of the c i ty
' adyCr.mihu la-Yordanos
the d i s t ri cts of the Jordan .
O c c as i o n a l ly t h i s co n s t ruc t ion is u s ed between a prepo s i t i on and a
fic p e r s on may be expressed by the f o l lowing very frequent construc

nominal suffix
The construct s equence
to de finitenes s and specificity and may be used i n p l ace o f
' Enta and
' es ka (unt i l ) do not occur w i t h suffix e s .

The
waZdu la-negus cons truction i s marked as defini t e and
negus wherever the l at t er occur s .
kama.- .
10 . 2
The
I n e s s ence , how
marker o f top i c a l i z at i on , and the suffix on the noun was actua l l y
from the preced ing :
wes ta:
the heterogeneity o f the mat erial at our dispo s a l .
God) .
- e , such as xab e , dibe , e t c .
Th e three prep o s i t ions
s tudy has b een devoted to this prob l em , no ru l e s can be given t o
Occas ional l y one
-e- ; t h i s i s especi a l l y true of ma' kala before the 3rd person
in their midst .
A l though some
account for every s i ngle example ; this i s hardly surp r i s i n g i n v i ew of
( 2)
encounters one or another of these p repo s i t i ons without the pres uf

fixal
walda negus and the above cons truction .
( as oppo sed to a generi c) ent i ty .
xaba/xabeya, mesla/mes leya, qedma/
dexra/dexreya, and lo. cla/la cleya ( upon) .
construct
s pe c i fi c and can be u s e d only when the s e cond noun denotes a speci fi c
qedmeya (b e fore) , mo.' kala/mo.' kaleya ( among) , mangala/mangaleya

(toward) ,
the wish of the prop hets
The que s t i o n natural l y ari s e s as to the di fference between t h e s imp l e
Prepo s i t ions w i th Pronominal Suffixes .
10. 1
Za-nabiyo.t
the son of t he king

the house of t h e woman
governed nuun :
I
() . .\
(Ii "
!I" " 1 / - .
" e n c i l , C V l' /,Y .
al l ,"
1.."1" / /, '1/(1
1.." " ' / / , 1111"
r;homu Za-ezb
T h c quant i fi er
diba ezb.
kWe Z Z_ , corresponding to Eng I i i l
n l wuys requi r e s a pronominal suffi x .
al l of u s
al l o f t hcm ,
I t nl l l y
i ll'
47
46
or in appo s i t i on to another pronomin a l e l ement ,
lakemu kWe l le kemu

J;.oru kWe l lomu
The
3rd pers .
m as c .
s ingular form
V erbs :
in
to a l l of you
qarba
they a l l went .
xa lafa
w
(k e l lu ,
pendent ly in the s e n s e " everything ,
as
acc .
kWe l lo )
Jtie l lu de lew.
Everything is r e ady
W
V1ahabku lotu k e l lo .
ba-gafjfja kW e llu
k1JJe Z l-
in the pr e s ence of everyon e .
a l l the city ,
When the
a l l the ci t i e s
la <la
on ,
upon ;
zentu
zentu kWe l lu
w
ze-k e l lu beJ;.er
b e fore
(p I .
Lm.
-at)
every d ay ,
(pl .
ma <alt
thi s who l e d i s t r i ct ,
we l l
t il('
, (1}1I i r
mawa <e l
day ,
dayt ime .
2.
dll Y .
W
k e l lo <elata
ma <alta
dur ing the day .
i s common ly r e g arded as the p l ur a l of
ancl i s more frequent than
1110 1'(,
111 . 1 ' .
m. f .
<e latat .
Mawa <e l
p. cncl'ul s e n s e of " p e r i o d o f t ime , era . "

1 1 ,', (, ( \
<e lat
o i l l y j. n ce r t ain fi xed expres s i on s :
1\
, I " '1 " " ' 1 " ' , /llI i , '"
Oil
I hat
day ;
kW e l lo ' amira
above ,
concern i n p, .
about ,
with which it is o ft en
i n the p r e s ence o f .
from b e fo re ,
qedma
ba-qedma
from the p r e s ence o f ;
b e fore
i dem .
i nt e r
'
efll
( o f t i me ) ,
( a dv . ) previous l y , befor ehand .
The
as
' em-/' eska
every d ay ,
R ep l ac e the phras e governed by t h e prep
8 . ' es k a w e ' etu l e l it
' emenna ' amdarihomu
9.
al l
w e s t a beJ:! era eb aJ:!
3.
d i b a wanglHena
1 0 . d i b a z entu wayn
4.
b a ' enta mot omu
1 1 . ba-ma ' ka l a ' a ' sadatihu
5.
w e s t a b aawertihomu
1 2 . dexra meta
6.
' es k a
z a t i ' e l at
7. b a ' ent a ' axateya
frequen t l y h as
or futur e ) ;
/,), " , ' I II/!I , " l ' I i " (/lI i l' I ' I'om! l In t i l that day (p as t
I,',
diba ,
1 . mes l a ' axawihu
a l l of
10
t ime .
over ,
o s i t i on w i th the app ropriate pronominal suff i x .
t h i s d i s t r i ct
l e s s spe c i f i cal ly ,
(mo t i on down) onto ;
A . Trans l at e the fo l l owing .
kWe l l- :
regularly pre cede
al l day .
mawa <e l)
p l ur a l
day ;
' em-ma' kala from
Exerc i s e s
Noun s :
<e lat
- ' kat-a
ba-ma
7
1' d em .
far as .
( spat i al ) ,
prior to .
a l l this
V o cabul ary
{' enta
l e ave
c h an g e ab l e .
qedma
a l l the prophet s .
and
through
away from ,
diba, la <la, ba' enta) .
P art i al ly s ynonymous with
kWe l l - :
z e-
pass
t o peri s h .
( over :
amon g .
P l ural personal nouns may t ak e either s i ngular o r p l ural forms o f
The demonstrative pronouns
{' enta ma' kala} ,
in the ml' ds t o f .
unti l , up tO, as
qedma
a l l the d i s tr i ct s .
among ,
' eska
each c i t y
the who l e c i t y ;
t o weep , mourn
ma' kala
are normal :
kb)e l la hagar
kWe lla ' ahgur
W
k e l l u baJ;.au;ert
to pas s by
p a s s among
{xaba, westa, la-} .

{' enta, ' enta xaba} , p a s s
Prepo s i t i on s :
I gave him everything .
l Ioun i s non-personal , whether s ingu l ar o r p lural , the s ingular forms
or
approach
{' em-, ' em-xaba} ;

bakaya
{deZew} .
Th e 3Td person forms are u s e d appo s i t i on a l l y b efore a noun .
to p as s ;
wes ta} ,
is us ed inde
everybody" :
to dr al1 near ,
B . 1 , Ma ' u kWe l lomu ' a z ab xabehu ,

2.
Re ' ya kWe l l o s amaya b a - qedmehu .
3.
s e a xabena kWe l 1 0
4.
G ab ra zanta kWe l l o b a ' enti ' akemu ,
' a ' ? adihu.
5 . Ma;; ' a x aheY:l kWe l l o ' amir a .

G . N a i J a rll i l e y y <t kl"e 1 1 0 l e l i t a .
'I .
(;;111
I TI w (' I I o n wes t a ' abyat ihon .
8.
I{;t Il I l h l l k w e I I ii ' a l.lmari homu .
() .
1;1 ' . l I
' ( '111
, 1'c' 1 1 1I i J :ll:awert a medr .
13.
' es k a we ' etu m e s e t
14,
' emenna ' awal e d i ha
49
48
10.
'''
ana u za-k e l l a h ag ar a .
C. l . h aga ru l a-n egu s ena
ene na
2 . qal ati hu l a_m ak ann
wel udi ha l a- zat i b e ' s it

a
4 . ' el ata motu l a-m et
5 . ' exuhu l a-g abr
l a-Yo J:!ann es
6 . ' axaw ihu wa- ' axat ihu
3.
Les s on 1 1
feet :
7 . af tihu l a-ne gus

8 . daqi qomu l a-ma sagg eran
nege st
9 . mawa ' e l iha l a- ye ' eti
s ab '
1 0 . ' ama rihomu l a- ' e l l ontu
u xaba haga rena .

D . 1 . Ba-s. ebah. a y e ' eti ' e l at qarb
,.
ru zeyy a wa- - gab ' u b eJ:!eromu .
2 . Ma' alta wa- l e l ita naba
' etu nabi y .
3. Qarb at ' el at a mot u l a-we
em-x ab ehom u .
4 . Wa-b a-me set xal afa '
u wald ?
5 . Ba' enta ment b akay a zent
wa- ' emze horu betomu .
et
6 . S ak abu heyy a ' eska mes
kalomu l a- ' e l lont u hezb ?
7 . ' E fo xal afa ' enta ma'
l a-we ludi ha .
8 . Bakayat diba moto mu
' em- z eyy a?
9 . ' Enta ' ayy feno t xal afu
W
e l lu ' ahgu ra z eku b eer .
1 0 . S ab ak a b a-wa ngel west a k
ahgu r xal afa mal ' aka mot ?
1 1 . ' Enta west a ' ayyat '
a-n egusomu .
1 2 . Bakayu la' l a mot u l
wa-x al afa , em-x aben a.
1 3 . We ' eta ' amir a se a beto
W
' em-q edmehu .
W
1 4 . G ayyu k el lomu hezb
W
qed ma mot a l a-be ' s itu .
1 5 . Zan ta k e l lo gab ra ' em-
Typ es o f Verbs .
There are three basic l exical types of

verbs rel ated to the main triliteral root system. W e shal l d e s ignate
the s e types as G , D, and L according to the stem forms of the P er
11. 1
s imp l e root + stem vowel pattern , e . g . nabara he s at
G verbs
D verbs
roo t
L verbs
root
doub l ing (D) o f the s econd radi cal
s t em
nQr)
vowe l pattern , e . g . na??ara he l ooked (root

+
l engthening (L) of the first stcm VO W L' I I ', 1 " ItI

vowel p attern , e . g . biiraka he b l es s e d ( rool In,k ) .
s t cm) ,
The des ignation G , for German Grunds t amm (bas i c
lit"'''
has
l lJ p I
adopted from elsewhere in Semi tic grammar studies in orucl'
y g i V" ll I
root , only one of the above bas i c types is normal l y i J1 1 J , o .
some uni formity in grammat ical t erminology.
For
no general derivat ional relationship among the
an
t h ree t yp c' s ,
a number of verbs may appear opti on al l y as either G or
Il
J' I
'1
no
I"
I I I' "
" , "'"
h\ll
W I L1 1
"III"
I II
'I"
'"
I I (.
til l
ference in meaning .
Ethiopic also has a s igni fi cant number o f quadr i I t t e r a ]
in
quinqui l iteral root s , the nature of wh i ch wi l l be d i s cu s s ed

l ater l esson .
and
a
Verbs formed from quadri l iteral roots have the pattern
CaCCaC- in the Perfect of the basic stem, wh ich
,"e
sha l l d e s i gnate as
Q:
Q verbs
s t em vowe l pattern, e . g . targWama he

trans l ated (root trgWm) .
s imp l e root
When the second radi cal o f a quadri l i teral root is a W or a y , there

is a regular contract i on of aw to 0 and ay to e, producing such forms
as degana (from *daygana he pursued) and moqe a ( from *mawqaa he
impris oned) .
Because these verb s resemb le L verbs in h aving a l ong
vowe l in the fi rst s t em syl l ab l e and fo l low es sent i a l l y the s ame in

fl ectional pattern as L verbs , we sha l l designate them as Q/ L in the
vocabu l ari es and G lo s s ary .
Thi s des i gnation is useful b e c au s e t h e re
i s o ft en no way of knowing whether such verbs are a resul t

cont ract i on
i
r.
11
or
whether they may not be derived from
o f til i 5
o t h e l- s o u rc c s .
verbs are the most numerous and present the great ,,,.; I
i l l r I L'C I i on .
Two types of G verb s may be distinguished
0"
V ; ( J' I ,' l y
I I II'
50
51
b a s i s o f t h e i r perfect s tems :
with
( 1 ) t h e t y p e repre s ent ed by
nabara ,
-a- b e tween C
and C , and ( 2) t h e type repre s ented by gabl'a (he

3
2
made ) , with no vowel b etween C and C . Thi s dist i n c t i on is forma l l y
2
3
rather trivial s in c e it is maint ained only in the 3rd person forms o f
the P erfect ( s e e b e l ow) , but i t do e s show the remains o f an o l der sys
tem i n wh i ch verbs of the
those of the
For various
reasons t h i s distinction has b e come b l urred in Ethiop i c , as evidenced
11.2
gabl'a i t s e l f i s an action verb .
The Ful l I n f l e ct ion of t h e P erfect .
The inflect ional
suffixes o f the P e rfect are the s am e for a l l types of verbs .
Devi a
t i ons from the norm o c cur b e c au s e o f underlying d i fferences i n type
(nabal'a versus gabl'a) and b e caus e o f phone t i c changes o ccasioned by

the presence of guttural s (
'
< h x) o r semivowe l s (y w) in the roo t .
V e rb s from roots who s e first rad i c al i s a guttural or s emivowel

(hence roo t s
1- gut t . and
1 - II'/ Y ) conform t o the regular pattern and
wi l l be used wi thout further comment .
The fu l l infl e ct i on o f the
P erfect i s as fo l l ows :
D
3 m . s . he
nabara
gabl'a
n?al'a
baraka
3 f . s . she
nabarat
gabl'at
na??arat
barakat
2 m . s . you
nabarka
gabarka
na??arka
barakka
2 f . s . you
nabal'ki
gabarki
na??arki
barakki
nabarku
gabarku
na??arku
barakku
3 m . p l . they
nabal'u
gabl'u
na??aru
baraku
3 f . p 1 . they
nabara
gabl'a
na??ara
baraka
2 m . p l . you
nabal'kemu
gabarkemu
nassarkemu
barakkemu
2 f . p l . you
nabal'ken
gabarken
na??arken
barakken
gabarna
n?arna
barakna
c. s.
1 c . p l . we
nabarna
When the final s t em consonant is

ings is as s imi l ated :
fe l l ) >
wadaqqu.
Q
W
tal'g ama
W
tal'g amat
W
targ amka
W
targ amki
W
tal'g amku
tal'gwamu
W
tal'g ama
W
targ amkemu
W
targ amken
W
targ amna
q or g , the k of the personal end
xadagu ( t hey l e ft ) or xadaggu (I l e ft) .
ari s e s in connection w i t h s t em final
sabaku, a-za-na
Al though the r e s u l t ant doubl ing is c l ear in tran s
t\;O examp l es j ust given would app ear a s
<a-l'a-gu and wada-qu r e s p e c
These could not b e confus e d w i t h t h e 3rd p er s . p l . fo rms
<al'gu and wadqu because o f the presence of a vowe l aft e r
h c !; o l: O l 1 d
xa-da-gu may b e r e a d ei ther

A s i mi l ar r e ading prob l em
k and n :
sa-ba-ku
sabakku/
azana/azanna.
Vocab u l ary 1 1
Nouns :
egg (p I . egag) m . f. l aw ; the Law ( s criptural s ens e) ; gabl'a egga t o

p erform, carry out t h e l aw .
ba-egg l eg a l l y , l aw fu l l y .
ma?af (p l . ma?aeft) m . f . book , do cument ; writ ing , ins cript i o n .

Zesan (p l . -at) m . f . tongu e ; l anguage .
Zesana <Ebl'ayesp Hebrew.
Zesana Yonanawiyan G r e e k .
Zesana 'Afrenj Latin.
Zesano <ll r'Il/ , f
Arab i c.
Zesana Ge < z G e ' e z .

badn (p l . ' abdent) m . corp s e .
V erbs :
na??ara to look , l oo k at ( ac c . or westa , xaba)

baraka to b l es s .
W
tal'g ama to transl at e ( from
i nto :
' emenna . . . Za-, xaba)
<aqaba to guard , keep watch o n ; to take care o f , pres erve , k e ep safe ;

to obs erve , keep ( e . g . laws) .
qabara to bury, inter .

degana Q/ L to pursue , chase ( ac c . or dexl'a , ' em-dexl'a) .
U s ual l y , but
not always , in a ho s t i l e s en s e .
Proper Names :
Yonanawiyan the Greeks .

' A fl'enj the Romans .
<Ebl'awiyan the Hebrews .
Ge <z, ' Ag <azi the E th iopi ans ; beel'a Ge <z, behel'a ' Ag <azi E t h i op i a .
' Ityopya Ethiopi a .
* <al'agku (1 w ent up) > <araggu , *wadaqku ( I
l i t e rat ion , i t i s not repres ent e d i n t h e Ethiop i c alphabet , w h e re t h e
tive l y .
as
nabara type were primari l y action verbs and
gabl'a type were primar i l y s t at ive verbs .
by t h e fact that
r o o t cononant , but a form \;r i t t en , e . g . ,
Exerci s e s
fl . 1 . Nabarku heyya ' es k a we ' e tu ' am i r .
2 . lI'a raJku west a ayq ba-me s !t .
'\ .
fI r : l g g l i ' nd b iira ba- ;; eba .
.1 .
Wl1dll'l' l l l
d i b a medr w a - s akabku heyya.
'"
I l n l 1 : I ; I, , ,
z :lI1La
bet a l a-we ludey a .
53
52
' I - q at al ku ' e l l onta s ab ' a .
6.
Les son 1 2
7 . Rakabku badna ba-we s t a feno t .

8.
' Aqabku egagihu ma ' a l t a wa- l e l it a .
9 . B arakku ezba wa- ' em z e xal afku ' em-xabehomu .

10.
Takalku ' awyana ba-wes t a ' a adeya .
B. 1 . Qarabna xabehomu.
2 . Gabarna z anta kW e l l o b a ' ent i ' akemu .
3 . S akabna heyya ' eska s ebah .
4 . S ab akna kW e l len a wes t a k We l l u b ahawerta zati medr .
azanna diba qalat ihu l a-mal ' ak .
6 . Targ W amna z anta maaefta ' em- l e s ana ' Arabi .
7 . Xal afna ' em-ma ' kalomu ' emdexra motu l a-negusomu .
12. 1
The Perfect : Roots I I -Guttural . Onl y G verbs require

sp ecial attention when the s e cond root consonant is a guttural e ' h
x) ; D and L verbs fo l l ow the regular patterns of formation and in
flection . There are two types of such G verbs '. ( 1 ) t ho s e corresponding to the type naba
( e . g . sa' a l a t 0 as k) , wh i ch are regu l ar i n

every respe ct , and ( 2) those corresponding to the type gabr'a ( e . g .
kehda to deny) , whi ch have -e- for -a- throughout in the stem :
5.
8 . Qabarna badno l a- ' abuna heyya.

9 . Deganna dexrehomu l a-daqiq ayq a .
10.
N a arna xaba samayat .
C. 1.
' Ayte s abakka wange l o ?
Xaba ' ayy hagar qarabkemu ye ' et a ' e l at a?
Manna barakka wa-manna ' i -barakka?

W
5 . ' Ayya maafa t arg amka ' em- l e s ana ' Afrenj ?
6 . Ba ' enta ment ' i - ' aqabkemu eg ag eya?
' Ayte q abarkemu b adno l a- ' exukemu?

W
iyan .
8 . T argW amku ' el l u k e l lo maaef t a ' em- lesana Yonanaw
9 . Z anta gabarka ba-egg .
at a motu .
1 0 . G abra kW e llo egaga ' E gzi ' aber ' eska ' e l
7.
ana G e ' z .
TargW ama z anta maa eft a ' em- l e s an a Yonanaw iyan l a- l e s
2 . N ab ara ba-wes ta ' I tyopya mes l a ' Ag ' azi .
3 . Menta n a arkemu?
4 . Qabaru ' abdent ihomu l a - ' axawihomu.
W
S . G ayya loJesta beera Ge ' z wa-nab aru me s l ehomu .
D. 1 .
6 . X a l afna ' enta xaba betu wa- n a arna westetu .
.
S adadu ' araloJi ta ' ern-haga r wa-deg anu ' emdexrehomu ' e ska mesH
8 . La-ment gabarki zanta?
on ?
9 . B a ' ent3 m e n t ' i - b a k a y a d i bn motomu l a- ' amtatih
' e l at ?
1 0 . ' I : fa ' Rq h k c n Wl' I uth kon b , l - y e ' e t .i
7.
I .' .
' 1 ' 1"0 1-1 0 < 1 11 ' 1 , , :1

::;11 ,;11 "
I ,. ,
' t I\\\
" . l \ l f , 1
d 1 1 ,: 1
I,.,
keda
kedu
sa' ala
kedat
keda
sa' alka
sa' alkeTITU
keedka
keedkernu
sa-' alki
sa-' a lken
keedki
kehedken
sa' alku
sa' alna
keedku
keedna
p aral l e l G verbs (mahar'a) already in the early s t ages of the c l as s i
4.
I I .
sa' alu
sa' alat
Some D verb s from roots I I - guttural ( e . g . mahhara t o t each) h ave
W
2 . B a ' enta ment azankemu k e l l ek emu?
3.
sa' ala
hc t ?
\v ' ' ' . I . ,
h lv , ' I I LI
hccra ' I tyopya .
cal l anguag e .
Thi s probab ly indicates that the loss o f doub l ing o f
guttur a l consonants , carried through completely in the modern tradi

t ional p ronunci ation , i s almost as o l d as the textual t radi t i on i t s e l f . But because t h e regu l ar D forms of such verbs a l s o o c cur ,
there i s no reason to rej ect the doub l ing of gutturals in our norma l
i z ation o f the c l as s ic a l forms .
Vo cabul ary 1 2
Nouns :
haymano t m . f . faith ( esp . Chri s t i an)
xebest (p l . xabawez)
m.
bread ; p i e ce or l oaf of bread .
The
-z
of the
p lural is the original third radi cal of the root ; the -s- of
the singul ar repre s ents an as s imi l ation to the fo l lowing - t o
dam (p l . -at) m . f . b l oo d .
' ed (p I . ' edaw) f . m . hand .
Verbs :
?aaj'a to
WT
i t (' .
va' al {/ ro 0 ; 1
1'0 \'
( fl C (, . d i r .
ob] . ; from someone :
>
em- ,
xaba) .
54
55
seta to err, get l o s t ; t o stray ( from a p a t h o r doctrine) .

keda to deny , repud i at e ; intrans . : t o l ack fai t h , be an unb e l i eve r .
gassaa to rebuk e , repro ach ; to instruct (by reproach o r admon it ion) .
Conj un cti ons :
saba when.
The c l aus e fo l lowing a soba- c l aus e may op t i ona l l y begin
wa- :
Soba re'ya waldo, wa-ro?a xabehu.
When he s aw h i s s on , he ran to him .
Omi s s ion o f the extra
wa
is equa l ly common .
S ame comment a s the preceding .
Exerci s e s
A. 1 .
' em- ' edehu 1 a -nabiy
2 . b a - d amu l a-wal deya
7. ' edawiha l a- ' extu
3. xebest wa-wayn
8 . damu l a - b adnu
9 . masaheftihu l a - aJ:afi
S . l e s anomu l a-mala' ekt

Kehedku haymano to 1 a - ' abuy a .
2 . S a ' a lku xeb e s t a ' emennehu .

3. SeJ:ta ' em-fenot wa-mo t a .
4.
C.
6. haymanotomu l a - Kerest iyan
4 . h aymanotomu l a - ' axawina
B. 1.
' I - seJ:etku ' em- fenot .
1 0 . haymanotomu l a- d aq iqomu
7 . Gassasku ' axaweya .
8 . Kehdat ' exteya nagarat eya.
9 . G as sa at weludiha.
1 0 . La -ment k eQ edkemu nagaro ?
S . aafku qa1 atihu wes t a mas h a f .
1 1 . ' Ayya maafa aJ: afka?
6 . WeJ: z a dam ' em- ' edawihu.
1 2 . ' Em- ' ayte weJ: z a z entu dam?
1 . \Va- soba re ' yu damo l a-negu s , w a _ gW ayyu ' em- qedmehu .

2.
\Va- s o ba bo ' u hagar ana w e ' e t a ' amira, qat a l u k W e l lomu ' edawa .
3 . W a - s o b a rakabu Kerest iyan a , qatalu l i qanihomu .

4.
' Arna mot a b e ' s ih1i, xal afat ' em-heyya wa-gab ' at xaba beta ' abuha.
S . Ma!? ' u xabena w a- s a ' alu wayna wa-xebes t a ' emennena .

6 . B a ' enta ment kehedkemu wange l a?
7 . G assa a nabiy J: ezb1i la-hagar s ob a sehtu ' em - J:egga ' Eg z i ' abJ:er.
8 . S ahafa zanta k W e l l o maaQ e f t a b a - l e s an a ' A frenj .
9.
10.
11.
12.
' Arna xal afa ' em - z entu b eh. e r , wa-seta

. beto wa-hamaro. l a- ' exuya .
.
' E fo gabra s ob a s a ' a l k emu maaJ:1efta ' emennehu?

w
L a-ment gassa a mak annen ' e l lont a s ab ' a?
Sadadu zanta negusa ' em-beta Kerest iyan s o b a keJ:da nagara
w a n g t> J w a - s (' l.l t a ' cllI - fenot a haymanotena .
.' .
' 1 :111
. I VY
Z entu we ' e t u l.legagi homu l a-Daqiqa ' E sra' e l wa-maaJ:1 e f t i homu .
1 6 . Mannu s ah a fa z anta nagara b a ' ent a mawa ' e l ihu l a-we' etu n e gu s ?
1 7 . \V a - s o b a mota ' abuhomu , qab aru b adno ba-westa we' e t u beJ:er.
with a (to u s ) re dundant
' ama when .
14.
1 5 . ' A q ab u hagaromu ' em- ' e l l eku s ab ' .
I I "; :; n
x n h a ' ay y l esan targW amka z anta maQafa?
1 8 . \Va- soba q arbu x ab ey a , ' i -na arku xabehomu .

1 9 . Ment a-nu s a ' alna ' emennek i ?
2 0 . B a ' enta ment ' i - ' aqabk emu haymanotomu l a- ' abawikemu?
S6
S7
No
Lesson 13 '
13.1
The P e r fe c t :
Roots I I I - Guttural .
The b a s i c l exical
(a)
Al l G verbs are the s ame ( i . e . no
i s mad e ) and have no vowel between C
ba?a.
(b)
A l l D , L , and
nabara/gabra d i s t inct i on
and C :
3
2
ma?' a , wa' a , gab' a ,
Q verbs have -e- between C 2 and C :

3
nassea
D h e repent ed , moqea Q/L h e imp r i soned .
-a- in
Both groups , however, are infl e cted the s ame way , with
t h e final s t em s y l l ab l e of the 1 st and 2nd person forms , analogous t o

the s t em al t ernation of
gabar- w i th gabr- :
D nassea
nasse
ma?' a
malj' at
mas' ii
nassehat
nasseii
ma?ii:' ka
maljii:' kemu
nassaka
nassakemu
moqeat moqea
moqiika moqakemu
maljii' ki
ma?a' ken
nassa1ki
nassiiken
moqki
masa' ku
ma$ii' na
nassaku
nassiihna
moqaku moqana
The P erfect with Obj ec t Suffixe s .
moqaken
Th e pronominal obj e ct
o f a transitive verb i s regu l ar l y suffixed direct l y t o t h e v erb .
111e
forms o f the obj e c t suffixes o f t h e 1 s t and 2nd persons are almo s t
ident i cal to the po s s e s s ive suf f i x e s on the noun :

us
-na
you (m . s . )
-ka
you (m . p l . )
- kemu
you ( f . s . )
-ki
you ( f . p I . )
k en
The att achment of t h e s e suffi xe s i s r e l atively uncomp l i c at ed , as may

b e s e en from the fo l l owing t ab l e .
-ata- , -ki becomes -ke- , -ken becomes -kena- or - ka- , and -na
b e comes
-na- .
us
m . pL
you
YOU
f .pL
-aka
-aki
-at
-ana
-atani
-akemu
-ataka
-ak(ln
-ataki
-ka
-atana
-kani
-atakemu
-a taken
-ki
-kana
-kfmi
-kena
You
m. s .
f. s .
-ku
m.
They
-u
f.
They
-ii
m . pL
-kemu
y ou
f . pL
-ken
y ou
We
-kuka
-kuki
-uni
-uka
-uki
-iini
-aka
-aki
-kerrru.ni
-kenani
-kani
-kukfm
-una
-ana
-ukemu
-akemu
-kerrru.na
-kenana
-kana
-na
-naki
-nakerrru
V o c abul ary 1 3
Nouns :
may (p l . -at) m. wat e r ; l iqui d .

berhan (p l . -at) m . l i ght ( l i t . and fig . )
xati' at (pl . xatawe' , xafaye' ) m . f . s i n es) .
Verbs :
nas' a t o rais e , l 1' ft ,
P 1' Ck up ; t o t ake , receiv e , accept ; t o captur

e;
nas' a mes la to t ake ( s omeone ) a l ong .
mara to l e ad, gui de .

sam <a to hear ; to hear 0 f , h ear ab out ; to heed , obey ,
l i sten t o (acc .
or la-) .
mal' a ( 1 ) trans . : t o f1' l l ( 2 acc . : someth ing with s omethi
ng
of what fi l l s
; or acc .
la <la, wes ta , ba- of what i s fi l l ed , e . g . MaP a
maya westa neway H e fi l l ed the v e s s e l with water) ; ( 2 ) intran

s.
t o b e fu l l , fi l l ed ( o f , with : acc . o r ' em- )
; to b e ful fi l l ed ,
-at
b ecomes
f.s.
She
Not e the chang es that take p l ac e
in the subj ect endings b e fore t h e suffixes in certain cas e s :
you
-ani
to t ake as a wi fe .
-ni
me
-a
moqeu
Q/ L moqea
malj ' u
13. 2
you lll
me
lIe
You
forms of verbs from roo t s I I I -Gut t . fa l l into two group s :
Suff.
comp l e t e d ; t o abound , be abundant .
farha to be afrai d ; to fear ( ac c . or ' emenna) .

nassea to repent ( o f : ' emenna, ba' enta) .
Other :
kama
( 1 ) prep.
( Iv . suff.
way , thus .
kamii-) l i ke , as ; kama-ze l i ke thi s , in th i s
( 2 ) conj . that (introduces noun c l au s e aft er vrbs
oC spcak i n g and p er c ept i on , e . g .
Samii < ku kama mota
I h e a rd I h . t l
58
59
he had died . ) .
' esma conj . ( 1 ) becaus e , for , s ince ; ( 2) that ( like kama above ) .
baawert .
Exerci s e s
A . 1 . Ma? a ' ku xabehomu.
1 2 . Menta sama ' ka l e l ita?
2. Ba?aku heyya ba-meset .
1 3 . Ma' ze -nu nassaki ' emxatawe ' ek i ?
3. Wada' ku ' em-ma ' kalomu .

4 . G ab a ' ku beer eya .
1 4 . Manna maraka west a hagar?
5 . Nasa ' ku xebesta mes l eya .
1 5 . Ma' ze bakemu zeyya?
6 . Maratku ezba west a fenot .

w
7. Farahku ' em-we ' etu mak annen .
1 6 . ' Em- ' ayy b eer waa ' ka?
8 . Nas s aku ' em-xa i ' ateya .
1 8 . Mal ' a s amay b erhana.
9 . ' I - s ama 'ku qal atihu .

1 0 . ' I -nassaku ' em-nagareya .
1 7 . Mal ' at medr maya .

1 9 . Mal ' u ' amarihomu maya .
2 0 . Mal ' a mal ' ak berhana westa
1 1 . Ba' enta ment farahkemu
bet .
' agbertihu?
B . 1 . Nas ' ani mes lehu.
9 . Sadaduna ' em- ' abyatina .
2. Nas ' un i mes l ehomu .
1 0 . Rakabuni ba-westa amareya.
3 . Marhani xaba haymanot .
11 .
4 . 'Ayte martaka?
1 2 . ' I -re ' yat ana ' emmena .
' Egzi ' aber .
Mannu nas ' aki be ' s it a ?
1 3 . ' I -barakani ' abuya .

1 4 . Na!?!?aruna welud .
1 5 . ' Aqabani ' axateya .
7.
Mannu gassa? ak emu?
1 6 . ' I -farhuna ' arawit .
8 . Ma ' ze deganukemu?
C.
G abrana
6 . B a ' enta ment ' i - s am ' uka?
5.
1 . B a ' enta ment ' i -qatalkan i ?
6 . La-ment gassakemuna?
2 . ' Efo rakabkemuna?
7.
La-ment farahkani ?
3 . La-ment s adadkemuni ' em-bet eya? 8 . Sama 'naken.

4 . ' I - baraknaka.
9 . ' I - s ama 'lcemun a .
1 0 . ' I -nasa ' kemuni .
5 . ' I -degankukemu .
D.
,.
w
1 . Wa-soba s ama 'na z anta nagara , nassna ' em-k e l l0 xa -awe lna.
2.
Wa- sob a rakabun a ,
wa
q at a l u daqiqana
wa-nas ' u ' anestina
mes l ehomu .
3 . ' Ama
qarbat
' em-xabcna
.
Wa - s()h,
I"
,,1:, 1
xab'l.
motu l a- ' abuna, barakana wa- ' emze xal af a
' ab awihu .
n l n rl l wes t ,)
ii ' ( ' k t
I.L , : , 1 1 1 1 ' "
' e l at a
s amay , re ' yu berhana wa- sam ' u qalomu
w, ' , ' 1 ,1
, 1111 1 1 , 1
" " ; IIl1
gl barna
6 . 1I'0h za m5y IVcsta hagar wa-mal ' a k\" e110 fenalVeha .

w
w
7 . Z c n l u wange!! we ' etu berhan l a- k e l lu ' amdar wa-l a_k e l lu
ant a
xat i ' at a .
8 . Wa- ' ama s ama ' n a kama baa nabiy xaba hagarena , ma? a ' na wa
sama ' na l a-nagarat ihu .
9 . Sadaduna ' em-beta Kere stiyan ' esma kebedna qalata wange l wa
seetna ' em-haymanotomu.
1 0 . Soba s a ' alka xebesta ' em-xabena , ' i - s ama 'naka wa-sadadnllk a
qedmena.
1 1 . Weh z a wayn kama may ba-west a betu la-zentu mak wannen .
' 0111
1 2 . Mal ' a we ' etu dabr ' e1awa wa- ' arawit a .
1 3 . Soba re ' ya kama motu ' amtatihon , wadqa diba medr wa-bakoyii .
1 4 . Seba s ama 'na k ama nas ' ukemu , nassahna kama ' i -maa ' n a
wu - '
' aqabnakemu ' emennehomu .

1 5 . Ba-ye ' et i l e l i t kona b erhana ba-westa samay , wa-marhan a
berhan westa hagarena .
z e nt l l
61
60
wal'X ( p ] . ' co;)rax) m , f . moon , month .
Verbs :
Les s on 1 4
14. 1
The Perfect :
Roots I I I -W/Y .
G verbs from these root s
exhibit both nabara and gabra typ e s (examples bel ow) .
When t h e final
s t em syl l ab l e s -aw- and -ay- are c l o sed (in the 1st and 2nd person
forms ) , there is an opt i onal contraction of aw to
common, and of ay to e , which i s rare .
in
D,
which i s qui t e
These same contract i ons occur
L, and Q verb s , whos e s t em format ions are otherwi se regul ar .

(to weep)
(to be
d evastated)
( t o drink)
bakaya
badwa
satya
<adawat
bakayat
badwat
satyat
<adawka/ <adoka
bakayka/(bakeka)
badawka/badoka
satayka/(sateka)
( t o cro s s )
G "adawa
' atawa t o go home; to depart ( for home) .

we <ya t o b e burned up , consumed by fire
wadaya to put , p l ace, set .
fannawa
Hallawa e ither predicates exi st ence per 80

(there i s , there was ) , or i t may be fo l lowed b y a prepos .l t .l o ll; ! 1
phras e predicating exi stence in a state or p lace . I t ,. <; 1'II I'C' I Y
used with a predicate noun or adj ect ive , which is tho no 1'11111 I
function o f kona. HaH
7 'a s
' unusua l n
' h aving bolll P li s l 1 1 1 1. 1
pres ent t ense meaning in the P erfect . Examp l e s : /Ja l '.co.)'1 1
hagar , There is/was a city .
the city .
( t o inform)
(to s end)
( t o pray)
fannawa
r;aUaya
fannawat
fjatlayat
zenawat
fannawka/fannoka
fjal layka/ (al leka)
zenawka/zenoka
L/Q
contraction o f the s equence -awa- to
re' ya
re' ikemu (for *re' eykemu)
re' ina ( for *re' eyna)
re' iku ( for *re' ey ku)
The mo st frequent verbs of this type are re' ya to s e e , re< ya to graz e,

te < y a t o get we l l , and we< ya to burn .
Vocabul ary 1 4
Nouns :
bar (p l . ' abert) f . m . s e a , ocean .
clrrlrry//(/rr(j(r!l ( p l . -iin
m.
f.
sun .
' ebna barad hai lstone ( s ) .
Hagara I?Cry Hel iopo l i s ( in E gypt) .
I",
VI' r q l l .
0;
this is very s e l dolll
1 1 . ' I -re ' ikemu-nu berhana aay?

1 2 . Wadayku ' a' bana west a f enot .
3 . Wadaya xebesta qedmehu .
1 3 . R e ' ina warxa ba-we s t a s amay .
4 . Wadayna maaeft ina b a-westa
1 4 . ' I -hal loku mes lehu we ' eta
b et .
S.
' amira .
'Adona zanta beera ' eska

bar .
6 . 'Adawu bahra
ba- ' ahmarihomu
.
.
.
7 . Ma' ze ' adoka ye ' et a fenota?
8 . L a-ment ' atokemu beherakemu?
9 . G W ayayna Hagara 9ay .
B . 1 . ' Ayt e re ' ikana?
2 . Mcs l n nlannu hal loka?
7, .
' A y l l!
IS .
Nabarna heyya we ' et a warxa.
1 6 . We 'ya betu wa-motu weludihu .
1 0 . Re ' iku dama wes t a ' edawihu .
' ebn ( p l . ' eban , ' a' lJiin) m . f . stone ( s ) .
lII11y
2 . M annu fannawaka xabeya?
re'iken ( for *re' eyken)
re' iki ( for *re' eyki)
kona
l Oll
E xercis es
A . 1 . F annoku gabreya xabehu .
re'yat
I II
found in other verbs I I I - lV .
If of
-i- throughout :
re' ika ( for *re' eyka)
lIlII / W I I ' ;
d i s l l ll(' !
The mas e . sing . 3rd pers . form is often found as haUo , w i l h
the gabra type (cf. keda) , there i s a regular rep l acement o f -ey- by
re' yu
The
used for haUawa i n its past t ense meaning , but not v .i co
I f o f the nabara
re' ya
Halloku westa hagar ,
HaUawa mes lena , He is/was with us .
b etween haUawa and kona i s not always maintained :
zenawa
A number of G verbs are both I I -gut tural and I I I - Y .

type ( e . g . laaya to be beauti fu l ) , they fo l low bakaya above .
to s end .
hal lawa to exist , be .
etc .
et c .
etc.
et c .
0,
<adawa t o cros s (ace . dir . obj . or acc . of goal or prep . phrase) .
,,:!,\ayb mn!?afeya?
1 7 . ' Emdexra- z e ' atoku medreya .

w
1 8 . Ma ' ze ' adok emu zek a bahra?
1 9 . ' Ayt e gW ayaykemu saba
sadadakemu?
2 0 . Waradu
d i b c l l olll l l
4 . B a ' enta-ze
5 . Nas ' a ' ebna
6 . We ' yu-ntl
' a ' l l ii l l f l
I JJl r'lld.
[;:mnokul, II x l l i l o l l I lIlII l .
wa -tl/l l ,r l lI
' I I K " i d l l l,
' ' ' \ I.II I I 1 \ 1I11' ' ''
62
63
7 . B a-we ' etu ' awrax ' i -wada ' na
' em - h ag ar .
8 . anaku zant a bet a b a- ' a ' ban .
9.
'Ada\vu ' aber t a wa-b awer t a .
1 0 . D i b a mannu bak aykemu?

w
1 1 . Kona ' exuhu mak annenana.
1 2 . Konu we ludihu masaggeran a .
1 3 . Kona w e ' etu ma a f wangel o .
1 5 . Hal l awa may b a-we s t a ' abyat a

hagar .
Les son 1 5
1 6 . anau b e t a Kerestiyan d i b a
ayqa bar .
1 7 . Xalaf a ' em - xabena wa- ' at awa .
1 8 . ' Ayte hal l o kemu w e ' et a
' e l at a ?
s t and) , the s t em of t h e P erfect h a s
The Perfect o f G verbs from
F rom roots I I - W , e . g . qwm ( t o
-0-
throughout ; from roo t s I I - Y ,
e . g . sym ( t o appoint ) , t h e s t em has - e - throughout .
1 9 . ' I - re ' ikukemu h eyy a .
1 4 . H a U awa heyya ' e aw wa- ' a ' ban . 20 . ' Ayte re ' ikenana?
C . 1 . F annoku z anta nabiya xabekemu ' e sma ' i - ' aqabkemu egageya wa
s eetkemu.
2 . N abaru ba-w e s t a Hagara Q ay ' e ska motu l a-we ' etu negus , wa
' emze ' at awu medromu.
Roo t s I I - W/Y .
T h e P e rfect :
15.1
ro ots I I -W and I I -Y is d i s t inctive .
qoma
qomu
sema
semu
qomat
qoma '
semat
sema
semka
semkemu
qomka
qomkemu
qomki
qomken
semki
semken
qomku
qomna
semku
semna
A few verbs from roots wh i ch are a l s o I I I -gut t . or I I I - Y/W reUl i l l l i t <'
3 . W a - s ob a re ' ina y e ' et a amara , waradna wes t a ayqa br.
s e cond root consonant as " s t rong" and are inflected l i ke t h e o nl l llilry
4 . N as s arku xaba ' adbar wa-re ' iku b erhana kama berhana aay .
G verbs I I I -gut t . or I I I -W/Y .
5 . ' Ama hal lona mes lek emu , ' i - s ama 'k emuna.
s aw 'a
6 . ' I - kona warxa b a-ye ' et i l e l i t , wa-gW ayayna gadama mes l a
8.
w
' Adoku kW el l o baawerta medr wa-k e l l o ' abert iha .
9 . ' I - fannokuka xaba z entu h e zb ' al I a xaba kW e l lomu ' ah zaba medr .
sawn 'ki
he L i ved ,
recov('
aywat
sawa 'ka
' E sma farahna ' emenna ' e l l ontu s ab ' , waa ' n a ' em-heyya wa
' adona medra ' es k a zati hagar .
lyaywa
h e s acrifi ced
saw 'at
d aqiqena wa- ' anest ina .

7.
For examp l e ,
r'ed
ayawka/ayoka
ayawki/ayoki
et c .
etc .
aw 'a may a l s o be infl ec t ed l ike qoma .

D verbs from roo t s I I -W/Y are regular and o ffer no s p e c i a l
fawwasa t o heal , payyaqa t o examine .
prob l ems :
We have a l r e ady men
t ioned the cont ractions in Q verbs I I -W/Y ( 1 1 . 1 ) , analogous t o qoma

and
serna above .
15.2
The P erfect with Obj e c t Suffixes ( cont . ) .
The 3rd p erson
obj e ct pronouns are

him
-o/-hu
them (m . )
-omu/-homu
her
-a/-ha
them ( f . )
-on/-hon.
The i r att achment i s not s o s imp l e as that of the obj ect pronouns of
the 1st and 2nd pers ons .
A review of the forms given in 1 3 . 2 shows
the fo l l owing alterat i on s of the subj ect suffixes before t h e obj ect
suffi x e s :
64
65
remains
-a
- a-
-u
remains
-u-
-ata-
-a
remains
-a-
and de finit e ; t h e simp l e accus ative

may b e u s e d to expr e s s any d i rect
obj ect regard l e s s of i t s d e finit ene s s .
-at
b e comes
-ka
remains
-ka-
-kemu
remains
-kemu-
-ki
becomes
-ke-
-ken
becomes
-kena- or -ka-
-ku
r emains
-ku-
-na
becomes
-na-
V o c abul ary 1 5
Noun s :
Tak ing the alt ered form as the bas i s for our rul e s , we have the fo l
maswa <t ( p l . -at, masawe < ) m . s acrifi c e ; l e s s frequent l y :
l owing :
kahen (pl . -t) prie s t .
(1)
I f the s t em ends in
-a- , att ach -hu , -ha , -hamu , -han.
(2 )
I f t h e s t em ends in
-u- or -e- , attach -a , -a , -omu,
aft er changing
- an
-a- , drop the -a- and add
' epis qapas (pl . -at) bi shop .
-a ,
-a , -amu,
qasis (pl . qasawest) presbyt er , e l d e r .
ta<at (pl .
are not covered by the rul e s :
Verb s :
him
her
-a
-at
-0
-a
-omu
-on
-atomu
-aton
-ka
-ko
-at a
-k a
-komu
-kon
N o Su ff .
She
m. s .
y ou
Y ou
f. s.
I
The/I .
-ato
-kahu
-ki'iha
-ki
-keyya
-keyya
-keyyomu
-ku
-kewwa
-kewwa
-kewwomu
-u
f.
They
m . pl .
you
f.pI .
y ou
ma' a to conquer , defeat , subdue .

serna to appoin t (to an o ffice) , d e s i gnate
(dir . obj .
qama
-ewwamu
-ewwan
-ahon
to aris e , s t and ,' to s t and , t ake a POSl.' t l.on

'
; to come t o a halt ,
s t op .
saw < a to sacrifi c e , o ffer ( a c c . d l. r . obj . ; t o : la-)

.
aywa to l i v e , be al ive ; t o rev i v e , come back to l i fe ;
t o r ecover ,
get we l l .
-i'iha
-kemu
-kemewwa
-kemewwa
-kenah a
-kemewwomu
-kemewwan
?awwe <a to c al l , summon ; t o inv it e ; t o proc l a i m .
-kenahomu
-kenahOn
-nahOmu
-nahon.
N ot e : Th e direct obj ect o f many verbs may have an

appo sit ional com
p l ement , usual ly rendere d in Engl l. sh by " as . "
"H e s acri ficed a l amb
as an o ffering " is s imp ly "He s acri ficed a l amb ,
an offerin g" in Eth "l
o p i c : Saw <a bag <a maswa <ta . The compl ement s t and
' the accus t ; v c
s ln
c as e .
-keni'ihu
-ni'ihu
The
-kaha
-naha
qatala la-negus Con s t ruct ion .
In addi t ion to the u s e
o f the accus at ive a l one to mark the direct obj e ct o f a t r an s it ive

verb one may also emp loy the construction
qatalo la-negus (he k i l l e d
the king) , in wh ich the obj e ct i s firs t expre s sed pronominal ly (he
ki l l e d him) and then introduced nomin a l l y with the prepo s i t i on
and the non - accus at ive form .
la
The r e l ationship of t h i s construct ion
t o t h e use o f the s i mp l e accus ative is simi l ar t o t h e rel ationship
'I,d, r / "
obj . compl . :
-ahu
-na
b e t ween
semani kahena h e appoint e d me prl. e st) , to put , p l ace

, s e t (usually over : diba , la < la, wea ta)
-a
-ki'ihu
15 . 3
-at) m. heathen i d o l ( s ) .
-ahOmu
-ken
We
liqa pappaaat
p at r i arch (of t h e Church) .
The fo l lowing t ab l e i l l us trates t h e s e rul e s ; note the vari ant s that
He
liqa ' epis qapasat archbishop .
diyaqan (p l . -at) deacon :

pappas (pl . -at) bishop , archb i shop , metrop o l i t an .
-u- to -eww- and -e- to -eyy- .
I f the stem ends in
( 3)
-an
a l tar .
liqa kahenat chief priest .
/,)aldu Za-neguG and the s i mp l e construct ( s e e 1 0 . 2) .

/" 1 1 , ':(1 11:
i,
I Ill nna l l y
Thus ,
cmp l oyed only when the obj ect i s sp e c i f i c
Exerci s e s
fl . 1 . q t a l omu
2 . h a rakomu
3 . wuJayo
'1 .
l .
' : I d : l w ii
,' / l I I I l I l WI lI1l1 1
6 . n a s ' atomu
11.
k e l.l d " wl""
7 . marJ:!atomu
12.
f( . i' / : " W W i I
8 . s am ' ahomu
9 . farh ewwo
1 0 . ? aJ:!afel"wo
13.
I II .
1 '1
1 l /l .. " I If \oJW l ltlll l

1 / l I'M W 1 1 1tI1l\.J'oIt t UH I
' . 1 1 II 1 I I
h ' \ 1 It
66
67
1 2 . ' Aqabon l a - ' awal ediha l a ye ' et i be ' s it .
B . 1 . R e ' yewwo l a- gabr .

2 . Hanasewwa l a- zat i hagar .
4 . Rakabewwo la-waldornu .
1 3 . ' Aqabo l a-badnu l a - ' abuhu .

1 4 . D eganewwo l a- ' exuhu ' adbara .
5 . S adadewwo l a-we ' etu nabiy.
I S . G assasornu l a-e z b .
6. Seto l a- betu .
16.
N as ' a l a-be ' s i tu mes l ehu .
17.
Marewwo l a-be ' s i westa
3 . Qatal ewwornu l a-ezbena .
7.
G abra la- zati arnar .
8 . Barakornu l a-weludihu .
hagar .
1 8 . ' Adawewwo l a - z entu beer .
9 . Na arewwornu l a-rnala ' ek t .

w
1 0 . Targ arno l a- zentu rnaaf.
11.
1 9 . Wadayon la- ' edawihu dibeh a .
F arhornu l a-weludihu l a-negus.
20 . F annawewwornu la- l iqawentihomu

xabeya.
C. 1 .
Setku beteya.
1 1 . ' I - sernuni ' epis qopos a .
2 . Sekewwo l a- ' exuya.
1 2 . Semewwomu qasawesta.
3 . Bo ' ku beto .
1 3 . R e ' ikewwomu 1a-weludikemu .
4 . Ma ' ze bo ' k emu heyya?
1 4 . Qat alkemewwornu l a - kahenatina.
5 . Rona xaba kahen .
IS.
6 . ' Ayte orkernu?

7.
' I - sama 'kernewwomu l a - qalatihomu

1a- ' arntatihon.
Konku diyaqona.
8 . Konna kahenat a .
1 6 . ' I -nasa ' nahu 1a-t a ' otekemu .

17.
' I -nasa ' kewwo l a -maaeftika .
9 . ' Emze kona l iqa pappas at . 1 8 . ' I -nasa ' kewwa l a -b e ' s iteka.
10. Semana diyaqonat a .
1 9 . ' I - ' adonahu 1 a-beherekernu .

20 . ' I -keedkernewwo l a - ' E g z i ' aber .
D . 1 . S emomu kahenata wa-diyaqonat a wa-qasawesta ba -beta K erest iyan .

I '
2 . awwe 'ornu l a- ' agbert ihu , wa- ' i -ma7 ' u xabehu .
3 . Soba awwa 'ke"ornu , s arn 'uni wa-ro?u xabeya .
4 . Qomku ba-qedmehu wa - s arna 'ku l a-qalat ihu .
5 . ' I -nas ' o 'Egzi ' aber l a-rnaawe ' ihomu ,
6 . S aw 'omu l a-we1udihomu l a-!a ' ot at ihornu .
7 . S erno liqa pappasat ' ep i s qoposa ba-IVesta z entu beher .
8 . La-rnent ' i -ma ' u soba ? awwa 'nallOrnu?
9 . S aw ' ewwomu la-rnaawc ' ihornu l a- ' Eg z i ' aber ' Arn l aka s arnay wa-rnedr.
1 0 . ' l - s aw ' ku ma swa ' t eya l a-!a ' ot .
1 1 . Wo ' u ' em h ag a r
12.
Mo ' kowwolllu
W;1
wa-rno ' cwwomu l a- ' el lontu sab ' .

I l :ls a ' k C'wwon l a - ' ahgurihomu.
/ :i . / / : l y w . i 1 / , , " ' , ; 1 1 1 "''' ' i -mot a t .

.
W , I " , 0 1 " , ' , , 11,, ' 1 1 ", , ' , ' 1 1 1 / l I " S ;
/ ./
z Ul l t a , I:aywa wa-qorna wa-hora bet o .
/ '"
' / /l l
/.' : 1 y o k a 'va
l i tl z e i l L I l
' i -rnot ka?
" ub
" ur
qom" ga-ay b a-we s t a sama- y wa- ' i -hor

a.
/ 7 . Wad l l yO ' / : g z i ' bh c r l a-da
berhana l a-rna ' -al t w a - l a-wa
.
. hay
.
'
rx
bo rh5no l o - l c l it .
1 8 . N as ' o kahe n la-maswa ' t eya wa- sv
aw ' o 1 a- ' Eg z i ' abe r .
1 9 . Sob a awwe ' ani negu s, rok
u x abeh u wa-w adaq qu qedrnehu .
2 0 . Qomna heyya ba-w es t a feno t wa' i -bo 'na hagaromu .
/ c' .
IV . I
69
68
personal
fern . s ing .
pI .
Les s on 1 6
16. 1
non-personal
There are two basic types o f adj ec t ives i n
Adj ective s .
j ust queens
hagar ba 'ed
' ahguT' ba 'ediin/bii 'edat
The s e cond type is infrequent and r e l at iv e l y unimport ant ( s ee Les son
}
J
a di fferent c ity
different ci t i es
There is a l s o agreement in case :
We shal l confine ourselves here to those of the first typ e , and
more specifical ly to those associ at e d with stative G verbs and a sma l l
Rakaba ka le' ta fenata.
He found another road .
group o f s t at ive D verbs .
ayyu hagara ba <edda .
They fled to another
The adj ectiv es of this group correspond
mos t c lo s e l y to the s imp l e adj ect ive o f Eng l i sh and are the mos t fre
quent l y u s e d in Ethiop i c .
kahT'a
g l o rious , mighty
qati l
tahib
w is e , prudent
tahba
qatel
{iadeq
righ teous , j ust
{iadqa
qattal
nadday
poo r , needy.
nadya
e. g .
verb :
T h L' '' ' '
c lude
b , cardina l and ordina l number s ( s ee Lesson 2

3 ; ka le'
p esent vocabu l ary b e longs t o this group) ;
Thi s is a
( sinful ) .
nominal p o s i t ion .
Mos t adj ectives are inflected for number and gender by the addi
t i on of the endings -t ( fern. s ing . ) , -an (mas c . p l . ) , and -at ( fern .
V o c abul ary 1 6
p l . ) to the mas c . s i n g . b as e :
mascu l ine
P l ural
q adeq
?adeqan
{iadeqat
{iadeqt
feminine
When the s t em end s in - t , -d , - t , the -t of the fern . s ing . is ass imi

l at e d and not represented in the s crip t :
ba red (other) , fern . ba <edd
( from *ba < edt) .

16. 2
Attributive Adj ecti ve,s .
mal ly fo l l ows the noun it modifies .
An attributive adj ecti ve nor

Agreement in number and gender
i s i n a cco rdance with the princip l es given in Les son 5 .

PCI'!; o J la l
llI a s c .
sing .
negus ? o.deq
a j u s t k ing
pI .
nagast {iadeqan
j ust k ings
i n t h L'
d . the quanti fying adj ectives 'abiy ( l arge) and bezux (many ,
much ) , al though both of thes e occur frequen t l y in post -
thi r d ; see Lesson 2 3 ) and a few other frequent adj ect ives such as
S ingu l ar
i ll
c . k e l l- each, every, al l (Lesson 1 0 ) ;
smal l group , but it does include the ordinal numbers ( e . g . sales

ba <e l ( r i ch) and xape'
I y.
a . the demons t rative adj ective s (al ready introdu

ced ,i n I.l" ; '; O / I ' .
5 - 6) ;
Of t h e s e , qetul is the most common , but we sha l l begin with qatel

s ince these exhibit the inflectional endings most s imp l y .
c i
Descrip t ive adj ect ives normal ly fol l ow the

noun t hcy llIod i I"y 1 1 1 1 . 1
i f p laced first , g a i n a cert ain emphas is . Th
ere are ot h e r a d j (Ie I I VII ' , .
howeve r , which normal l y O C cur before t h e modl' fl
' ed nou n .
There are four main patterns :
kebur
qetu l
, I
negestat adeqiit
, ahguT' ba < ed/ba < edd
those derived from nouns by t h e addit ion of t h e suffixes -iiwi and -ay .
19) .
.
a J us t queen
hagar M <edd
( 1 ) tho s e as s oc i at ed w i t h (or derived from) verb s , and ( 2 )
E t h i op i c :
negest s. adeqt
Noun s :
sern ( p l . ' asrnat) m . name ; fame , reput at i o n ,
neway (pl . -at) m . v e s s e l , ut en s i l , instrument ,' propert y , p o s s e ss ions,
wealth .
awareya (pl . -t) apos t l e .
T'ad'
(pI .
'
arda' , ' arde ' t ) he lper, as s i st an t ; d i s cip l e , fO l l ower

.
Adj e c t i ves (and Stat i ve Verbs ) :

[8 ecause stative verbs have exact ly
the s ame range of meaning s as their corresp onding
adj ect ives , defini
t ions wi l l not be repeat e d . The verb may have t h e meaning
ei ther o f
" b o i ng" o r " bocomi ng" :
has
b ecolliC r j ch , ]
k;, I , , '
( I .
- I )
t IIU S , b e ' la he was rich , he became rich, h e
( l l h(' !' , ano t h e r , e cond .
As noun :
as s o c i ate ,
c omp a / l O i l .
70
71
ba 'ed ( f. -d) other , different ; strange , alien .

xate' ( f . - t) sinful , wicked . As noun : sinner .
1 4 . Nas ' a ' a' bana wa-saw ' a dibehomu maswa' ta l a- ' Egz i ' abe r .
rate ' ( f. -t) j u s t , righteous , truthful , sincere . Verb : rat 'a.

ba ' e Z ( f . - t ; p I . ' ab 'eU) rich , wealthy . Verb : be 'Za.
yadeq (f. -t) right eous , j ust , t ru e ; faithful , truthful .
Verb : ?adqa.
Verbs :
samaya to name.
Note the construct ions :
Samayato Yoannes (ha) .

Samayato s ema Yol;1annes (ha) .
She named him John .
Exercises
11.
kal e ' t fenot
3 . l i qan ' ab ' e l t
1 2 . k1i.l e ' t amar

1 3 . kal e ' ' ed
4 . nabiy adeq
14.
kale ' an nabiyat
nabiyat adeqan
IS.
baJ:tawert ba ' ed
welud adeqan
7 . ' flwaled rate ' at
16.
nabiyat ba ' edan
17.
kal e ' nel'iay
8.
hezb xa e ' an
18.
awareyat rate ' an
9.
rad ' rate '
19 .
aaft xare ' an
1 0 . ' arda ' ?adeqan
20.
kal e ' 'aada wayn
2 . be ' sit ba ' e lt
5.
6.
W
B . 1 . Wa ' u ' arda' ihu west a k e l l o baJ:tawerta medr .
2.
Weh za may ' em-we ' etu neway .
3.
Mal a' ku wayna wes t a kal e ' nelvay wa-loJadaykewwo qedmehu .
4.
Zentu we ' etu ' asmatihomu l a - ' arde ' t ihu .
5.
Qatal eWlvo l a-nabiy xat e ' wa-s adadel</W omu l a- ' arda ' ihu ' em
ma' kalomu .
6.
Qoma negus wa- ? awwe 'omu l a- ' agbertihu .
7 . Xal afna ' em-xabe!tomu wa- ' atona ' enta kal e ' t fenot .
8.
Ma ' u xaba kiihen mes l a kal e ' maswa 't .
9.
F annawo l a-zentu J;tawareya rate ' westa hagarena .
10.
S adadu ? aJ:tafe xa e ' a ' em-betomu .
12.
S mnayani ' abuya s erna Yohannes .
I ., .
\ ( ; , k ahku
Wa-nas ' o l a-wal da ' exuhu mes l ehu , wa-0ora wa-ba0a be0era
ba ' eda.
16.
Wa- ' emze ' adawu kal e ' ta bara wa-bal;lU xaba hagaru .
Nasse0a we' etu xat e ' ' em-xat i ' atu wa-gab ' a westa beta
Kerestiyan .
w
1 8 . Rakabomu l a-kale ' anihu ba-west a beta mak annen .
17.
Motu s ab ' xare ' an wa-0a;u s ab ' rat e ' an wa-adeqan .

2 0 . Hal l awu sab ' xare ' an ' ba-westa kW el l a medr ba-we ' etu mmv7j ' (' I .
2 1 . Manna semka ' ep i s qoposa l a ' l ehomu?
19 .
Samayato semo Za-wald Yoannes (ha) . She named the chi l d John.
w
A . 1 . mak annen ba ' el
IS.
W
1 1 . Nas 'u newayeya wa_g ayyu h agara ba 'cdda .
kal c ' t a hamara xaba l)ayqa b aJ)r .
22.
Wa-soba mot a l iqa pappasat , ma ' u ezb ' em-baJ;tawert bo.' cd I1 1 1
hagaro wa-bakayu diba motu l a-we ' etu b e ' s i adeq .

2 3 . !;Ianau kale ' t a hagara ba-west a ' adbar wa-wad ' u heyya
ma ' kalen a .
24.
'
em
B a-we ' etu warx ' i -nabaru ' arda' ihu mes lehu , ' al I a hoyu l"'I - l I i >lI k "
S
wange lo wes t a kal e ' an baJ;tawert .
Mannu we' etu s emeka wa-mannu we ' etu ' asmatihomu l a - ' axawika?
W
2 6 . Zanta maJ:tafa targ ama ' em-l esana ' Afrenj , wa-kale ' ana ' em
25 .
l e s ana Yonanawiyan .
73
72
mas c .
17. 1
Adj ective s :
kebud
fern .
setut
Lesson 1 7
the Patt ern Qetul .
17. 2
By far the most common
kebedd
heavy
seteH
tOrn .
Adj ectives as Predi cates .
cates have the fo l l owing b as i c patterns :
p a t t ern for adj e ctives is qetu l , wh i c h , with the rel ated p at terns
qettu l ( from D verb s ) and qutul (from L verbs ) , has certain formal
(a) pronoun subj ect :
Adj .
p e cul i arit i e s :
(b) non subj ect :
Adj .
( a) When the fern . s in g . ending -t is added, the -u- o f the
kebert
might y , g l orious
qeddus
qeddest
ho ly
buruk
burekt
blessed
kebur
fern .
pre d .
pre d .
Pron.
'
sub J .
3rd pers . p ro n .
N o un
5ubj .
E x amp l es :
,final stem syl l ab l e is r ep l aced b y -e- :

mas c .
C l auses with adj ectival pred i
Dewey ' ana.
$adeqan nena.
We are righteous .
' Ekuy we' e tu.
(b) When the b as e form ends in -uy , the sequence -eyt exp e ct e d
am
ill .
He is evil .
w
' Ekuy we' etu mak annen.
The j udge is
Qeddest ye' e ti hagar.
The city is holy .
bad .
a c cording t o t h e foregoing rul e i s u s ua l l y , but n o t al ways , con
9adeqan ' emuntu nagast .
The kings are j ust .
tracted to -it :
Rate <an nabiyat.
The prophets are r i g h t eo u s ,
mas c .
xerit
chosen, e l ect
Agreement in numb er and gender i s p re s ent to the s ame extent as w i t h
be luy
belit
o l d , worn out
t h e at tributive adj e ct ive .
' ekuy
, eki t
bad, evi l
i- :
xeruy
fern.
' I-dewey ' ana.
( c ) When the second root consonant i s -w- , the pattern qetul i s

opt i onal l y rep laced by qete l .
I t i s probab l e that t h i s represents
ass imi l atory change o f the sequence
- ewu -
to -ewwe- (with
ww-
an
but
s ince the evi dence is amb iguous on t h i s p o int , we have retained t h e

-W- .
t ran s cript i on with the simp l e
Both qetul and qetel are att e s t ed
as the base form for most of these adj ective s :

mas c .
mewut/mewet
fern .
dewuy/dewey
mewett
dead
deweyt
i l l , s i ck
-w- .
<elew
fern .
<e lut
I II<'
I " ," i " " , , , 1 " "" , ,
I""
l1 hll
', 1 ('"" ,
not i l l .
s ent the nucleus of a given predi cat i on , bas i ca l ly a predi cate

j e ct order f o r al l predi cations in t h e l anguage .
sub
required , o r when a new sub j ect i s introduced, thi s may b e p l aced at
The kings are r i ghteous .
The
l ated "They are j us t kings , " taking liG.deqan as at tribut ive .
The s e
part i cl e s wi l l be introduced in a l ater l es s on .
pervers e , wi cked
k .. hGJ"tat , belitat , dewey tat) .
Such
amb i gui t i es are usua l l y r e s o l ved from the context or by the use of
various preposing part i c l e s suffixed t o the first e l ement .
\; i l i J i ' i n a i d e n L a l s :
When emphas i s i s
Th i s order produces ambi guity , s ince our examp l e cou l d a l s o b e tran s
Th e fem i n i n e p l ural o f all these adj e ct ives may be based on the mas cu
l i ne stem (Lhus kdJUl'a i , I'cluya i , deweyat) o r , much more rarel y , on
t h o fem i n i n c' ,. i nf: l I l a l 1 0 1'111
am
The various syntact i c p att erns g i ven here and e l s ewhere repre
Nagast ?adeqan ' emuntu.
feminine s ingul ar -ewt contra cts to -ut :

masc .
the b eginning of the c l ause ( t ermed p r ep o s ing , topi c a l i z ing) :
( d) A simi l ar change o ccurs when the third r ad i cal con sonant i s

Here writings with -ew ( n o t -uw) are more con s i stent .
An adj ect ival pred i c at e i s negat ed \;i.th
Note
17. 3
Adverb i a l Pred i c at e s .
Any l o cal adverb (heyya, zeyya) or
prepo s i t ional p h r ase may s erve as the predi cate of a non-ver b a l
c l aus e :
' A na zeyya T am here ; Mes Zena ' Egzi' abeJ" G o d i s w i t h u ', ;
' Em-manfas qeddull /,lte ' AtU f t is from the Holy Sp i ri t . Ha lZco,;a i ' , I I ' , " . ]
i n suc h pretl i c:lL i o n '; on l y when exp l icit past tense i s raqu i , , , ' ) ..
t hen
an
;,uuh i R u i l y
ahol l l
L e n se remai ns .
" V' II
74
75
7 . ' H i t ye ' e t i za-bc ' s i t .
V o cabul ary 1 7
8 . Z e - we ' etu J:legg qeddus .
N o uns :
manfas (p l. -at, manafest) m . f . spir i t ; the Spirit of God ; a spirit

Manfas Qeddus the Holy Spiri t .
or demon (good or bad) .
lebs (pl . ' albas) m . c l o thing , c l othes ; a garment .

wareza (p l . warazut) a youth , young man .
te' mert (pl . -at , ta' amer , -at) m . f . a s i gn , omen ; miracl e , wonder .
yt ' anti?
1 1 . Zentu w e ' etu ma?a eft a egg
Bel i t .
1 2 . H al l awu manafe s t ' ekuyan
heyy a .
1 3 . Haym anotena haymanot ret e '
t ye ' et i .
1 4 . Dewe y zentu ware za.
1 5 . B e luy ' albasihu.
Adj e ct ives :
<elew ( f . <e lut) crooked , p erver s e , evi l ; rebe l l ious , heret ical .
qeddus ( f . qeddest) ho l y , s acred ; as noun :
e . g.
9 . B e zuxan ' emuntu xar e ' an

z eyya .
1 0 . ' Ana dewe y ' ana .
' Anti -nu dewe
saint , esp . in t i t l e s ,
Qeddus arqos S aint Mark.
mewut/mewet ( f . mewett ; p l . mewutan , mewetan, mutan) d e ad .

beluy ( f . belit) o l d , worn out , d e cr ep i t , obso l et e . V erb :
balya .
3.
bezux ( f . bezext) many , much , numerous , abundant .

Verb :
V erb :
bazxa.
5 . ana?u be zuxana ' abyat a .

6 . Qat alna w e ' eta nabiya ' e l ewa .
' akya.
dewuy/dewey ( f . deweyt ) s i c k , i l l . V erb : dawaya.

retu < ( f . rete < t) j us t , r i gh t e ous ; straight , l evel , even ; corre ct ,
haymanot rete < t the orthodox faith .
7 . ' I - re ' ikemu-nu t a ' ameratihu?

8 . S adadewwomu l a- s ab ' ' ekuyan .
9 . e z un meta ba' enti ' ah a .
1 0 . Takalu b e zuxata ' e awa heyya.
ezun ( f . ezent) s ad.
11.
E xerc i s e s
B.
C.
' a ' ban bez ext
11 .
2 . be zux xar i ' at
7 . k1ihen retu '
1 2 . b e z ux dam
3 . awareya qeddus
8 . be zux masawe '
1 3 . ma?J:!af be l uy
4 . neway b e l uy
9 . s em ' ekuy
5 . rad' ' ekuy
1 0 . wald delvuy
P lural i z e the s ingul ar i t ems in Exercise A .

1 . Zati hagar ' ekit ye ' et i .
Nas ' ewwo l a -newayu l a-be ' s i b e ' u1 .
1 2 . Se ! kewwa l a-J:lamareya b e l i t .
6 . negus ' e l ew
A . 1 . J:!amar belit
' I - s ama ' na l a-nag aru ' ekuy.
4. Warada Manfas Qeddus l a ' l ehu .
ijegg Belit the O l d Testament .
proper, orthodox .
1 7 . ezunan ' emuntu J:l e zbomu .

1 8 . B e l uy w e ' etu l e b s ey a .
D . 1 . G abra Qeddus Marq os be zuxa
t a ' amer a.
2 . Seht u ' em-h aymanot rete
't.
be <ul ( f . be <e lt) rich , w e a l thy .
' ekuy ( f . ' ekit) evi l , bad, wicked .
16 . Z e -w e ' etu te ' mert qeddus.
14.
' e l at ' ekit
I S . wangeI qeddus
1 3 . F annawo l a-rad ' u xaba

b e ' s i t dewey t.
1 4 . Qarbu xabeh u J:l ezb b e z uxan .
1 5 . Gassa ?a waraz uta ' ekuyana b a

' enta xat. i ' atomu .
1 6 . Na?? arkewwo l a-ma? J:!af wa-r e
' iku k ama Hegg B e l it we ' e t u .
.
1 7 . I--!annu t arg wama egga B e l ita
l a - l e sana G e ' z ?
1 8 . Z entu te ' mert ' em -Manf as Qeddu
s we ' etu.
W
1 9 . N as ' a ' albas a wa-g ayya ' em-bet .
2 0 . Konat ' emmu be ' s i t a be ' e l t a .
' E l ewan ' emuntu ' arda' ihu .
2 1 . B a z xa newayu wa-be ' l a b a-ma ' kal a z entu hezb .
3 . Qeddest ye ' e t i zati hagar.
2 2 . D aw ayat ' extu wa- ' i -J:lavat ' e ska zati ' el at .
2.
4 . B e ' ul an ' emuntu h e zba zentu beher .

S . Me\vut met a .
n.
La-ment ezun ' anta?
77
76
Vocabulary 1 8
L e s s on 1 8
18. 1
Adj ectives :
The Patt ern Qati l .
Nouns :
A relatively sma l l but
important group of adj e ct ives has the patt ern qatil or the related
pattern qattil (from D verbs) .
The feminine s ingul ar i s formed by

repl acing the stem vowe l - i - with -a- ; no -t i s added :
mas c .
rabiy
fern .
rabay
r;addas
J;1addis
great , l arge
J;1addisat or
The variant patt ern qe ti l occurs when the midd l e root consonant
The feminine form i s the s ame as the preceding .
rehib
fern .
rahab
18 . 2
a
rabayt
great
balix
balaxt
sharp
tabib
pababt
wise .
rabiy
The Comparative .
plural
r;eywat m . f . l i fe , l i fetime .
r;aywa eywata ' ekuya he l ed a w.icked
Adj ectives and Stative Verbs :

r;addis ( f . r;addiis ; pl . r;addast ) new .
qal in a loud voic e .
Verb :
craftsmen) .
Verb :
rabya.
pabba.
lehiq ( f . leheqt) grown up , adult ; o ld , eldest .
V erb :
lehqa to g row
up .
off.
noxa.
Verb :
Adverbs :
prepo s it ional phrase with ' emenna to the adj ect ive :
fadjada exceedingl y, very much , great l y .

peqqa very , extremely .
He is more evi l than the Ring .

Exerc i s e s
The comparison may be int ens ifi ed by the adverb fadfv.da (much , much
more) :
rabib we' etu fadjada ' em
He i s much wiser than his
, exuhu.
brother .
ous than our peopl e .
maniHest ' ekuyiit
11.
7.
' arde ' t t abiban
1 2 . dabr nawix
l ebs addi s
8.
neway haddas
13.
9.
J:! egag J:laddast
14 .
bahawert nawaxt
kahen ' abiy
15.
baJ:!r ' abay
3.
B. 1 .
t a ' amer ' abayt
10.
N awix ' ana ' em- ' exuya .
N awax ye ' eti ' em- kl'i e l l on ' axatiha .

3 . N awaxt ' adbara beherekemu ' em- ' adbara beherena .
4 . Zcntu l cbs hadd i s we ' etu ' em - l ebseya .
2.
The adverb peqqa (very) i s also frequent ly used t o intens i fy an adj ec

tive ; it may be pl aced before the adj ective or after it :
6.
5.
That people became more numer
we' etu or Dewey peqqa we' e tu I-Ie i s very i l l .
A . 1 . ' ep i s qopos tabib

2 . s em ' abiy
4 . wareza nawix
A l l stat ive verbs may be s imi l arly construed :

Bazxu we' etu hezb
, em-hezbena.
Ifegg Ifaddis New Testal11cn L .
r abiy ( f . rabay : p I . rabayt) b i g , l arge , import ant , great ; ba- ' cchi!/
nawix ( f . nawax; pl . nawaxt) h i gh , l ofty ; tal l ; long ; distant , far
The comparative is expressed by adding
' Ekuy we' etu ' emenna negus .
body as a who l e .
Pabib (f. pabiib : p I . tababt) wi s e , prudent ; ski l l ed, expert ( e . I!. o r
broad
qat t' ?& h ave a common (mas c . and fern . ) internal p lural
Many ad J ectlves
form qata l t in addit ion to the external p lural forms :
sing .
l ife .
r;addasat.
mas c .
opposed to the spiri t ; frequently

r;ab l (p I . ' ar;bal ) m . f . rop e , cord .
new
The feminine plural may be based on either stem :
is a guttura l .
ramat or ram (pI . ramatat) f . m . year .

sega (pI . -t) m. f l e s h , meat (human or animal) , esp . of the fl esh as
reqqa dewey
5 . Lch i q ' anta ' cmenneya .

6 . Tl i J i h
' :ll1t a
7.
Z l! " L I I
' 1\ 1 , i y
fad fada
hGL
' cmenna kiil e ' iinika.

w
' em-k e l l u ' abyata hagar .
masawe ' ' abayt

fenot nawax
79
78
8 . Lehiq z entu J:l awareya ' em-ka l e ' an J:lawareyat .
9.
10.
Les son 1 9
N awix fadfada ' em- z eyya w e ' etu b eeromu .

Be 'ul ' abuka ' em- ' abuya.
.
C . l . N as ' u abl a nawix a wa-J:lo ru ayqa bar
.
2 . B a-ye ' eti ' amat mo ' n a w e ' eta J:lezba
.
a
t
s
J:ladda
3 . Serna kahen diyaq onata
aywa J:leywata nawixa wa- ' ekuya .
na.
5 . Sawa ' na sega ' arawit maswa ' t a l a - ' Amlake
sa.
addi
eya
6 . Setku xabehu J:lamare ya wa- ' aJ:lbal
4.
7 . S awwe ' omu kahen ' abiy l a-J:le zba hagar .

negusen a .
8 . Ma? ' u s ab ' t ab iban wa- ' ab ayt w a- ' ab ' elt xaba
adaqqu ba-eywateya ' em- ' axaweya .

' exuhu .
1 0 . Wa-sob a leheqqu , f annawani ' abuya xaba
.
hagar
1 1 . Tabbat ' emmu ' em-kal e ' at ' anesta
w
:
baJ:lawe rta medren a .
1 2 . Abya s emu l a - z entu nabiy ba-k e l l u
w
' et i .
1 3 . B e ' s itu l a_mak annen t eqqa b e ' e l t ye
kama t. eqqa nawix w e ' etu,
1 4 . Soba ba?n a xaba w e ' etu dab r , r e ' ina
9.
wa- ' i- ' adonahu .

el l ontu s ab ' ' el ewan wa
1 5 . Ba- 'amata motu l a-pappasen a mo ' una '
nas ' ewwa l a-hag aren a .
kama ' em-eg g B e l it we ' etu.
1 6 . Sob a na?? arku z anta ma?af a , re ' iku
a ye ' et i ' e l at .
1 7 . D awaya waldu wa- ' i -J:laywa ' eska meset
1 8 . Tabab t wa-rat e ' an ' emuntu ' arda ' ihu .
w
:
1 9 . E fo t ababka ' em-k e l l ena?
bet a .
2 0 . N asa ' ku ' ebana ' ab ayta wa-an aku
19 . 1
qattaZ
The P attern Qatta l .
Adj ectives :
Adj ectives o f the type

One may
have no cons istent feminine form in the s ingul ar .
find qattaZt (no stem change ) , qatta Z t (with -a- for

mas cul ine form may be u s ed for the feminine .
-cr-)
or the
In the Ethiopic s cript
adj ectives of this pattern are indi st inguishabl e in the s i ngul ar from
the feminine s ingular o f the type qati Z ( i . e . qatcrZ) .
The tradi
t iona l pronunci ation merges al l these forms and regul arl y doub l e s
I hl'
s e cond root consonant in both types .

19 . 2
Adj ectives in -iiwi and -ay .
These adj ect ives
cally numerous but are rather infrequently used , being
preferred relative constructions or construct phrases .
are i e' x i
qu i v n l c il l
I II
Thoy a n'
based on a variety o f nouns and denote "of" or "p ertaining t o , "
0 I'l l'll
med:riiwi
corresponding to Engl i sh adj ectives in - l y :
worl dly; samiiyiiwi of h e aven, c e l e s t i al , divin e .
o f the wo r l d ,
Their forms urc 11:;
fo l lows :
mas c . s ing .
samiiyiiwi
fern. s ing .
samiiyiiwit
p lural
samcryiiwiyan
(or
samcryiiwiycrt
(or
-eyan)
- eyat)
Opt ional forms in -ay o ccur for most such adj ectives ; these have no
pecul i arities in infl ection :
19. 3
Adj ectives :
-iiy , -ay t , -cryan , -ayat.
Miscellaneous Types .
The adj e ct ival p att erns
treated in the preceding three lessons include the vast maj ority of
derived adj ectives in the l anguage .
Occas i onal ly , however , other pat
t erns , usual ly nominal in origi n , are emp loyed .

qat Z :
' abd
( f . ' abedd; p l . ' abdan , ' abdat) fool ish , igno
rant , imprudent ; as a noun :

qetaz:
E.g.
eyiiw C f .
-t;
a foo l .
p l . -an , -at) alive, l ivin g .
The s e a r e unproductive types a s adj ect ives and wi l l be gi ven wit hout
further comment in the vocabul aries .
19. 4
Qualificat ion .
fo l l o w i n g noun ,
An adj e ctive may st and in const ruct
w i t li
wh ich qual ifies i t s meaning :
, ekuya Zebb
evil of heart
lianna!Ja gar;r;
beauti ful
of a s rt'ct
( ' 1 1'
1 . 1 "' 1
80
81
t a l l of stature .
n01JJixa qom
19. 5
Subst ant ivi zat ion .
medrawi ( f .
Any adj ect ive may be used as a noun ,
equiva l ent to Eng l i s h "one who i s . . .
(those who are . . . ) "
-t) of the wo r l d , worl dly ( as oppo sed to spiritu a l or
heavenly) .
berhiinawi ( f .
dewuy
one who is sick, a s i ck p erson
dewuyiin
the s i ck , tho se who ar e s i ck
The feminine s ingu l ar q e te Z t is e s p e c i a l ly common in t h e sense o f

" t h at whi ch i s . . . ' "
-t) o f or p e rt aining to l i ght , esp . in th e heaven l y or
spiritual sens e .
samiiyawi ( f . -t) heaven l y , divin e , c e l estial .
manfasawi ( f . -t) of the spiri t , spiritual .
segawi fl eshly (not spiritua l ) , c arnal ( o f s ins) .
wangeZawi ( f . - t) gospel ( a s adj . ) ; as noun :
' ekit
that which is evi l , evi l , wickedn e s s
rete f t
that which i s correct o r prop er .
hard, harsh , s evere .
V erb :
N o t e that a combinat ion o f substant i v i z at ion and qua l i fi c at i on may

l e ad t o superfi c i a l amb iguit i e s :
t ho s e who are evi l o f h e art
.' ekuyana hagm'
the evi l ones of the c i t y .

Vocabul ary 1 9
f iiZam (pl . -at) m . f . wor l d , t h i s wor l d ; t h e univer s e , a l l creat ion ;

eternity, a l l t im e present , p a s t , and future .
Za- faZam forever.
f a Zamawi of the wo r l d , worl d l y .

' egzi'
' egze' t l ady , mistres s .
1 1 . be ' s it
7 . m a l ' ak b erhanawi
1 2 . mendabc ' a h l y
3 . Ivare z a xer
8 . hagar s amayawit
4 . b e ' s i nadday
9 . nagarat manfasawiyan
1 0 . J:1eywat ; egawi
B . 1 . wange lu l a- ' E g z i ' ena

2 . mendabehomu l a- Kere s t iyan
3 . qal atihu l a -madxenena
5.
(p I . ' aga' e z t , ' aga' est) l or d , master, l ead e r , chi e f .

' Egzi' ena Our Lord .
6 . neway medrawi
4 . J:1eywata l a- ' E gz e ' tena
madxen (p l . -iin) s avior , redeeme r .

' Egze' tena Our
L ady (Mary) .
' al babihomu la- ' abayt
6 . maaJ:1 eftihomu 1 a - wange lawiyan

7 . gaatihomu l a - warazut
8 . ' abyatihomu l a- ' aga ' e s t ina
mendabe m . f . affl i c t i on , torment .
9. n addayana zentu ' a l am
Zebb (p l . ' aZbab) m . f . heart ; mind , int e l l ect .
1 0 . ga u l a -Manfas Qeddus
ga?? (p l . -at) face ; a sp e ct , appe ar ance ; type , sort .
11.
' asmatihomu l a- xeran wa- l a- ' ekuyan
12.
' asmatihomu l a - s amayaweyan
Adj e c t iv e s :
nawwZix ( f . idem)
1 3 ; nagaromu l a- ' e l ewan wa-xat e ' an
nawix.
sanniiy ( f . -t) beaut i fu l , fine , exce l l ent , good (both phys i c a l and
moral sense s ) .
V erb :
sannaya D .
naddiiy ( f . -t) poor, d e s t itut e ; d e f i ci ent (in : ba- ) .
V e rb :
nadya
xer ( f . -t) goo d, exc e l l ent (used in a l l s enses o f Eng l i sh " good" ) .
eyaw ( f . - t ) alive , l iving.
Eve) .
' emma- eyaw Mother o f the Living ( i . e .
;anny l
1 . haymanot ene ' t

2 . l ebb enu '
5 . habl enu '
Nouns and Derived Adj e ct iv e s :
?an fa.
Exerci s e s
A.
' ekuyiina Zebb
evange l i s t .
?enu f ( f . ?ene ft) stron g , , power fu l ; firm, sur e ; l asting , endur i n g ;
1 4 . qal at ihomu l a- ! ab abt

I S . J:1eywatomu l a -q eddusan
1 6 . mendabehomu l a- naddayan wa-d eweyan
1 7 . newayomu l a- ' abayt wa- ' ab ' e l t
1 8 . xerana l ebb
1 9 . annayana g a
20.
s enu ' ona l ebb
1 3 . g a ' c k uy
1 4 . dabr nawNax
1 5 . wange H iwl ro t !"
83
82
C. 1.
eyawan ' emuntu wa- ' i -mutan .
L e s son 2 0
2 . ene ' t ye ' e t i haymanot u .

ek a .
3 . Xer l ebbe ka wa- s annay ga
.
4 . N adday a l ebb we ' etu wa- ' i - t abib
' em - ' ahgur ikemu .
5 . enu' at ' ahgur ihomu wa- ' abiya t
20.1
6 . e zuna ga?? w e ' etu .
e z ux n ewayomu .
7 . N addayan ' arda ' ihu wa- ' i -b
8 . eyaw ' Eg z i ' en a wa- ' i -mewut .
9 . Zati fenot ! eqqa n awwax ye ' et i .

' ag a ' e z tikemu .
1 0 . B e ' ul ' eg z i ' ey a fadfa da ' em -
La- with Pronominal Suffixes .

lita
t o me
lana
to us
laka
t o you (m . s . )
lakerrru
t o you (m . p l . )
laki
to you ( f . s . )
laken
t o you ( f . p I . )
lotu
to him
l8rrru
t o them (m . )
lati
to her
lon
t o them ( f . )
The prepo s i t ion la- corresponds in general to the dative (to ,
1 1 . a)'\;a z entu qeddus J;eywat a manfasawit a .
Engl i sh .
1 2 . Teqqa e zunan ' emuntu ' albabihomu l a-we ludihu .
be noted in the vocabu l aries when appropriate .
D . 1 . We ' et a ' amira xal afa ' E g z i ' en a ' em - z entu ' a l am wa- ' ar g a xaba
It is used idiomat i c a l l y wl' th many verb s , however ,
20.2
fo l ' )
<.IS
Obj e c t s uffixes on a verb are o ft en used to expre s s various c a s e
' e ska motu l a -negusena ' e l ew .
obj e ct .
t a ' abuhomu wa- oru w e s t a

3 . Soba l ehqu we ludih u, wa ' u ' em-be
k al e ' behe r .
t ' em-k e l l on ' an e s t a hagar .

4 . Lehqa t z a t i wal at t wa-sannaya
, wa a ' na wa-rak abnahu ba-we s ta
5 . ' Ama s ama 'na kama ma ' a ' E g z i ' ena
fenot .
tena?
6 . ' I - s ama' kemu-nu t a ' amer ata ' E g z e '
e ' lu naddayan .
wa-b
t
l
e
'
ab
7 . Ba-ye ' et i ' amat nadyu '
.
s s eu kama gabru zant a xat i ' at a
8 . a z anu fadfada b a - l ebbomu wa-na
W
o
l
el
k
l u l a -madxenena ba-w esta
9 . S abaku wang eI a.wi yan ba-I;ange
baw erta ' al am o
.
a ' alu xebes ta wa-se ga ' emenn ena
1 0 . Qarbu naddayan xaben a wa- s
W
' e nawwax ba-b erhana aay .
1 1 . Teqq a sannay ' aq e l a z entu
atomu .
w a - ' i -be ' lu wa- ' i - s annayat I;eyw
1 2 . Xal afu ' awrax wa- ' amata t ,
.
wa- ' i - an ' u ba-haymanot rete ' t
1 3 . Ma? ' a l a ' l ehomu mend abe ' abiy
' em-qe dma betu .
1 4 . S adadomu b a ' e l l a-naddayan
s b a - h aymanot ene ' t .
1 5 . We ' y a l ebbu l a - z entu qeddu
I; i I I
Obj ect Suffixes in a Dat ive or Prepos i t ional Sense .
' abuhu s amayaw i .
W
2 . Ba-mawa ' e l a mendabe g ayayna hagara b a ' edda wa-nabarna heyya
" I'
("prepos itional " ) r e l a t i onships other than t h e accusat ive d i rc c L

For examp l e , in
Wahabani xebes ta = Wahaba lita xebesta
He gave me bre ad ,
the verbal suffix expres s es the dat ive , or indirect , obj ect , equiva
l en t l y expre s s ed by the prepo s it ion la- .
In
Scr alani xebesta = Sa' ala xebes ta ' emenneya/xabeya

He asked me for bread ,
it corre sponds to the prepo s i t ional phras es ' emenneya or xabeya .
There are only a few categor i e s o f verbs where such constructions are
frequen t , and these are l i sted b e l ow ,
It should be not e d , however ,
t h at b e cause personal d i rect obj ects (= accusat ive) of al l t rans it ive

verbs are usual ly definite and suffi xal l y expre s s ed by the qatalo la
negus construction, even the l arge corpus of material at our d i sposal

does not always a l l ow us to d i s t ingu i s h the various t ypes o f suffi xed
obj e c t s w i t h some verbs .
In describing construct i ons into wh i ch
verbs ent e r , we shal l emp loy t he fo l l owing designat ion s :

acc . d l r . obj ,
means that the verb takes a dire ct o b j e c t
i ll
the accus at ive cas e , which may , i f d e f i ll i ( ll . l l Id

s p e c i fi c , be suffixed direct l y to
d n t , ' . I t 1' I ,
t he
t h e qatalo la-negus construct ion .
means that the indirect obj ect ( a l way';
Vt' l ' i >
i ll
, x l ' l ' .. . .
i h 1 e with la-) may b e attached s u ff i x a l i i' 1 1 \'
84
85
t h e qatalo la-negus construc t i on .
E . g . Wahabo
dative suffix i s commonly p l aced on the v erb as a rein
la-' abuhu warqa He gave the money to h i s father.
fprcement of t h e pos s es sive pronoun :
means that the obj ect o f a prep o s i t i onal phrase
obj . suff.
Mararatani nafseya .
(other than la-) may be suffixed to t h e verb ,

as in our examp l e with sa' ala abov e .
ljaywo lebbu.
A typ i c a l
l i st ing for sa' ala would be sa' ala t o ask ( s ome
thing :
acc . d i r . obj . ) .
a.
(3)
We shal l a l s o use the
t i onal phras e :
amb iguous as t o what the preci s e cas e r e l at i on-
Bakayato .
Verbs o f speaking , addr e s s i n g , and t e l l ing :
Nagaro zanta.
He t o l d him thi s .
Nagaro la-negus ' esma
He t o l d the king that
S e e the examp l e with sa' ala above .
b.
V erbs of asking .
c.
Verbs o f giving , surrendering .
d.
The perso n to wholll SOllll'

thing i s s ent requi res a prepo sit
ion 7..a - or xaba ; i f a
p l ace , the acc . of goal may be used . The me s s ag e o r
mess enger i s the real ac c . dir. obj . ,
if expre s s ed :
e.
He surrendered the c i t y to them .
La' akani xabehu.
Saraqani warqeya.
He robbed me of my go l d .
the king .
was ada to l e ad , conduct , bring , take .
duced by a prep o s i t ion ( 7.. a -, xaba, westa) , but may not be
when used in the sense of "befa l l , happen to , occur to" :

Days o f affl i ct ion b e fe l l me .
Ma?' ani kale' xe Uinna .
Another thought o c curred t o me .
lIere the suffixes rep l ac e phras e s with Za <Za and diba.
f.
Obj ect suffixes on stative and intransit ive verbs have
three functions :
(1)
E quivalent to a comparat ive construct ion :
Bazxana we' etu ezb.
That peop l e b e came more numerous

than we (or : too numerous for
us) .
( 2)
When 1 1w
,l i d
,.
,.,. I
s l l i l .l cct
I I I' "
I :;
a part of the body or some in a l i en -
t" t 11<' <; 1 1 1 > i l'c [ ( s oll l , reput at i on , et c . ) , a
Like t h e preceding , the
p erson to whom someone or something i s t aken is intro
The verbs o f mot ion ba?ba, ma? ' a , and o c cas ional l y others ,
Ba?bani mawa <ela mendabe .
He s ent me (as mess enger ) to him.
Zanta 7.. a ' aka xaba negus . H e sent this

( as a m e s s ag e ) to
Occas i onal l y , verbs o f robbing and depriving :

H e took my go l d away from me .
1>'"
7.. a' aka to send a mess age/m e s s enger

.
In addition t o the examp l e
Nas' ani warqeya.
She wept for him (dibehu , ba' en ! ?" !liIlI ) .
On the other hand , i t shoul d be noted

that there are ma n y V I ' !
e s p e c i a l l y o f " sendin g , bring ing ,
condu cting , " where t h e d a t i v(' ', 1 1 1
f i x cannot b e used . E . g .
with wahab a above , note
Mattawomu hagara.
H i s heart ( i . e . courage) r evived .
E l s ewher e the s en s e i s that o f an

approp r i at e p r ep o s i
d e s i gnation " obj . suff . " when the evidence is
ship i s .
soul b ecame bitt e r .
For the nuanc e compa re Eng l i s h

" on" in "Hi s eyes went
bad on him . "
' emenna , xaba , or obj . suff . ) for ( some
one :
My
suffixed to the verb .

The restriction invo l ved in t h e s e verbs is apparent l y connected with
the traversal o f space (to , toward , over t o ) , and even though the
prepo s i t ion 7.. a- may b e used in t h i s s ens e , the obj e c t i s fe l t to be
d i fferent from those i l lustrat ed above .
20 . 3
Part i t ive App o s i t ion .
The pronominal suffixes (whet her
dat i ve or accus ative is immat er i a l ) are often used when a part o f the
body (et c . , cf. f , 2 above) i s the obj e ct of the t r ansit ive verb :
Sam <ewwo qaZo.
They heard h i s vo i c e .
Casasa"to 7.. e bso.
She touche d h i s
, /I arzrm,n,)o
'
edawihu.
c l ot h i n K .
They bound h i s h a I l u ,; .
86
87
Vocabul ary 20
E) .
13 .
Nouns :
zamad (p l . ' azmad) m . fam i l y , k i n , r e l at ives , c l an , tribe ; k in d , s ort ,

N o c l e ar dist inct ion i s maintained between the mean -
ings of the s ingular and p l ural form s .
4 . Mahharo ' abuhu haymano t a rete ' t a .
Verb s :
6 . ' I -ma! ! awnahu hagarana l a- w e ' etu negus .
nagara to s ay , t e l l ( a c c . of what i s s ai d ; dat . suff. or Za- of per
7 . S a ' al ewwo xebe s t a wa-wahabomu ' eban a .
wahaba t o give ( acc . dlr

. ob] . , dat . suff . or Za- o f indirect ob j ec t ) .
Za> aka to s end ( a me s s age or me s s enger ; s e e Lesson for construct i o ns ) .
was ada to l e ad , conduc t , bring , t ak e ( s e e Le sson for construction s ) .
mahara G / mahhara D to t each ( s omeon e : suff . obj . ; s omething :
acc .
d i r . obj . or ba- , ba' enta) .
mattawa D t o surrend e r , hand over ( ac c . d i r . obj . ; dat. suff. or Zao f ind i r . obj . ) .
' ammara D t o t e l l , show, indicat e , make known (something :

obj . ; to someon e :
acc . d i r .
obj . suff . ) .
za- that , the fact that ( introduces a noun c l ause after verbs o f
speaking et c . , l ik e kama and ' esma) .
ba' enta za- ( conj . )
becaus e .
S a ' a l an i s i saya .
1 0 . ' Ammarkuk emu mes! ira .

1 1 . Wahabnahomu wayn a .
1 2 . ' Ammarakemu t a ' amera .
4 . Marhuni feno t a .
13.
5 . Ma? ' ana mendab e .
1 4 . S a ' a l at o neway a .
1 5 . S emana qasawest a .
' Ammaran a ' edawihu .
Maharato l e s an a ' Afrenj .
7 . Mattonahu hagarana .
16.
8 . W a. h a b cw,o
1 7 . San ' ana mendab e .
N : I :-: ' t i l l i
L a ' aka l ot u wa-na garo kama g ab ' a ' eg

z i ' omu ' em-I;a yqa
1 4 . La-me nt nagar kani s annaya wagabar ka ' ckuya l a ' l cy.1 '!
1 5 . Wahab a l ana J;teywa ta adda s a wa- s
annayt a .
13.
16.
'<\" . ( 1 1
1);' 1 1 1 .
W a ' a ' em - z amad ' abiy wa-b e ' u l .
1 7 . B a ' enta ment ' i - sama ' kemuni q a l ateya?
beJ;1er .
1 9 . N as ' o l a-ware z a mes l ehu ' e sma z amadu we ' et u .
2 0 . Wasadato l a-be ' s i ba-westa beta wa- ' aqabato heyya ' e s k a xal afat
l e l it .
A . 1 . Wahabani lebs o .
2 . S e!k ewwo amareya.
<J
1 1 . Mahar komu- nu l a-wel udika b a ' enta

wang iu
i
l a - ' lg z j ' cn n 'l
1 2 . G a s sa?omu wa-na garomu kama fannaw
o ' E gzi ' abJ:! e r I a IV I I I " "
W
'
' al am ba enti ' an a k e l l en a .
2 1 . M as a ' ku b a ' en t a z a - sawwa ' kani .
E xerc i s es
6.
1 0 . Mannu maharakemu b a - l e s1ina G e ' z ?
1 8 . Wahabnahu s i s aya l a - fenot wa- fannonahu wes t a gadamata lV e ' etu
Conj unct i on :
3.
8 . Z entu we ' etu mes i r ' ab i y wa-qeddus .

9 . L a ' ako l a-waldu xabena m e s l a z entu ma?J:1af.
nababa to speak t o , t e l l ( s am e construct ions as nagara) .
2 . N ababkelllewwo -nu l a - z entu wareza ' e sma x a l afa z amadu?

w
3 . Was adevO l a - z entu Qeddus xaba mak anenta J:1ezb .
5 . Ma a\vewwa l a- h ag aT<?mu l a-we ' etu negus .
son addres s ed) .
"
2 0 . S a ' al kewwo 0eywa t a .
C . 1 . Nagarkewwomu kama ma? a ' ku ' em-kal e ' t hagar .
sisay m . sust enance , food .

speci e s .
S C lllU .
Conve rt thc verba l suffi x e s o f

Ex . A into equiv al ent prep o s i
t i onal phras e s .
mestir ( p l . -at) m . f . myst e ry (both general and r e l i gious s en s e s ) ;

frequent in reference to the euchari st .
' Akyo
cgi1 .
' :ild)
I I' Y : I .
Bazxana h e z b .
1 8 . I;lazano l ebbu .
88
89
corresponding Gt verb i s a s imp l e passive :
Les son 2 1
tafarha
he was feared
tagabra
tasadda
it was done / made
he was driven out
tahansa
tasam <a
it was bui l t
i t was he ard
L , and Q verbs may b e convert e d into a me dio -passive form b y prefi x

ing t h e e l ement ta- ( i n the P e rfect) .
tamara
tasay a
he w a s l ed
it was so l d
tamClhJ' a
he was defeat ed
tasClhJ <a
i t was sacri f 1 ced
tanagra
ta?efa
it was spoken
tatak la
21 . 1
Medio-passive Verb s :
Gt .
Most active tran s i t ive G , 0 ,

We sh a l l designate t h e s e verbs
as G t , Ot , L t , and Qt resp e ct i ve l y :
G
qatala
he k i l l ed
Gt
taqatla
h e was k i l l ed
fannawa
he s ent
Ot
tafannClhJa
he \vas sent
baraka
W
tal>g ama
he b l es s ed
Lt
he trans l at e d
Qt
tabaraka
W
tatarg ama
he was b l e s s e d
i t w a s t rans l ated .
The forms of the Gt verb for t h e various root typ e s are as fo l lows :
Sound
taqatla
he was ki l l ed
I - gut t .
taan?a
i t was bui l t
I I - gut t .
tal!e fa
i t was written
I I I - gutt .
tasam <a
it was heard
I -W
tawalda
he was born
i '
h e was buried
tClhJadya
he was p J A c<,d
he was k i l l e d
tasabka
tClhJehba
i t was g i ve l l .
i t was p reache d
The p as s i ve verb i s usual ly emp l oyed when

the writer (s p eak ,' '" ) d l l W,
no t wish to spe c i fy t he agent ( active subj
ect) . An agent i .. ' , ( 1111"
t imes added, howeve r, w i t h the prepos i t
ions ba-
Gt verbs may a l s o have a refl exive or midd

l e meanin g
tamaw' a
he was defeat ed
tasayma
h e was appointed
I I I -W
tawarwa
h e cast hims e l f down
I I I -Y
tasarrry a
h e was named
ta <adClhJa
<adClhJa ; ( 2) to transg ress (a l aw :

a p erson :
la < la) .
ta <aqaba
( 1 ) p as si v e of <aqaba ;
tarakba
to be found .
(1)
the s ame general patterns des cribed for G verbs of the corresponding
root types :
tarakba ?adeqa he was found (to be) r i ghteous .
tare' ya
to app e ar, s e em (to b e ) .
Same remarks as with
tarakba above .
There are some G t verbs lvh i ch ei ther ,have no corresponding G
verb or whose meanings are not dire c t l y r e lated to the G verb .
ta?efa
tasayma
tClhJarwa
ta?efat
tasam <at
tamClhJ' at
tasaymat
tawarwat
tanabba
to be read , recited .
taqatalka
ta?eefka
tasamii <ka
tamClhJii' ka
tasayamka
tawarClhJka
tale' ka
etc.
etc.
et c .
etc .
et c .
tam< e < a
t o serve , minister to ( acc , dir . obj , ) .
et c .
01
th0
oecas i o n a l l y at tested with roo ts
u l1 u l l 1 l l ' ; t l' t eJ forms
1 1 1 1 ' 1 ,', " , ' , I I ,
v"
I:
arc
' em- ; ugaj n s L
As virtual l y equivalent to kona ( c f .
tamaw' a
i ' o ,' 1110 '; 1
"" _
(2) to guard one ' s s e l f against
tasam <a
I I - W and I I l - g u t t . , [ H l l
I ch
by a p redicate noun or adj ective in the accus ative :
I n f l ection of the P erfect fo l lows
arc
, ,1<1 1
French s e trouve r , Hebrew nim{lO:' ) it may be fo l l owed
The
and C , requires that

3
verb s from roots I I - gut t . have the vocal i s m associ ated with the gabra
Contracted forms l i ke " taJllo ' a
\; 1 1
.I',Ii'< I,
(' emenna or obj . suff . )
some verbs is not uncommon , e s p e ci al l y those from roo t s I - gutt .
taqatlat
' (Jill
tI S
qui res specia l atten t i o n :
TaC aC C a is the norm for al l Gt verb s regard l e s $ of their G

l 2 3
type ( i , e . nabara versus gabra) , but an a l t ernate form taqatala for
taqat la
0 I'
, ba-xaba ,
I I -Y
typ e , name l y tG?efa ( c f . keda) .
taqabra
taqatla
but un l e s s a p erson i s invo l ve d , ba- would

usual ly be t a k e n
cating instrument , not agent .
I I -W
bas i c form taqatla, with n o vow e l between C
it was wr itten
i t was p l an t ed
the normal ones .
v " I ' I l ' ; 1 I I I' rodliceu thus far the
Note
especi a l l y the fo l l owin g :
to b e c ome angry, enraged .
taasya
to rej o i c e .
Th e re are
tWI,r:J' a
two
(N o G verb) ,
(No G verb)
Gt verbs with formal pecu l i ari t i e s :
i s t he regular pass ive of nas'a and means " I
I l('
I ,' ('II .
90
91
etc . "
The form tanse' a, infl ected as though from a Q
to b e convert ed ( re l i g ious s ense) ; to turn around,

come back ,
root tns' , is refl exive and means " to get up , ari s e ; to

r i s e (from the d e ad) ; to r i s e up against ( la ' l.a} . "
return .
taasaya/taasya Gt to rej o i ce ( i n , at :
tam' e ' a ( t o be come angry) has the s ame p e cul i ar i t i e s as tanse' a,

but b ecause o f t h e c lustering o f guttural s at the end o f
the s t em i t has deve loped t w o vari ant s t em forms .
tam 'e 'a/tam 'a G t t o b e come angry, enraged (at :
( 2 ) tcun ' a
All
sons ) ; to be l i ev e in (ba-) , have faith i n .
tam 'e 'at

tcun ' a 'ka
etc .
(1) to be b e l i ev e d ;
( 3 ) tcuna 'a'a
tama 'a 'at
tcuna'ka e t c .
tcuna ' a ' ka e t c .
Proper Names :
When the corresponding G verb governs two accus atives (sema,
Beta Leem Bethl ehem .

' Iyasus Keres tos Jesus Chri s t .
s cunay a, mal.' a) , the s e cond accus ative i s retained after the pass ive
Exercises
Gt verb :
A.
Tasayma kahena.
H e was appointed priest .
Tasamya Yoannesha.
He was named John .
Tamal.' a maya.
It was fi l l ed with water .
E xamp l e :
anau h ag ara Taanat hagar .
1 . F arlihku we ' eta n a g ara .

2 . G abra ' Am l lik z an t a ' li l am a .
3 . Qab arewwo l a- s egahu mes l a zamadu .
Nouns :
4. S adadewwo l a -madx e n en a .
,
tazkar m emo r i a l s ervi c e or h o l i day , commemora tion ; memory ; m emorandum
e
l.ata
'
n o t at i o n . gabra tazkara t o c e l ebrate a commemo rat i on .
tazkar d ay of commemorat i on .
S . Qatal ewwo l a- ' eg z i ' omu .
6 . Sama ' na q a l a mend1lbehu .

W
7 . e!na k e l l o ' ahb a l ina .
8 . aafu ' asmatihom u westetu.

9 . Wahabemvo s i s aya wa- l e b s a .
1 0 . Marewwo l a-ware z a zeyya .
B . 1 . Tafarahku b a ' en t a s emeya ' ab i y .
dammana (pl . - t ) m . f. c l o ud ( s ) .
2 . La-mannu tagabrat zati amar?
3 . Tam<j.w ' u ezben a w a - t anas ' at hagarena .
gebr (pl . -at, gebar) m . f . de e d , a c t ; work , task , bus ines s ; re l igious
4 . Tamarana wes t a fenot rete ' t .
s ervi c e , l i turgy ; product , art i fact , creat ion .
me ' raf (p l . -at) a qui e t p l ac e , a r e s t i n g p l ace ; one ' s final resting
5 . Tas aya!ku ba- ' edawihomu l a - ' e l l ontu s ab ' .

6 . T a ? efa zentu maJ.1afa egag ba-mawa ' e l a ' abawi n a .
p l ace ; a measure of l ength , a s t ade ; chapter of a book .
maqsaft (p I . -at) m. f. punishment , b e ating, whipping ; frequen t l y in
7 . Tas adadna ' em- ' abyat ina wa- ' em-xaba ' azmadina .
8 . MIT' z e - nu t amawa ' k emu wa- t an as li ' k emu?
the sense of " d ivine pun i s hment . "
maqdas t emp l e , s anctuary .
Transfo rm each o f t h e fo l l owing into the p as s ive , omi t t i ng

the
agent (subj e ct ) .
Vocabul ary 2 1
, I
ta' amana/ta' amna Gt
(2) to b e l i eve in, h ave fai t h in (ba- o r
( 3) t o confess ( s i ns ) ; ( 4 ) t o b e confi d en t , s e cure .
acc . ) ;
tcun'at
l.a ' l.a , diba, ba' enta) .
' amna to be tru e ; to b e l i eve ( a c e . d i r . obj . or la- , esp . wi t h per-
p o s s i b l e infl e c t i ons are found :

( 1 ) tcun 'e ' a
ba- , ba' enta) .
Beta Maqdas the Temp l e in J erus a l em .
9.
M a n n l l t a sayma ' c p i s qopo s a diba behereka?
1 0 . Y e ' c L Il ' ;un i n t at a k l at haymanot ene ' t b a - l ebbu .
Verbs :
walada to b e ar (a chi l d) ; to b eget ch i ldren (by :
ba-xaba) .
tawal.da
Gt to be born .
:
meta to turn away , divert ; to turn , d i rect ( e . g . face ; toward
xaba) ;
,
t o return somethin g / s omeone t o o r i ginal p l ace ; t o conv ert
ve;
i
s
s
a
p
Gt
tamay ta
tran s form ( ace . d i r . o l l j . ' IJCr; {,a , la- ) .
C.
.1 .
S ( ) " U L ; I ' ; l ci o ll o we '

k w (' I I ?T
e t a dabra wa-ba!?lil;na hagaromu, nab.1 " I 1 1 1 I I <
2 . 'l'lI l <, ' e k k ('\Vwo l a - z en t u q eddus ' es k a ' e l ata motu .

:1 .
d .
'1""
' 1l < l ' l h k t'lll l l

.
\ \ II
' iillli l L a .
" 1 .1":1 /
1,l C'!; .1 g a e zbena wa- ' i - t a 'aqabkemll

I I . I ) I I r C l l u wa- ' i - t ana s ' at .
I'll" 1 1 1 1 /1
t.
II
93
92
5 . Tans e ' at ' em-heyya wa- gab ' at xaba z amada .
6 . ' I - s ama ' kemu-nu z a - t an e ' a ' Eg z i ' ena ' em-mutan wa- z a I;ley aw
Les s on 2 2
w e ' etu?
7.
B a-ye ' et i ' e l at tarakabku ' e l ew a wa- t as adadku ' em - ma ' ka l omu .
8 . Tare ' ya gau aya wa- lebsu b erh an a s amayawe .

W
9 . Tanabba zentu k e l l u ma?l;laf ba-beta maqdas ye ' et a ' amira .
w
1 0 . Tasamayku s ema Yoannesha ba- sema ' ex a ' abuy a .
22. 1
ment .
Note the fo l l o\Ving verbs derived from 0,
Dt
1 2 . Qatal ewwo b a ' en t a z a - ta' adawa ' em -I;legagihomu .

W
1 3 . Wa- ' emdexra- z e t al e ' ka ba-beta maqdas k e l l o maw a ' e l a eywatu .
to be sent
tagassa?a
.to be reproached , instru cted
tamattaJ.Ja
to b e surrendered, handed over ; t o a c cept ,

receive
I S . Tamal ' a s amay dammana t a wa-warada zenam wa-barad .
Lt
1 . Waladat walda l a -be ' s i ha w a - s amayato serna Ma rqo s .
Qt
2 . TaI;alda ' Iyasus Kerestos b a - Be t a L eem .

' Ayte t awal adkemu ' anta wa- ' axawika?
L, and Q verbs a lready
tafannawa
1 4 . Z a t i ' e l at ta zkara motu la-Qeddus Ma rqos .
3.
The r e l a t i onship of 0
introduced :
1 1 . Tamal ' a samay berhan a w a - t asam ' a q a l a mal a ' ek t .
D.
Dt , Lt , Qt .
Medi o - P as s ive Verbs :
to Dt e t c . is l i ke t h at of G to Gt and requires l it t l e further com
ta?aJJJWe <a
to be summoned , cal l ed
tabCi:t>aka
tatargW ama
to b e b l e s s e d
to be t r an s l ated
The D t verb tanasseha i s synonymous with 0 nassea to repent .
4. Tanabba l ana ma?af b a ' enta gebara qe ddusan .
TamattaJ.Ja in the s en s e " to receive , accept" i l lustrates an interest
5 . S emu l a- z entu mal;laf Gebra I;lawareyat \Ve ' etu , I; a- ' em-l:Iegg Hadd i s
ing ph enomenon :
we ' et u .
6.
when a verb in i t s active form governs bo t h a direct
and an indirect obj ect , i t is sometimes pos s ib l e to effect the p as
'
amay a
Wa- ' emdexra sabaka b a-wange l westa enfakt i medr , t
s ive t ransformat ion o n e ither ob j e c t .
This i s fu l ly comparab l e to
xabena.
7 . Wa- sob a xalafa we ' etu mendabe, t a as ayna fadfada .
8 . F anna\Va ' Eg z i ' abe r z anta maqs aft a l a ' lena b a ' ent a x a i ' aten a .
Eng l i s h , where the pas s ive counterp art of "They gave me the book" is
9 . Wa- ' ama z anta nagaran a , mErna ga? ?atina ' emennehu w a - ' i -
either ( 1 ) TamaFFaJ.Jat lotu hagar (The city was surrendered to him) or
either ( 1 ) "The book was given t o me" o r (2) "I was given the book . "
Thus , Ma FFaJ.Jewwo hagara (They surrendered the city t o him) b e comes
(2) TamaaJ.Ja hagara (He was surrendered the c i t y
na?? arnahu .
The Dt o f 0 mahhara is simi l ar :
He receive d or
1 0 . Rakabna me ' rafa s annaya wa-nabarna heyya ' eska ebal;l .

1 1 . Wadayo l a- s egahu l a - ' abuhu w e s t a me ' rafu .
t aught may be the subj e c t , as in Tamahhara egg ( The l aw was t aught) ,
1 2 . Ba- ' ayy me ' rafa zentu mal;laf t arakba nagara gebarihu?
or ( 2) the person t aught may be t h e sub j e c t , as in Tamahhara 1y.egga
accepted the city) .
lie l e arned t h e law) .
( 1 ) the thing
1 3 . Ba- ' ayy ' e l at a warx w a - b a- ' ayy warxa ' runat t agabra t a zkaru?
(He was t aught the l aw
1 4 . La-ment ba?ana zentu maq ; aft?
ings bot h tamattaJ.Ja and tamahhara may b e l is t ed as active tran s i t ive
I S . Ba- z entu qal tamay a \Vest a ' arwe medr wa-\Vadqa diba medr.
verbs gov rn ing
16.
AI
' Amanna ba-qalatihu wa- konna Kerest iyan a .
1 7 . S o b a zanta s ama ' ku , t am ' a ' ku eqqa fadfada wa-nas a ' ku ' ebna
wa-qatal k ewwo .
18.
1 <) .
!n .
I l oru xnhchu wa - t a ' amnu xatawe ' ihomu .

'I
- '
,lln:1 I 1 T I il
'1"11111 ' 1 1
1 :I ' ] a
l o tu wa-s adadnahu ' em- xabena .

' ;r rdii ' ihu wa-xal afa ' em - qedmehomu .
n
V
i on h i p b
m v
ur
hlhl l
CL
obJ oct in the accusat ive .

arl j
that there i s usua l l y n o d erivational
n G nnd 0 verbs , thi s requires some mod i f i c at ion

nto t h e ful l verb a l system .
In their s e cond mean
There i s a s i gnifi-
rbs which are derived , not from a corresponding 0
t' l Y [ rom a G verb , or at l e ast from nouns or adj e c -
f'l I ,
tIV
dl r
hough w
110
tl w i t h t h e G s y s t e m .
T h e derivat ional c h a i n G -7 Dt
lnp, l e s emant i c parame t e r , but there are a few sub - groups
95
t h a t may
be i ;o l (\ L Od :
( 1)
J)L
v c r l; s
xasar (p l . -at) m . f . wretchedn e s s , poverty, ignominy.

[rom s t at ive G v erbs have the b a s i c meaning
" to regard one ' s s e l f as , t o show on e ' s s e l f off as . "
Thes e verbs
t en d to be p e j orativ e , but n eed not b e , and usual ly i mp l y hyp o cr i sy ,

decei t , or d e f i ciency on the part of t h e sub j ect .
tadawwaya
' em-) .
wassaka 0 t o add (to :
la- ; against :
la ' la) .
diba, la' la) ; t o increas e , augment (ace . d i r .
ta 'ahbaya
to be b o as t fu l , arrogant
to give the app e arance ( fa l s e ly) of b eing
tafasse a Dt to rej o i c e ( in :
r i ght eous
bezawa Q/ L to redeem ( ac . dir . obj . ; with: ba- ; fro m :
obj . ) .
t o " ac t smart " ; to be crafty , cunn i ng .
It is
spe c i a l i z e d forms :
to prophesy (to :
la- ; again s t :
la 'la) ; denom-
inat i v e from nabiy .

to ask someone (obj . suff. or ba-xaha) about
tase" e la
someth ing ( ac c . d i r . obj . or ba' enta) .
tagahbara
to wo rk , do work ; to work something , especial l y

i n an agricultural s en s e :
t o work a fi e l d or
t h e l an d ; to tran s act business (with :

( 3)
mesla) .
Other Dt verbs are r e l at e d to causat ive (CD) verbs and
wi l l be treat ed later .
Ta' ammara is both t h e p a s s ive o f ' ammara and denominat ively r e

l at e d t o te' mert ( s ign , s i gn al ) :
t o g i v e a s ign or s i gnal .
Dt verbs from ro o t s I I - gut t . a l ternat e between the p att erns
tamahhara and tamehhera , tasa" ala and tase" e la et c .
A.
1 . Tamal'i a ' n a wa- t amattawat hagaren a westa ' edal'i

i homu .
2 . Wa-soba taga ss au , l'ia- t amehher u ba' enta haymano
ta K c r c s l l y n " .
3 . ' I - t amahhara z entu egg b a-mal'ia ' e l ihu .
W
4 . Ta al'iwe ' u wa-tafannawu w e s t a k e l lu ba al'ierta ' a l arn .
S . Tamaytu xaba beta 'abuhomu wa-tab araku b a - xabehu .
''i
6 . Ta efa nagaratihu westa b e z ux ma al;1eft , wa-tatarg amu 1 a
l es 1inat ba ' edd .
7 . Tasal'iwa ' ku xaba 1 i qa pappasa t wa-ta sayamku ' ep

i s qop o s a d i b a
z entu bee r .
8 . Tawadya ma sw a ' t u heyya wa- t as o ' a xaba ' E g z i ' aber .
9 . Wa-sob a tanabbaya l ana, xa1afa ' emennena wa- ' arga westa s amayat.
1 0 . B akayna wa-azanna b a ' enta z a - t awass akana xasar wa-maq s aft .
w
B . 1 . Ma ' u be zuxan deweyan xabehu wa- fawwasomu k e l lomu b a-Manfas
Qeddus .
2 . Tafalvwasna ' em - daweyat ina w a - t anassana ' em-xap.we ' in a .
mendabe wa-maq s aft a .
4 . S oba r e ' ina kama we ' etu ? adeq eyal'i we ' et u , t afassana fadfacla
wa-wah abna s ebat a l a - ' E gzi ' abe r .
dawe (pl . -yat) f . m . s i ckne s s , i l lne s s ; d i s e as e .

c e l ibat e , monk .
' anada m. skin , hide , l eather ; ab la ' anada thong.
sebt (p l . -at) m . f . prai s e , hymn of prai s e ; glory , maj e s t y .

To I l lm
d i v i II"
1 1 ; 1 111'''. ) .
(}l
3 . Qoma ba-qedmehomu l a -ezb xat e ' an wa-tanabbaya l a ' l ehomu
N oun s :
ne"lat
' &11/- ) .
s u r !' . ) .
E xercises
V o cabulary 2 2
denge l (pl . danage l) virg i n ; also app l i ed to men :
ba- , ba' enta, la ' la , diba) .
tahezawa t o be redeeme d ; t o redeem for one ' s s e l f .
di fficult to charact eri z e t h i s group other than t o speak o f lexica l l y
tanabbaya
or ohj .
Dt tawassaka to be added to (westa , xaba ,
D t verbs may s imp ly b e denominatives from nouns or
adj e c t i ve s , s ometimes r e l at e d t o G verb s , sometimes i s o l ated .
Dt tafawwasa to be cured , heal ed .
ta?addaqa
(2)
fawwasa to cure , h e a l ( ac c . of p erson or d i s e as e ; acc . of p e rs on

tanabbaya Dt to prophe s y (to :
to f e i gn i l l n e s s , pretend to be s i ck
tapahbaha
Verb s :
lotu
be p Ta l s e (a frequent parenthetical remark after
S . M as ' a madxenena w e s t a ' a l am wa-tab e z awana ba- damu ' em-xal i ' a t .
6 . Tawas s ak o neway wa-k ona b a ' e l a eqqa.
7 . Wassaknahomu diba e zbena wa-konna ezba ' ab i yo l'i ll
8 .
\a s s ak u xat i ' ata xaba xat i ' at wa- ' i -s am ' e l'il'io
(I.
T a mL' h h c ]'a
I(J.
I. L l yl,!;1
l e sana Yon1inawiyan ba-xaba
WI" c t u ware z a ' em-dawehu
q l ()
' emml l .
wa- t am a n a h i' I "
I ". ' 1 1 1 11 .
I II
l I l u l l l "llIl l .
96
97
C . 1 . Wa-wal adat ye ' et i b e ' s i t dengel walda wa-samayato s erna l a-walda

' Iyasus ( lotu s ebat ) ' esma madxena ' alam w e ' etu.
W
2 . ' Em- ' ayy lesan tatarg ama zentu maaf be luy?
3.
N as ' a ' anada wa-gabra ' emennehu ' albasa sannay a .
4.
Z entu ab l a ' anada teqqa enu ' we ' etu.
Tawass aku ' el atat xaba J:leywatu, wa-J:aywa J:leywata nawaxa fadfada
ba- z entu ' alamo
W
6 . Bezawa k e l lo ' al ama ba- segahu wa-ba-damu .
5.
7.
8.
Les son 2 3
2 .3 . 1
C a rd i n a l
Mas cul ine
one
aadu
two
ke Z Uu
three
sa Zastu
acc .
Tafasselu diba motomu l a- xat e ' an wa- ' el ewan .
four
arba ' tu
Nabarna heyya ba-xasar wa- ' i -t afassana ba-ye ' et i J:l eywat
fiv e
xamestu
naddayt .
six
sedestu
s even
sab'atu
9 . Tanabba l i ta z entu n agar wa-t afawwasku ' em-daweya .

10.
w
Nas' on l a-k e l l on danage l ' anest ihu .
e i ght
samantu
11 .
Was s akka newayaka medrawe wa- ' i - wassakka newayaka manfas awe .
nine
tes 'atu
t en
' asartu
1 2 . ' I - t anabbayu wangel awiyan, ' al Ia s abaku .

w
1 3 . Wahabu l ana s i s aya l a-k e l l a ' e l at wa-tale' kuna ' eska
tafawwasna ' em-dawena .
1 4 . Wa-t afawwasa w e ' etu dewuy ' e sma ' amna ba-qalateya wa- ' i -meta
l ebbo ' em-hayrnanot ret e ' t .
15.
Wa- ' ama ta' arnrnaru, rona kW e l l ena ' ern-bet westa fenot .
1 6 . Tas e " e l ana ba' enta eywatena zeyya .

17.
Tagabbarna medra wa-nas a ' n a s i sayana ' emenneha .
18.
Ta' ammara z entu nagar l akemu ba' ent a za-adeqan ' antemu.
1 9 . Ta ' abbayka wa- gabarka ' ekuya l a ' l a naddayana J:lezb .
2 0 . ' I - k ana tab 1' b a, ' a l l-a taabbaba ba-qedma kale ' anihu wat a ' abbaya ba-gebrat ihu wa-ba-qal atihu .
, i-
' abyu .
24 . l3a ' c nt a
me n t t as e " e lkenana ba-xaba l iqa papp asat?
ac c .
- to.
calasn
, arba '
- t o.
xams
- to.
Goon;;
sab 'u
- to.
D(I/' ' u
samani
Qllliill i
tes 'u
- ta
cu/)U 'a
:r:(mW a
ses su
- to.
alatto.
keZ eta
saZas
- to.
' aadu be' si

ke Z e ti hagar
xams 'e Zat
iN/ '{;
rasru
aatti be si t
ke Z e dammana
sessu ' anest
abadu/ aat ti frequent ly has

the sens e "a cert ain" :
'ani'll
ke Z e tu abya t
saZa stu warx
saba 'tu sab
aadu be si a
cert ain man . Numb ers rare l y stan

d in cons truc t ; the part i t i ve
pre s s ed by ' em- :
Ord i n a l
23. 2
are
,I
aatti
ke P eti
- to.
saZa ctu em- arda ihu
keZ' e ta
mas cul ine ( 7 ) saba 'tu , ( 8 ) samCi

ni tu , ( 9 )
tas 'atu , tasa ' tu ; femi nine
( 1 0) 'asr . Note that the
maS CUl ine numb ers
in - tu have ac cus ativ e - to. but
that femi nine s in -u have no d
i s t inct
accu sat ive form. The form ke Z'
i s used for both masc ul
ine and femi
nin e "two . "
Card inal numb ers norm al ly prec
ede the obj ect coun ted . Othe r
than "one , " agreement in gend er
i s not alwa ys pres ent , even with
per
sona l noun s , and ther e is a t ende
ncy to gene ral i z e the numb ers
in
- tu
for a l l uses . Agre emen t in case
i s normal . The coun ted noun may
be
eith er sing ular or plur al , with
a pref eren ce for the form er :
nagaraka?
Tat abbabu wa- ' i - abbu, taaddaqu wa- ' i - adqu , ta 'abbayu wa
Femi nin e
' a dO:
Comm on vari ant forms :
2 1 . Nabarna westa Ye ' et i medr sannayt wa- tagabbarna mes l a ' aJ:lzabiha.
w
2 2 . Ba' enta ment tadawwayka qedma mak annen wa- ' i -nagarkahu
23.
Nwn ber s .
based
on
the
( f . qa ie Zt) ;
th e
Numb ers .
three o f h i s
ex
disc i p l e
From " thre e" onwa rd t h e o n i i n l l l 1 1

1 1111 i 1 l' I " ' .
same root s as the card inal s, w i : 1 1
I I l l' ) 1 1 1 1 1 11 /' 1 1 . / 0 / I , ' I
accu sati ve i s s imp l y in - a .
98
99
f.
sabe < t
salest
seventh
sabe <
rabe <
rabe <t
e i ghth
sCimen
sCiment
fifth
xCimes
xCimest
ninth
tase<
tase < t
s i xth
sades
so.dest
t enth
'"aser
<asert
third
sales
fourth
f.
.:J-=. ( f . qa dam'/..' t)
For " fi rst" qauum'/..
in s everal ways :
s used .
t)
tes <a
seb <a
<esra
serrma
The s e fo rms of the numbers are a l s o used occas ional l y as feminine

cardinal s : sels hagar three cities . "Once" may be expressed by
, aatta or me <ra; "twi ce" by ka <eba or dagema , both of which are fre
- le' ( f . -t) , usual ly , but not exc lus ively, when

ka
-
sedsa
reb <a
xemsa
"Second" may b e expres s ed
only two it ems are invo lved; dagem ( f . -t) ; ka <eb ( f .
selsa
whi ch i s
quent in the s ense " again , a s econd time . "
rare ; ba <ed ( f . ba <edd) , but which has al so the addit ional meaning
E xerci ses
" other , strange , foreign . "
the third gate
rabe <8J.,)i be' s i
the fourth man
sabe <8J.,)it hagar
the seventh city.
. - i t salesit
- 1S
. -ay
.
Note that the feminine form for ordina 1 s 1n
be' sit the third woman . A further derivat ive from the ordinal s t em
B.
9.
s e s su b e ' s i t
16.
sab ' u
17.
s arn?in L I I 1'1 1 ' 1 1 1 \ 1
18 .
s a m ii n i
sal as negest
s edestu ' arawita medr

w
1 1 . ' arba ' tu mak annen
1 2 . ' arba ' ' ed
1 3 . ' arba 'tu ' aqW el
10.
4.
sal est amar
5.
xamestu xabawe z
7.
xams ' ext
14.
s ab ' atu qiiliit
I,
Setkewwo sal as t a ab l a .
2.
Gabarku kel ' et a newaya .
3.
Metna ' el l onta ' arba ' t a we l uda xaba betomu ,
5.
hours of the day :

the third night (of the week or of the
8.
9.
the fourth day of the month .
10.
1 2 . Ma ' a xabena ' ahadu ' em-zamadu .
Nabara heyya salusa < e lata/mawo. <ela.
' fl r l J r t l.l n l l
1 3 . l'Iahabomu s isaya l a- s amani < e l at .
He stayed there three days .
14.
Note in part icu l ar that " s e cond" i s sanuy ( f . sanit) , based on a ro ot
IS.
N abaru mes l ena s edesta ' awraxa .

Nabarna mes l ehomu ' asru 'amat a .
not us ed in the other number seri e s . When the context i s c l ear , the
.
nouns for day and hour are oml tte d : ba-salus on the third ( day) , at
1 6 . ' I -nagarkukemu-nu z anta s e l s a ?
the third (hour) .
18.
17.
Cardinal Adverb s . From " three" to " t en" the p at tern qe tl

(lccusatl v e (qc Ua) denotes " three times , thrice , " e t c .
23. 3
i n the
sabe ' 1I\1I I ' , I
Was adewwomu l a- ' e l lontu salastu s ab ' xaba negus .

La' aka xabeya k e l ' e mal a ' ekt a .
or months are counte d :
I:.
La-ment ' i - s ama 'kemun i ?
Gab ' a xaba beteya reb ' a wa- ' i - rakabani me ' ra .
' a zmad i hu xerns a .
Tab6 z aw a
J9.
Z C' n t u
20 .
' I
t :1I1ahba
L OIII ' e ' a
I . J: ,' WI.' ' l' l \ I
l omu dagema .
k ii ' eb a .
q :ldllmi.
egg .
' U I/II\ 1
tes
Serna tes 'ata diyaqona wa- xamesta qas i s a dibehomu .

Maharewwo ba- ' asartu l es anat .
They also occur in p l ace o f the regu l ar cardinals when days , hour s ,
,< , , 1 '1 1 1
20.
Ba- dagem warx 'adawu sedesta dabra .
11.
' ii mi t !
21.
We ' eta warxa I;lanau kel ' et a ' abiya ' abyiit a .
7 . 'Arnmarana xame s t a me stira qeddus a .
on the t enth day ( o f the month)
't u W i l f'X
1 9 . siimon l
6.
part i cul ar time period in question)

rabu < la-warx
IS.
sabii
2 . salastu nagast
4 . Ba-qadiimit ' iimatu mo ' a xamsa ' ahgura .
and used almost exc lus ively to des i gnate days of the week or month or
salus le lit
s edestu masaggeran
6 . xamestu gabr
i s <aserat , a tenth, t i the .

There is a s econd series o f ordinal s based on the pattern qatul
ba- <asur <e lat
8.
3.
noun :
sales ' anqa
salas hagar
A. 1 .
A l l o f the ordinal s except kale' appear also with the adj ectival
.
- . The ord1' nal adJ' ectives normal ly precede their
suffixes - and -ay
101
100
w
lu newayu .
2 . Waha ba lotu ' aser ata ' em_k e l
aren a .
3 . B a- salu s t ama awa t hag
' em-,d aweya .
4 . Ba-me s e t a r ab u ' t afaww asku
beheromu .
",.,a s adus ' el at l a-war x t amay u
5 . Ba- ? eb
.
6 . B a - ' asur t a awwa ' na qedmehu
ba ' enta s ab ' u danagel ababt .
7 . N agar ana naga ra
' s i t w a - s a ' al atana s i saya .
8 . Wa- ' emze qarba t rabe ' awit be
.
9 . N ab aru heyy a ' eska t asu'
ba- xame stu ' aba l senu' .
arwe
'
etu
'
a-we
1 0 . Was adewwo l
xabe kemu .
1 1 . Tafannawu xame stu ' em- ' arda ' ihu
medr .
s su ' em- ' ahgurihomu l a-negusa kal e ' t
1 2 . Tama tta\oJ
' a se
wa-w ahabo lan a .
1 3 . Gabr kel ' e ' alba sa ' em- ' anad a
reyat s is aya mes lehomu .
1 4 . ' I -n as ' u hawa
.
maa eft mes l a ' asma ta
1 5 . Ze-w e ' etu ' asmat a zent u xame stu
Lesson 24
24 . 1
Glt .
For many G verbs
there is a derived verb marked by the prefix ta- and a lengthening of

the stem vowel (-a- ) between C l and C 2 and expressing reciprocity or
mutual activity . Though rel ative l y infrequent, these verbs are n o t
rar e , and it i s probabl e that they coul d be formed at w i l l for mnn y
!.l s t t'd
verbs other than tho s e for, which we have actual attest at ions .
bel ow are the most important Glt verbs from roots already introduced .
For convenience they are divided into two group s :
( 1 ) those who,
meanings are more or l e s s predi ctab l e from the general notion o f rec i
procity or association, and (2) those whose meanings require
attention .
s p ec i a l
Note further that thes e verbs are distinct from Lt verbs ,
which they resemb l e formal ly , s ince they are derivationally l inked to
me 'rafatihomu .
' ahad a be ' se rate ' a wa-? adeq a.

1 6 . ' I - raka ba ba-w es t a zati haga r
Yoa nnes ha.
1 7 . S amay ato l a-sa lesaw i w a l da s erna
maqdas .
1 8 . Ta l e ' ku kel ' etu ' em-w e ludi ha b a-be ta
ena we ' eta ' amir a .
1 9 . T anabb a zentu ' asar tu egg qedm
xasar wa-m aqs aft ' em - dibe na .
20 . B a- ' asera wit ' amat x a l afa z entu
_
Associative (Reciprocal) Verbs :
G (or perhaps Gt) and not to l exical L verbs .

( 1 ) tabkaya
to weep together, mourn mutually
takhada to argue with , contradict (obj . suff . ; concerning :

ba'enta)
taqaraba to approach one another, come close together ; frequent
in the s exual s ense :
to have intercour s e
tana?ara to l ook at one another (note rel ationship to D verb)

'
taqa.tala to fight or kil l one another; to fight (with :
mesla
or acc . )
tara' aya to look at one another , see one another (ga?l!a ba-ga??
I .
face t o face)
tama < e <a to get mad at one another
tasii' ala to find out by asking around
tasame <a to hear and understand one another, each other ' s l an-
guage .
( 2 ) /;ahijl " !/(.l L o b r i n g (someone :
l eetl
acc . dir . obj . ) before a j udge ( a
t erm)
i l1/;i"l./,]" ' a LO i n trude ,
s l ip in uninvited (int o , amollg :
/ , Ifrul, , ' a L o
gaLher, as semb l e ( intrans . )
r , /I / " I / , / I '"
sp e a k
/ IC I 'iH'uj " c
t o congregat e ; to j oin , as sociate w i t h ( 11/, '/1 / "
1 0
I " L ' ( ' 11 i.a ,
" 1 " ,, , 1 '
with (mesla, xaba ,
or
a c t: , :
or ace . ) ; to speak
( ,\
l l l l ' f: " . o p "
I ,
ace . )
"
1,, ,
,'
", ' , I
103
1 02
ianwaba
(pl . ' as.ba' ,

to batt l e .
E}ab'
tanZigara
tasayata to buy (acc . dir. obj . )
- t)
m. f . war , batt l e .
ora/wa4' a E}ab' a t o go out
tawalada to procreat e ; to increase or flouri sh by procreat ion .
Verbs :
taxa lafa to wander t o and fro
takayada G l t (root kyd o f kidan above) to make a treaty , pact , cove
taqawama to oppos e , withstand, t ake a stand against ( ac c . dir .
obj . or mes la , la cla, qedma) ; less commonl y :
to s t and
nant (with :
?ab' a t o make war, fight (with :
up for ( la- ) .
verb .
The verbs tawalada and taxalafa i l l us trate a further component in the

s emantic range of G l t verbs , namely that of repeated (iterative)
action .
acc . ) .
G l t ta{labe'a t o fight ono
another; to fight (acc . dir . obj . or mes la) .
anawa to bid farewel l to (obj . suff . ) ; note re l at i onship to

ta
D
mesla or obj . suff . ) ; to promi s e .
Taking this in con j un ct ion with the more usual associat ive/
Coda trans :
to go around, to surround; to avoid ( a p l a ce ) ; intr::m s . :
to go around, circula-te , tour .

rad' a to help (someone : obj . suff . ) . Gt tarad' a pass i ve . G l t
tarade' a to render mutual aid, to help ( acc . dir . obj . o r mel l / I I ) .
tasataJPa
' Lt to associate with ( ac c . or mes la ) ; t 0 s h are ( somOL h i l1)! ,
ba-) with someone ( acc . ) .
reciprocal meaning, we may speak more general ly of the Glt as repre

senting a lexical plura l i z at ion o f the base verb , with emphas i s on in
tasanQ' awa QI t to come t o an agreement , be in accord .
vo lvement in an ongo ing or repeated activity rather than on' a s ingl e ,
Other :
punctual act .
bakama prep . according t o , in accordance with; conj . according a s ,
There i s no corresponding associat ive/reciprocal form for D or

L
verbs , a lthough a few, l i ke tarzi'i{lara and tafcmawa above, have G l t
derivatives .
There i s , however , a Qlt form from Q verb.s , with
between the second and third radica l s :
tasana' awa (root :
act ions with are reciprocal ; frequent with G l t verbs :
-0.
sn' w) to
they wept together) .
I t does not occur without pronomin a l suf
fixes .
Vocabul ary 24
Exerc i s es
Noun s :
te' zaz (p I . -at) f . m . order, command, edi ct ; l aw, commandment .
ba
A . 1 . Wa- s oba re ' yu bezuxa mewutan a , t abakayu fadfada .

2 . Taka aduna ' e l lontu ' e l ewan ba ' enta haymanot rete ' t .
3.
te' zaza at the command o f .

kidan (p I . -at) m . f . ( 1 ) p act , treaty, covenant ; ( 2 ) wi l l , testament .
4.
' I - t aqarabu ' eska t awalda waldomu .

Wa-sob a zanta s am ' u , t arawa?u westa fenot .
6.
Tana aru bab aynat ihomu wa- ' i -t aqarabu .

Tama ' e ' u fadfada wa-taqat alu babaynatihomu.
a l s o a techni cal term denoting benefit promised by G o d to tho s e
7.
Tara' ayna gaa ba-ga wa- ' i - t asama 'na .
who celebrate the corrunemorat ion of a particular saint .
B.
Taaba ' n a me s l ehomu me ' ra ba-ye ' et i ' amat .
mes l (pl . mesal , mes lat , ' amsal) m . l ikene ss , form, image ; proverb .
9.
T aqarabu wa-t aqat alu wa-motu be zuxan ' emennehomu .
Kidan Belit Old Testament ; Kidan ijaddas New Tes t ament .
gabra/
Kia:an i s
The form ' amsal i s frequent as a s ingular (pl . -at) with the
s ame meanings .
e l l l l ', \ ) I I .
5.
10.
Ill .
[.
S L I1 K .
and co l I . , companion , associat e ,
Saba tasa ' alu ' esma mota negusomu , fannawu xabeya mal ' aka mes l a
zentu mashaf.
ba-' amsala in the l ikeness o f .
c a?f (pI . -at , ' a cf?eft) m . tunic, c l oak , mant le .
6utaj7> ( rare l y mil-un
tanal!aru
babaynatihomu they looked at one another; taba.kayu babayna.tihO1
come to a mutual agreement , be in accord .
sema/takayada kidana xaba/mes la to make a K . with .
[1 5 .
b abaynati- prep . among , between (us ed mainly with verbs denoting
B. 1.
T n k o.yadan a
' /; g z i
2.
(; ;.l il l':t k i diinil
?, .
S CIll I I : 1
' u h l o r .
l11l' s l ll
1.H' zh u .
k j d n l l : 1 ,'( , 1 1 1 : 1 \v' ( " e l l !
negus.
1 04
105
4 . Takiiyadna kidIma mes l a ' cgzi ' ena .
5 . !:lorna ab ' a ye ' eta ' amata wa- abii ' na bezuxa ' al!z aba .
6 . Wa- ' emze wa ' u kWe l l omu warazuta hagar ab ' a ba-te ' zaza negus .
7 . 'ada hagaromu wa- ' i - s ab ' omu .
Soba dawayku, rad ' an i we ' etu b e ' si xer wa-ayoku ' em-daweya .
9 . Ta ' adawna ' em-egagihu wa- ' i - sama ' na t e ' zazat ihu .
8.
1 0 . Taqarabu ' emuntu kel ' etu ware z a wa-taqata1u .

1 1 . Wa- ' emze tasana ' awu ba ' enta Kerestiyan wa- ' i -taab e ' u mes 1ehomu.
1 2 . Tarade ' u babayniit ihomu wa-konu be 'u1ana eqqa .
1 3 . N abarku mes1ehu wa-tarada ' kewwo ba' enta ' e 1 ewana z eku beer .
1 4 . Zanta gabarna bakama t e ' zazeka.
1 5 . Tasat afnahomu ba-newayena wa-ba- sisayena.
c.
1 . ' Em-mannu tasayaka z ant a maafa beluya?

2 . Tasaya!kewwo ' em-b e ' si be ' ul .
w
3 . Taba eewwomu 1a- ' e 1 1 ontu s edestu sab ' xaba mak annen .
4 . ' Efo t abawe ' ewwo xa e ' an wa- ' ekuyan 1a-hezbena?
5 . Tagab e ' u sab ' a zamadu wa-t asana ' awu b a ' enta newayu .
6 . Tarakabku mes 1 a z entu qeddus wa-ta1 e ' ekkewwo .
7 . Tarakabu ezb wa- gabru t azkara negusomu mewut .
8.
Tanagara mes 1 eha wa-t asayaa we ' eta maafa qeddusa ' emenneha .
9.
Wa-soba t a ' ammara te 'mert , t agaba ' n a 1 a-ab ' .
1 0 . Wa<;l ' u wa-tawa1 adu wa-ma1 ' u kW e l l a medra .
1 1 . Tamayana wa-tagaba ' na west a betu 1 a-makwannen .

1 2 . Wa-soba tabiik ayu , t afanawewwo 1 a-wa1domu .
1 3 . Taqawamu 1 a ' l ehomu wa-sadadewwomu ' em-ma' ka1omu .
1 4 . Wa- ' emdexra tasaddu, t axa1 afu ' em-beer 1a-beer .
1 5 . Tasyu ba- gebratihu ' abayt wa-t afasseu ba-qa1at ihu t ababt .
1 6 . Soba z anta tanababana , t am ' a 'na wa-tabaanahu qedma kahen
'abiy.
1 7 . Tabawe ' una wa-taka1u ' eki t a ba-ma' ka1 ena .
18.
D. 1.
Ba' enta ment t asatafkemewwomu 1 a - ' ekuyan?

' Em-ment gabarka zanta ' a? fa?
2. Ba- ' amsa1a mannu gabra ' Egz i ' aber b e ' se?
3. Tabib we ' etu wa- sannay eqqa ' amsa1 ihu .
4 . Tare ' ya l ana ba- ' ams ala ma1 ' ak berhanawi .
5 . ' Odna wcst a \1C ' etu b eher be zuxa ' awraxa.
6. Zcn l ll
JlIII;ha r h a ' c n l n
' a; hIT ' t o
' abawina we ' etu .
7 . Zentu
rad'
kona sut ii.fehu 1 a- ' Egzi ' ena.
' I -ha1 1 awa sutafe ' Egz i ' ab er ; ' aadu we' etu .
' ado damm ana kama ' a f berhanawi .
1 0 . Takayada ' E gzi ' aber mes 1 a e zbu ke1 ' e kidanata :
8.
9.
' ahatt i
tas amyat Kidana Be 1 ita \1a-kal e ' t tasamyat Kidana ':!addas a .
106
107
:((-111< )
' e l lu.
Le sson 2 5
Re l ative P ronouns and Re l at ive C l auses .
25 . 1
The rel ative pro-
nouns are
I:
I II
mas c . sing .
za
fern , s ing .
' enta
common plural
, e l la
' e t ta
a.
Relat ive c l auses where the re l at ive pronoun is the subj ect
in its c l ause, this may be indi cated by a resumptive pronoun on the

verb ; this is not , however , neces s ary :
c.
f.
za-re' yu )
the man whom they s aw
When the rel ative pronoun s t ands in a preposit ional rel a
tionship ( e . g . in whi ch , o f which, t o whi ch) , a resumptive pronoun

hagar ' enta sema ' IyarusaZem
a city who se name is Jerus alem
be' si za-qatalewwo la-waldu
the man whos e son they k i l l ed
medr za-nabaru westeta
the l and in whi ch they s ettled
I.!
I
'
j' !
I
,:
This i s most frequent with ba- , as in
mawa r e Uhu ba-za ' astar' ayomu
'I
the t ime at whi ch the st ar

appeared unto them
kokab
l .i
' e l la sagaZ
, e l la ' aganent
demoni acs (tho se o f demons)
Very rarely the preposition is p l aced after the relat iv e pronoun :

the l and to whi ch we have come
medr ' enta xaba ma?a' na
d iviners (those o f divinat i on )
Closely rel ated to this is the use of za- ( s c l dom ' ell / (l
g.
cons truction emp loying xaba alone (see below) .

The nom i nal l z at i on
of
re l at i v e c l auses is very frequent :
( J I'
111: 1 < 1 ( ' ,
manbar za-warq
a golden throne ( l i t . a throne ,

o f gold)
qenat za-' anada
a l eather belt
Deriving from thi s apposit ional us e, the pronoun za-
0 1 1 ('
b ccume
most commonly where the construct is prohibited by an intervening

adj ect ive or suffix or when proper names are involved :
h.
the holy gospel o f our Lord
Betaleem za-Yehuda
Bethlehem of Judah
ra?ada wayn za-Hagripos
the Vin eyard of Agrippa
Galila ' enta ' ahzab
Gal i l ee of the genti l e s
Any of the preceding attributive c l aus es and phras e s may
s t and before as wel l as after the modi fied noun :

za-mota be' si
, e Z la ma?' u sab'
the man who d i ed
za-warq manbar
a golden throne
the men \oIho came
Note especially such expres sions as

za-matana-ze haymemot
Thi s i s probably to be viewed as a secondary " fi l l ing out" of the

d.
a l eper ( lit . the one of l eprosy)
wangel qeddus za- ' Egzi' ena
I f there is no pos s ib i l it y o f ambiguity , a preposit ion may s t and be
, )
the wife of Uriah ( she of Uriah)
quite general i zed as a "prepos ition" expres s ing the genitive c a s e

relat ionship . I t s frequency varie s from text to text , but it appears
is normally employed :
fore the rel ative pronoun .
za- lam?
, enta ' Grey 0
' e l la) before the names o f materials from wh ich s omething i s
When the relat ive pronoun i s the direct obj ect of the v erb
be' si za-re'yewwo (or :
thos e who had s ettled there
the prophet s who prophesied there
nabiyat ' e l la tanabbayu heyya
b.
those who were from among the scribes
nabaru heyya
i s essentially a const ruct re l at ionship with a fol lowing noun :
be' si za-ma?' a
of the c l ause offer no special prob l ems :

the man who bought my house
be' si za-tasayapa beteya
the woman who gave birth to the chi ld
be' sit ' enta waladat walda
the one who died
' elll-wevta ?aaft
e . To be distinguished from the preceding is the const ruct ion

in whi ch the relative pronouns function absolutely and st and in what
Za- may rep l ace ' enta and ' e l la unless the l atter are used absolutely
(see belOW ) . Note that za- i s wr itten procl itic al ly :

the man who c ame .
,-, 1.1.
such faith (1 it . faith wh l c l l i s

to the extent o f
3a-kama-zo ae ltan
such authority
(lit.
thi s)
1 I 1 1 1 1 1 0 1' 1 I y
which i s l i k e t l l i ' , )
109
108
i.
The relative pronoun i s o ccasionally omi t t ed , but this
u s age is common only in short non-verbal c l auses fo l l owing an ind e fi

nite antecedent :
gama l (p l . -at, ' agma Z) m . f . came l .

qenat (pl . -at , qenawet) m . b el t , cincture .
a man who se name i s /was John .
be' si semu Yoannes

25 . 2
bert m . copp e r .
'Ama and xab a .
' Ama has s everal different functions
which shou l d be noted :

( 1 ) prep o s ition :
at the t ime of ( e . g . ' ama motu , ' ama we' etu
ma' s/ma rs (p l . ' am' es t , ' am rest) m . f . skin , hide , l e ather ( s yn . o f

' anada) .
sayf (pl . ' asyaf, ' asyeft.) m . f . sword .
makan (p l . -at) m . f . p l ac e , l o c al e .
mendabe) ; it frequent ly precedes a t ime word and is equivalent to

"on" :
' ama re lata on the day o f .
I t may be combined with ' em- (' em
' ama from the t ime o f) , la- ( la-' ama at the time of) , and ' eska
(' eska ' ama unt i l the time of) .
( 2 ) conj unct ion :
when , at t h e t ime when, fo l l owed by a verbal
c l au s e : ' em-' ama from when , from the t ime when/that .
( 3 ) r e l at ive adverb :
day when I s aw him .
e . g . we' eta ' amira ' ama re' ik ewwo on that
Not e that i t combines a relat ive and an adverb i al
function when used thu s .
A. l . s ab ' ' e l l a mo ' u hagarana

2 . ' arda' ' e l l a hal l awu m e s l ehu
3 . mas agger z a - s e a zIlta amara
4 . be ' s i abib z a - g abra zant a sayfa
5 . welud ' e l l a motu ba-dawe
6 . ' anest ' e l l a a z ana dibehu

7 . ezb za- ' adawo l a-beerena
8 . mal ' ak za-marJ;1ana ' em-gadam
The word xOha, already introduced as a preposit ion, a l s o fun c

t ions as a r e l at ive adverb "where , the p l ace where . "
nabarku the p l ace where I s at down .
E . g . makan xaba
The noun of p l ace is commonly
omi t t e d and xaba i t s e l f t ak e s on the fu l l meaning of "the p l ace

where . "
Exercises
As such i t may be preceded b y other prepo s i t ions :
Tanse' at ' em-xaba wadqat. She got up from where she h ad fal len .
9 . maeft za-we ' YU w e ' e t a ' amira

1 0 . xa! e ' an ' e l l a nass eQu ' em-xat i ' atomu
1 1 . hagar ' enta nas ' ewwa
1 2 . nagar z a - s ama ' nahu
1 3 . berhan z a-ma l ' o westa samay
1 4 . negus ' ekuy za- farhu ' em-qedmehu
Wa1' a ' enta xaba ma? ' a.
He l eft the same way he came by.
1 5 . fenot ' enta seetna ' emenneha
Ro?u ' eska xaba wadqa.
They ran t o ,,,here he had fal len .
1 6 . haymanot za-kerydewwa
It may a l s o be used as the direct obj ect of a verb :
' I-rakaba xaba nabarna.
He di d not find the p l ace where we

had s et t l e d .
Vocabul ary 2 5
Noun s :
tj.amr m . f. woo l
W
sag r h a i r (human o r animal ) ; f u r , feathers , p lumage .
warq m . go l d , money .
berur (p l . -at) m. s i l ver .
xa?in (pI . xw!aweHl m . i ron ; swo rd , weapon ; tool , imp lement .
1 7 . damr z a- setu l ana

1 8 . warq za-nas ' un i ' em-beteya
1 9 . b erur z a - gabra z an t a sayfa ' emennehu
20 .
' agmal z a- t asaya!na ' em-xabehu
2 1 . hagar ' ent a serna Hagara 9aay

2 2 . b e ' s i za- semu l a- ' abuhu Yohannes we' etu
2 3 . be ' sit ' enta qabarewwo la-badnu l a -meta
2 4 . be ' sit ' enta fawwaso ' I yasus l a-walda
2 5 . nab i yat ' e l l a t a fannawu xabena

26 .
dangel ' ento t awalda madxena ' a l am ba-xabeha
27.
W'Ht(
2B. xa, i n
.' ' 1 .
wa-borur z a - t awas saka l a-newayu

w lI - i > o r L
z a - rakabna westa we ' etu ' adbar
,,, , , 1 d 7. 11 hi' :. ; I W U eywato ba-warq
III
110
' E g z i ' ena za-wahabo sebJ:1ata b e zuxa
3 1 . qeddus za-nas a ' n a s egahu wa- qabarna we sta zentu m akan
W
3 2 . ' anada wa_ag ra gamal z a-t agabra l ebsu ' emennehu
30.
Les son 2 6
26 . 1
3 3 . z a-mas ' a xasar wa-mendabe

34. ' ent a s e at o zanta ma afa b e ' s i t
' e l l a gabra z anta ' al bas a ' anest .
36.
37 .
' e l l a t afawwasu ' em - d aweyatihomu ezb

' e l l a an 'u ba-haymanot ret e ' t Kere s t i y1i.n
38.
' e l l a t a a\vwe ' u wa- ' e l l a ' i - t a awwe ' u
39.
' e l la nab aru ba-m1i. ' k al a e zb en a
6 . bet za- ' ebn
2.
7. hamar ' enta ' ed
3. qenat za-ma ' s
4. dammana za-berh1i.n
5.
' a f z a-<;J.amr
The s e cond maj o r c l ass
gab' a
sannaya
masana
dangaa
to come back
to be beaut i fu l
to perish
to be d i s turb ed
CG
' agbe' a
CD
' asannaya
CL
' amasana
CQ
' adangaq.a
t o bring back
to make be aut .i ri l l
to destroy
to d i s t urlJ
I n thi s l e sson w e shall deal with the causative verbs from
1 . neway z a-warq
W
' albas za_ ?ag r a gamal
C G , CD , C L , CQ.
t i v e , marked in the P erfe ct by the prefix ' a- :
35 .
4 0 . z a - t abaraka ' em -xaba ' E g z i ' aber

B.
Causative V erbs :
o f derived verbs from each o f t h e bas es G, D , L, and Q i s the causa
These are the most numerous and varied of the four
b as e s .
(;
VC' r h o I
t ypl'; .
'1'1,,,
bas i c form o f the P erfect i s ' ac C aC a , subj ect to mod i f j c a t l o l l (Jo l y

l 2 3
with ro ots I I I - guttural and I I - W/ Y . As noted previous l y , t h e ( ' i l l l i !
8 . s ayf za-xain
9 . ' asyeft ' enta bert
1 0 . ma sw1i. ' t z a - xebest wa-wayn
C . 1 . kidan z a- t akayada sutafehu m e s lna
s t em vowel before C
guttural is e ither zero (e . g . maq'a) o r
( <, . )1, .
nasse a) , depending on whether the preceding syl l ab l e was o r i g i l l u l J y

short (ma-Eie-' a > ma?'aJ or l ong (nas-se-a, mo-qe-a) ; thus , i n CC
verbs we regul ar l y have e :
2. k i dim za-tas ana ' awu b a ' enti ' ahu b abaynatihomu
(!
' am-Eie-' a, J ag-be-' a et c .
Infl ect i on
fo l low s the p at t e rn already given for verbs I I I - guttur a l :
3 . J:1 e zb ' e l l a ' odelV"/O
4 . J:1ezb ' e l l a t a?ab e ' una

Caus at ive verbs from roots I I -W usua l l y have a l o s s of the s e cond
5. xa! e ' an ' el l a t abaw e ' un a
radi cal ; from qoma we have J aqama, ' aqamat , J aqamka, J aqamki, ' aqamku
6 . t e ' z1i.z z a-wadayo dibena
I f the root is l I I -gut t . in addi t i on , a i s repl aced by e :
7 . t e ' z1i.z z a-gabarna zant a bakam1i.hu
etc.
8.
J abe' a J ' abe' at , ' aba' ka , etc . ( from bo' a) .
' aby1i.t z a-wass akna l a-hagarena

9 . negus z a-ma awew\.,o lotu l a - new1i.yomu
a l s o att e sted , inflected l ik e qoma .
1 0 . J:1 e zb ' e l l a t agass au w a - t amehheru rete ' t a

D. 1.
cal .
' I -wadayku warqeya westa w e ' etu mak1i.n .
' Ama s alus l a-warx x a l a fu ' em - xabena.

w
4. B a aJ:1na zeyya ' ama kona ' abuna mak annena beher .
3.
5.
' I - tan1i.garana ' em- ' am a g a ss anahu b a ' enta za- gabr a .
6.
' Ama ma1i. ' kemu xaba mak1i.n xaba hal l o ,
betana .
8 . Tanse ' a ' em - x a b a nabara wa-de gana dexrena.
10.
1 t 1 ;; ' :1
x o h ll q OIll O I l W : l - r a c ' ' c l iln a h a ' enta fenota bar .
26 . 2
The Meaning o f CG V erbs .
From stative G verbs t h e CG
verb is primari l y fact i t ive , as in

G
' i -r e ' ikemewwo-nu?
7 . Hal lona m e s l ehu ' e ska ' ama mot a , wa- ' emze gab1i. ' n a xaba
' I - g a b 5 ' k u hagara ' en t a xaba wad1i. ' ku .
From roots I I -Y the C G form
' akeda ( root kyd) i s the normal one , wi thout loss of the s e cond radi
2 . Rakabna z ant a makana ' ekuya fadf1i. d a wa- ' i -nabarna w e s t etu .
9.
The CG form ' aqoma i s
anana
' akya
t o b e bad
CG
' a' kaya
to make (s ometh ing) b ad
S in c e a l l meanings of the s i mp l e G verb are at l e ast t heoret i c a l l y

incorporated into the C G verb , w e s ha l l not repeat here t h e f u I I
range of meani ngs for t ho s e verbs already introduce d .
t i oD shou l d be g i ve n to the s econdary , l e s s pred i c t ab l e
some o f t he verbs have acqu ired .
Spccl ll i I I I
1 (1 1 1 -
1II0 : l I l I I i W .
I hili
(1:1j :
'I','
l.,.
!i i,
1 )
,
112
113
' a' kaya
to make (something) bad ; to act badl y (t oward :
la ' la ,
' abe' a
diba)
' a 'baya
to make great , to incre as e , augment ; t o exto l , exalt
, ab <ala
' ab laya
to make rich
to age , make o l d , render obsolete
' abzexa
to multipl y , make numerous ; to produce a l ot of, have
' agbe' a
I'
to make i l l
' afreha
t o frighten
' ayawa
to rest ore to l i fe ; to heal , cure ; to let l ive
' alhaqa
, am < e < a
to make s ad ; often used impersonal l y :
to let d i e ; to put to death ; to have
' i-' azano he
' a daqa
' a?ne <a
to set , p l ace, deposi t ; t o sett l e , cause to
to cause to approach ; t o bring near , to o ffor
' aro?a
to make right , correct , straight , s t ab l e

to make righteous , just ; to declare j ust or innocent
to make firm , strong , et c . ; to grasp firmly (ba-) ; t o
l e arn b y heart (ba- lebbu)
' apbaba
' anbara
' as ata
to l e ad astray ; to l e ad into sin or error
' as kaba
to cau s e to l i e down
' aw <aya
to burn s omething up ; to burn , s corch

to dro p , let fal l ; to throw down , cast down; to fel l ,
' awde' a
to bring , l ead , or take forth; to exp e l ; to put forth,

produce
ing , ordering , o r permitt ing someone o r something to perform a cer
' awaza' to cause to flow (esp . tears )
t ain action .
With verbs of mot ion the exact direction of the mot ion
' awrada
to bring , s end , or l ead down
is o ften amb iguous , producing several trans l at ion values in Engl ish .
' axlafa
to cause to pass ; to pass (time)
For example , the CG verb ' a' tawa ( from ' atawa to go home) has the
to s end someone h om e , to l e t
someone g o home , to order someone to go home ; to bring s omeone/s ome

thing home , to bring s omeone/ something indoors .
The context wi l l
usual ly make clear which o f the various nuances o f the caus ative
force applies .
' a <dawa
to bring, l ead , or t ake across
' a <raga
to bring , lead, or t ake up ; to offer up ( a s acrifice)
' a 'oda
to lead or t ake around , usually in the sens e of causing

to travel about , circulate in a pl ace (westa)
, , li;krr!la
, I ,} II/I ' /I I
L a move
I \)
1 , ,' 1 1l j
C I I rr y
hew down.
to make wise
fo l lowing possible meanings in Eng l ish :
[; tu
ra i n)
' awdaqa
From other intransitive verbs the CG verb has the b as i c idea o f cau s
I II
I
to cause to run ( esp . of horses)
dW1l 1
to set up , estab l i s h ; to confirm the t rut h

out the t erms o f ; t o cause to ceas e (e . g .
, anexa manfasa fa 'la h e was patient about .
501ll0UI I\'
, aqraba
, aqama
to extend , put forth (e . g . one ' s hand ) ; to l eng
then, make l ong ( er) ; to r ai s e high , e l evate , exal t ;

' arte 'a
to enrage (note the rel ationship t o the Gt verb
killed
to reduce to poverty
' anoxa/' anexa
to rais e , rear (e . g . chi ldren , p l ants)
' am? e ' a to bring , o ffer ; to c ause to happen , bring about

, amota/' amata
was not s addened

' andaya
westa ' eda)
to hand over, b etray (acc. dir. obj . ; t o :
tam <e <a)
' adwaya
' azana
bring, l e ad , o r t ake in ; to introduce , ins ert
to bring, l ead , or t ake back ; to turn back , defl ect ;
W
' ag yaya to put to fl ight
a lot o f
,) iI ,I !'
to
Al l of the verbs in the preceding l i s t s are singly tran s it ive , t aking

a direct obj ect in the accus at ive .
C ausative verbs do not , as a rule,
t ake dative pronominal suffixes .

When the negative ' i- is prefixed to a cau s at iv e form beginning
with ' a- , ' i' becomes ' iya- .
as - t; - to prevent confus i o n .
not know .
We shall transcribe thi s secondary _y_

E . g . ' i-' a' mara
V o c [l b u l ar l y
, i-y a' mara
he did
26
Nouns :
to tears
" ' '' I I ,
" I' ;
r ; ,' , br eat h ,
vital l i fe - force ;
II
I " " ', , , , ,
114
US
' arami
co l I . pagan s , heathens , non-Chri stians .
' aramawi adj . idem .
manker (pl . -at) mirac l e , marvel , wonder ; also adj ective ( f . -t) mar
v e lous , wondrous .
4.
'Amo ' a
lita
k e l ' et a newaya .
w
5 . ' Am ' e ' o nagaru l a-mak annen .
6 . ' A ' ragna ' arba ' t a maswa ' t a .
V erb s :
7.
fapara t o creat e , produce ; to dev i s e , fabricate .
8 . ' Awaza maya ' em-ye ' et i ' ebn .
saaba to pul l , drag , draw ; to attract (to :

(qaZa, nagaraJ .
sagada to bow down (to :
Gt tafapra pass ive .
xaba) ; to protract
Gt taseba p ass ive .

CG ' apfe' a
t o extinguis h ; to destroy , annihi l at e .

' a' mara C G t o know , underst and, comprehend, real i z e , learn .
ta' amra pas sive .
Gt
1 2 . ' Aqama zanta ki dana mes l en a .

1 3 . L a-ment ' i - ' aqamkemu qal at a kidanu?
1 4 . ' Aw4a ' na newayo w a- ' aw ' ayna beto .
1 5 . ' Askab1i.homu l a-weludihon tat a ' e 4 .
1 6 . ' Awdaqu ' asyafihomu wa-rou ' em- qedmena.
Exercises
A. 1 . ' Ane 'a kW e l l o masahefta Kid1i.n l:laddas ba- l ebbu .
1 7 . ' Awrada ' es sata dibehornu .
2 . ' Adwayo maya z at i hagar wa-mo t a .
1 8 . ' Alhaqo be ' s i ' ar amawi .

1 9 . ' AgWyayna sedes t a ' emennehomu .
3 . ' Ahz anana mot a l a- ' eg z e ' tena.

w
4 . ' Afrehomu z entu mendabe wa- g ayyu ' em-heyya.
2 1 . Z entu we ' etu rnakan za- ' a ' odana westetu .
5 . ' Ayawa ' Iyasus mewutana wa- fawwasa dewuyana.

6. Dagema ' aJ:1yawomu l a-deweyan ' em-dawehomu .
7.
' yawuna wa- ' i- qat aluna.
8. ' Ab z exa gebara sannayata.

9 . ' Anlhku ' edaweya wa-nasa ' k ewwo l a-we ' etu mashaf.
1 0 . ' A 'baya ' Eg z i ' aber weludihu wa-newayo eqqa fadfad a .
1 1 . La-ment ' a' kaykemu l a ' l eya?
2 0 . ' I - ! af ' a ' essat w e ' et a l e l i t a .

2 2 . ' E l lontu ' e l l a ' amatewwornu l a - l iqanina.
2 3 . Zentu we ' etu rnakan xaba ' anbaru segahu.
2 4 . ' Abe ' a warqa wes t a bet eya wa- ' anbaro qedrneya .
25 . ' Ame ' a l ana tes ' ata gama 1 a .
C . 1 . F a! ara ' Eg z i ' aber sarnaya wa-rnedra.
2. ' Abzexa s i s ayana wa- ' i -nadayna .
1 2 . Mahharomu l a- ' arda ' ihu wa- ' a!babomu .
3 . ' Efo ' a! fa' kemu z at a ' es sat a?

4 . ' Awdaqa ' ea wa-wadayo westa ' essat .
1 3 . ' Arte 'a ' albaba ' e l ewana wa- ' adaqa xa! e ' ana.
5 . ' Awdaqa betomu dibehomu wa- ' amat omu .
1 4 . ' Anexa ' e l atata eywateya diba medr .
6 . Sagadu lotu wa-wahabewwo warqa wa-berura.
1 5 . ' As ne ' a haym1i.notomu.
7.
1 6 . ' Ab 'ala naddayana wa- ' andaya ' ab 'e l t a .
8 . Nabara ba-ma' kal a ' arami wa- s agada 1a-!a' otomu .

w
9 . Mota ' abuhu wa- ' alhaqo ' ex a ' abuhu, be' si xer wa-abib .
' Ab z exa t a ' amera wa-mankerata wa- ' amnu be zuxan ba-wange l u .
1 7 . ' I -ya' kayku diba k1i.1e ' aneya .

w
1 8 . ' A 'baya serno ba-k ellu baawert a 'al am o
1 0 . Tafa!ra zentu ' al am ba' ent i ' akemu wa-ba' ent a daqiqekemu .
1 9 . Manna ' adaqqa ba-west a ye ' et i hagar?
1 1 . Saabana ga u sannay wa-nagaru abib .
2 0 . ' Anexa manfaso 1a ' l a gebara we1udihu wa- ' i -gassaomu .

B.
9 . ' Agba' kewwo xaba z amadu .

1 0 . ' Aba'na ' asyeft ihomu west a bet .
1 1 . Manna wa-menta ' ab a ' k emu l ana?
Za- , qedma) .
paf' a to go out ( o f a l ight or fire) ; to peri sh, vanish .
' Aqraba l ot u wayna wa-xebest a .
1 . ' Ax l afna samanta 'amata heyya .

2 . ' A ' dokcwwomu w es t a k a l e ' beer .
3.
' A ' r :tgl'''wO d i " ; 1 '.l J m n rOnlu.
1 2 . S aabewwo Ives t a h agar ' es ka mal ' a damu west a kW ellu fen:Iw i h o. .
1 3 . Saabkll qal eya ' eska meset , wa- ' emze xa1 afku ' em-xabehoIliLi .
1 1\ .
,.
!'a r ' at ' c s s at ha-maqdasa a' otomu .
; () h : 1
" lTI ' II
nagaro , ' a ' maru ' esma madxenomu we ' etu .
117
116
' A 'marku egguka wa-t afa ku ba-qilitihu .

,
. romu wa- e ewwo l a - s ab '

1 7 . ' Awe ' u xaina wa-bert a em- ' a db ara b ehe
b a ' edan .
1 8 . B a - s amun ' a 'marna kama maawa ' abuna nafs o .
16.
1 9 . Tase ebna xabhu b a ' enta mankerat za- gabr a .
' At fe ' u ' ahgurihu wa-nas ' u e zb o ' agbert a .

2 1 . ' Asatom u nagara we ' etu nabiy ' e lew l a- hezb , wa- ' i -nabaru
enu ' an a ba-haymanotomu .
,
' ana h. e zb , wa- ' emuntu ' amotewwo .
2 2 . ' Agbe ewwo wes t a ' e d awa l l.q
20 .
23.
' Aw ' aya berhana aay ga atihomu .
L e s s on 27
27. 1
C aus ative Verbs :
CG ( cont inued) .
C ausat ive verbs derived
from transitive G verbs are theore t i ca l ly doub ly tran s itive :

( someone) to do (something) .
to cause
I n practi c e , however, the first obj ect
is usual ly personal and suffixed to the verb , thus obscuring i t s

' ar' ayana ma?afa h e showed us a book ( l i t . 1111
" accus ati ve" s t atus :
c aused us to s e e a book ) .
o b j or l '.
Even more frequent ly one o f the two
is omitted (usual ly the Erst) and the trans l at ion must be
adj \ J s l (' d
accordingly :
' Aqtala we' e ta nabiya.
He h ad that prophet ki l l ed
it.
(J
c aused someone unspeci fied to k I

' Asme <a te' zazo.
He made kno\VTI his decre e .

caus ed someone unspec i fied
F o l lowing are the CG verbs derived from transit ive G verbs
(1 i t .
to
I,,
I I
. .1
.
1111
ill''' ' .
. . J.
a l ready
introduced :
' a' mana
to convert ( in the religious sense)
' a <dawa
to l ead or t ake ( s omeone : acc . dir . obj . ) acros s (cc .

dir. obj . )
' a <qaba
to hand ( someone/ s omething : acc . dir. obj . ) over to

(someone : obj . suff . or xaba) for s afekeeping
' agbara
to make or order ( s omeone : acc . dir. obj . ) do or make

(something : acc . dir. obj . )
' nal}a to have ( acc . d ir . obj . ) built ; to cause ( someone :

acc. dir . obj . ) t o bui l d (acc . dir . obj . )
' akada
to contradict , not be l ieve ( acc . dir . obj . ) ; to l e ad

(someone : acc. dir. obj . ) from the faith
' amo' a!' ame' a
to make (someone : acc . dir. obj . ) victorious
(over : la <la, ba- )

' anbaba
to read , recite ( ac c . dir . obj . ) ; to s tudy, med i t ate .
' anse' a
to rai s e , c ause t o r i s e ( from seat ed or lying pos i t i on)
' an?ara
to l ook (usual ly with the preposition mangala t owlIl'd)
' aqbara
to caus e , allow, order (s omeone : acc . di T . o"j . )
In
bury ( s omeone : acc. dir . obj . )

' aqtala
to cause or order ( someone : acc .
dir.
(someone : acc . dir . obj . ) ; to have
ohJ . l
( ' 0111<,<> 1 1 1 '
In
" I I I
.1"
ti l l
118
119
i n a few inst ances there i s a derivat ional rel at
ionship between two
obj , ) k i l l e d
' ar' aya
to show ( s omeon e / s omething : acc . d i r . obj . ) t o ( some
base type s , espe'c i a l l y G and D .
As noted previou s l y , t h i s i s s ome

times only apparent and a resul t of p arti al merging
s for phone t i c
reasons ( e . g . mahara/mahhara ) .
I n other cases , howev e r , t h e re l ation
ship i s real but i s not bas ed on any product ive derivat
ional process
one : obj . suff . ) ; to reveal , make man i fest ( ac c . d i r .

obj . )
' arkaba
to cau s e ( s omeone : acc . d i r . obj . ) t o find or acquire
' asme
to announce (acc . d i r . obj . ) t o (obj . suff . or Za- ) ;
' asmaya
to be wel l known , famous , outstanding
' a?,afa
to caus e ( someon e : acc . dir . obj . ) t o wri t e ( ac c . dir .
( s omething : acc . d i r . obj . )
within Ethiop i c i t s e l f ; such forms are either remnant

s o f an earl i er
s t age of the l angu:lge or creatio ns under the infl uence
of o t h e r
Semi t i c l anguage s such a s Aramai c and Arabic .
It i s a l s o p o s s i h l ,'
for any o f the derived syst ems to be u s ed to form denomin
at i ve v(' ,'i i ' , ;
to summon ( ac c . d i r . obj . ) as a witness
these s t and out side of the derived system relat ionship

s prope , I l l '
.
obj . )
' aw lada
cause o f their special i zed meaning s .
to cause ( s omeone : acc . dir . obj . ) to bear a chi l d ; t o
C aus ative Verb s :
CD , C L , CQ .
Causative verbs from D , L ,
and Q b as e s are much l e s s frequent than CG verbs .
' a' ammara
Note t h e fo l lowing:
used l ike D ' ammara , but not in the P erfect , where it

is rep l aced by ' a' mara C in the sense of the D verb .
' agabbara
to make (someon e : acc . dir . obj . ) do ( s omething : acc .
' anasse,a
to l ead ( s omeone : acc . dir . obj . ) t o repentance
' asannaya
to adorn, de ck out , array
' abezawa
to have ( s omeon e : ace . d i r . obj . ) redeemed
27 . 3
G eneral Remarks on the V erbal System.
,' ,! !: I
ba-' egr on foot .
/ \ r - --/l
CD -
) Dt
- - -
CG - - -> Gt
Glt
The bas i c l exical

'
/I
CQ - - -> Qt
Qlt
Occasi ona l l y there i s n o b as e verb , and a tran s i tive - intran s itive re

Examp l es of t h i s are
' a' mara/ta' amra
to know/be known
, am 'e 'a/tam ' e 'a
to enrage/be enraged
CD/Dt
, as affawa/tasaffawa
to give hope/have hope
CQ/Qt
' amandaba/tamandaba
to affl i ct/be aff l icted
CG/Gt
' egra gaQy ray o f sun l i ght .
W
W
terg ame (pl . terg ameyat) m . f . t ran s l at ion , interpre t ation . za-baW
W
terg amehu , ze-we' e tu terg amehu the interpretation of whi ch i s .
,
tent b eginning; ' em-tent from t h e beginning .
nadd m . fl ame ; nadda ' essat idem .
Verbs :
' apmaqa CG to b ap t i z e ( ac c . d i r . obj . ) .
Gt tatamqa pas s ive .
nadda to burn ( subj ect i s fir e , flame , anger etc . ) .

s et afire, i gni t e .
l at i onship exists between t h e caus at ive and the medio -pass ive verbs ,
as indicated by the dotted l ines above .
wes ta/xaba ' egara at t he Ce el o C
l arge structures ) .
c ausat ive derivatives , form a group of i so l ated but p aral l e l syst ems :
D
Nouns :
' anqa?/' anqaq (pl . ' anaqe?) m . f . gate (of city, t emp l e , or other
typ e s G, D, L , and Q , w i t h their medio-pass ive , recipro c a l , and
'I
Vocabul ary 2 7
' egr (pI . ' egar , ' a' gar) f . m . foot .
d i r . obj . )
"
out s t anding) in our l i s t above i s a good examp l e of th

j . Til" " X
pected meaning o f CG ' asmaya , rel at iv e to G samaya, woul
d h l' " I ( )
cause t o name" ; ' asmaya, however, i s denominat ive from t
h e :,d l ll l' l l v l'
semuy famous .
beget a chi l d ( ac c . dir . obj . )

27 . 2
The verb ' asmaya ( t o h e " " " " , " ,
CG ' andada t o
G l t tanadada t o burn with a mutual p a s s ion .
a 'rafa CG (1) intrans . : ' t o rest , find rest , come to res t ; to d i e ;

( 2 ) trans . : to give res t (to : obj . suff . ; from : ' emenna) .
' afqara CG to love (ac c . d i r . obj . ) .
Gt tafaqra to be loved , b e l oved.
C I t ta
aqara to l ove one another ; to love ( someone : mes Za ) .
' wnunclauu CQ to affl i c t , oppre s s ( a c c . dir . obj . ) . Qt tamandah'1 1 n
he o p p res s ed .
' , r:', () ) , (1,). ( ( ' I I
"
p r"ffl i
S l'
( s omething : acc . dir. obj . ) to ( S Ufflt ' O " ' "
' <1' 1 ,
120
1 21
suff. o r Za-) .
Dt tasaffa1JJa t o hope for , expect , look forward
to ( ace . dir. obj . ) .
(,.
' AI I " , , d.IO wa - l a ' amna xa!awe ' ihu wa-t a!amqa b a -may .
7.
' A : l I l 1 l aycww::i
9.
SOI.Hl
8.
Othe r :
mangaZa (presuffixal : mangaZe-) prep . t o , toward, in t h e direction of.
ba-mangaZa idem.
Za-mangaZa i dem .
10.
' em-mangaZa from the direc
ba ' enta hayrnanotomu , l a ' aku 1 iqomu la-negus.
' Amc ' ana ' Eg z i ' abJ;ter l a ' l a ' aJ;tzaba zentu med r .
12.
P roper N ames :
13.
' Abreham Abraham ; SaZem Salem (cf. Gen . 1 4 : 18) ; MaZka $edeq Me l chi z e
dek ; Nox Noah ; ' Adam Adam; Geb? Egypt ;
Be rn
14.
Shem .
Exercises
1.
':eywata za-la- ' al am .
L amanuabu
I I . ' A ' maru kama ' odna hagaromu soba s am ' u te 'merta za-t a ' arnrnarn a .
, I -t akayadkemu-nu kidana mes l ena? La-ment w a1a ' kemu wa
t ion of; on the p art o f .
A.
, A s u CCuwoUlu
l a - be ' s i t wa-wasadewwa xaba negus .
' A ' manomu wa- ' a!maqomu ba- s ema ' ab wa-wald wa-manfas qeddus .
2 . ' A 'dokewwomu ' adbara wa- " anbarkewwomu zeyya xaba nabarku ba-
t ent .
' I -yafqaran i , wa- ' amandabani ' eska qarabku l a-mot .
4 . \'Ia- ' emze ' a 'rafani ' em-mendabeya wa- ' aqama kidana mes leya.
3.
15.
C.
I.
2.
t aaba' kemu me s l a warazuta J;tezbena?

w
Tafaqra zentu wald s annay ba-xaba k ellomu s ab ' a hagar .
v
Tasatafa ' em-tent mes l a ' ekuyana lebb .

Sama' na nagaro ' em- !ent wa- ' i - ' amanna botu wa- ' akryadnahu .
' Ayte ' aqbara negus ' abdent ihomu l a- ' e l l a t aqat lu sab ' ?
Ba- zat i t e ' mert ' ar ' ayana mes i ra qeddusa za-egg l laddas .
3 . Zentu we' etu ' asmatihomu l a- ' e l l a ' asmayu ba-we ' etu ? ab ' .
4 . Mannu nagast ' e l l a ta?ab e ' omu ' Abreham?
5.
' Arkabo ' Eg z i ' abJ;ter l a- ' Abreham bezuxa newaya westa Geb .
6 . Rada' nahu l a - z entu nadday wa-wahabnahu s isaya wa-l ebs a .
w
' Aw1e' omu mak annen la- ' emuntu s ab ' wa- ' aqt al omu qedma kW e l lu
5.
Xaba mannu ' a 'qabkemu warqa wa-berura za-wahabku l akemu?
7.
6.
Qoma westa ' anqa? a hagar wa-t ase " elomu l a- ' e l l a xal afu ba' enta
hezb .
,
8 . A\vl ada bezuxa weluda wa- ' awaleda, wa-bazxa z amadu ' ern-kal e ' an
weludihu .
Sa ' al kewwo ' a?fa za- ' a ' qabkewwo xabehu wa- ' i -wahabo l i t a .
w
8 . ' Agbarana zanta mak annen ' ekuy .
' azmad za-Ile ' etu makan .
7.
9.
' Agbarkeomu salas a 0amara l a-negus wa- sutafehu .
1 0 . Wadaqna westa ' egarihu wa-s a ' alnahu ryeywat a .

11.
12.
13.
' na? a zata hagara wa- ' emze ' anbarana westet a .
'Andada nadda ' e s s at wa-wadaya kWe l l o ma?aJ;teftina westetu .
Ment-nu tergW arnehu l a- zentu mes l ?
1 4 . N agarana ba' enta ' amsal za- ' a?J;tafa ba-mashaf .

,
1 5 . oru ba- ' egr ' em-Geb? ' eska I yarusalem .
B . 1 . Mannu ' akhadakemu wa- ' agabbarakemu zanta gebra ' ekuya?
2.
' Anaru m ngal a hagar wa-re ' yu ' abiya nadda ' es sat za- ' arga
' emenneha. westa samay .
3.
' Anse ' ewwomu l a-dewuyan wa- ' am?e ' ewwomu xabehu ' anqa? a beta
maqdas .
4.
5.
' A ' rafku westa we ' etu makan wa- ' emze horku ka ' eba westa feno t
mang a l a bah y .
' Anb:1 h l l
7. : 1 T1 t
k Wc l l O ma?J;tafa s elsa ba-ye ' et i lel i t .
9 . F annawo Nox l a-Sem waldu mes l a sega ' abuna ' Adam , wa- ' anbaro
ba-ma' kala medr ' enta ye ' et i westa , Iyarusalem .
1 0 . N as ' o Sem l a-MaIka gedeq ' ern-beta ' abuhu , wa-marJ;tomu mal ' aka
, Egzi ' abryer ' eska baJ;tu Sal emha ; wa-t asayma MaIka gedeq kahena ,
wa-nas ' a ' a ' bana wa- ' a ' raga dibehomu maswa ' t a ba-xebest wa-wayn
za-warada l otu ' em-samay kama t e ' merta mes ! ira egg addas .
11.
Wa- ' am e ' u mal a ' ekt s i s aya l a-MaIka edeq , wa-kona l eb su ' anada
wa-qenatu za-ma ' s ; wa-nabara heyya wa-t ale ' k a qedma sega ' abuna
,
Adfun xaba taJ;tana me ' rafu .
1 2 . W a- ' ama
tamay!a ' Abreham ' em-?ab ' , ' em-dexra mo ' a nagast a,
x<l l rt fa ' enta xaba hagara Salem ( z e-we ' etu ' Iyarusalem b n k anw
w
t crg 1i.mChomu la-lab ibanina) , wa- ' aqr aba l otu MaIka cdcq ( Z Il
l
as aJilya kahena wa-negusa Salem westa egg Bc l i l ) xcht' ,; l : 1

w
wa - ' Abreham wahabo ' aserata ' em-k el l u n('w;;y" .
w ay " a ,
WlI
122
123
a s o ur examp l e s shO\" .
Lesson 2 8
28. 1
28 . 3
Ba- with Pronominal Suffixes .
ence .
The fol l owing noun may b e accusative or non-accusat ive :
in me
bfma
in us
beka
in you (m . s . )
bekemu
in you (m . p l . )
Bo ma:y/maya .
There is water.
beki
in you ( f . s . )
beken
in you ( f . p l . )
' A Lbo xebest (a) .
There is no bread .
bo, botu
in him
bomu
in them (m . )
in her
bon, bontU, boton
28 . 4
in them ( f . )
In thes e forms the prepos it i on may have i t s p l ain meaning (by , with ,
in) or one of the special meanings treated in the fol lowing p ara
28. 2
Ba- I ndicating P o s s e s s i on .
Bo za- as the Equival ent of an Indefini t e Pronoun .
bo o f exi s t ence is especi a l l y frequent in combination

t i ve p ronoun za- ( the p lural ' e l la i s rare in thi s
The ful l paradigm of ba- given

The obj ect
\V; Lh
something , no one , nothing . "
lowing examp l e s carefu l ly , not ing the ambiguity o f
za-
I ldy
1 1 1 1'
1111
l' l t 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 11
subj ect or obj ect ( i n s ome s e n s e ) o f i t s claus e :
p o s s e s s ed appears regu l ar l y , but not con s i s tent ly, in the accusative
' emma bo za-xadaga be' sito
if (' emma) someone di vorco ' .
cas e like a di rect obj ect :
' albo za-rakaba heyya
he found nothing (or
Beya warqa.
I h av e gold .
Bomu xebesta.
They h ave bread .
Bekemu haymanota.
You have faith .
I f the p o s s e s s or is a noun,
r n I II
( (III
1 1 1 . 1 , I I
1 11<'
St
"1"1",
1 11 0
p a rt i c u l a l
s t ruct ion) , a combination b e s t trans l ated i n Engl ih by

ni t e pronouns " someon e ,
[The Tradit ion has - tt- in the 3rd person forms . J
above fun ct i on s ps eudoverb a l l y to indicate p o s s es s ion .
no
I t I ' , w I I II
0110)
' albo za-rakaba warqeya
no one found my go l d
' albo za-bal <u
none o f them ate , o r they
' a lbo za-sam <a qalo
L l lll l"Il
nte
he heard no one ' s vo i c e , or no
notlt l llE
one
heard his voice .
i t must be used appos itiona l l y with the
3rd person suffix on the prepos it ion :
Such ambiguit i e s may b e cl eared up by resumpt ive pronouns or by dif

ferent obj e c t constructi ons , but they are frequent and shoul d be
Be' si botu kel' eta we luda.
A man has/had two sons .
Be' s i t bati kel' e ta ' amtata.
A woman has/had two husbands .
The negative is formed by prefixing ' al- :
anti c ipat ed .
' albeya, ' albeka, ' albeki,
' a lbo (tu), e tc . :
The positive forms are us ed t o express a correl ated d i stribu

t iv e i de a :
' A lbena ma:ya.
We have no wat e r .
E o za-bo' a hagara wa-bo

w
za-g ayya.
' A lbomu ha:ymano ta .
They have no faith .
Eo za-qatalu wa-bo za-' i
C l au s e s with the ba- of p o s s e s s ion h ave no specific tense value ,

whi ch is gained from the g eneral context of the utterance .
Tense i s
qatalu.
28 . 5
' A Lbo . . . za-' enbala :
One (or some) entered the city

and the other (or some) fl ed .
Some they k i l l ed and some they
di d not ki l l .
On l y .
The prep o s i tion (or con
made e xp li cit by using t h e verb kona with pronominal suffixes in the
j . . :;ction) ' enbala or za-' enbala i s frequent ly correl ated with ' albo
dative sens e :
in both pos s e s s ive and exi s t enti a l uses ; it i s b e s t t rans l ated by
'J
The 3rd pers . m as c . sing .
beya
ba., bati
grap h s .
Bo (tu) Indi cating E x i s t ence .
form bo or botu (negative ' a " bo , ' a" bo""'

vU ) 1S
' use d to pre d1cate
'
exi s t -
The
th i n g
p e r'sul l ; ! 1
' I-kono walda.
He had no son .
Doba 7wno < asru <a.mat
when he was ten years o l d
p u s s ,,, .;(d
VI' I"I ,
III:IY h l'
i n
L h o a c c u s at i ve (as the obj ect o f an im
1 > 1 " .. .. ) I I I " I I I < ' I I( ) I I - : I c cus a t i ve
(as the subj ect of kona) ,
Engl i sh " on l y" :
' A /bona 20yya za' enbala xams

xllh, ''' / .
' /1 / 1" , :, r- I " " !ln za' enbala be' situ.
We have here on l y [j ve
l oave s .
He saw only h i s
(v
I'll .
124
125
' A lbo za-wahaba lana
He gave us only wat e r .
za' enbala miiy .

There i s a vaci l l at i on between v i ewing za' enbala a s a prepos i t i on fo l
l owed b y the non-accusative and a s a conj unction (with e l l ip s i s ) fo l
l owed b y the case required i n the preceding c l aus e .
Our examp l es
coul d j us t as we l l have the accus atives xamsa xebesta ( ob j e ct o f
Othe r :
' enba la/za' enbala prep . (with pron . suff . -e-) without , except for,
excepting .
P roper Names :
Barnabas Barnabas ; Petros P e t e r ; Rome Rome; ' Es kenderya A l exandr i a
' albena) , be' sito (obj ct o f re' ya) , and maya (obj ect o f wahaba) .
( i n Egypt) .
Thi s is comparab l e to the confu s i on in E ngl i s h between "but" as a

Exerci s es
prepos it ion (He s aw no one but me) and as a conjunct ion (No one was
A . 1 . Beya ' abiya s ayfa z a-xa i n .
there but I ) .
2 . Bena sedest a gamal a .
V ocabul ary 28
3 . B eka-nu berura?
Nouns :
4 . ' Albeya berur a ; beya b e r t a .
sa' n (p I . ' as' en, ' as' an, ' asii' en) shoe , sandal .
5 . B o t u qenata s annaya za-warq wa-z a-ma ' s .
totan (p l . -at) thong , l ace ; totana sa' n sho e l ace , s anda l -thong .
'aq (p I . ' a '?uq , -iit) m . f . branch ; palm branch .
7 . Bo be zuxa tazkarata ba- z entu warx .
Verbs :
9 . ' Albo 'a qa d i b a w e ' etu ' e .

1 0 . ' A l bomu me ' rafa westa z entu 'a l amo
wagara G (or waggara D) to throw, cast ( a c c . dir . obj . ) ; to s t one
I I . Konana s amani
( s omeon e : obj . suff . ) ba-' ebn/' eban .
tawaggara to be stoned .
Gt tawagra
12.
Dt
G l t tawagara to throw stones at one
ganaza to prep are (a body) f o r bur i al .
Gt taganza p as sive .
CG
' agnaza caus at ive .

bataka to break (trans . ) .
Gt tabatka t o break ( i ntrans . ) .
tarfa/tarafa to be l eft over, remain , survive .
CG ' atrafa to l e ave
' I -kona dammanat westa s amay .
1 3 . G abra gebara s annaya wa-kono s em 'abiy.
xasasa to s eek , look for ; to deman d , require ( from : ba-xaba , ' emenna) ;
t o s tudy, pursue d i l i gent l y .
(to s eek for one ' s s e lf) .
Gt taxassa pass ive and r eflexive
G l t taxiisasa to inquire col le c t i v e l y ,
d i s cu s s w i t h one another ( something : obj . suff . ) .
xadaga ( 1 ) to leave , abando n , desert ; to divorce ( a wife) ; ( 2) to for

give ( acc . dir. obj . o f debt or s i n ; la- of p erson forgiven) ;
( 3) to negl e ct , i gnore ; ( 4 ) t o renounce , give up ; ( 5 ) to l et ,
a l l 0l1 ; (6) intrans.: to s top , ceas e , d e s i s t .
of a l l transi ti vc mcan i IIg s .
I S . ' I -kono l a- ' Aml akena sutafe .

1 6 . Kono l a-Yo]}annes ' albasa z a- ? agWra gamal .
1 7 . ' I -konomu ' asa ' en l a- ' egarihomu.
1 8 . Bomu ' albas a amr .
1 9 . Bati meta ' em-be Q er ba ' e d .
( as a remainder) .
mes la) .
'amat z a-mendabe wa-maq s aft .
1 4 . Kono 'as ru wa-xams 'amat .
anoth e T .
'
6 . B o maqs afta wa-xas ara ba- zentu makan .
8 . ' Albo totanata l a- ' as a' enina .
' Ayx the D e l uge .
'
G t taxadga p as s i ve
G l L taxadaga to divorce ( s omeone :
2 0 . Beka ' abiya s ema b a ' ent a za- abib ' ant a .
B . l . Q eywat z a- l a- ' al am
2 . s ayf za-bo qat al kewwo
3 . ' a ' uq za-bat aku ' em- ' e
4 . ' aq z a-wadqa d i b a betena
w
5 . q as l wa- ' aq z a - wagaru w e s t a ' es s at
6 . totun z a - t abatka ' em- s a ' nu

7.
8.
W
' Ayx z a-IIlal ' a miiyu westa k e l lu medr
' ; t ! 'L11l:1 za-ganazna b adno
126
9 . badn za- ganazewwo ba- ' albas sannayt
1 0 . warazut ' e l l a t arfu ' em-zentu s ab '
1 1 . za-tarfu maefta ' abawina
1 2 . z a-wagaro wa-qat alo nabiy
1 3 . ' as a ' en za- ' anada xer
1 4 . s ab ' ' el la ' atrafa ba-ma' kal a hagar
1 5 . wald za-xasasewwo wa- ' i -rakabel';wo
C . l . B o za-wagarewwo ba- ' eban wa-bo za- ' i -wagarewwo .
2 . Tawaggara zentu qeddus ba-xaba s ab' 'elewan za-hagar .

3 . Tarna ' e ' u ' e l l ontu warazut babaynatihomu wa-tawagaru ba- ' ebn .
4 . Bo za-bataku ' a ' uqa ' em- ' e9aw wa-wadayewwo qedmehu ba-westa
fenot .
5 . Wa- ' emdexra ganazeffivo la-badnu, qabarewwo mes l a ' abawihu .
6 . Wa-soba tabatka s ayfu ba- ' e dal.;ihu , wa_gW ayya ' em- ab ' .
7 . ' Albo z a- xasasu z a ' enba l a weludihomu .
8 . ' A lbo za-tarfu za' enbala ' el lontu s edestu s ab ' .
La-ment xadaggana west a zeku makan?
9.
1 0 . X adaga la-be ' s itu wa-nas ' a kale ' t a be ' s it a .

1 1 . X adaga lakemu ' E g z i ' aber xatawe ' ikemu .
1 2 . X adag gemu egageya wa-s eetkemu ' em- fenot za- ' ar ' aykukemu .
1 3 . Taxasasna me ' rafa wa- ' albo za-rakabna za' enbal a maqsafta wa
I
I,
II
xas ar a .
1 4 . Tabakayna ' esma taxadagna wa- ' i -konana sisaya wa-maya.
1 5 . Bo za- ' amnu ba-qalu wa-bo za- ' akadewwo .
1 6 . Bo za-t arnayt a westa ' Iyarusalem wa-bo za-nabara west a Bab i lon .
1 7 . Soba s arn ' a negus zanta, ' agnazo 1 a-badnu la- zentu qeddus wa-
1!
[I
' aqbaro ba-westa makan xaba t aqabru ' abayta ezb .

1 8 . Ze-we' etu za-tarfa ' em-maaefta we ' etu tabib .
1 9 . ' I - xadaga lita xati ' ateya ' e sma ' i-nassahku .
20 . F annawa ' Egzi ' aber ' Ayxa la ' l a medr ba' enta xatawe ' a s ab ' .
2 1 . ' Emdexra 'Ayx ' albo za-tarfu z a ' enbal a Nox wa- z arnadu .
'I
I
I [,
2 2 . Wa-soba re ' ya Marqo s za-ba7 a l a ' l a awareyat mendabe wa

maqsaft wa-xasar, xadagomu ba-ye ' et i hagar wa-gab ' a ba-hagara
' Iyarus alem .
IVa- s oba tamayt u awareyat xaba ' Iyarus alem, wa
t anagaru b a ' cnt a

t a ' ulIlC' r a l
1111
ZII I III
' ai: zah ' e l l a tamaytu west a hayrnanot wa-ba ' enta
w;)-lIl i l n k C' l'iil'
I n d 1 ' :, , 1 1 1
1; :1
z n -g abra ' Egzi ' aber ba- ' edawihomu ,
1 1 : 1 ': ': (' i t : 1
ha ' e l l L a
za- xadagomu .
127
motu l a - Barnab as bora Marqos xaba Petros
hagara Rome
wa-kon a lotu rad ' a, wa-ba- heyya aafa wange l o za-tar W
g ama lotu
Pero s (westa l esana ' Afrenj ) , za-sabaka botu westa
hagara Rome.
IVa- ' emdexra- ze ora ba-te ' z aza ' E gz i ' ena ' Iyas u s
Keres tos ( I otu
s ebat) wa-ba- t e ' z azomu 1 a-awareyat westa hagara
' Eskend ery5,
wa- s abaka westet a ba- wange l qeddus .
2 3 . ' J:mdcxr a
128
129
, T-re 'yu wa-' i -manna-h i.
Les s on 2 9
29 . 1
I nterrogatives with za- .
p l ain us e of the interrogatives is achieved with the use of za- .
F or
examp l e ,
Who did thi s ?
za' enba la ' Iy asus .
Mannu za-gabra zanta?

where the r e l at ive c l ause i s the s e cond member of a non-verbal construct ion .
I t i s not uncommon to find the pronominal el ement we' etu
inserted :
Mannu we' e tu za-gabra zanta?

the surface this wou l d app ear to mean "Who is (we' etu) the - one-who
(za- )
. . . ?" but in v i ew of the uses cited in the fo l lowing p aragraphs,
it i s c l ear that we a re deal ing with a more emphat i c constructi on
corresponding to the c l e ft sentence p attern of Engl ish (e . g . I t was

there that I s aw him) .
It (we' e tu) is who (mannu) who (za-) d i d
thi s ?
Thi s trans format ion i s frequent with interrogative adverbs as
we l l as pronouns :
' Efo za-' i-sam 'u la-qalu?
Why did they not heed h i s words ?
Ba' ayte za-rakabka ma?afa?
Where did you find the book?
where . . . ?" " I t was how . . . ?" are too ungainly in Eng l i s h ; more i d i o
mati c would be "Where w a s i t that . . . ? " "Why was i t that . . . ?"
29 . 2
I ndefinite Pronouns .
defini te pronouns " anyone (no one ) , anything (nothing) . "
The s e gen-
eral ly occur i n negat ive s entence s :

' I II' [/or,
I
I
f\
ltlO r t '
lit 11111
\ 11111 ' 1 1 : 1 1
I I
1II" lt l o- lt i .
I H , }" I I I I t i l
' Akko heyya za-re ' y ani .
I ',
, I ( 'I I
I t was not there that he
S ll \
Any e l ement of a basic s enten ce may

be emphas i zed in t h i s way .
examp le ,
' I-ana?a zentu be' si beto

heyya.
1110 ,
I:or
Thi s man did not bui l d h i s house

there .
may be trans formed as fol lows :
' A kko heyya za-ana a zentu be' si beto.

' Akko betu za-ana?a zentu be' si heyya.
The p o s itive counterp art of this construction is rare and is recog

ni z ab l e only from the za- prefixed t o the verbal phras e :
,E
l lu-ke za-yecrakkwes'ewwo
la-ezb .
Ba-?aga za-naaa' kemu.
They saw no one .

l ie d i d nothing .
l l ' V t ' ( 1 I)y p refi xing wa- ' i - to the p ro -
The negat ive
' akko
I t is thes e things that d e fi l e

peop l e .
I t was free o f charge that you
The att achment of the suffixes -hi
and -ni to mannu or ment produces the equival ent of the Eng l i sh in-
, l - l,," U71 lI/(mnn-i1 i .
bu t , J ,' " " , .
' A kko zentu be' si za-bana?a beta heyya.
. .
'
A lthough these are emphat l c construc t 10ns
, the trans l ations " It was
,
They saw n o one a t a l l
2 9 . 3 ' A kko . The trans forma tion

noted above in conne c t i 0 1 1 \ I I "
the inter rogat ives i s appl i ed free
l y to negat ive clau s es .i n 0 ni e ' "
I II
empha si ze the e l ement o f the c l
aus e negat ed . The negat i ve ' nkk'
J "
us ed for this const ructi on :
Thus , the we' etu i s to be regarded as the
real grammat i cal sub j ect :
It is not uncommon to find a comb

inati on (not always s t ri c t l y logi
cal)
of the s e forms with the cons truc
tion ' albo za- of the prec edin
g
l es s o n :
' A lbo za-re ' yu wa- ' i-manna-hi
becomes
On
He told this to no one at al l .
mannu -hi.
A frequent variation o n the
Mannu gabra zanta?
They saw no one at a l l .
' I-nagara zanta wa-' i- la
received .
i s used al so to negat e phras es in gener
a l , o ften
when t h ere i s an e l l i p s i s :
, I1 m l <ckll
!1I'l/rll,I<C1L
{,I,, '
e i ll,
lJa
" /A'ko ' 1 111l / (-[/.' u melJu l.-an.
I/r ( h" it l ll
' , t/c k"
Id'l,r, I, [k,( !l1 'kun, wa
j', {' I ' {' /' 'I/ r l .
He i s the G o d of t h e 1 i v i n !
lind
n o t the God o f t h e dc;,d .

But l et it be wl ' ' ' 1 y l l l !
n o t what r wn n t .
lV , , " 1
II"d
131
130
l ike one who has authority, and
kama za-seZ ana-bo wa-' akko

kama l?aY,i.aftorrru
had' a to
not l ike their own scribes
She hasn ' t re al ly d i e d ; she only
Gt
takasta p as s ive .
moqea Q to put into chains , bonds ; to put into p ri s on .
to be bound in chains , to b e cast into prison .
Qt tamoqea
CQ ' amoqe,a to
have s omeone cast into pri so n .
Note finally that ' akk0-h u and ' akko-nu , l ike ' a Zbo-nu , may b e used
t o convert a s t atement into a question expecting a posit ive answer :
D i d you not sow good seed in the
zaracka westa garaht?
Adj . hedu' qui et , t r anqui l , p l acid .
eyes ; a book) ; to reveal , make manifest (mysteries et c . ) .
s leeps .
' Akko-hu sannaya zarca
CG ' ahde' a t o paci fy,
kasata to reveal , uncover , l ay bare ; to open (esp . the mouth , lip s ,
tenawwem.
dOl"n , become qui e t , tranqui l .
calm down , make tranqui l .
' akko za- const ruct ion is usua l ly

A cont rast ing c l aus e fo l l owing an
, "b "b-a
.
In this usage ' akko za- ( i t i s
.
intr oduc ed by the con) unct on a
verb alone :
not that . . . ) may o c cur with the
, A kko za-mo tat , aUa.
,
q u i. et
f i e l d?
Other :
heyyanta (with pron . suff. -13-) prep . in the p l ace o f , i. n s t ead u r .
ba.tu adv . but , however .
May o c cur first in the c l au s e , e S J 1(,(,
as wa-batu , or b e pl aced after the first main c l ement

c l aus e , especi a l l y i f this i s s ome element preposed
Vocabulary 29
I 1I 1 I
0 ('
I l l ..
rO L' VIIII ' I l I I '. I ' , .
Exer c i s es
Noun s :
maC < at m . f . wrath .
ra ?ebura to work c l ay .
? ebur/qebur c l ay , mud . CG ' asba
ounc e; narr ativ e , story , acco unt ; pron
zena. (p l . -t) m . f . news , repo rt
ment .
;
spec ifi c t ime of or for an even t
gize (p l . -yat ) m . f . t ime : ( 1 ) the
in
uent
freq
tive sens e . Very
( 2 ) t ime in a more gene ral dura
ba-) gi e
gize at that t ime
s et phrases : we' eta gize , ye' eta
even ing et c . ; ba-gzehu a ts/
geba./me set e t c . in the morn ing/
ely, stra ight way ; ba-k e l. Zu
the prop er t ime; ba-g izeh a imme diat
i on b efore
is a l s o equi vale nt to a conj unct
v
gize alway s. G;ze
e . g . gize ?awwa <kani when you
verb al c l ause s : I,.'hen , when ever "
the compounds ba-gize, ' emsummo ned me . The sam e ; s t rue for
gize , and ' eska gize .

.
a
ers , ch ans . ' asara/wadaya west
moqe (pl . mawaqet ) bond s , fett
on . S e e verb b e low .
moqe h. prls
moqe to cast into bond s . beta
V erbs :
lega l
.
, s crut l' ni z e (acc . dir . obj . ) ;
hatata to inve stig at e , exam lne
. Gt tatata pass ive .
sens e : to ques tion , inte rrog ate
) . CG
to rule (ove r: Za-, Z a < Za, diba
nagsa to become king , rule r ;
dl' r. ob) . ) king (ove r : Za- ,
' angasa to make ( some one : acc .
A . 1 . Mannu z a- faarana ' em-s ebura medr?

2 . Mannu za- ' am e ' a l akemu zant a zena?
3 . ' E fo z a- ' a ' markemu kama t afalvwasku ' em-daweya?

4 . ' E fo za-kasata l akemu ' Eg z i ' aber zanta ' abiya mesFra?
5 . Ma ' ze za-af' at zati ' es s at ?
6.
' Ayte z a-moqeewwo l a-mal ' aku l a-negusena?
7.
Ment za- ' ah zanakemu kama- z e ?
8.
Menta nagaru s o b a h ad ' a bahr?
9 . Ba' enta ment za-s agadk emu l a-a ' o t ?

10.
Mannu za-nagsa heyyantehu?
1 1 . S oba had ' at ma " atu, nas sea ba' enta za-gabra .
12.
' I -kasatku menta-hi l a- ' e l l ontu s ab ' .
13.
Was saka sebura diba ebur wa-gabra sal ast a newayat a sannayata
eqqa.
1 4 . ' Anexa manfaso la ' l ehomu wa- ' i -nagaromu menta-h i .

W
1 5 . ' Anc ' omu l ebbomu ba-qalat ihu wa_ 'i- g ayya mannu -hi .
1 6 . Mannu za-saJ;abcwI"o westa fenot wa- ' amatewwo heyya?
17.
18.
19.
20 .
'
A n e xani. nagaru nafseya, wa-wahabku sebat a l a - ' Egz i ' eya .
Dengel
ye ' c t i z a - I"a l ad a t o l a-madxenena b a-xaba Manfas Qeddus .
' I\ kko Z('yY:l z;\-t ;,nabbaya ' a l l a b a- ' I yarusa1.em .

' I
y a ' IIIlI ru
111(' 1 1 1 11 - 1 1 ;
' (,I11:l
' i -ba?omu zena .
132
133
2.
' ekuyan .
'n
' Akko b a - s ema ' Eg z i ' aber z a - gabra zant a , ' al I a ba-man1i.fes t
r
t
3 . ' I -warada zenam ba- gi z ehu .
4 . Wa-ba-gi zeha t afawwasat ' em - d aweh a .
I;
I
w
S . Tawehba l ana zentu wangel l a - k e l lu g i ze .
6 . Ba- g i z e t afara medr ' i -hal l aw a aay wa- warx west a s amay .
zentu b e ' s i z a-wadayu westa moqe ' a l I a k al e ' anihu .
w
8 . M e s lekemu ' ana ba-k e l lu gi z e .
7.
,
j'
' Akko
9 . ' I - ' afreha qalu wa- ' i -manna-hi z a ' enbaleya.

1 0 . ' Akko b a-gi z e meset z a-baa xabena, ' al I a ba-gize s eb ah .
1 1 . Taaddaqu wa- t aabbabu , wa-btu ' i - s ama ' nahomu wa- ' akadnahomu .
1 2 . ' Andayo ' E gzi ' aber wa- ' adwayo , wa- ' a fe ' o l a- z amadu ' em-gaa
medr ; wa- ' emdexra- z e batu ' ab ' al o dagema wa- ' ayawo , wa
w
' ab zexa zamado ' em- z a - kona b a- ent , wa- ' a ' bayo s emo ba-k e l l u
medr .
1 3 . ' I -nagara zanta wa- ' i - l a-mannu-hi z a ' enbal a l a- k ahen .
14.
' Albo t a ' amera wa-mankerata z a ' enbala ' em-xaba ' E g z i ' aber .
1 5 . ' Akko-hu t adawwayka s ob a awwa ' kuka?

1 6 . Bo za- ' asbara s ebura wa-bo z a - gabra n ewayat a ' em-warq wa-berur .
'
1 7 . T a ' amra enahu l a- z entu qeddus we s t a kWe l l u medr .
w
1 8 . ' I - t a ' abbayku b a ' enta ment -ni ba-k e l lu eywat eya .
19.
' A ' kaya diba ' axawihu wa- ' amoq eomu westa beta moq e , wa-nabaru
heyya salasta warxa.
2 0 . Ta awwe ' a zentu nabiy xaba negus b a ' enta za-dawayat walattu
eqqa fadfada .
C.
w
1 . Wa- s oba hatatewwomu mak anent , ' a ' t awewwomu .
2 . Wa- ' ama s abaka ba-wangel w e s t a Rome , tamoqea .
3 . T awas s akat hagarornu xaba ' ahgura negus a Gebs .

4 . Mannu za- ' angasak a d i bena?
s . Z e -we ' etu z a - t akast a ba-mawa ' e l ihu l a- z entu nabiy rnaaf.
6.
' Ahda ' k a nafseya b a - qa l ek a ! ab ib .
7.
' Akko z eyya z a- ' a ' dok ewwomu ' al Ia heyya .

W
' A ' rago diba dabr nawwax wa- ' ar ' ayo k e l lo medra qedmehu .
8.
9.
' Akko b a ' enta- z e za-t afannoku l akernu , ' a l I a b a ' enta mashaf z a
rakabkernu we s t a b e t a maqdas .
1 0 . Tahatatna wa- t arakabna naddayana hayrnanot .
11.
' Ab e ' o westa betu wa- ' ar ' ayo walatto za-motat .
12.
' I\p,h c ' omu
l a - '.l c z h
' em-ha gara Bab i lon, wa-ba J:!tu b o zanabaru
h o yya mo s l a ' ancstihomu ' ararnaweyat .
13.
' I\kko z eyya z a - ' anbarornu ,
' al I a ba-kal e ' t hagar .
1 4 . ' A ' odornu l a- e zb ba-we s t a gadam be zuxa ' amat a .

1 5 . atatu k W e l l o newayana wa-batu ' i -rakabu warqan a .
1 6 . ' Albena s i s aya z a ' enb a l a xeb esta z a- ' aqrabkana ba - s ebah .
1 7 . ' A lbo za- ' ame ' ana l a ' l ek emu ' enbala ' Eg z i ' aber '
l ak n::t .
18 . Iannu za-bezawakemu wa- ' aqarna z ant a kidana z a - l a - ' a l am

mesl ekemu?
1 34
135
Lesson 30
The Infinit ive :
30 . 1
Form .
The base forms of the infinitives
o f the various typ es of v erbs are as fol lows :

qati 'l
qatte 'lo
qate lo
Gt
taqate'lo
Ot
taqatte lo
Lt
taqatelo
Qt
CG
' aqte lo
CO
' aqatte lo
CL
' aqate'lo
CQ
W
targ emo
W
tatarg emo
W
' atarg emo
-0
(to be i l lustrated bel ow) ,
-0
He was afraid t o remain there .
Xadagu ma?i' a xabena.
They stopped coming to us .
dagama
h ave qeti l :
Most of these verbs a l s o admit of a coordinated cons L rlle L
syl l ab l e may optional ly be rep l aced by -e- with roots I I -W/Y and 1 1 1 The fo l l owing l i s t
i l lustrat e s these pos sib i l i t i e s :
ncibir
to s i t
sehit
to err
warid
gabir
t o do
ma?i'
to come
rarig
to ascend
basih
to arrive
qawim, qawem
s ayi , sayep
to s e l l
xasis
to s e ek
mehir
to teach
bakiy, bakey
t o weep
se' i l
to ask
re' iy, re' ey
to descend
to stand
re' eyot-
Thus , gabirot-, mehirot- , qawimot- , qawemot-,
et c .
30 . 2
The I nfinitive :
Uses .
kehla
to be ab le
ras ra
to forget (to do)
se' na
to be unab l e
farha
to be afraid (to do)
ka'l' a
to prevent (from do ing)
xadaga
to stop (doing)
' abaya
to refuse (to do)
Examples :
" I I II l it"
forehand .
Dagama ma?i' a (or ma? ' a ) .
He came again .
' Abzexu taqateZo (or taqatalu) .

CW andayku ba?i (or ba?aku) .
They fought together

I arrived
lot .
1 ate .
The infinitive of a tran s it ive verb usua l l y stands in construct wi th

its noun obj ect :
5e' na qati la waldu.
He was unab le to k i l l h i s son.
Xcibru nia hagar .
They bui lt the city together .
The accusative is occas i onally u s ed , however, and i s in fact required

if the obj ect is s eparated from the infinit ive :
Zanta be' s ' i- ke h l a qati la.
He was unab l e to k i l l this man .
Pronominal obj ects are expressed by the suffixes a s they appear o n a

nOun in the accusat ive : qatiloteya to k i l l me , qati 'lotaka to k i l l
you , qati loto to ki l l him , et c . The counterpart o f t h e qatalo la
negus cons truction may also be emp loyed for noun obj ects :
qatiloto
la-zentu be' si to k i l l this man .
Occas ional ly suffixes that properly

belong to the infinitive are trans ferred to the main verb :
' I-kehelna bawi' a .
We were not ab l e to enter.
) Abayu qatiloto ' A bayewwo qatila
5 e ' H U lm.li Y'a.
They coul d not go .
The i n f i n i t i ve s o f
Ki l l ' (ut i 1.'fI4.'i ' / l .
Jle
prevented me from leav ing .
()tt
fl l ' r l vl'd I , ,
We worked togethe r .
The most frequent u s e o f the in
finitive i s as a compl ement i n the accusative to such verbs as
Xabarna tagcibbero (or tagabbarna) .
to see
As with other verb types , the addition of a pronominal suffix re

quires a stem in -ot- :
I arrived fi rst ,
With roots I I - gutt . we
The -i- of the s e cond
infin i t i v e
to do again, continue to do
s e cond verb , with o r wi thout t h e conj unction wa- :
is repl aced by -ot- .
mehir to t e ach , seit to err .
an
' abzexa to do a l ot, freqllc i l l J y

W
g andaya to do 1 a t e . L (I rd i I \'
to do j oint ly , together
I nfinitives of G verbs h ave the base qatil , which is subj ect to
a few vari ations w ith the various root types .
W/Y .
Farha ncibira heyy a .
xcibra
t h e P erfect (us ing taqatala for Gt verb s ) with -e- and to add the
When pronominal suffixes are added to any infinitive in
forgot to r eturn .
qadama to do first or beforehand

, aftana to do quickly or s oon
verb types other than G v erbs i s t o repl ace t h e final s t em vowe l o f

-0 .
refused to f l ee .
Ras a r ku gcibi' a.
There is a s econd group o f verbs frequent ly used with

and which are b e s t trans l ated in Eng l i s h a s adverbs :
A s i mp l e rul e-of- thumb for the formati on o f the infinitive of a l l
ending
W
' A /)ayku g ayeya.
as
ge
I'u l l ch I I I I J L a k l'
They refused to ki 11
ot h transit ive and intransitive verbs

S LtiJj e eti ve genitive pronominal
may
s u f [ j X l' S
h im.
i ll' t l Sl'd
I II
137
w h a t e v e r ca$e
j oint l y , together .
.i s rcqLl i l"c J by the cont ext ; e . g . qati"loteka your k i l l
i ng , bakey otu h i s wcep ing, et c .
The addit ion o f a direct obj ect in
accord . Gt taxabra to be as soci at e d (wi th : mes "la) .

W
g andaya Q to l ast , remai n ; to d e l ay , t arry, be s l ow in coming ; with
the accusative ( e . g . qati"loteya zanta be' se my kil l ing this man) is

p o s s ib l e , but this is not a frequent construction .
Some infinit ives have been adopted as ordinary nouns .
inf . :
Not e ,
e dge , ' i- y a> mero ignorance .
Gt takeh"la ( 1 )
keh"la , especial ly when u s e d , by
attraction , with a fo l l owing infinit ive of a Gt verb ; ( 2) im

to be p o s s i b l e ( + inf . ) .
CG ' akha"la t o enab l e , make
ab l e .
se' na to b e unab l e .
to put o f f a person (obj . suff . ) .
keh"la (rare ly kaha"la) to be abl e ; to prevai l against (obj . suf f . or
p er s ona l :
G t tase' na t o b e impo s s ib l e ( + inf . ) .
Both
Gt
qadama to go before, precede (obj . suff . or "la- , ' em-) ; to do before=
qadama in coordinated usag e ; ( 2) to put or p l ace first ; ( 3) t o

Gt taqadma t o
I i :
swi ft , quick .
lvo rd ,
" 1 1 1i
t h i l1! ,
stor l e;
: ) ; t o share something ( a c c . dir . obj . )
( I!I. , ' / " ) : \v i l l i
i l l i" i ll i L i v c
o r coordina ted verb :
to do
' Abayu wehiba lana s i s ay a .
17.
' Abayku moqeoto l a - z entu qeddus .
18.
' I -keh l a nagir o t ana wa- ' i -menta-ni .
2 1 . Kala' nahomu s e J:l iboto ' em-wes t a betu .

2 3 . La -ment ' abayat mehirotaki ba- l es ana ' Afrenj ?
24 . Dawaya wa- ' i - k eh l a qawima ba- ' egarihu .
xabra/xabara ( 1 ) to be connected or associ ated (with : mes"la) ; ( 2 ) to

j oin , associate (with : mes "la) ; to conspire (agains t : "la '"la) ; to
16.
2 2 . La-ment ' abayka s awi ' a la- ' E gzi ' aber ?
fepun adj .
.
be i n accord Iv i t h , agree with (mes"la, ba- ; subj ect usua l l y
' I -keh l a mawi ' ot an a .

' E fo za- ' i -k eh l a s ayimotak emu qas awesta?
2 0 . Mannu za-kal ' ak a nabibotomu?
CG ' afpana to hurry, hasten ; with i n f o or
to hurry to do, to do quick ly .
14.
15.
1 9 . S e ' n at walidoto l a-wal da wa-motat .
G l t taqadama to go/come
out to meet .
coordinated verb :
' Abayu ? ab i ' a ' axawihomu .
1 2 . Kal ' un i maye oto xaba zamadu .
nated) .
fapana to be swift , quick .
5 . ' Abayku xadiga weludeya h eyya .

6 . ' I -kehe1ku raki b a be ' s it eya .
1 3 . S e ' nu ' aminoto .
dagama to do ( s omething) again ( + i n f o or with s econd verb coord i -
occur , t ake p l ace first/beforehan d .
3 . Kala' nahomu at i t a maaeft i n a .
4 . S e ' enku batika zentu ' a? q .
1 1 . La-ment ' abaykemu radi ' oteya?
obey.
happen , exist , b e first/previous/beforehand .
' Abaya kas i t a s emu.
2 . Kal ' un i nagi s a heyyanta ' abuya.
1 0 . S e ' enna radi ' a ' emuntu s ab ' .
' abaya to refus e , be unwi l l in g ; to refuse , say no to ; to spurn, d i s -
CG ' aqdama (1)
A. 1.
9 . ' I -keh lu ' awida hagaren a .
taka"l' a pass ive ; to abst ain ( from : ' em- ) .
hand , first (+ info or coordinated verb) .
inf . ; inf o alone) .

Exercises
8.
tase' nani awira i t was impo s s i b l e for me t o go .
ka"l' a to prevent ; to w ithho l d ( ac c . d i r . obj . ; from : ' em- ) .
Q l t tag anadaya
7 . ' Abayna s agida l a- t a ' o t .
takeh"la and tase' na may t ak e p e rsonal obj . suff . in the dat ive
s ens e :
to be t ardy or l a t e in doing, to be too long in
doing ( "la 'la , "la '"la
V erb s :
mes"la) .
do i n g .
CG ' ag andaya to put off, d e l ay , defer ( e . g . s alvat ion , prnyc r ) ;
for examp l e , weiz current , f l ow , ' amin faith , b e l i e f , ' a' mero know l
Vocabul ary 30
C G ' axbara t o associate ( s omeone : acc . dir .
obj . ) with (mes "la) ; to make a conspiracy ; to b e in agre ement ,
2 5 . Kal ' ana l e ' ika zena xabeka .

.'
26 .
' I -kehelku ' ahde ' o rna ' ' at eya .
2 7 . S e ' nu
n.
fa i ra wa- ' i -ment a-ni
' i\ !laya ' atrefo ' al)adu be ' s i .
' em - s cl i u l' ,
to
eI(' I : I y
I II
1 38
l39
2 9 . Z a ' cnb a l a ' al bas s annayt ' i - keh e l na gani zoto l a-b adnu .
30 . ' I - kehe lna kal i ' otomu wagiroto l a-we ' etu nab i y .
3 l . ' Ab ayu t aameqo ba-xaba Yohannes .
3 2 . S e ' nu ' a ' refo heyya.
3 3 . S e ' enna ' at fe ' oto l a- nadda ' es sat .
3 4 . Kehlu t as affewo Qeywat z a - l a - ' al am .
3 5 . ' Abaya awira mangal a we ' etu dabr .
iJ
3 6 . S e ' newwa fawweso .
I!
37.
I'
' Ab ayomu ' a ' tewo .
3 8 . Dagamu taba eoto xabehu .
3 9 . ' I -kehe lna takaedotomu .

4 0 . ' Abaya tarakebo mes l ehomu .
4 l . Kal ' omu l a- ezb tagab e ' o .
4 2 . Mannu za-keh l a t aqawemo za-kama- z e be ' se ?
4 3 . S e ' nu t as ayeo s i s aya .
4 4 . Keh l u ' a 'meno bezuxan a .
13 .
45 .
'Abayani ' ar ' eyo ma Qafu .
11 6 .
' Abaya ' ameqotana .
l . Faanana we i z heyya wa- ' i - t akehl ana ' adiwa .

2.
' Abiy ' a 'merotu ' em- ' a ' merotena fadfada .
3 . Warada z enlim wa - ' i - k e h l at ' essat nadida.

4 . Dagamu 'amandebotomu la- Kerest iyan .
5.
' Emdexra ta' amna xai ' at o , takeh l a t a ameqo .
6 . Qadama 'ariga wes t a dabr , wa-dexra 'argu ' ardii' ihu .
7 . ' Akha l ana t e ' ziizu g ab i ' a hagar ana .

W
8 . We ' et a gize t ase ' nomu g ayeya .
9 . T a s e ' nana qariba xab a ' anaqe a hagar .

"
'
10.
' Aqdamu nagaru zant a nabiyat ba-mawa ' e l a ' abawina .
1 1 . Qadama bawi ' a, wa-bo ' na ' em-dexrehu .

1 2 . Soba xal afa maya ' Ayx , qadama taka l a Nox ' a :; ada wayn .
,
1 3 . Abayu t e ' zazat ihu wa-dagamu s e ita ' em-fenot rete 't .
"
1 4 . Tanagarana b a ' enta t amayeotomu l a- ' ah z ab west a ' amina ' E gz i ' ena.
W
1 5 . ' I - g andaya mo tu .
W
1 6 . G andaya gabru gabi ' a h agar a .
W
1 7 . Xabru 1 1i ' l oya l a - q at i l o t eya , \va-bahtu kehe l ku g ayeya
' elll c I l l ll' ! t OIllLl .
J R . X : l h , I I"I l : l k W , ' I I , ' " ' '
h l l l l i '.; (1
' n hy a t a
I)add i s a .
1 9.
X abra nagaru mes l a zena z a - s amii ' na ' em-ma l ' ak a negu s ,
20 . La-ment ' axbarkemu z anta a ' ota ' ekuya mes la ' Eg z i ' abQer wa
betu?
140
141
c l ear l y bel ongs to the subordinate phars e :
Lesson 31
31 . 1
Nabiro J lyasus
The P erfective Active P art i cipl e .
From every verb there
is formed a perfective act ive part iciple which is infl ect ed for per
The bas i c s t em may be der ived , for a l l prac
son , number , and gender .
t i cal purpo s es , from that of the infinitive (to which it is identical
qati Z
Gt
taqati Z
CG
' aqti Z-
qatti Z
qat i Z
Ot
taqatti Z-
Lt
taqati Z
Qt
CO
J aqatti Z-
CL
J aqati Z-
W
tar'g im_
W
tatar'g imW
J atar'g im-
CQ
There i s the same optional v ariation b etween -e- and -i- i n G verbs
Za- a lone :
Qati Zeya beJ s e (or : Za-be J s i )
l ayayku .
they ( m . ) , having k i l l ed
qatiZa
she , having k i l l ed
qati Zon
they ( f . ) , having k i l l e d
qati Zaka
you (m . s . ) ,
qati Zaki
you ( f . s . ) ,
qati Zeya
I , having ki l led
"
"
you (m . p I . )
qati Zaken
you ( f . p l . ) ,
qati Zana
we , having k i l l ed
meaning with trans itive act ive v erb s ; i f the verbal stem i s p a s s ive ,
Gt
taqati Zo he , having been ki l l ed .

The perfect ive active p art i c ip l e i s used t o expres s the fact
that an act has been comp l eted prior to the time of the main verb .
I t i s thus always subordinate in value, corresponding to Eng l i s h t em
poral c l au s e s with "when , after" or p arti cipial phrases (Having
arrive d , I . . . ; Having s at down , h e . . . ) or to abso lute constructi ons
Rakabuni nabireya heyya.
b e fore t h e main verb but i s not restrict ed to that p o s i t ion :
Nabireya tanagar'ku mes Zehomu .
Having sat down , I spoke with them .
A noun subj ect is added appos itional ly to the appropriate 3rd person
form . ,
In EngJ
i s h wo l o nd
t i ll) [,d l O lv i llR "":l i n v t' I'I , ;
Lo
sL ( 1 I 1d
ii',
1< '
/I
, 1 11 1 1 "
They found me s e ut od ( I I I .
having sat down) L i l l' r { ' .
They found his hOLl e i n
Rakabu beta wadiqa.

W
Tamawi J a hagar'ena g ayayna.
J
r i l l I I ';
( lit . it h aving co l l a p s ed ) .
After our city was dofeuL od , wo
fled .
the P erfective Active P art i c ip l e des cribes a comp l e t ed prior event ,

pun ctually conceiv e d , and only incident ally does it describe a con
comitant state .
v i ew an expre ssed noun as the subj ect of
i n I ' l i l i o p i c , however, the noun subj ect
Thus "having s at down" imp l i e s " s eat e d , s i t ting" as
pos s i b l e trans l ation value s , but only because of the part i cu l ar verb
u s e d ; our s econd examp l e above coul d not be tran s l at ed "They found
his house co l laps ing . "
The Perfective Acti ve P art i c ip l e is not negated .
An equivalent
negative express ion mus t emp l oy a subordinate c lause with saba or
J enza ( s ee next l e s s on) p lus t h e P erfect , e . g . wa-J enza J i -rakaba nriil a.
xaZafa an d having found no water , he continued on h i s way .

Vocabul ary 3 1
I t i s most frequent ly used in E thiop i c
(The sun having set , . . . ) .
prepo " l'd 1 1 1111
I t must be emph as i z e d that in sp ite of the Eng l i sh t rans l ation va lues
We have des ignated this form as an act ive partici p l e becau s e of i t s
however, this form has a corresponding ly p as s ive meaning :
f l ud .
( as an absolute) :
"
qati Zakemu
compl ement to any other e l ement in the claus e o r to the c l l L i
t h e accusativ e :
qati Zomu
Having s l ain the m::ln , I
Whi l e the use of the P erfective Active Part icip le as
The perfective active part i c i p l e i s inflect ed l ike a n oun i n
he , having ki l l ed
p l ement to the subj ect i s the most frequent use , it m::ly
as was found in the infini t ive with various unsound root typ e s .
qatiZo
Having s at down , Jesus said to them . . .
Suffixed obj ect pronouns cannot be added to this for m ( s ee 4 8 . 4) .
C 2 and C ) :
nagaromu
An obj ect noun may be expre s s e d with the s imp l e accu s at ive or w i t il
in G verbs ) by changing -e- to -i- in the final s t em syl l ab l e (between
Nouns :
Zahm ( p I . J aZhemt) m . f . bul l , cow .

genj' ( 1' 1 . liAnaf,
J i mi t .
I,-vl/'(iI(J-;;!I/-;;
ca?ada J aZhemt stockyard .
J a$ naf) m . edg e , margin , h em ; shore , bank ; end ,
J ag nafa medr the ends o f the eart h .
( 1 ' 1 . - /. ) m . f . l ab o r , toi l , work ; device , arti f i c e .
I 2
1 4 :'
keaad/kecad (pl . -u , kesUwed, kasawed) m . f . neck .
ba-saZam s afe ly; in peace .
salam m . f . s afety; peace .
I I.
gabra saZama
SaZam Zaka Greetings I
mes Za to make peace with .
La cZehu saZam
May peace be upon him !

najas (p l . - at) m . f . wind .
Verbs :
' as ara to t i e up , bind (ace. dir . obj . ) ; to t i e ( something : ace . ) to
(something : ba- , westa) .
G t ta' asra pass ive .
fata to unt i e , loo s en , open (ace. dir . obj . ) ; to l et loo s e , set free
( ace . dir. obj . ) ; to forgive ( sins : ace . dir . obj . ) ; to pass

Gt tafata pas s ive .
j udgment (on behalf of: Za- ) .

to b ring to j udgmen t .
CG ' aftea
G 1 t tajatea t o engage i n a l eg al case
' axaza to s e i z e , grasp , hold (acc. dir . obj . or ba-) ; to take capt ive ;
to possess , control , occupy .
Gt ta' exza (sic ! ) pas s ive .
' a' xaza to order ( s omeone) held .
CG
G l t ta' axaza to be involved
matara to cut , cut off (both l it . and fi g . ) .
G.
D t tamattara
Gt tamatra p as s ive .
Gt .
Other :
Qemma, ?emmita, ba-?emmit
adv . secret l y , in s ecret , in private .

Exercises
; /1 ,
'.
1
A.
1 . Tasayio l ahma, was ado xaba ' a adu .

2 . Ba? iomu enfa bar , ' i -keh lu ' adiwoto ba ' enta nafas ' abi y .
3.
Ba- ' ayy ? ama za-kehlu q ati loto?
4. Kawino nafas , ' i-kehe lna a\;ira west a bar .

5 . Kal;ino meseta , nabarna heyya wa- ' i-orna ' eska ? eba .
6 . Gabirana s alama mes lehomu, ' i - ab a ' nahomu .
. /
7 . ' As iromu ab l a wes t a kesadu , wasade,,\;o ' enta fenot kama l ahm .
8 . Hadi ' o nafas , takeh lomu ' ari ga westa amaromu .
9 . X adigo ' abahu wa- ' emmo , xabra mes l a we ' etu be ' s i qeddus .
1 0 . lI'agiromu xa?awentihomu diba medr, ' abayu wa i ' a s ab ' a .
1 1 . Tabatiko ' a?q za-nabara dibehu, wadqa diba medr wa-taqat l a .
1 2 . Tas e ' nani nabira h eyya ba- s a l am ' esma ' i- ' afqaruni ezb wa' alllanclahun i
'AI
I i i 1l1 i "
' l' l i l l u lV u s L a
'
I IlO
1 6 . Soba rakabnahomu ta' as i romu , matarna ' abalihomu wa- fatahnahomu .

1 7 . Ta' exi z o , t awadya westa beta moqe .
1 8 . Ma? i ' omu emmi t a ba- le l i t , xabarna mesl ehomu l a ' l a we ' etu negus
' ekuy .
1 9 . Tafawwi s a ' em-dawea , tafasseJ:!at fadfada wa- ' amnat ba-wangel za
s abaka botu.
20 . Tanasi ' on ' anest ' em- ' amtat ihon , bakaya wa- ' abaya tagabbcro .
B . 1 . Nabireya ba-rna ' k alornu , t anababku rnesl ehornu ' eska ? ebal: .
3 . Zanta sami ' omu , t anaaru babaynatihomu wa- ' i -keh lu nab i b a
\V[I
' i -menta-ni .
4 . ' A?ni 'o l ebbo , t aqawamornu wa-rno ' ornu .
5 . lI'ai ' ornu west a m edr, tawal adu wa-mal ' ewwa .
in a battle or simi l ar act ivity (with : acc . or mes Za) .

=
15.
a s n a fa medr mes l a zentu zena.

t "Il (" O , dC'ganomu .
l Ianasu l omu beta Kcrcs tiyan west a makana ' as ada ' alhemt xaba
? cnfa ba r .
1 ' . 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 1")111 1 1
2 . Ma i ' aka xabehomu , ment za-t asayarka ' ernennehornu?
(with : ace . or mes Za) .
mattaI'a
I II .
6 . Tarna ' i 'omu , t anse ' u wa-t aqatalu babaynatihomu .
w
7 . Tafi 'on ' ahgurina, taxal afna heyya wa- zeyya ba-k e l lu rnedr .
8 . Taqaribornu, wal adat lotu wal da sannaya.
9. Sami ' ana l a-qal at ihu , t ak aJ:!adnahu wa- ' awa ' nahu ' em- xabena .
1 0 . Tabawi ' o west a ma' kalomu , ' asatomu ' em-haymanot rete 't .
1 1 . Tasadido ' exuya ' em-makanu , tasat afke;o ba-beteya wa-banewayeya .
1 2 . Tasana' iwana, t ak ayadna kidana babaynat ina .
1 3 . F.airo be' s e ba- ' ams a1 u , s amayo serna ' Adamha.
1 4 . Taqat i 1 0 sutafehu , ' i -keh l a nagisa la ' l a ezbu .
1 5 . ' Exi zornu ' asyeft ihornu ba- ' edawihomu , ' afanu wa-wa ' u s ab ' a .
1 6 . Tafatiho mawaqeihu , t ans e ' a wa-gW ayya ' em- xaba ' e l l a ' axazewwo.
1 7 . Taqadimomu war az ut , ta' axazu mes 1 ehomu ba-ab ' ' eska meset .
1 8 . Tabaieya we ' et a be ' se ba-qedma makwannen , tafatahku meslehu
ba ' enta nel;ay ' ekuy za-setan i .
144
145
( 2)
L e s s on 3 2
32. 1
The Imperfect :
five infl e tted s tems :
G Verbs from Sound Roots .
A l l verb s have
P erfe c t , P erfect ive Part i cip l e , Imperfect ,
Sub j unctive , and Imperative .
The l exical b as e typ e s ( G , D , L , and Q)
and a few of the derived verbal type s ( e . g . CG) have , in add i t ion ,
verba l nouns and adj ectives of a fairl y regular and predi ctab l e forma
t ion which should be l earned as p art of the verbal system i t s e l f .
In
thi s and the fol lowing l e s s ons we shal l take up thes e remaining forms
of the verb , beginning with the G verbs from s ound root s .
The Imperfect s t em o f the G verb has the pattern -C aC C eC - ;
l 2 2 3
i n f l e ct i on i s by means of prefixes and suffixes :
yenahber
he wi l l s it
yenabberu
they (m . ) w i l l s i t
tenahber
she wi l l s i t
yenahbera
they ( f . ) w i l l s i t
tenabber
you (m. s . ) wi l l s i t
tenahberu
you (m . p l . ) wi l l s it
tenahberi
you ( f . s . ) w i l l s i t
tenahbera
you ( f . p l . ) wi l l s it
' enahber
I shal l s i t
nenahber
we shal l s i t
y:
Yema e' za-ya <ahbi ' emenneya.

' essat za-yenadded
Kana yenahber heyya.
32. 3
( 1 ) as compl ement to the subj ect :
Nahara ' enza yenabbeb .

tenahbu
yenahbebu
tenahbebu .
- i ni/-eni
-eyya
Rakahewwa la-be' si ' enza
-Cmi
-ewwo
- ki
.. .
-am.
-ahu
-ewwa
-ah
Wa-' enza yebakki ' Eremcyas

la- ezb ,
etc .
mas cu l i n e s ingul ar of the P erfect , including the " linking" vowel - a - :
32 . 2
I I )
yeqa t te lani
I n t i l ' l ' l ' l I. 1 ( 1 I 1
" "" 1 > 1 "
yeqattel&.ka
l I ' > l". 0 1' t h e
1 1 1 1 1 1 1' , ,
yeqatte l&.ki
yeqattelo
he \; i. l l
sit.
' awije' eun,)() .
The ' enza may be omi tted fr o l ll
etc.
find as . J e remi a h wept

peop l ,
t h o suhj e c t
s tructio ns :
t h y
lind o i J j o c l
l eJ
for the
h i m owny .
cl1l" p l (" II ( ' n l
('on
Nnh, lril !i ' II, "'I,"' .

IIt 1 ' !I" " , ' I I I
I lIIp c r fect .
1 1 " 1 / , ,,,1', ' 1 '
there .
( 3) as c ircum s t ant i a l to the entire predic

at ion :
et c .
S t ems ending in a consonant take the same suffixes as the 3rd person
yeqatte l :
They found t h e man sitting
yenahb er heyya.
etc.
-uki
He s at speakin g .
(2) as comp l ement to an obj e ct :
Obj ect suffixes are attached to Imperfect forms ending in a
to -u :
The mos t frequent de
whi l e)
vowel j us t as to the corresponding vowe l of the P erfect :
to -a :
And whi l e he was s i t ting t h ere . . .
Dependent U s e s of the Imperfect .
from nahaha ( to speak)
'j
"I
"" ; i , "
He u s ed to s it there .
Imperfect forms ending in a vowel show an optional short ening ; thu s ,
to -i :
(,.'1 1 1 1
pendent use of the Imperfect is with the conj unction ' enza (when ,
When the second and third root consonants are ident i cal , the
( I "" " .
H e was s itting there .
Wa-kana saba yenabber heyya . . .
Cf.
r emarks a t end of 26 . 2 .
yenahbu
One who i s great er than r s i t ; ! I

a burnin g fl ame
Tense for the h abitu al and durat ive

u s e s must be gain ed f r O Ill I I ",
t ext in most inst an.ces .
I t may b e made exp l i ci t throu gh l h c
l ".l'
vario us constr uctio n , espec i a l ly with
the verb kana and t h e e X ! , !"
wa-kana saba (and whi l e) :
' i- y enahber I shal l not s it) ,
a form e as i ly confused with the 3rd p erson mascul ine s ingu l ar .
he was ( i s , wi l l be)
(3) Habit ual (no speci fi c tense ) :

he used to s it , he would
(regu l ar ly) s i t , he s i t s (as a matte
r o f habi t ) , h e wi l l sit ( d i t to) .
(4) Gener al p re s ent : ya <ahbi he
is great ( from <abya) .
Whi l e thi s i s real ly a subdi v i s i on
of the durat ive/h abitu al us c , i l
meri ts speci al menti on b e caus e o f i
t s high frequ ency in re l :l l i vo
C l au s e s , which are used inst ead of
the corre spond ing s imp l e n t i j l' l ' 1 i v , ,
with many verbs :
When t h e negative ' i- i s p r e fixed to t h e 1 s t person s ingul ar form ,

the ' b e comes y (which we wr i t e as
Du rativ e ( no speci fic tense ) :
s i tting .
Tho
J III I " ' I I I "
I"
fl" /o f t ' " " I . .
I I , , , . . , I I . . . ..
I .
I l f'
" l w l I \
.1111
- "1 \\1 / I III , I I I
I I I ,, , .
'1 1 ' 1 1 ' I I I I I I I I I I'
1 " , ( 1 , " I i 1 1 11
11"
" , . ". 1 0
1 4 (,
147
act ion or s i tuat ion during whi ch or along with which the action of
the main verb occurs . Becaus e ' enza o ft en immedi ately precedes the
verb o f its c l ause, the transpo s i t ion o f other el ements of the depend
ent c l ause for emphas is may p l ace them before ' enz a :
Rakabo westa maqQber ' enza yenabber.
5.
Iannu za-yenagg es heyyanteka?
6.
' A lbo za-yeabbeb za' enbala haymanot .
7.
Mannu yeaddeq ba-qedma ' F. g z i ' aber?
8 . Konu yenabberu westa enfa bar .
He found him dwel l ing among
9.
the tombs .
Vocabul ary 3 2
Terakkebu ' alhemtik emu xaba ' aadeya .
10.
Ba- ' ayy ama neqat tel z anta adeqa?
11.
N e s addedomu l a-Kerestiyan ' em-ma' kalena .
12.
' Etakke l ' awyaneya zeyya xaba ' albo nafas .
13.
Nesabbek wangelo ' eska ' anafa medr .
xoxt (p l . - at , xawaxew) m . f . door , doorway .
14 .
N eqabbero mes l a ' abawihu .
maskat (pl . masakew) m . f . window .
15.
Konu yesaggedu l a - a ' ot za- ' ebn wa- z a- ' ed .

We ' eta gize ' ekasset l akemu nagaro .
Nouns :
' aragay ( f . - t , ' aragit ; pI . ' a' rug) old person .
' aragawi ( f . - t ;
16 .
p l . ' aragaweyan) idem.

Verbs :
zakara to remember , to mention .
Gt tazakra pas s ive .
kabra to be g lorious , magn i fi cent , great , famous , i l lustrious .

' akbara to make or regard as glorious etc .
CG
kebur ( f . kebert)
glorious etc.
w
rak sa to b e uncl ean , impure , po l l uted, contaminated ; bad ( i n genera.
w
CG ' ark asa to pollute , cont aminate , defi l e . rekus ( f . rekWest)
un c l e an etc .
fa lasa to s eparat e , go away , depart , emigrate ; to s ecede , sp lit o ff
(from : ' emenna) ; falasa xaba to go over to the s id e o f ; falasa

' em-zentu <alam to d i e .
remove .
CG ' aflasa to s end away , deport , exi l e ,
G l t tafQlasa to wander as exi les from one p l ace to
another ; to pass ( from one generation to another) .

' arxawa CG to open .
Gt tarexwa p as s ive and midd l e .
rexew adj . open .
Other :
Tematt er-nu ' a' uqa ' em- ' e ?
18.
Mannu yez akker s emeya ' emdexra motku?
19 .
20.
Yekabber s emeka ' em- s erna ' exuka.

' Efo nefalles ' em-zati medr sannayt ?
21.
Westa ' ayy makan t enabbera?
22.
' Ayte za-terakkebi waldaki ?
23.
La-mannu tenaggereyyo zanta zena?
24.
Y eqatteluna ' e l l ontu sab ' .
Trans l ate the fo l l owing relat ive c l auses with Eng l ish nominal or
adj ectival express i ons .
( fo I l . by Imperfect) .
1.
A . I . ' Egabber s a l ama mes l a hezba zati hagar .

2 . ' E qarreb xabeka ba-mesct .
3 . Y e naddcJ zrntll ' (' s ii t k W e l l o
/' ; 1 V I " . t r 1'1'
r ' (,III(\(,X r;1
za-yegabber newaya ' em-bert
2.
' e l la yetarrefu ' emdexra s ab '
3.
' e l l a yenabberu westa zati hagar
4 . za-yegabber ' albasa wa-qanaweta ' em-rna ' s

5 . be ' si za-yenabbeb fadfada
7.
' e l l a yeqattelu ba- s ayf
' e
l l a q adamuna
8 . za-yesaddedana
E xercises
' 1\ 1 1 >0
E . g . za-yegabber mankerata a worker of
miracles .
6,
wa-kana saba and when (fol lowed by P erfect or Imperfect) ; and whi l e
B.
17.
gi z e .
we ' etu mendabe .
9 . ' e l l a yesaggedu la- a ' ot rekus

10.
I I .
za- yegabber ' asyefta ' em-xa in

z a - ye g a h h e r amahu l a- ' egzi ' u
1 2 . za
yc:; a bbck ba-wangel
1 .1 .
' (' 1 1 ; 1
1 1 .
111 . 1 1 ' . 1 '
)'I') ; 1 1 1 1 l e l U
7.1
' abdenta
y, rat t C'n
I ,Ill
C.
149
1.
' i\rX:lwn xoxta wa-wa ' a ' em-bet .

Soba t aroxwa xoxt , r e ' ina ' aragayta ' enza tenabber west a bet
mes l a walda wa lda .
3 . Rakibana xoxta rexewa , bo ' n a we sta bet .
4 . ' Enza t enabber b e ' s i t u xaba masko t , re 'yato ' enza yeqarreb
westa feno t .
Lesson 3 3
2.
33. 1
The Subj unct ive :
V erbs from Sound Root s .
The s tem of
the Subjunctive i s - C I C 2 eC 3 - or - C I C 2 aC 3 - , where the vowel e or a is

l exi cal ly determined and not predi ctable , As may be s e en from the
fol l owing l i s t , there i s a corre lation between verbs of the nabara
S,
Tarexiwomu masakew, bo ' a ' abiy nafas wa- ' a fe ' a berhanata .
' Akko qalatihu za- ' akbaro ' al Ia gebarihu .
type and SUbjunctives with -e- , and between those of the gabra type
7.
' E sma s e ' enna ' awe ' o manafest rekusan ' em-w e ' etu makan ,
some verbs have bo th forms .
6.
xadagnahu.
w
8. ' Akko sis ayomu za- ' ark asomu ' al I a qalatihomu .
9 . Nagarani zentu qeddus kama ba- salus yefal les ' em-zentu ' alam ,
10.
Tezakkeru- nu z anta nagar a ' emdexra xadaggukemu?
1 1 . Wa- t a z akra t a ' amer z a- g abra ' eska zati 'elat .
' I - t arakabu mes l a ' e l l a yesaggedu l a-ra 'ot .

1 3 . Rak abnahu ' enza yebattek ' a ' uqa ' em- ' eawina .
1 4 . F al asna xaba kal e ' ' eg z i ' wa-xabarna mes lehu l a ' l a ' eg z i ' ena
12.
IS.
qadami .
Tas adidomu ' em-hagaromu, t afal asu ' em-beer westa beer .
16.
' En z a ne zakker eywatana sannaya heyya, tabakayna.
17.
Rakaba we ' eta ' aragawe yenabber xaba xoxta betu ,
18.
Tedaggemu -nu t egabberu za-kama- ze gebra ' ekuya?
and s ubjunctives with -a- .

bataka
subj . :
dagama
:l nd
There are many exception s , howeve r ,
yebtek
qadama
yedgem
qarba
subj . :
y eqdem
y eq r'((f,
falasa
yefles
qatala
yeqtc l
fatara
yefer
gabra
yegbar
rakaba
w
rak sa
yer'kaiJ/y, ' I'k t l/,

W
yerk ul1/!I " I'i.."', ' / I
ganaza
yegnez
sabaka
yelll);"k
kabra
yekbar
sadada
yeaded
kasata
yekset
sakaba
yeakab/y(miwh
nababa
yenbeb
sagada
yesged
nabara
yenbar
t}adqa
y e t}daq/ye t} deq
nadda
yended/yendad
takala
y e t7<e l
nagara
yenger
tarfa
y etraf/ye tref
nags a
yenges/yengas
pabba
y epbab/yefbeb
qabara
yeqber/yeqbar
zakara
yezker
The inflection of the Subj unctive i s exactly l ike that of the I mper
fect :
yeqte Z
teqtel
teqte Z
teqte Zi
) eqte Z; yeqteZu
yeqte Za
teqtelu
etc.
Suffixes are added as t o the I mperfec t , with the exception of those
of the 2nd person when added t o a s tem ending in a consonant .
. I
;j
I
' :/I
'!
I
They
are added directly t o the Subj unctive stem without an int erveni n g
yeqte lka , yeqte Zki ; yeqte Zkemu , yeqte lken.
I
[The Tradi t i on
has
the
s tem s t ressed in yeqte Zo , yeqte la, yeqteZon , )

33 . 2
il.
(' I a { l l' h a ';
The Uses o f the Subj unctive .

I ndependent .
:111
The Subj unctive as t o e verb
i n j unctive ( cohortative, jussive) forc e :
or
"
''';1 ' II
-a- :
15 1
150
I.
"
I'r
I,
il '
I'
;1, 1
I' I
' Enger.
Let me speak .
TerkabeUJWo.
, I-neskab .
May you find him .

Let us not l i e down .
Other frequent
Nagaromu za' enbala yeflesu.

' I-hal lona ' em-qedma
Let him approach .
, I-tenbar zeyya.
Don ' t sit here .
, I-teqte lo.
Don ' t ki 1 1 h i m .
to be fit t i n g , suitab l e , prop e r :
' I-yedal lewani kama ' eqrab
him (or : I am not worthy to . . . ) .

After the predi cat ively u s ed adj ecti ve maftew " i t i s
( c)
j unction kama , expre s s e s purpo s e or resu l t when subordinated to an

other verb :
nece s s ary" :
Maftew kama neqbero .
Qarbu kama yesgedu lotu. They approached in order to bow down to him .
Quite a number of frequent verbs function virtua l l y as aux i l i ary
verbs with a fo l lowing Sub j unct ive ; e . g . faqada (to want , wi sh) ,
' axaza (to b e gin) , wapana ( t o begin) , makara (to decide to) , xadaga
(to l et , a l l ow) .
An Eng l i s h infi n i t ive construction i s often the
best trans l at ion value :
W
' eg a l ( p l . -at) col I . or s i ng . , the young o f any animal or fow l , in
W
c luding humans . ' eg ala ' emma-eyaw man , mankind .
derhem (p l . -at, darahem ) drachma, denarius ; gold or s i lver co in .
w
w
w
w
W
W W
W
x e lq Ix a lq ( p l . x e laq ) m . number, amount . ' a lbo x e lq a N there
He wanted me to remain there .
, Axazu yesbeku.
They began to preach .
Watanna neqrab .
We began to approach .
Verbs :
Makara kama yeqte lani .
He decided to ki l l me .
faqada (yefqed) to want , wish , d e s i r e , require (ace . d i r . obj . ) ; for
He al lowed the man to remain .
f l ed ( s ha l l fl e e ) l est they
, 'i -yeri<abuni .
find me .
(or : so that they
would/wi l l not find m e .
1 111 ' 1 1
II
\" 1 I I I
1 1 1 1 1 1 . , ., 1
HII I
I ,
I va i
('I 1I1I I ' I I 'IIII ' I I I : l I'C'
'V I lli I I I "
I I ' ' 1111
111 1 \'
111
u s e with Subj . , s e e Les s on .
Gt tafaqda p a s s iv e .
' , I I I ' I I II l I I I VI'

I I
I II III
"
I II"
I ,,
I I ,1 . 1
j unctive) ; to t ake couns e l (with : mes la) ; to test , cho o s e by

t es t ing .
CG ' amkara to advi s e , give couns e l to (obj . suff . ) .
G l t tamakara to take coun s e l together (with : mesla) ; t o d e l i be r
fi
r ayayku (' egWayyiJ kama
1 1l 1 1 l l l !
is no l imit to N, N is bound l es s , innumerabl e .
makara (yemker) to p l an , propos e , decide on (acc . dir . obj . or sub
Kama ' i- may be tran s lated by " l es t " :
Noun s :
Faqada kama ' enbar heyya.
Xadago la-be' si kama yenbar.
I.
V o c arulary 3 3
He wanted to remain there .
subordinate c l ause :
1 11 1 1
It i s nece s s ary that we bury h i m .
Faqada kama yenbar heyya.
Afte r xadaga there i s often an ant i cipat i on of the subj ect of the
fi
I t i s n o t proper that I approach
lotti.
The Subj unctive , with o r without the con
Dependent .
us .
After the impersonal verb dalawa ( imperfect : yedal lelJ-)
(b)
t ive imperat ive :
He spoke to them b efore they l e ft .

We d i d not exi s t before he c r e ated
yenerana.
The 2nd person forms with the negative ' i- are equival ent to the nega
b.
of the Sub j unctive are the fo l lowing :
meaning " before" :
The p o s i t ive form may optional l y be preceded by la- :
La-yeqrab .
uses
After the con j unction s (za) ' enbala and ' em-qedma, both
( a)
a l s o found with some of t h e s e verbs,
frequent .
I n fi n i t ives
i :;
mOTC
I II
l ' ,' p l' e s s purpo s e ; t h i s too i s
III. t llill I I VI-
( I kama ) .
a t e and decide to (+ subj unct ive) .
daZawa to we i gh ( acc . d i r . obj . ; out to : obj . suff . ) ; to be u s e ful ,

s u i t ab l e ,
prope r ,
we i ghed .
watana t u I l e g i l l ( , I (, c , d I
t IU,)!(! 1/, ( 1 "1 ' . ' ,
' (1 7.::0::, '
II
I II
correct ( s e c L e s s on ) .
r.
I V(' ,
1 1 1 ". 1 1 ' ) ,
1 ""'"1. 1 1 , , 1
oh j ,
01'
Gt tadalwa to b e
Subj . or I nfini ti Vfl) .
( I I h j , ';u f f .
subj unctive) ,
Gt
Dt ta' azzaza
153
152
p a s s i v e ; t o obey ( s omeone : Za-) .
Other :
maftew it is nece ss ary, fi t t i n g , prope r , o b l i gatory ( s e e Les son for

construction) .
A . 1 . N eqt e l ' alhemtihomu .
T t t l ' t t h hl l
' c n z a yonabberu mes 1 a ' abuhomu .
2 . T u q u r a i m a kama negbar s a l ama.

w
3 . ' [ - taruk abna m e s 1 ehomu kama ' i -nerk as .
5 . ' Anbaba l ana z anta ma/:!afa kama nezker gebarihomu l a-qeddusan .
6 . Makara yenbar zeyya mes 1 en a .

7 . Da1awa warqa \"a-berura wa- ' anbaro ba-qedmeya .
8 . Sam i ' omu z an t a , wa!anu taqat e l o .
3.
9 . ' Az z az ana kama negbar l otu ' abaya /:!amar a .
5.
' I - t etkelu ' awyana heyy a .

' I - tenbebu qa1a ' ekuya .
6 . F aqadku kama ' edgem nab i b a .

7 . Faqadu kama yenbaru mes 1 en a .
1 0 . ' Az zazk ewwomu kama yeqbaru mutanihomu .

W
1 1 . Mas ' a madxenena westa ' a l am b a ' enta ' eg al a ' emma- ('yfl w .
1 2 . ' I -yetraf I.a - ' i - ' ahadu ' emennehomu .
8 . F aqadat kama t e f l e s ' em-heyya .
1 3 . Ta s aya!ku zant a ma/:!afa ' ernenneha ba- s a l astu derhern .

W
W
1 4 . ' Albo x e l q a ' ekuyan westa zentu rnakan .
9.
1 5 . ' Arnkarkewwo kama yekset lomu z anta nagar a .
' I - faqada yenges l a ' lena .
1 0 . ' I - t eqtelu s ab ' a .
1 6 . Maftew kama t e zk eru nagareYR .
1 1 . ' I - faqadna nesged l a - t a ' ot .
1 7 . La-ment ' i -t a ' a z zazkemu l i t a s oba ' a ' markemu t e ' z a z eya?
W
1 8 . Maftew k e l lo g i z e l a - t a ' a z z e zo l a- ' egz i ' k a .
12.
' I - faqadu daqiq kama yeskabu .
1 3 . Maftew kama negnezo 1 a-badnu .

1 4 . Maftew kama tesbek wangi Ho .
w
1 5 . ' I - t erk esu westa ' albabikemu .
1 6 . Xasasu kama yeq t e l ewwo .
W
1 7 . G ayayna ' emqedma yerkabuna .
1 9 . Wehibo l it a daraherna war q , tasaya! ku s i s aya wa- l eb s a l azamadeya.

W
W
2 0 . Teqqa b e z ux we' etu x e 1q a darahem za-tarakbu westa betu .
W
2 1 . ' Arn e ' a l ana ' eg ala l ahrn .
1 8 . ' I -yeda l l ewani kama ' enbar me s l ek a .
2 2 . Tamakaru kama yeflesu ' ern - z eyya mes l a 'azrnadihornu .

W
W
2 3 . Zentu qeddus we ' etu xamestu ' ern-x elq omu l a - l iqana papasat .
19.
2 4 . Maftew kama negbar bakama ' az zazuna .
' I -yedal l ewomu kama yeqdemuna .
2 0 . Tefaqqedu-nu t ek s etu lana ' asmatikemu ?

2 1 . Zanta gabra kama ye!bab .
2 2 . ' E faqqed kama t ezkerani ' emdexra wa9a' ku .
2 3 . ' I - faqadu yeqrabu xaba taqabra .
I .
2 . La- yegbar za-yefaqqed .

4 . Nes dedomu westa ' asnafa be/:!eren a .
H.
4 . Soba tn5garu mes l ena , ' i - faqadna nengeromu wa- ' i -menta-ni .
Exerci s e s
, ,
1 53
2 4 . L a - t ended ' es sata haymanotekemu l a - ' a 1 am .

25.
' Ayt e
z a -h a l 1 0
' Eg z i ' ab er z a ' enbal a yef! er ' a l ama?
20 . M:i ' 7. c - nu \vaanka tesbek ba-wange 1 ?

.' I .
' I
.' H .
' I
"1.
I . .. y , h l > . l l ,,II\ ( k tt \.e ; t a k e l l a medr .
', I l
11 " . 1 . . ,
- y c d o i l owo l a - zen tu b e ' s i kama yeqrab xaba z entu makan .

t V d }l, t'l1Il1 IJ, lI h i rl
<:tl"
zanta.
1 1 1 1 1 I 11\" Y V I IRl' rana z enahu l a - we ' etu nabiy wa-
f'
. ,
155
154
j'aqadi one who actively s eeks s omething (e . g . mercy , e v i l , re
L.e s s on 34
34. 1
The Imperat ive :
venge) ; a sp e c i a l i z ed meaning (with t h e p l . faqadd <
G V erbs from Sound Root s .
*faqadt) i s " n e cromance r . "
The Impera
t i ve may be formed direct l y from the s t ern o f the Sub j unctive by in
fatari creator ( a lways refers t o God) .
s erting -e- between C
gabari (p l . gabart) maker , fashioner, craftsman ; t h e word
and C :
2
yenbar
Subj unctive :
Imperat ive :
yeqte Z
shares many of the i dioms associated wi th t h e verb gabra .
nebar
sit !
qeteZ
ki l l !
The Imperative i s infl e cted for number and gender , taking the same
makari coun s e lo r , advi s or .

nabari (p l . nabart) a hous eho l d s ervant ; rar e l y :
nagasi ( p l . nagast) king , rul er .
endings as the 2nd p er s on forms of the Subjunctive and Imperfect :

mas c . s in g .
nebar
mas c . p l .
nebaru
fern . sing .
nebari
fern . p l .
nebara
qataZi (p l . qataZt) murdere r , k i l l e r .

sabaki preacher .
e.g.
qete Zani, qete o, qete Za; qete Zuni , qete Zewwo , qete Zewwa e t c .
[ T h e Trad i t ion d e l e t e s t h e s t ern v o w e l i n qetZani , qet Zana . ]
34 . 2
The Agent Noun qataZi .
sadadi pers e cutor ; a l s o : exorci st .

tarafi survivor .
A qataZi form may s t and in app o s i tion to another noun and fUll c t l OI l
an adj ectiv e .
capab I c
lus t ) .
habi t ua l l y o r pro fe s s i ona l l y , t h e action denoted by t h e verb :
The word
qadami des erves special note .
We have already met the word
fa -t;ari
one who creates , a creator
as the ordinal " first . "
aafi
one \ho writes , a s cr i b e , writ er .
" fi r s t , previous , prior , antecedent " ; as a noun (usual l y p l ural ) :
The form i s usua l l y treated as a noun and may stand in construct with
I t s more general adj ectival not i ons are
" tho s e who came b efore , th e ancient s , men of o l d ; tho s e who go firs t ,
Qadami i s a l s o a noun meaning " b eginnin g , t h e first
a fol l owing noun , the equivalent of the direct obj e ct in the corre
nob l e s , princes . "
sponding verbal construct ion :
o r b e s t of anything . "
t h e writer of this book .
us ed adverb i a l l y :
Qadami , qadamihu , and qadame ( t h e ac c . ) are
" at fi r s t , in the beginning , previous l y , in the
fir st i n s t ance . "

A numb er of act ive v erbs have a noun (or adj ective) o f t h e pat
O c cas ional l y , as a result of the verbal force of the form, the accu s a
tern qatta Z , which we met in connection w i th stative verbs (nOlJwax ,
t iv e is u s e d :
nadday , e tc . ) .
sa' (iZi eywata
I III'
L i s ted b e l ow are t h e more fre
n"t l n , {, ) ,- { i C ram s ound roots introduced up t o this p o int .
, ' ( lIIlIIl' H I
1 ' 1 1 1 1':1 1
('' ' 1'111 ,{n l a i t i s attested , it i s not e d .
Among the sound roots introduced
thus far only the word
With many verbs the qataZi form i s l i t t l e u s ed , the r e l at ive

q Uc' n t
The meaning of this form is simi l ar to that of qataZi,
but i t s o c currence is much rarer .
one who asks for l i f e .
ph r a s e (za-u eqa/,te l) b eing preferred .
f'
nadadi burn ing, b l a z ing ( l imi ted to such i t ems as fire , \;rath ,
common qataZ t) , an agent noun denot ing one who performs , usua l l y
?aaje zentu ma?af
()
speech , rational .
may b e made the form qataZi ( fern . qataZi t ; p l . qataZeyan/qataZeyat or
the creator of the wor l d
d ',
Att es t e d main ly as adj e c t ives are
nabahi garrul ous , t alkativ e , boastfu l ; more rare l y :
From most active G verbs there
fatare medr
"I
negus is borrowed from t h i s synonymous word .
Obj ect suffixes of the 1 s t and 3rd persons are added as to the Sub
j unct ive and Imperfe ct :
a rc s i d u l l L
Note that the p lural forlll
If
gaubaI' ( c a l l . ) work ers , l aborers ; Uqa

d <'''; l' r v e ... mf'n f i o n .
gabbar foreman
156
157
Vocabul ary 34
Nouns
and
1 0 . N C g C T' l l l l i
Adj ectives :
sab '
qatalt ' e l l a mas ' u l a ' lekemu .
peraz (p l . -at) fragment or fas c i c l e o f a book .
12.
' I - t e zbeo , ' e sma be ' s i rat e ' wa-xer w e ' etu .
nakir ( f . nakar ; p l . nakart) adj . strange , alien, forei gn ; other ,
13.
' I -tegdef maaefta za- botu qala ' E gzi ' aber.
14 .
Sededu qatalta wa- z abaeyana ' em-ma ' kalekemu .
di fferent ; marve lous , wonderfu l .

Kerestiyanawi ( f . -t) a Chri s t i an ; adj . Christi an .
14.
ma" at nadadit
s a l astu tarafeyan
gabarta salam
3.
15.
sadade Kerestiyan
16.
faare samay
4.
maaefta qadamt
1 7 . fa.tarina
B . 1 . qata l i s enu'
V erbs :
2.
samra (yesmar) to take d e l i ght , be p l eased (with , in : ba-)

. CG
' asmara to p l eas e , de l i ght , g iv e p l easure to (obj . suff.
Za- ) .
or
dansa (yeqnes , yednas) to become pregnan t (by : ' em) ; to conceiv e ( a

chi l d : acc. dir. obj . ) . Gt taansa to b e conceiv ed .
abata (yezbePJ to beat , whip , ( s ometime s ) k i l l ( acc . dir . obj . ; the
part o f the body may b e specified wi th diba , westa , or la 7a) .

Gt tazabta pas s ive .
G l t tazabata re ciprocal .
zabati ruffian ,
fighter .
7rldafa (yegdef) to throw , cast ; esp . to throw away, d i s card ; to l o s e
b y wast e o r neg l ect .
Qt
tawawa pas s iv e .
Other:
qadimu adv . first , at first , previou s l y , b efore thi s ; ' em-qadimu i dem
Also used as a noun in a few fixed expressions :
5.
l iqana gabbar
1 8 . qadame warazutikemu
6.
gabare b ert
1 9 . qadamihu l a - ' a l am
7.
makari t abib
20 .
t e ' zazata qadamta hagar
8.
' aragay nababi
21.
faqade neway ' iilamawl
22 .
gab are egg
23.
nabarta beeu
24 .
qatalt ' el ewan
25 .
gabbara negus
9 . nagas l adeq
_v .
10.
mawa <eZa
qadimu days o f o l d ; za-qadimu things of o l d .
2.
N eb ar z eyya mesl eya Iva- ' i -t enbeb .

Segedu l a- ' amsaleya kama ' i -Yeqt e l kemu .
3.
Gedef z anta l eb s a b e luya westa ' es sat .
4.
N ebeb , gabreya , wa- ' ana ' egabber za-sa' alka.
5.
Qedemani ' anta, ' esma ' i -yedal l ewani kama ' ana ' eqdemk a .
6.
' I -tefles ' emenneya xabehu ; nebar mesleya.
7 . Genezewwo l a-badnu ba- ' albas sannayt wa-qeberewwo xab a
' ammarkukemu .
8.
Keset l i ta za-nagaraka .
9 . Zekor i
q a l eY:1
1,;(
' i - t ongeri wa- ' i - I a-mannu-h i .
wareza zabati
C . 1 . Zabaewwo ' eska wadqa ' em-maskot wa-mo t a .

2.
' Az za z a zanta ama l a ' l ena b a ' enta xati ' aten a .
3.
' I - faqadat kama tenas .
4.
We ' eta ' amira t eannes denge l .
5.
Zentu we ' etu waldeya z a-samarku bo o
6.
' Asmarana fadfada nagaru ab ib wa-xe r .
7.
N ab arna xaba ayqa b aJ:r ' en z a nesammer ba-nafas wa-berhana

al:ay .
E xercises
A. 1 .
s abaki nababi
1 1 . ' arwe nababi

1 2 . s adade manafest ' ekuyan
13.
Gt tagadfa pas sive .
(lCl,;awa Q/L to t ake c aptive , l ead away capt ive , deport , exi l e .
, 1 '1
x\el tt:1
1 1 . Negeruna z a - t emakkeru ' antemu kama tegbaru .
8.
Zabakewwo l a - ' arwe diba kesadu wa- ' amatkewwo .
9.
Dewawewwomu
l a - hezb
westa hagara Bab i lon , wa-mes H'!homu
.
.
' Eremeyas nabiy .
1 0 . MatareIVIVo ' edehu l a - z abai wa- sadadewlVo .

11.
L a-ment kama- ze tegaddef J:eYlVataka?
12.
Nas ' ani ba-kesadeya wa- ' axaza yezbean i .
13.
Seh ibomu l a-be ' s i we sta enfa baJ:r , wagarelmo westetu .
1 4 . W:l
soba re ' y a ' abuha ' esma ansat wal attu, tam' e ' a fadfada wa
' c l fi mannu z a - gabra zanta .
L as e '
I r, . X . I 1 . I I " ill" '; i

1 1 1 1 10
I I' .
Kl' J'('; t i y ;j l l ;j w i q edmehu ,
wa-meslehu maJ:1af ' ab i y wa-
158
159
1 6 . Tagabe ' u kWe l l omu tarafeyan b a - ' aadu makan , wa-tamakaru b a ' enta
z a-yegabberu .
1 7 . Nakir w e ' etu ga??u l a - z entu ' aragay ; ' em-beer ba<ed we' etu .
1 8 . ' Aflasomu l a-ezbena wa-ewawomu we sta medr nakar wa- nawax .
1 9 . ' Arxiwa xoxta beta, gadafat kW e l l o newaya westa fenot .
2 0 . Setu ' egWalomu la-kahenat , ' el l a so ' ewwomu maswa ' t a l a - t a ' ot .
w
2 1 . ' Ark asu manafesta mewutan z anta makana .
2 2 . Rakabku t. eraza, wa-dibehu qalat nakart z a- ' i -kehelku ' anbeb o .
W
2 3 . Wadiqa westa , egarl' hu 1 a-rnak annen , s a ' al ato h. eywata walda .
24 . ' Andadu nabartihu beto , wa-nasi ' omu warqo gW ayyu .
Lesson 35
35 . 1 The Verbal Adj ect ive QetuZ . In our previous d i s cussion
of the adj e ctive we noted that the pattern qetu Z is the one most 1'r ('
quently used in deriving adj ect ives from stat ive G verbs . i\dj ec t l vo"
o f the same patt ern are derived also from transitive act i ve G V l ' r!".
and from many intrans it ive active ones as wel l . The under l y i l1 g v o l "
of the form depends entirely on that of the verb from whi ch I I I ' . I "
rived :
( a)
25 . Soba bo ' a we' etu sabak i westa ' anqaa hagar , t abatka totana
sa' nu, wa-xasasa gabare ' asa ' en kama yegbar lotu kal e ' a .
,
2 6 . Nagirana zena ement , t an Vs-a ' n a wa-xasasna makana hedu ' a kama
qetuZ is passive , c o r n' ' I " / l l d l l t ).!
Active tran s i tive :
qetuZ i s resul tat i. V C , i . , ' . . 1 1 1
Active intransit ive :
resulting from
verb .
1 1:
j.
il I
!
:IC t i O i l
0I
1 /1 1 '
10
cq u i v ; l l l' l I l
part i c i p l l' :
seated , sitting ,
Stative verbs :
s e l l / (,d
s ituated ,
rc-
qetuZ is a s imp l e adj ect i ve , as
already discus s ed .
As with al l verbal adj e ctives in Ethiopi c , the frequency of these
forms i s somewhat l ow because of the preference for relative c l auses
with finite verbs .
The fol lowing are the verbal adj ectives qetu Z
from roots l earned thus far :

(a)
Transitive active verb s :

broken
qebul'
buried
fe U1'
created
qetuZ
s l ain
gebul'
worked (of various
sedud
m a t e r i a l s ) ; do n e ,
.: h
', 1 11 1 "
s i ding, res ident .

( c)
betuk
..
h ('
nebul' having s a t /having
Tasayaa l a- eraz ' emenneha ba- ' aadu
' Iyasus Kerestos ( l otu s eb at) .
the
I t i s o ft en
a perfect active
hagar , xal afat qedmehu ' ahatti b e ' sit ' aragayt Kerestiyanawit ,
- . Wa-nas ' a
- 1 a s h awareya
wa-me s l eha ' aadu eraz ' em-ma?a fa Paw
.
la-ye ' eti eraz , wa- soba ' anbaba, rakaba westeta qal a nakira
ma?afa , wa- ' anbabo lVa- ' ane 'o ba-l ebbu , wa- ' amna ba- ' E gz i ' ena
adj ective descr i b i ng
2 9 . Wa- ' enza we ' etu qeddus ba- ' aatt i ' el at yenabber westa ' anqa? a
Iorat wa- ' am e ' a t 10tu saHis a erazata kal e ' ::ita , wa-wahaba
' arba ' t a derhema warq . Wa- ' emze fannawato xaba beta Kerestiyan .
Heyya xasasa kW e l l o mashafa xaba ' aJ:tadu ' em-kahenat , wa-wahabo
" , I
part i c ip l e .
(b)
2 8 . Tanse ' u gabbar la ' l a l iqomu wa-qatalewwo ba-xa?awentihomu .
derhema warq wa- ' azzaza kama terkab za-tarfa ' em-zentu maaf .
I H ' 1' 1
to the Engl i sh pas s i ve
neskab ' eska ? eba .

2 7 . Z entu we ' etu qadamihu l a-nagar z a- ' anbabku westa we ' etu maaf .
wa- ' a ' mero mankera .
genu,:::
"" ,Viii I
ma J e , f i n i s h ed
I' rl ' p a rt ' d
1 1 l 1 .... ( ) V(,' t'pd
1 "" 1"
:/, ' 111.1 '
(II
1 / 1 1 1 ' 10/ 1 1 ,
fa I '
1 1 1 1 1'
1 1111
I ' }' ( " , )
, h/l l " :
, 1 1 ., . 1 1 1 1 1 " . 1 .
I ,
I ""1t I
I II i
p l an t ed ;
i mp l an t e d ,
f i x. e d
::" /'" /
np" 11
1 1 1 1 1 1\\1 1 1
I f l ', l ,
expel led , exi led,

excommuni cated
""
,," , " ,
; I\ ,"" I \, ,
I " I '-!
,d
( ,"
b (' ; l l e n
111 ( ' 1 1 1 I
n l H' d
pl' I ' d I I I ' ,
"III C 1 11 1 1 1 f I
1'1 I
160
161
And , relative to the C verbs ' atmaqa and ' afqara :
pemuq
fequr
(b)
fjom ezunu.
/orku J;zezuneya.
Rakabewwo eyawo.
Rakabomu J;zeyawanihomu.
bapt i z e d
b eloved
Intransitive act ive verb s :
Ij.enest pregnant (fern . only)

exi led, in exi l e
fe lus
sitting,
seat e d , s ituated ; residing ; a s noun :
nebur
11
p rostrate ( in a p o s i tion of worship or adorati on)
nagWadgWad (p l . -at) thunder .

mabraq (pl . mabareqt ) m . l i ghtning .
' asJ;zatya m . f . i c e , hai l , snow, fro s t .
lying down
V erbs :
be added as to an acc . noun)
p leas ing (to : la- , ba-xaba , ba-qedma) , nice , p l easant

exce l l ent , outstanding .
The fern . form tereft (or
the p lural terufat) i s used as a noun :
v i rtue , ex
cel lence, perfection;

(c)
Stative verbs .
These have already been given in the Vocab-
ul aries as adj e ctives .

Adj e ctives of the p attern qetul are frequently us ed as adverbs , with
ba-fepun fe-pma swi ft l y , qui ckly, soon

kesuta openly, pub l i c l y .
=
" 1
I'
iI
35 . 2
Adj ectives as subj e ct or obj ect comp l ements may b e in-
troduced by ' enza :
' Enza dewey nabarku westa beteya.
Re' iku be' se ' enza yebus ' edehu .
s aw
a man w i Lh a w L t h ercd hand ( l it . h i s hand being withered) .

;lth j cc t o r o b j e ct compl ements may also b e expressed by
( I' )
I I , ,'
lid
J I'l I 1
VI'
/I I !lll"
IV
i I II
:1
p e r s on a 1
pronominal suffi x :
p as s ive of C L .
dakma (yedkem/yedkam) t o be tired, weary , feeb l e , infirm. C G ' adkaJ71a

causative . dekum ( f . dekemt) t ired , weary, weak , feeb l e , i l l .
qarfa/4arafa (yeef) to blaspheme (against : la <la, 7..a- , acc . ) .
Ij.eruf bl asphemous , wicked, imp ious . qarafi (pl . -yan) b l as
phemer .
adj ect ive , or kama ; e . g . Yemasselani fenot retu <a The ro ad

s e ems straight to me ; Yemasse 7..ani kama
moon to me) ; impersonal :
warx
I t looks l ik e the
it s e ems (obj . suffix of person
kama/za- with perf. or imperf . ) .
Les s commonly , a ful l non-verbal c laus e may be used
circumstan t i a l l y \oJi th ' enza :

' I
I remained at
home (while) i l l .
(b)
masana L to be ruined, destroye d ; to perish; to become corrupt , rot

t en . CL ' amasana t o corrup t , destroy , wipe out . Lt tamulJona
appear a s (obj . suff . of p erson; acc . o f predi cate noun or
Further Remarks o n Comp l ement s .
( a)
( : I C <: . ) .
qW arra/qW arara to be cold , cool ; to cool (of anger) . CG ' aqW rara
caus . qWarir ( f . qWarar) co l d , coo l .
masala (yemsalJ t o res emb l e , b e like (acc . dir . obj . ) ; to s e e m ,
prefixed ba- or in the accusative cas e :
"
They wi ll not take you al i ve
Nouns :
nearby, near , adj acent (to : la- , xaba) ; at hand ,
teruf
You wi 1 1 not go forth ali vc (nom . ) .
Vo cabulary 35
nigh (of t ime) ; (ba-) qeruba prep . near ( suffixes may
' I- tewa44e' J;zeyaweka.

' I-yenasse' uka eyawaka.
resi-
k ing (only as a noun)
segud
sekub
semur
He found t hem al ive .
The case and suffix o f the adj e ctive depend on t h e s t atus of t h e word
dent
II
I went away s ad .
They found h im alive .
to whi ch they stand in appos i t ion :
burning , f l aming ( e . g . 7.. ebb , ma at)
nedud
negus
qerub
He went away s ad .
a s equivalent to (two accus atives, o r acc .
kama) .
E xerci ses
3.
CG ' amsala to regard as , ho l d
' aragay dekum
4 . J:lezb felusan
163
162
5 . waldeya fequr
6 , welud emuqan
7 . ' alblis geduf
"
8 . ' asa' en gedufan

9 . wareza qetul
1 0 . totan betuk
1 1 - b e ' s i zebu
1 2 . badn qebur
1 3 . sega genuz
14.
xa!?in gebur
1 5 . gass kesut
.L 6 . ' c 1e\ s edud
17.
scm zekur
18.
b c ' sit enest
J 9 . h agar nebert diba dabr
2 1 . qal semur la- ' e l l a sam ' ewwo

2 2 . kahen adeq wa-teruf
23 . beer qerub 1 a-bar
24 . may qWarir kama ' asatya
25 . qal 'abiy kama nagW adg Wad
mahraq wa_nagW adgWad wa-gab ' u ' abyatihomu.
1 8 . M3s ana ' ahgurihomu wa-tadewawu ezbomu .

1 9 . B ekemu-nu be zuxina ' a1hemta?
20. ' Albo en fa la-xa i ' atomu wa- ' albo xWe1qWa gebarihomu ' ekuyat .
2 1 . ' Amasanu ' abyata wa- ' a ' adata za-ana?na ba- sama 'abiy
2 8 . ezb segudan qedma a 'otomu .
2 3 . Rakabew\omu 1a- falaseyan neburanihomu heyya ba- salam .
29. t era z geduf westa fenot

3 0 . ' e qerebt 1 a-betena
31 . gama1 fetent wa-sene ' t
32 . nadday zebu
3 3 . ' aragit Kerestiyanawit
34 . zena nakir wa-eruf
3 5 . neway be luy wa-geduf
with the appropri at e rela

Rep l acc the adj e ct ives i n 1 -1 8 above
q za-yefappen ; be' si zebup
tive claus e . E . g . mabraq fe ?un mabra
=
be' si za-tazabpa.
C.
' A frcho1
2 6 . s ayf tekelt ba- ' egru

2 7 . s em zekert westa zentu mashaf
20 . ' aragayt sekebt diba medr

U.
b:t- l ebbu .
1 7.
1 . D ekum ' ana wa- ' efaqqed ' enbar .

2 . Deruf ' anta wa-rekus we ' etu qa1 eka .
3 . Temas s e 1 ani slarafe wa- gabare ' ekit .
1t .
4 . ' Amsa1 na slarafeyana kama qata
mt kama ma1 a ' ekt ' em-x aba
5 . 'Amsa l ewwomu 1a_qe ddus anihomu qada
' Eg z i ' aber .
ada.
6 . Zentu b eer yemas s e l an i semura fadf
n ef1es west a kale ' makan .
7 . ' Adkamana zentu mend abe wa- faqadna
W
enam wa- ' asatya wa- ' afe ' a
8 . Ma!? ' a nafa s q ar i r mes 1 a be zux z
' essa ta za- ' andadu .
W
i wa-wahabani za-s a' a1ku .
9 . Soba q ararat ma " atu , saww e ' an
' aka berhan .
1 0 . Masa 10mu ga?u ga?? a ma1
a ' enza yeqarreb west a feno t .
1 1 . Mas al0 kama re ' ya be ' s e ' ar agay
1 west a ' ed s enu ' .
1 2 . Raka ba ' abiya sayfa ' enza t eku
' em-xaba wadaqna .
1 3 . Ro? u feuna xabe na wa- ' ans e ' una
scga hu genuz wa- ' i -yaqbare\wo .
1 4 . Naba ru ' arda ' ihu TIlcs l a
.
k ,lIl1a ' i -yeq t e1ka ba-mabraqu
1 5 . ' I _ t edre f 1 3 ' l a ' E i,. z i ' a bl.1 1' r
' e 1ewa
w a - h a h t u kona ' ekuya wa"
1 6 . Masa loTIlu bc " l' X 0 .. :I \: I 1 < ' ''" 1 ' :
wa - s cnu ' .
22 . ' Asare\o wa-wagarewwo gerufo westa beta moqe .

24 . Tafatu mawaqeina wa-wasla ' n a feuna ' em-heyya.
25 . Tamatrat e}'\atu l a-we ' etu garafi ba -mabraq z a-t afann:II1I
samay .
26 . ' I -kehlu ba\i ' a beta Kerest iyan ' e sma ' i - emuqan
'
' clllun l l i .
2 7 . Z anta nagara kesuta, wa-batu kal e ' a nagara semm"i t a .

2 8 . ' Em-qadimu koIi.u yenabberu sab ' manfasaweyan westa ' c 1 ] O l l l i l
' adbar , wa-batu ' em-dexra motu 1 iqanihoTIlu , fal asu
bahawert ba ' edan .
wc s L
" 111
165
164
L e s s on 36
36. 1
The Verbal Noun .
There is associated with near l y every G
verb a noun denoting the acti on or qual ity defined by the verbal root.
N e i ther the form nor the meaning of these nouns is comp l e t e l y pre
d i ct ab l e .
The form may be any one (or more) of a d o z en p attern s , but
there are only seven of rel at iv e l y h i gh frequency
(qet lat, qetl,
qetal, qetal, qatal, qatal, qat l) . The meanings may range

s tract ( e . g . pebab wisdom) t o concrete ( e . g . takl a p l ant ,
from ab
shoot) .
In general , hOlvever , the range of p o s s ib i l i t ies , both in form and

me aning , i s sma l l and it i s conveni ent to l earn these nouns for a
g iven verb when the verb i s first met .
B e l ow are the verbal nouns o f
the G verbs from sound roots which have been introduced up t o thi s
s edda t
segdat
semrat
exi l e , expu l s i on ; p ersecution

pro strat i on , act of adoration
favor, approval , consent ;
setqat
pemqat
zebpat
The pattern
qe t lat .
This i s the mos t common type and could
app arent l y be formed at wi l l from any active verbal root .
With many
v e rb s , however, it is obvious ly of s econdary importance in comparis on

t o another more frequent pattern .
The forms
qetlat
bapt i sm
beating , whipping
P lura l s , when attested, are uniformly i n
frequent as any of the others that may be attested .
Note that in some
i ns t ances the verbal noun of the G type occurs where the verb i t s e l f
i s attested only a s C G or G t .
betkat
q.erfat
fe lsat
breaking, fracture , rupture

b l asphemy
q.ens
feqr
gebr
pregnancy ; a l s o (rar e l y) foetus

love
already given in V o c . 21 .
given there ,
feprat
Felsata Babi lon
the Babylonian E x i l e .
the act o f creat i on ; what i s create d , creatures ;

nature , character; kind , speci es .
gebrat
genzat
nebrat
an
kebr
mekr
fash i on , way in whi ch something i s made and appears ;
rc khn l,
, ' ( /lk( , I
uncl eannes s , p o l lution ; anything uncl ean , any v i l e

col d , c o l dness
j us t i c e ;
inf. :
P ,' ( I ,
preaching m i s s i on
to do j ustice ;
ba-?edq
P lura l s , when att e s t ed , are uni form l y at

(c)
' i-kona ?edqa
correct l y , r i ght l y , j ust ly .
mention , memory; commemoration
The pattern
-at .
qetal :
wi sdom
The
r a t t e rn
qeta l :
C; p o l' c h , W i t ; l t ono s ays , manner of speaking

I'elll;l i I I d l' ,' .
N' '!I' ';;!
1 '"I1, 1 l i n n ;
gabra ?edqa
i t i s not ri ght to . . . ; righteousnes s , virtue ;
truth , the trut h .
zekr
k i l l i ng , murder
a c q l l i '; i t i on
ba
reign , rul e
? edq
fl ame, burn ing
I I I }:
dnlll.
in my opinion)
qWerr
(d)
Ii
thing
preparation for bur i a l
f i nd i ng ;
I I '.
p l an ; couns el , advi ce ; considerat i o n , d e l iberat i on ;
negs
rekws
tebah
P I'<'''<
ba-(fphr
pruden ce , wisdom; opinion , point o f v i ew ( e . g .
manner o r mode of l i fe ; dwel l ing ( act o r p l ace)
neddat
qe t la t
In addi t i o n to the llI o a l l l l l W '
is also emp loyed rather curious 1 Y
adverb "neces s ari l y , out of nece s s i ty" ;
mekreya
form, shape
s i t t ing down; s e s s i o n ; posi t i on ; condition, s t at e ;
gebr
gl ory , hono r ; s p l endo r , magnificence
wandering, trave l ; exi l e ; deat h ; as sump t i on ( into

heaven) .
-at .
(b) The pattern qet l .
l i sted b e l ow are
t h e main verbal noun for the roo t s in quest ion , or at leas t , are as
with the cons ent/
cutting, s p l i t ting ; a cut , sp l i t
po int .
(a)
ba-semrata
approval of
1 /" J' l ff'l
t i l<'
( l V I ' !' I I < lIv
I'l'S i due ; overflow, abundance .
O T b o o k o f Chroni cles ( l i t . tho 1 ' < '11111 1 , , 0 1 <
1 " " 0111
"" 1 1 1 1 1 " " . ' , .
Taraj';'! l "
K i ngs)
i ' i I' i !'lII i t y ,
weakness
'"
167
1 66
'i.aiJa tewo!o
P lural s , when att ested, are uni formly in -at .

( e)
( f)
la-badnu genzata
sannaya.
GanazeJo
already given in Voc . 5

burial , funer al
nafiis
(g)
(pl . -at) m . f . d e s i re , wi sh , wi l l ; ba-faqiidu o f his own
Noun s :
accord ; maswa 'ta faqad vo luntary offerin g ; za' enbaZa

faqad invol unt ari l y .
ge 'z (p I . -at) mode o f l i fe , manner; nature, qua l i ty, a s s e n l j i l l
already given in Voc . 3 0
?aZot (p l . -at) prayer ( s ) .

' at;ba 't (p I . ' a?ii.be ') f . m . finger, toe .
' ezn (p 1 . ' ezan , ' a' zan) f . ear .
. , s cout s .
'ayn (p I . ' a'yent) f . eye . sab" a ayn spIes
The patt ern qatZ tends to b e us ed more for the formati on

Nouns
l i ke nafs , nadd, bet ( *bayt) , gabr , wald, etc . , a l t hough c learly
nature (both o f p ersons and things ) .
associated with G verb s , are simp ly d erived nouns and do not have the
Verbs :
meaning required for verbal nouns .
t;alma/f}aZama (ye? Zam/ye? lem) to grow dark , be b l ack ; o f e y e s : t t l 1: I ' . , w

b l ind ; ?aZma ga??u he b ecame angry. CG ' a? lama causat J V ,
?elum dark , obs cured , b l inded . t; al'l-m
' ( f . ?a lam) bl ack . I I ' III;' I I
qat Z
On the other hand,
k i l l ing, murder ; a l s o :
fight ing , batt le (gabra qatla
mes Za to fight a b at t l e with)

takZ
(p l . -at ; ' atke lt) a p l ant , tree ; 'asada ' atke Z t

orchard , grove ; a l s o fi g . in such expres sions a s takla
m . f . darknes s ; the days o f t h e month after the 1 5th are known

as mawa 'ela t;e Zmat (days of wane) ; dating may u s e the forlilu l a
' ama X-u la-s.e lmata
?edq and takZa haymanot

do qua l i fy , though in both inst ances concrete meanings exist s i de by
s i de with the abstract .
I ndeed , the fact that al l the p atterns in
troduced h ere are s ometimes used for derived nouns that are not felt
t o b e verbal nouns means that the meaning of no noun can b e taken for
granted on the bas is of its form a lone and shou l d always be checked
36 . 2
The Cognat e Accus at ive .
Verbal nouns , in general , are
construed as ordinary nouns and o ffer no special translation pro b l ems.

There is one usage, however, that requires speci al atten t i on :
the
i n , po ssess (said of demons or spirits in a p erson) .
' =dara causatl' ve .
When so used, it does not affect the
ordinary constructions of the verb in question, being added more or

l e s s as an adverbial phras e :
Gt taxadra to be Inhabited
'
.
CG
G l t t=adara
to live together, cohabit (with : mes la) .
'a?aba/ 'a?ba (ye '?eb/ye '?ab) to be hard , harsh, d i fficult ( fo r : obj .

suff . ) ; to be neces sary . 'eub harsh, di fficul t , onerous ; di f
fi cult (to do : la- + inf . ) . ba- ?ub with d i fficul t y .
Exerc i s es
verbal noun may be used as the obj ect of its cognate verb in order to
add emphasi s or specifi cation .
o n the X-day ( uSIng

'
qa t u 1 as t h e number)
sapaqa (yespeq) t o cut , sp l i t . G t tasat.qa pas s I' ve . se puq cut , spl i t .

sepqat cutting , sp l i tt ing , a cut , spl it .
. .
xadara to res ide, dwe l l , inhabi t (usual ly wI' th a prepos ItIonal
phrase,
but sometimes with the acc . of p l ace) ; xadara la 'la to reside
A l l verbal nouns t end to b e variab l e in gender (m . f . ) and , as

indi cated , are p lura l i zed with - at with very few exceptions .
of the s econd hal f of the month Y .
in the l exi con .
d i d l y for burial ( l i t . a sp l en
Vocabul ary 36
o f concrete nouns than for verba l nouns in the n arrower sens e .
Ii
They prepared his corp s e spl en

did preparation) .
synonym of teraf above
The pattern qata Z :
faqad
They beat him severely ( l i t . a

severe beating) .
The pattern qataZ :
nagar
qabar
taraf
3ebpata 'e?uba .
fl. .
1 . rok bat a \, a rq
2 . q l' l l ;l t :1 s lI h ' a ' a yll

:> .
1 1 l'll t 1 : 1 I I I 111,1 "
" t eya
4 . gebrata ' anaqe!?ihil

5 . nebratu l a -negus
6,
genzata badnu
168
I '
,
Ii
169
7 . fetrata al:1iy wa-warx
1 4 . s e!qata ' albas i hu
8 . fel s at a zentu hezb
I S . gebrata zentu neway za-bert
9 . derfatu l a - z eku ' arami
1 6 . berhan wa- elmat
1 0 . fel s at a B 1ib i lon
1 7 . nebratu wage ' zu
1 l . nebrata makareyan
1 8 . ge ' z atihomu l a - :;; adeqan
1 2 . nebratomu ba-westa gadam
1 9 . betkata h ab 1
1 3 , elmata l e I i t
7 . ' I - ' amanna nebabo .

8 . Zanta gabarna l a - zekru 1 a - ' abuna za-mota ' ama xamusu la- e 1mata
zentu l'iarx .
l'i
W
9 . Wa-kona samay !? e l uma , wa- t a s am ' a qa1a nag adg ad wa-nafas , wa tare ' ya berhana mabraq .
1 1 . Ka1 ' una xadira b a-ma ' kal omu wa-sadaduna zeyya .
2 , Tasadda ' em-xabehomu b a ' ent a erfatu ' ekuy .
1 2 . Zentu we ' etu t erafa nagara we ' etu nab i y .
3 . Wa- ' emze me o 1 a-we ' etu qeddus ' em - s eddatu .
1 3 . ' I -gabarku zanta b a - g ebr ' al Ia ba- faqadeya .
4 . Had ' at medrena ' em-qet l at wa- ' em-maq s aft b a - gi z e negsu .
1 4 . Ba' enta gebru ' ekuy wadqa ' em- k ebru wa-kona kli. ' eba iH) ' :' "
S . Menta gabra ' F. gz i ' ab er ' emdexra fetrata ' abuna ' Adam?
W
6 . Nenabber zeyya ' eska yeq arrer neddata ma " at za-westa 1ebbu .
7 . Ganazewwo genzata s annaya wa-qabarewwo ba- ' abi y kebr .
8 . N agara l a-nege s t ba' enta nebratu l a-we ' etu n egu s wa-ba ' ent a
w
kebra betu wa-k e l 1 u ge ' zu .
9 . Soba tasam ' a qal a b etkata ' a ' :;; uq , wa-rona fetuna ' em-tahta
'edaw .
naddaya .
I S . Takala t ak l a enu ' a za-haymanot westa ' al babihomu .
1 6 . Zati ama ' es eb t ye ' et i ; ' i -nefaqqed kama negbara
ba ' Oll l :1
dekamena.
17.
' Asbatomu nebratomu heyya, wa- fa1asu west a k a l e ' b e h c r .
1 8 . ' E :;; ub 1a-l;1ani za' enb a l a ' a ' ban .

1 9 . Na s ' an i me s 1 ehu soba ora westa s ebkat .
1 0 . Tare ' yana gebrata ' al basi hu nakira eqq a .
20.
1 1 . Tanagara mes l ena ba' enta rekbata maaf be1uy w e s t a b e t a maqdas.
2 1 . Xadara manfas rekus l a ' lehu , wa- ' i - faqada wa- ' i -mannu- h i
1 2 . B a ' enta ment mat arewwo ' a:;; abe 'ihu l a - z entu b e ' s i ?
w
1 3 . ' I - kehe lna taxadero mes lehomu b a ' enta rek somu .
yeqrab xabehu .
W
2 2 . G ayyu me s l a t arafa newayomu .
1 4 . Soba s am ' a alotatihomu 1 a- K erest iyan , tam ' e ' a fadfada wa
2 3 . ' Ama kas ata ' a ' yentihu, ' i -r e ' ya menta-ni west a e 1mat z a
' az z azomu la- ' agbertihu kama yezbetewwomu wa-yeqte lewwomu .

I S . Wa- ' emdexra nagaran a mekro , xabarna mes lehu .
n.
Mcnt wc ' etu mekreka ba' ent a t ebaba qadamt ?
1 0 . Ta s a qa ' aba ' t u wa-we z a be zux dam ' em- ' edeh u .
B . l . ' Ayte za-xadarkemu ba-mawa ' e l a fel s at ekemu ?
C.
6.
1 . ba- s emrata ' eg z i ' omu
8 . qabar kebur
2 . segdatomu 1 a-!a 'ot
9 . b a ' enta kebra naga st
3 . s ebkata wange1 za-madxenena

W
4 . emqata ' eg a1 ihomu
1 0 . feqru 1 a -wa1du
S . rekbata darahema berur
1 2 . ' atkelt betukan ' em-xaba barad
6 . den s a 1 a-walattu
1 3 . t ebab tereft
7 . gebrat ' ekuyat za-xadart
1 4 . ke suta ' e zan wa- fetuna ' a ' mera
1 1 . bakama faqadu 1a- ' abuhu
l , Z <l - ' ayy-nu b e ' s i zcntu ens ?
J , 'i' : 1 1 1 1 1 :i y ii l
,r, .
1\
,' ; 1 \ 1 j ill
t ,t!
:./ 1
I " ' I I
' n ' yC'llt i hfl l'i a - scmurat qa1 atiha .
1: 1 1 '." : " k : I 1I1:1 s l' l maLa dammanata zenam .

1,\ I ' Y W i l l
",
I ,
t'
1 : " . i , 1 1I1
l,t
" 'III
fcqr we ' etu .
' 1 " " I' I'Cl l c l i t wa- ' em-neddata aJ:!ay ba-ma' a1t.
' E ubat qal atihu l a - ' a' mero .
' odat o .
kama
1 70
171
maqsaft from qasafa) :
L e s s on 37
37. 1
Nouns o f P l ace :
the P attern meqtal .
maqbart
There are two
principal types of nouns with pre fixed m- derived from G verbs .
meC C aC ) , which usual ly deno t e s the p l ace where the action o f the
1 2 ;3
verb is customar i l y performed :
mendad
furnace , oven , firep l ace
mesgad
a p l ace where one worships , a shrine , mo sque
meskab
a bed, couch ; a p l ace to lie down
mepnaq
a p l ace for bapt i z ing , bap t i s try ; al s o :
man bart
of) maqta Z .
Note
matke Z
mangest
meqrab
n e ighborhoo d , v i cinity
matka Z above
( p I . -at) m . f , kingdom; kingship ,
l ives ; bas e , foundat ion (of a p i l l ar etc . )
O ccas i ona l l y , however, words of this pattern deve lop special i zed mean
ings which must be l e arned separat e l y :
megbar
menbab
a paragraph or s e c t i on (peri cope) o f a t ext , as

divided for pub l i c reading
merkab
acqu i s i t i on ; p ay , s tipend for performing one ' s office
Verbs :
nafsa t o blow ( s ubj ect : the wind) .
37. 2
' ernenna) ; to g i v e rest or relief t o .

baraqa (yebreq) to l ightning , f l ash l ike l i ghtn ing .
w i t h prefixed m- i s maqtal ( i . e . maC C aC ) '
1 2
qasafa (yeqsef) to beat, whip ; to affl i c t , pun i s h (with : ba- ) .

taqasfa p ass ive .
a c t ion) and shou l d not b e gue s s ed at .
;3
diba , Za (Za) ; to cruci f y .
The s econd type of noun
mater i a l s used in preparing a body for buri a l
manbar
(p I . manabert) m . f . throne , s eat , chair
marxo
( for *marxaw ; p I . mariixut) m . f . key
( p I . ma take l ) s t ak e , peg
lV I I I , '""' 1 1 , , 1 ,
'"
I II I '
I I,
l o rm
111(/' 1 '<1 / 1
I I .. , ' . : 1 11 1 1 '
r : I I I : "
( w i th final -t) is use d , o ften al ong

" I'
men i ngs
sequZ hanging , sus
pended, cruc i f i e d ; dependent (on : ba- , westa) .

i on.
We have al ready encountered
magnaz
v"rh,
Gt
qesfat
Gt tasaqZa pas si v e ; to depend (on :
ba- , xaba) ; to adhere , c l ing (to : westa) .
Nouns of t h i s format ion
manfas , mal' ak , mabraq , and makCin ( from kana) ; note also :
' , ( 1111"
qesuf beaten , whipped , aff l i ct e d .
pun i s hment , a ffl i c t i on .
cover a wide range o f meanings (nouns o f p l ace , o f instrument , o f
J ' O l'
C G ' abraqa to
make l i ghtning .
saqaZa (yesqeZ ) to s uspend , hang up (acc . dir . obj . + ba- , westa,
Nouns o f the P att ern maqtal (t) .
maikaZ
CG ' anfasa to breathe s omet h ing
out ( e . g . fire) ; t o res t , t ake a breathe r , find rel i e f ( from:
The gender of the s e nouns i s variab l e (m . f . ) ; plural s , when att e s t e d ,

a r e uniformly in -at .
11/, / 1/11,'11 1 "
Vocabul ary 37
act i o n , pract i ce , behavior , cus t om ( s ) ; what one does,

bus i n e s s
maj c:; L y .
samayat the Kingdom o f Heaven ; zamada/I,}(J / 1Ir111

mangest the royal fami l y .
general
a p l ace where something is put ; res i dence , where one
s t at e , cond i t i o n , mode of l i fe (synonym o f nebrat)
The pattern maqtel ( and maqte l t ) has two distinct func

t i on s :
( 1 ) an
agent noun for CG verb s , to be d i scussed in a l ater l es s o n ;
( l J 11 e I "
ri ved noun from G verb s , s im i l ar in meaning (and somet imes 0 V I I "
1 ,"1
a poo l i n
menbar
The
p l ural i s a l s o used as a s ingular .
The
mos t con s i s t ently predictab l e in t erms of meaning i s meqtal ( i . e .
(p l . maqaber, -at) m . grave , tomb, s epulcher .
s eq Zat crucifix
masqal (pl . masaqe Z ) m . cros s ,
Nouns :
re' s ( p I . ' ar' e s t) m . f . head ; top , summi t ; ch ief, l eade r ; f requcn l

wi th suffi x as reflexive or intensive pronoun :
k i l l ed h imsc l f ; qataZkewwo re' seya
gallrla i ( 1 ' 1 . -ii i )
Bel'''!!
( c f . masw(i ( t from saw ( a ;

: 1,'/1/;"/1
I mys e l f
r . garden ; the Garden of
qatala
k j l l ed
h i m.
Eden .
( p J . - a t ) med i c i n e , herbs , et c . ; incant"t i o/l'. , ' ' I ' ' ' I i ' I .
1:. ,-/' .' 1 /(/

1 1' 1 .
[,,'r'(ju, sab' a seray deal ers
1 i!!.;n. ll l }
demon ,
evi l s p i ri t .
jn
1Il/1)! I ,' 1 1 1 1 . 1
:W-!lilll''I1 1 1 , 1
1 '(1' I/O
IIIII ! I I ,
" 1 " . 1 1 ',
' ," / "
h L'
1 72
173
, ayanell t) o n c po sscsscd by an evi l spirit .
16.
Exerc i s e s
A . 1 . rnatkal za-xasin
2. rnarxo biHeya
' eub .
' Awc ' u alVarcyat ' aganenta ba-s ema ' E g z i ' ena ' Iyasus Kere stos
C 1 0tu sebat) .
1 4 . menbira betu
1 7 . awlVe ' omu 1a-sadadd wa- ' azzazomu kama yesdedewwo 1 a- ganen za
xadara l a ' l a wa1 du, wa-bahtu ' i-kehlu sadidoto .
1 8 . KW e l lo ' amira ' anbabu l ana ' ahada menbaba ' em-rnaJ:af ba' enta
3 . rnanbaru 1 a- ' Eg z i ' aber
1 5 . meqrabomu 1a-xae ' an

w
1 6 . rek sa megbarihomu
4 . rnanbar kebur
1 7 . menbaba mashaf qadami
5 . ' ahgura rnangestu
1 9 . Sarn ' a ' E g z i ' aber 1 a - a l ota nabiyu , wa- ' asrne ' a qala
6 . mangesta sarnayat
1 8 . rnasqa1 za- ' e

1 9 . ' ea rnasqa1
7. rnaraxuta rnangesta s arnayat
2 0 . berhana mabraq
2 0 . awwe ' omu 1 a- ' ar' esta J: e zb xabehu wa-tas e " el omu b a ' cntn
8 . rnat ak e 1 a ' es!
2 1 . manfas rekus
9 . magnaz sannay
2 2 . makan hedu '
1 0 . maqabera nabiy
II .
[awlV c s o L O ' cm - d alVehu
1 1 . manbart a qadamta mangest
2 3 . manbar sannay za-warq

2 4 . manaberta makwanent
1 2 . mendad za- ' essat
25 . mangestata medr
1 3 . mesgada ' aramawiyan
2 6 . rekbata newayu
J:eywata qeddus an .
wa- ' abraqa rnabareqtihu ba-westa samay alirn.
C . 1 . nadday qesuf wa- sedud
2 . be zuxan ' e 1 1a- ' aganent

3 . ' e zn metert ' ern-re ' su
1 4 . ' ed tekul westa

gannat
1 6 . merkaba gabbar
1 7 . taJ:ta meskabu
6 . ' atke1t nawixan wa-s enu ' an
1 8 . matkal betuk
2 . R e ' s a zentu dabr manbaru 1 a - ' Eg z i ' aber we ' etu .
7 . ba- semrata 1 iqa p appasat
1 9 . 'abiy rnangest
3 . Qatal ato 1 a-we ' etu be ' s i ' ekuy ba-matka1 za- ' ed .
W
iI . N enbar qeruba 1 a-mendad, ' esma waana nafas q arir nafis a .
8 . t ebaba !abiban
20. negs naww1ix
Wadaya eraza rnaaf westa mendad .
9 . maqbart kesut
' Emdexra ' anfasna ' em- amana , dagema ' axazna gabira .
2 2 . ' ebn sa1 arn
1 1 . menbara rnasqa1
2 3 . maaf seuq wa-geduf

2 4 . ' a ' yent e1umat
1 2 . za' enba1a faqad
7 . Ba ' enta ment ' i -keh 1 a warida ' em-diba. masqa1 ?
1 3 . rnangala re ' s a dabr
8.
ta' adawu 1 a ' l a ' E g zi ' aber, wa-we ' etu ' a z zazomu 1a-ma l a ' ektihu
kama yesdedewwomu 1 a- ' abawina ' em-westa gannat xaba makan za
se1mat .
1 0 . Tagab e ' u xaba me!maq za-qerub l a-beta negus .
1 1 . Zentu ' e9 we ' etu ' em-masqa1 z a - t as aq1a ' T yasus dibehu .
1 2 . Sequ1 J:eywateya ba-te ' z aza neguseka.
1 3 . Soba baJ:a we ' eta makana, r e ' ya k We 1 1 0mu Kerestiyana s equ1 ana
diba masaqe1 ba-t e ' zaza we ' etu negus ' e 1 ew .
1 4 . ' Emdexra seq1atu 1a-madxenena , gWayyu ' arda ' ihu kama ' i
yerkabewwomu sab ' a hagar wa-yeqse fewwomu .
IS.
' i\III t" ll l o L t !
e rya
r t ak i
I'a
' cm- ' asnafa medr, wa-baJ:tu ' i -keh 1 u
D.
2 1 . fe 1 s at a la-nafsu westa samiy
1 0 . rnetrata re ' su
6 . Taqasfu ' el lontu ezb xa! e ' an ba- ' essat wa- ' a ' ban z a-waradu
1a ' lehomu ' em- s amay .
Sakaba diba meskabu wa-tadawwaya.
9. Xadaru ' abawina qadamt westa gannat sannay fadfada, wa-baJ:tu
ma ' k u l l l
1 5 . ge ' z a ' Ag ' a z i
5 . 9arafi metura 1 e s an
S.
ZIt
kona ba- l e 1 i t , wa- se ' nu nagiroto wa- ' i -menta-ni .
4 . be ' s i metura ' ed
I .
lV
t
nag au! r. u l I
25 . ' asmata ' arawita gannat

26 . xWe1qWa ' aganent
1 . Maftel, karna ' eqs e fka.
1 0 . Xasasewwo kama yesqe 1ewI'o .
2. ' Amasanu ' asada ' atke l t .
1 1 . Tabatka hab1u wa-wadqa westa
3 . ' Amkarkewwomu kama yef1 esu .

4 . 'Araggu wes ta re ' s a dabr .
S . Mas ' ani dekarn wa- s e ' enku
J:awira ba- ' egr .

6 . ' I -kona edqa 1 a- ewewotornu .
7 . ' Arnmaran a fenota ba- ' aba ' tu .
8 . ' Akko zentu st:ray za-faWl,aso .
9 . Sall11a ' a ' ycntihu l,a- ' i -keh1a
rc ' eyA .
may .
1 2 . 'E ub we ' etu 1 a- ' awge ' otomu
la- ' aganent .
1 3 . ' Enza dekurn ' arga wes t a
ba- ' esub .
1 4 . amarna ba-q wcrr<l I11-:1 YII
mcmaq .
1 5 . Neb5bu
' l I d l' . I '. I I .
d a h l'
1 74
1 75
Tile
L e s s on 3 8
38 . 1
G Verbs from roots I -Guttural :
( a)
xflbu.;;u.
Remaining Forms .
Imperfec t , Sub j un ct ive , and Imperat ive .
Because of the
guttural in first root posit ion , the prefix of the Imperfect is un i formly with -a- instead of -e- .
The Sub j unct ive and Imperative are
Lile fem . form of *xebuz

(y(!xl,(! z) to bake .
1I01l1l
.r;( 'I'I'" l i s
(c)
' amani
'aqiibi
{bake d) , from the G verb
The agent noun qataU :

one who b e l i eves ; adj . faithful .
(p I . 'aqabt ) guard ; note the compounds :
fj.ana?i
,aqiib e ' anq(l-?

door-k eeper ; 'aqabe ( 'a?ada) wayn vintne r , one
in
charge o f the wine ; 'aqabe re' s/sega bodyguard
; 'u.'1i1I,;;
nabib speake r, spokes man ; 'aqabe gannat garden
er;
' aqabe seray doctor , phys ician .
archit ect , bui l der .
xabazi
baker .
without pecu l i ariti e s .

P erfect
Imperfect
Sub j unct ive
Imperative
' amna
ya' CJ1l'U71en
ye' man
' eman
, asara
ya' asser
ye' ser
' eser
' aqaba
ya'aqqeb
y e 'qab
' eqab
' arga
ya' arreg
ye' reg/ye'rag
'ereg/ ' erag
, al!aba/ al!ba
ya 'a??eb
y e ' l!eb/ye' l!ab
iJ,ana?a
yaanne
yene?
fj.ene?
hatata
yahattet
ye tet
etet
azana
yaazzen
yezan/yezen
ezan/ezen
xabra
yaxabber
yexbar
xebar
xadaga
yaxaddeg
yexdeg
xedeg
' esrat
binding, tying, constri cting .
xadara
yaxadder
yexder
xeder
' emnat
faith, b e l i ef .
yex"lef
xdef
' aman
yexses
xeses
truth; adj . (read ? ' CJ1l'U71a.n) true , faithful .
xaZafa
yaxa Uef
xasasa
yaxasses
(b)
The verbal adj e ctive qetu"l :

' emuna adv . tru l y , in
' emun
faithful ; trustworthy , true .
' esur
bound, tied, capt ive ; restricted.
'equb
(1)
truth .
The feminine form
' eqebt (p I . 'equbat) i s used for " concubine , harem-
\lJoman . ' 1
'e?ub
Vocabul ary 36 .
enu?
bui l t , cons tructed .
xebur
j oined, associated .
xebura adv . together, j ointl y , at
one and the s ame t i me .

l e ft , abandone d , des erted ; divorced .
xedur
r e s i d i ng ,
.J;(' I IIj'
c ro ; , . i n ,'. , p a s s i np, .
(pI . xalaft) pas s er-by, one passi ng ; adj . t r a n s i t o ry .

transient .
The fern . form xa"lafit i s used co l l e c L i v e l y :
those pas s i ng by.

( d)
The verb al nouns :
' aman ,
' amana , ba-' aman adv . truly, in truth.

'eqbat
guarding ; observin g , conserving, keepin g ; watch , v i gi l .
' ergat
ascent , ascens ion ; as sumption into heaven ; e l evati on

(of the host ) .
atata
harshn es s , di ffi cul ty; need, want .

bui l ding , constru ction (both act and produc
inves t i gation , interro gation .
hazan
s adnes s , gri e f .
xebrat
union, j o ining, as sociation; consensus , accord .
xedgat
remiss ion (of s ins , debts) .
en?/en?at/en?a
xedgat/xedagat d i vo rce; ma?afa xedgat divorce document .
xedug
dwe l l in g .
(pl . xadart) gue s t , soj ourner .
xa"lafi
'e?ab/'a?ab
under guard , in cus tody ; ( 2 ) set aside , reserved
(for : "la-) ; (3) caut ious , guarded .
xadari
xedrat residi ng , dwel l ing.

xasas a (pl . - t) wis h , des i re .
(e)
Nouns of the pattern maqtal (t) .
Note
the -,/-
I<I
I h,
first syl lab l e b efore t h e guttural .

mu ' lIlan
adj . b e l i eving, faithfu l ; true ,

and ma' men ( fern. - t) a rc
1I/" ' lrIan
t n t -O I IW I I I I I' .
a l . 1 <
1 / "
1", , " 1
I I,,,
I"" "
1 76
177
mCr' sar
(pl . ma' aser, - t) m . f . bond , fetter (of any sort) ; a

VOl; .
ma(qab
ma ( reg
Synonymous forms are ma' ser and ma' sart .

(p l . ma ( aqeb , - t) guard , guard- station .
(p l . ma ( areg , -at) m . f . p l ace of ascent , as cent ; grad e ,
Other :
(adi
m . testimony , t e s t i fi e r , wi tnes s .
sanit ( e lat) the next day .
maxbar m . f . congregation , gathering ; crowd, tumult ; counci l ;
( f)
sanita i dem .
h e re;
lIIor(',
ba-sanitii on the l I C' x t d " y
( or night) .
co l l eagues , a s s o c i at e s ; monastery , convent .

maxdar
With pron . suff .
to sti l l be , as in ' enza 'adina zeyya whi l e we are sti l l
( adiya eyaw I am sti l l a l ive . With fol lowing t ime -word :

as in cadi xamus five days more .
degree , l eve l , c l as s ; st airs , l adder .

mahtat
adv . s ti l l , yet , again, moreover , s t i l l more .
(p l . maxader) dwel l ing-p l ace , residence ; room, cel l .
Exer c i s e s
Nouns of the pattern meqtal
A . 1 . Xedeguni k ama ' exbar meslek emu .
mexlaf a p l ac e for cro s s ing or pas sing through .
2 . X asasu kama yex 1 e fu ' enta ma' ka1a medrena.
me(rag
3. ' Az zazomu l a - ' aqabt kama ye ' s erewwo .

4 . B a ' enta ' emnateka ' i -Yaxaddegak a .
(p l . -Cit) p l ace of as cent .

Vocabul ary 38
5 . ' I -tezani , wal at teya , ' esma ' i -mot a meteki ba- s ab ' .
N ouns :
6 . La-ye tetu maaeft a egagihomu , wa- ' emdexra atatahomu 1 11 yengeruna ment a rakabu westetomu .
7 . Tagabe ' u k W e 1 10mu ' ah zaba medr kama yeQneu 'ab
iya beta 1a
nagasiho mu.
mahaymen ( f . -t) adj . /noun faithfu l ( in the re l igious s ense) ; a b e

l iever .
V erbs :
' Em- ' ayy 'aqabe wayn t asayaka z anta wayna? Xer fadfada we ' etu.
9 . R e ' eyo negus kama gW ayyu ( qabta segahu , wadqa diba s ayfu wa8.
CG ' a < raba
( araba/(arba (ye (rab/y e ( reb) to set (of heavenly bodies ) .

to cause to s et .
(arab west ; Arab i c .
(arb (e lat i delj1 .
( erbat sett ing .
c arabawi idem.
(arb F riday ; (e lata (arb,
<arabi western ; Arab i an .
me (rab the west ; me (raba qaay i dem .
xafara/xafra (yexfar) to b e ashamed ( of : ba' enta ; to do s omething :

info or verbal noun or sub j unct ive ; before , in the presence o f :
ga??a, ' emenna) ; t o fear , revere (someone : ga??a, ' emenna) .
taxafra to be ashamed , put to shame .
Gt
xafrat (p l . -at) shame ,
impropriety, turpitude .
lamma/amama (yeam/yeemJ to b e i l l , suffer i l lness , pain or d i s
tres s .
CG ' ahmama to aff l i ct with i l lnes s , p ain , distress .
G lt taamama to hate one another .

tre s s ed .
elm i l l , affl icted, d i s
emam (p l . -at) i l lness , pain , disease , affliction .
xagaba (yexq.eb) to was h , wash away .
1 0 . ' Abuhu ' aqabe seray s emuy we ' etu .

1 1 . Maftew kama te ' qabu kW e l l o Qegaga za-wahabkukemu .
1 2 . F arahna kama ' i -ye ' abana ?ama .
,
1 3 . ' Emanu botu wa-terakkebu Qeywata za- 1 a- 'ii1am .
1 4 . ' A1bena me 'rafa xab a naxadder me s 1 a daqiqena.
1 5 . Tase " e 1kewwo 1 a-xa1afi b a ' enta fenota bahr .
16 . Xadart ba-ma' ka1 ekemu neQna , wa-bahtu na ' aqqeb egagikemu ba
,
aman .
1 7.
Zentu menbiib we ' etu ba' ent a ' ergatu 1a-nabiy wes t a s amay .
1 8 . Wihaba mal!afa xedgat wa- s adada ' em-westa betu .

1 9 . Ba' enla ment z entu azan, wa1deya? '
20,
Masanu
xegub washed.
21 .
' l - t <' x h : t l' 1 1
mexqab (p l . -at) bath , bathing p l ace.
awwa a D to inspe c t , l ook at ( ace . di r . obj . ) ; to look in on , v i s i t ;

to look after (both good :lnd bad s e n s e s ) .
Dt taawwa ?a passive .
...
qata1a re ' so .
Gt taxagba to wash one ' s s e l f ( a
part of t h e body may be added a s ace . dir . obj . ) .

xeqbat washing , ab l ut i on .
....
x c 1 u fanihomu westa baJ:tr b a - ' aarihomu .

g.1 h i ra
mes 1 a xedurana zentu makan .

2 2 . T[l!l l h h r l r l l xehl l rn bH - en aha l a - zati hagar kebert .
2 3 . ' 1\IIIn i l i ' l'1II1 1 1 1 ' [ l i l l a , lVa-ba' ent a z a - ' amanka z a ' ellba l :i
1 ' '' ' ' ' 1 1 1 . 1
I , , ' TiIlIl ' I " ' Y "
wa -mankerat eya, gabarku m n k Ti I Hi
Y l' I I ' " ' ' ' 1 I
' (" 1 , , 1 1 . ,
I :d ,
1 7B
re ' s eka l<cs L a
ucl a
" " I I ' Y"
:'. 1 1
24 . adeqan ' emuntu wa - cnu ' an

25.
III,
, , ' "I1 y " l .
b a - ' c' I l w L "
' As i romu ' aqabe ' anqa? wa-bawi ' omu
I., , ' ):!: .
beta negus b a - cnullj t ,
qatal ewwomu l a- ' aqab t a re ' su l a -negus wa-s adadewwomu l a- z amada

mangest westa feno t .
1 3 . r e ' s a xabaz eyan
B . 1 . Kere s t i yan mah aymenan

2.
' aqabe nabib t abib wa-teruf
1 4 . ' aragay e zun
3 . z amad 'Arabi k ebur
I S . b e ' s i t xedegt
4 . baawerta me ' rab
1 6 . ba- ' e l at a ' arb
5.
' aqabe gannat ' emun
17 .
' emqedma ' erbata aJ:1ay
6 . be ' s i dewuy wa-emum
l B . nafiis ' arabawi
7 . l e b s xeub ba-may
1 9 . b a - lesan a ' Arabi
B . xasasahomu l a- h e zbu
2 0 . xafratu 1 a-negusomu
2 1 . emam ' esub l a- fawweso
9 . hanas
. i t. ab i b
.
1 0 . hagar enet b a - ? enfa bar
11.
2 2 . xedbata kahenat
2 3 . xafratena b a ' en t a z a - gabarna
' anest ihu wa- ' equbatihu
1 2 . wariha ' esura ' e garihu wa-
24 . ba- 'adi salus
' e d awihu
C . 1 . B a ' ent a ment ' i - t a ' ammena beya?
2 . T a ' as s erewwo ba- ' abal enu ' .
3 . S a ' alnahu xedgata xatawe ' in a .
4 . awwe ' a J:1anae wa-nagaro mekro l a-hensata bet addi s .
5 . F at a ma' as erihomu l a - ' esuran .
6.
' Aqoma b e zuxa ma ' aqebta w e s t a ' amdar z a -mo ' a .
7 . Taqadamnahomu westa me ' raga hagar , wa- ' i -xadagnahomu kama

yeqrabu xaba ' anaq e a hagar .
B . F aq adku xa l i fa ' enta ma ' k a l a maxbaromu, wa- ' i -wahabuni mexl afa .
9.
Sarna 'na mah t at akemu H i ' l a z entu b e ' s i , wa-bahtu ' i - r akabna
xat i ' ata botu .
10.
' A l bo z a- ' i -yaxaffer ba-ye ' e t i ' e l at .
' al}mamkana zant a 1:emama ' e uba?

W
1 2 . T8xa1 :J.bku ' e dawiya wa-ga 7 eya b a-may q arir z a - z entu memaq .
l l.
I I
L :t - Ifl e n t
I. , .
' 1''' z:I
' au i k emu me s l ena,
1 ,1 .
(;"1, ' ,,
1 " , ): : 1 1'"
' enagger akemu b a ' enta mangesta s amayat .
w 8 - h awI<asa bet a Keres t i yan za-anau west a s enfa
1" ,("
I ',
1 , " ,, 1 1 " ii '
I '
11,,
', 11, 1 1 1
I ; ! II I : I
"
Y I '' I L l' l ewwo soba warada xaba mexab .
I ,d "
" 'III zcntu ' a l am wa-bo ' a w e s t a maxbara qeddus an.
179
1 7 . ll a ' enta ment k a l a ' kani h awwes
- n wa-emuman ?
.
. o t omu la- dewuya
' Adi sadus wa- ' axa l l e f emxabek emu .
'
lB.
1 9 . Re ' ya ' abiya ma ' rega ' en z a

menbaru dl' ba me dr wa-r e ' su wes t a
s amay .
20.
' At alvu beeromu ' emqed ma ye ' rab aay

.
1 80
181
(0)
L e s son 39
39. 1
'elra i
G Verbs from Roo t s I I -Guttural :
( a)
The Remaining Forms .
Imperfect , Subjunct ive , and Imperat ive .
in the Imperfect
kad
Note the vowe l a s s imi l at i on
Imp erfect
Subjunctive
Imperative
la' aka
yele" ek
yel' ak
la' ak
be ' la
lehqa
se' na
sehta
kel;!da
mahara
sa' a la
saJ:aba
kedat
lehqat
ye' xaz
ye' exxez
' axaza
fi aJ:afa
yekhal
yeke l
A number o f Imperfects of thi s root typ e have

the first s t em syl l ab l e , e sp e c i a l l y
' axaz
Verbal adj ect ives
kahal
-e- instead of -e- in
It i s optiona l .
qetu l :
?el;!uf wri t t en
sehut
errin g , l ed into error

impotent , power l e s s
le' uk
sen t ; frequent as noun :
mehur
,
exuz
l e arn e d , expert ( in : acc . or
apo st l e , me s s enger
ba- or construct)
captive , h e l d ; pos s e s s ed by (e . g .
The agent noun
qatali :
kaadi
/(aha h
powerfu l , s t ro n g , capab l e ;
W
kahale k e Uu omn ipotent ;
i n l" . / verba l noun :
\ H l ' , 'oI". ' , O l' ;
1II: 1 ' t (' r ,
m- :
mafiaf Voc . 1 1
malhe qt (co l I . ) e l ders , seni ors ( eithe
r as a s ynonym o f liqan/
liqawent or in refer ence to perso ns o l
' axawi hu malh eqt h i s o l der broth ers ) .
malhe qat, malaheqt, -at a l s o occur .
39. 2
infide l , non -bel ieve r ; reb e l
Nouns with prefixed
be r z r i ch e s , we a l th .
der in age , e . g .
The p lural forms
servi c e , o f fi c e , funct ion .
Voc . 5
kllh71 7/ 10_
r , I H ) . ; . " . . . .. t "
Ther e are t wo IIdd l
maZ' ekt (pI . -at) epi s t l e , l et t e r ; l egat

e , l egat i on ; mini s t ry ,
?aafi
U h' I W I
be <ul was given in Vo c . 1 7 .
ba 'al (p l . -at) m . f . f e as t , festi va l

; gabra ba <ala to ho l d /
c e l ebra te a f e s t ival ; ba raZ teke
lt a fixed fest ival ;
baral ' i- teke l t a movab l e festi va l .
ba r ral ( f . -t) owne r , p o s s e s sor , maste
r ( a synonym o f ba r l and
shari ng i t s p l ur a l ' ab r e Zt) .
' exuza ' aganent) ;
j o in ed , continuous
A s e cond adj ect ive
(e)
se' un
, r f.I'i1 : :
be < la are a l i t t l e confu s ing. T h e

adj u c l l v l' 1 , , ' ,' 1
-t) was intro duce d in Voc . 1 6 . The
p lural ' ab 'e l t p ro l , n i l l y I " .
long s t o the noun ba < l ( s ame
writ ten form a s ba<e l) o wn e
The deriv ativ es of
Then fin a l l y there i s the s imp l e verbal noun
Vo c . 1 7
(c)
' axaz/' o.xz m . f i s t
t iona l nouns of ident i c al appe

aran ce :
yere" i for yere" i (he s e e s ) .
The reason for this phenomenon i s not c l e ar .
s e rvant
(f.
ya' axaz
kehla
denial , apo s t acy, rebe l l ion

o l d age
la' k (p l . -an)
' axaza ( a l s o I - gut t . ) and kehla have irregu l arit i e s :
be 'ul
za' enbala set at with out e rror

l ack o f fait h , imp i ety, here
sy ; d i s o b e d i en c e , re be l Eon ;
za' enba la kcd;ld wi thou t doub t , with
out fear o f con L ra dict i on
erro r , s in ;
( *aGGe > eGGe) and I mp erative ( *eGa > aGa) .
Perfect
(b)
reque s t , prayer, p e t i t i on
8etat
Al l verb s o f
Regu l ar verb s of this type a l ready introduced are
The verbs
wr it ing ( ac t or prod uct)
se' lat
t h i s root type have the s ame patterns for these s t ems , un i formly with
-a- in the Sub j unctive and Imperat ive .
V e rbal nouns :
lord .
capab l e of (doing) .
The Verb
behla to s ay .
The Perfect of t h i s verb has
heell
rep l aced by a un ique prefi xe d conj ugati onal form :
yebe
he s a i d
tebe
yebelu
she said
yebela
t h oy
y o u (m . ) s ai d
tebe Zu
yllil
t h e y ( III . ) ';11 1 t I
( I . I
( III
i' l
'\lI l o J
I
.d I t I
1 B2
183
tebe Li
you
, ebe
I said
-Z
T h e l o s s o f t h e final
(f. )
s ai d
The
- Z-
you
nebe
we s a i d
(f.pl . )
said
yebeZana -> yebe 'lana
adj e ctive
l it t l e ,
apparent l y r e s u l t s from an o l d mi s d iv i s ion
when a dative suffix was a t t a ch e d :

us .
teberfJ.
reqa (yerbaq)
h e s a i d to
-e .
any of the above forms ending in
Glt
These forms are very frequent ,
The
Imperfe c t ,
Subj unct i v e ,
I n fl e ct ion i s normal .
' enza
and Imperat ive are a l s o irregul ar ,
yebaZ
Sub j un ct ive :
The appropr i at e form of the
Imperat ive :
CG
baZ
be t asty,
wa-yebe Zo ' enza yebe Z
obj . )
wa-sa' aZkewwo ' enza ' ebeZ
and I asked him
p l easan t .
wa-nagarewwo ' enza yebe Zu
and they spoke t o him
Gt
tabehZa
( I - s aying) :
Zehqa
r e gu l ar in format ion :
to be spoken ,
said;
tab2ihaZa
t o s p e ak
(debat e ,
(mes Za , babaynati- ,
But CG
' abaZa
to be spoken o f ,
to cause to s ay ,
d i s cu s s ,
argue)
fere
w i thout
with one another
-at)
mercy,
tamea
Gt
pity;
to t a s t e ,
( s omeone :
te 'um
t as t e ,
J aVama
CG
Za-
or obj .
tasty,
to hide ,
nahu
maQri
an empha s i z ing part i c l e ,
to give
suff . )
' an' asa
CG
young .
na' as
wav e ,
i n cOI1;t l'lIcl
l it t l e
causat i v e .
a young g i r l
ne' s ch i l dh oo d ,
i n fancy .
( e . )'"
11 1 ' : ; (
j $)
(e.g.
to tas t e ;
)' .
I II
111l' IT 1 1 1 1 1
ue:I I I , ) : I I I
iI('(' ,
( s ometh i n g :
.I "
to make ' ; \v c(' 1 ,
Fi ''''
sweet , p l e a s ant .
(p l .
(rare ly)
"to
in addition t o the s ense
Dt
tasawwara
flood.
fig. ) ,
b lo s som,
ne '-
bud ;
ne 'u ,
( fern .
nesti t
(f.
ne' est)
re
f.pl .
o f an unat t e s t e d
a l itt l e ,
come !
is
*ne' is) .
used
it may be taken as
X."
Forms are m . s .
na 'a ,
f. s .
' Eg;;i'
O!
it
is
U s ual l y prefi xed,
as in
i ( u .c"',,> :: t ) or appo s i t iona l l y l ike an
I .
. .
X ,i I , i
regul arly suffixed :
"fl h'flil l m c s l c y ::t t ebe " e l u .
' EgziJ o 0
K \v ,' l l olil l l '; 11 1 1 ' y (' I (' I 1 I 1 (,<[1 1 IV a -yaxa l l e fu \Ves t a me ' r a foml l .
y , " , , I.i I,/ I " 1 I
ne 'i ,
' o-negus 0
E xerci s e s
fl .
ca l l s
m.pl .
na 'a .
l i tt l e ,
a sma l l amoun t ;
now ,
It
o f what fo l
may a l so expre s s wonder o r gri e f .
to be
smal l ,
( s p a t i a l o r temporal )
"Here ,
an Imperat ive base :
' 0- vo cative part i cl e :
( in s i z e or import an c e ) ;
ne' us
usua l l y rendered as "beho l d . "
I f u s e d a l one w i th a fo l l owing noun ,
b u t \v i t h
youn g .
(one who
conceal , prot e ct .
attention t o t h e immedi acy
V erbs :
to be smal l ,
p i t y / 1111"
sweet t a st e , p l e a s ant t a st e .
cover over ,
a fu l l predicat i on :
m . f.
su i ' f' . ) .
obj .
t o b e s hO\m
to experience
d e l i c i ous ,
f l avor ;
or
gabra merata Za-/mesZ((//n ' / 1I
show mercy toward .
d e l i c ious .
Za-
pity (on :
f l e xive and pas s iv e .
39
-yat, fereyat) m . frui t ( l i t . and

gabra/wahaba fere to produce fru i t .
ne' sa (yen' as)
to h ave mercy ,
,
Other :
-h- .
(pl .
,. I
-at)
1' 1'11111
"to grow up , reach pubert y . "
sawwara 0
l ows .
(p l .
J em-reluq
a t a d i s t ance .
T h i s verb a l s o has th e meanings " t o grow o l d " and
name d , men
N o un s :
ma 'ba Z/ma 'beZ
reuqa rna "at s l ow t o
a cc . ) .
V o cabul ary
,
I
m. f.
to d e l a y .
' emenna , mes Za , obj .
( from :
d i s tant ;
g r o w , i n c r e a s e i n s i ze o r quan t i t y"
t ioned
Glt
-at)
(they - s aying) :
to
a p e r i o d of t ime or interval of sp a c e .
e 'ma/a 'ama (ye 'am/yep 'em)
and he s a i d to h i m (he - s aying) :
adv .
adv .
litt l e .
far off (both s p a t i a l and tem
(mutual l y)
ba-reuq
l i t t l e by
put at a d i s t an c e ;
remo t e ,
t o move t o p i t y .
(p l .
have pity on ,
may be used a f t e r any verb o f speaking t o introduce d ir e ct
N o t e the derived verb s ,
"
' amara
meat
Imperfect w i t h
speech :
I.
reuqa
reat
afar .
remot e ,
far away,
nestita
a sma l l vi l l age) .
baba-nestit
to remove ,
t o s eparat e
reuq
mera/maara (yemar)
yebeZ
Imperfect :
tariiaqa
anger .
-h- :
' araqa
CG
suff. ) .
b e ing u s e d regu l arly to introduce d i re c t speech .
w i th uniform l o s s o f
to be d i st ant ,
poral ) .
is always " r e s tored" when a dative suffix is added to
hagar nesti t
(e . g .
for a l i t t l e whi l e ;
" '1 1 / 1 1 Yl'k cl)l)edu
' amana wange lu .
king ! ,
L o rd !
Tt
I fill
1 85
4 . Nilxas scs kama n e l ' akka xabehu mes l a s e ' l at en a .
S.
20.
W
' Emehheraka k e l lo ma:;al}efta za -':!egg Be l it wa-':!egg ':!addi s .
6 . La-ment t e s e " enu atitoto l a- zentu b e ' s i ?
"
1 0 . B awi ' an a heyya ne ' exxezo wa-na ' as sero ' egarihu wa- ' edawihu .
1 1 . ' I -yeke lu t aqawemo b a-qedma 'Am l ak kahale kW e l l u .
1 3 . Ba- sanita nek e l t aqarebo wa- t anabebo b abaynat ina.
1 4 . ' A1bo z a-teke1u gabira wa- ' i -menta-ni z a ' enba1 a qawim waC.
2 1 . ' I - tekI:adewwo 1 a- ' Egz i ' en a , ' esma ' i -ha l l awa I:eywat
za-1a-
2 2 . Sa ' a10 s i s aya wa- ' a1bas a ; ' i -tes ' a1 0 warqa.
2 3 . Nex1 ef ' em-z eyya ' emqedma ya ' axazu yezbe!un a .
Sahafu l ana ma1 ' ekta nawixa b a ' enta xe 1fat ekemu west a b aI:r .
W
2 5 . ' Eg z i ' aber ' Amlak w e ' etu za-ye' exxez k e 1 1 0 b a - ' edawihu .
24 .
2 6 . Wa-b a - gi zeha s awwara damrnana ga a aI:ay wa-ma1 ' a ? e 1mat wes t a

medr .
2 7 . Tas awwarku ' emennehomu wa- ' i -kehlu rakiboteya .
1 1 . lal ' ekta Pib.1 0s xaba s ab ' a

Rome
3 . ware za ' exuza ganen
1 2 . kaI:domu 1 a ' e l l ontu ' e1 ewan
4 . s ab ' ' exuzan westa beta moqeI:
1 3 . qet1ata k a0adeyan
5 . mashaf s ehuf b a - s ehfat sannay
1 4 . ba" a1a hamar
6 . ' axaze ' a 1 am
1 5 . Ba ' ala Masqal
7. nagasi ' axazi
1 6 . ma1aheqta ' E sra ' e l
8 . ke!:data sel.lutan
9 . ba- l chqat i hu l a- ' abuna
1 7 . 1 a ' k ' emun
he '
I n \v e ' c t t l
neglls kcbul'
2 9 . b e ' si ! e ' uma nebab
3 9 . ' axaz senu'
1 . Wa-yebe I omu ' en z a yeb e1 :
za' enb a l a s cl.l l at
" La-ment t ekeI:I:eduni 7"

"Ne ' us ' ana wa- ' .i -k ahf.i l i
I II
1 I I " i l "
1 8 . t ak1 ne ' u s
1 9 . beher reI:uq
Wa-tafaniwomu , t ariiaqu wa- ' at awu be6rolllu.
6. ' I -yarI:aqa 'Egz i ' abI:er ' e lata ma" atu .
' alam z a ' enba1 ehu .
1 0.
eywat
38.
S.
20 . Zanta maftew kama tegbar ' emqedma te 1haq wa-tedkam .
,
i
3 7 . ' em-n e ' su ' e sk a 1 ehqatu
W
2 8 . nestita may q ari!
4 . Bal evo ' e sma ' i -neke1 s agida l otu .
1 9 . F aqadat kama teb' a1 .
36 . ma' bal a z enam
zentu.
1 8 . ' I -temharomu 1 a-daqiqeka ' ek i t a .
35 . t a ' ma zentu fere
2 6 . ' egzi ' kahal i 1 a-radi ' otana
3 . Z e-we ' etu madxen za-tabehla westa masha fa qadaml .
1 7 . Maharani ba-1 esana Yonanawiyan .
2 . ' aragit dekemt wa- s e ' ent
3 3 . nestita fere
34 . !a ' ma mot
2 5 . z a ' enbala mehrat
2 . Wa-nagarkewwo ' en z a ' eb e 1 :
Tawa l idakemu t eke1u mal i ' a westa k el la medr .

1 6 . ' I - tese " enu-nu tabaeI:0t07
B . 1 . ' aragay mehura I:egg
32 . fere te 'um
2 7 . ' eg z i ' mahari
1 2 . ' I - y ekel ' ana t aka!:edotaka b a ' enta ' amana qalat ihu .
IS .
3 1 . fere sannay
2 4 . ma1 ' ekta zentu kahen adeq
9 . R e ' inahomu ' enza yese!:!:ebewwo westa fenawe hagar .
t ara ' eyo babaynatikemu .
3 0 . ma ' bal a may
2 2 . ' asmatihomu 1 a- l a ' kanihu

W
2 3 . nagW adg ad reI:uq
7 . Nenbar zeyya ' enza nedakkem wa -nes e " en hawira.

8. ' Anta teeef zanta kW e l l o diba maaf .
,
' a xiitcya ma l ah eqt
2 1 . l;tamar ne' est
7 . ' Em-ne ' su ' i - gabra ' ekita wa-I:0ra we st a fenot rete ' t .
8 . Qomu ba- reI:uq ' en z a ' i -yefaqqedu yeqrabu .
9 . Reuq fadfada b eeru l a - z entu nakir .
1 0 . Tene " esi ' em- ' axawi ki , wa-baI:tu te!abbebi ' emennehomu .
1 1 . Ma ' a ma ' b a1 a z enam wa- ' a!fe ' a nadda ' es sat za- ' andadu .
1 2 . ' I -yegabber ' e sannay fere ' ekuya .
1 3 . MaI:arnahomu 1 a -naddayan wa-wahabnahomu sisaya .
1 4 . MeI:rana wa-marI:ana xaba betu .
1 5 . Nahu b erhan warada ' em-samay wa-maromu fenot a .
1 6 . N e ' i xabeya, wal atteya, wa- ' i - t eraqi ' emenneya .
1 7 . MaI:arana ' o -negus wa- ' i - t eqte1 an a .
1 8 . 'Awidomu l otu kaadeyan , ' as aru 1}ab 1a wes t a k esadu .
1 9 . Za-ya' ammen b a - z entu nagar ' i - ye e " em mot a .
20.
Wa- ' i -yekel wa- ' i -mannu-hi s awwerotaka ' em - z entu mendllbe
xasar .
W:L
187
186
j',l!'u h i
j'a iu.(l i
Les son 4 0
G V erbs from Roots I I I - Guttural :
40 . 1
(a)
0IV1?i {"i
T h e Remaining Forms .
I mperfect , Sub j un c t ive , and Imperative .
r;aba' i
A l l verbs from
Imperfect
Subjunctive
Imperative
mas ' a
yema??e'
yemsa'
me?a'
rada' i
(d)
to the
e c t suff ix or obj ect suff ix)
The add ition of any vowe l ( s ubj
em chan ge
norma l l y ac compan i ed by a s t
S ub j un c t ive or Imper ativ e is
(-a- to -e-) :
temr;a'
temse' u
tem?e ' i
tem?e' a
mee' a
me?e' i
yemr;e' a
temr;a'
me?e' u
me(lO:'
yem(le' u
y em?a'
yem?e' 0
et c .
his
gutt ural intr oduc ed up to t
The G verb s from root s I I I -
ma?' a
nasJ a
mal' a
gab' a
mara
farha
ba(3r;a
samra
bazxa
(b)
me lu'
The verbal adj ectives

ful l ( o f :
rat <a
r;an <a
(lab' a
rad' a
tar a
had' a
fetu
kal' a
fatr;a
qetul :
marai
sama <i
famous , i l lustrious ; notor ious

s in)
open ; forg iven (per son or
!l'd ',r' i
l e ade r ( c f .
marr; b e l ow)
witne s s , mar L y r
me l' a ' ed a handfu l ) .
ba-me l' u ( o r
(p l .
-at) m . f . rumor , report ; t e s t imony; martyrdom,
mul t i tude , l arge numb er or amount
geb' at
return ; convers ion ( t o :
ferhat
(p l . -at) fear , dread , awe ; fearfulne s s , t im i dity
fe t
j udgment (act or fact)
ret <
j us t i c e , what i s r i ght , true et c . ; truth
westa)
h ardne s s , firmne s s ; s trengt h , power, forc e ;
(len <a
tef' at
extinct i on , destruct i on , l o s s
hed' at
peac e , tranqui l l i t y
kel' at
prohib i t ion , prevention
rad' et
he lp , as s i s t an c e ; helper, assi s t ant

Nouns w i th prefi xed
m- :
mem(la'
p l ac e o f origin
megba'
refug e , p l ac e to return to
mer;na <
(p l .
-t) f i rm b as e ; fi rmament (of he aven)
mabzext maj o r part , maj o r i t y ; most of

Vocabu l ary 40
Nouns :
sama <t)
nshi p
h i red work er . The r e l atio
( p 1 . (/al 'ri ' t ) JnC'rc enur y ,
a is not ent i r e l y c l e ar .
" " " ,. , ! I I I ! l i t ' v I ' rb gah'
1 1"
what f i l l s ( e . g .
qatali :
ient ; as noun (p I .
h e ari n g , l i s t enin g t o ; obed
I l l'
' aml'et) l eader
bezx
(e)
copious ; fi l l ing
' em- or a c c . ) ; abundant ,
The agent noun
(p l .
samay the fi rmament o f the sky
.
' have alr eady been intr oduc ed
retu < , bezu x, (lenu <, and hedu
(c)
arr i va l , advent , coming
?en </(3en <at
( ac c . )
semu <
Verbal nouns :
martyrs
yem?a' ka
p o int are
he lper , as s i s tant
me ' at
sem <
yem?e ' ani
yem? a' u ( fo r
i th the -a- reta ined , a s in
On e a l s o enco unte rs form s w
yem?e' u) .
?abii' i t f . m . i s used a s
with other suff . ) in toto , comp l e t e l y
yem?a'
yem?e' a
warri o r , s o l d i e r ; the fern. form
mar
mel '
yem?a' ki
nem?a'
, em?a'
farrah fearfu l , t imi d .
( 1' 1. j'a ia(.t) j udge

( p ] . ?ana ""t) s t ron g , fi rm ; fort i fi e d
a c o l l e c t ive term f o r "army, troop s"
t h i s root type have the s ame stem patt erns in the s e forms :
Per fect
rca [ Cu I , reverent .
fjagiJ. ( p I . - I ) 111 . C.
/1, 1-1.111:)(( g r" t' i
h /rlllY ' i l
1 01m ,
11" : ld l ' l ,
gra c e , favo r , k indness ; g i ft , P " y"lr l I l . " ' w d ,'d ,

S,
as
a gi ft .
c i t y ( a l e s s corrunon and more [ c ; ! r \ ! I , ' ! ", , , , ! I I " " ,
1 89
188
tameh i ro b e zux ' em-ge ' zu wa-nebratu I a - zentu q eddus .
Verbs :
1 7 . Nekel
Gt taxab' a re
xab ' a (yexba' J to hide , conce a l (acc . dir . obj . ) .
ecret , arcane ;
f l exive and pas s ive . xebu' h i dden , conceal ed; s
p l ace ,
ba-xebu' s e cret l y , in s e cret . mexba' (pl . -at) hi ding
1 8 . Wa- ' emdexra- z e 'adi yema e ' akemu ma 'bal a may wa-yer affe ' a
h i dden p l ace ; recept a cl e .
. ) ; t o b e imminent
?ana (ye?naJ to wait , awai t , exp e c t ( ace . dir . obj
' a?nea t o s e t
( t o : dat . suff. or la- ) ; to l i e in wait for . CG
e ( i . e. cause
traps or snares for ; to s e t i n ambush ; to promi s
. senuh wai t
to expect) ; to prepar e ( s omethin g : acc . ) for ( la-J
ing, expectant ; put a s i de , res erved .

l i s h , set up ,
sap <a (yespa <) to put into order , arran g e ; to estab
ordere d , e s tab
d,
<
arrange
ordai n . Gt tasap <a passiv e . sepu
ement , disposi
l is he d , ordai ne d . ser <at (p l . -at) order , arrang
, pact , test
t io n ; decre e , edi c t , comman d ; l aw , s tatut e ; treaty
ment ; custom , hab i t , any fixed pattern .
accomp l is h ; with a
fa??ama 0 to comp lete , fini s h , end ; to ful fi l l ,
. Dt tafa??ama p a s
g
omethin
fo l l owing i nf . : to finish doing s
s ive .
Exerc i s e s
A . 1 . Menta tegabberu s o b a yebaeQakemu ' e l ata mendabe?
2 . Wa a ' na fe ! una ' emqedma yem e ' u qatal t .
3.
' I - faqadu kama yegb e ' u west a ' Iy arus a l em.

4. N e s a ' ' exwaka mes l ek a .
5.
' I -tefrah, wal deya; ' an a ' eradde ' aka .
6 . Bau heyya ' en z a yemarreQewwomu mal a ' ekta ' Aml ak .

7.
' I - yes amme ' l a - al o t atikemu wa- ' i -yenasse ' maswa ' takemu.
8 . S eme ' u l a-qalat ihu ' esma mahaymen rate ' wa- adeq we ' etu .
9 . Yema e ' u ' el l a ye?anne 'ukemu wa-yenasse 'u ' ahgurikemu .
1 0 . Mannu za-yekal l e ' an a gabi ' a b eQerana?

1 1 . We ' et a ' amira yahadde ' medr ' em-mendabe wa- qat l .
1 2 . Me l e ' u darahema Ive s t a ' edawihu wa-xedegu yegb a ' bet o .
13.
' A z z azomu l a - ' aqabt i hu kama yeba ' meslehu l a ' l a kaadeyan .
1 4 . Y e ' eta ' e l ata yefatteQana kWe l l an a .

15.
' Enza
' w e s t a fenoL
' e fatte mas kota re ' ikeww o l a- ' exuya yema e
ba' a l a wa- s awwe ' omu I a

1 6 . ! l a - m e s e t a we ' et l l ' e l a t g a b r a ' abiya
" w ( l l nllll l
1 1 t ' /. I , .< , 1 1 " , 1 > 1 1 .
nafs tik emu kama nadda ' es sat .

19.
'Eqabi ' es sa t a k ama ' i -t e r fa ' .
2 0 . Yebaz zexu ' e l l ontu s ab ' ' emennekemu ,' ' l' - teke l u t a abe ' o
mes l ehomu .
B . 1 . ' eska me ' atu l a-waldeya fequr 1 6 . mab zexta xWe lqWomu
1 7 . b a- ' e l ata fetokomll
2 . mar r abib wa- ' amani
1 8 . en 'a hayman o t c h.:1
4 . mabzexta zentu maxbara
1 9 . hed ' ata
maMymenan
5.
2 0 . marai
m e ' rZi fOIli I I
maQari
2 1 . en ' a ' ax z u
'aqabe seray s emu '
6 . s em ' ' ekuy
7 . b a ' enta sem ' a Qeddus Marqos
2 2 . ba-qedma ?ab1l ' i t a 'l: g l. I ' I I I ,I.''' 1
23. s cm 'atata Keres t j y ii l l
8 . we lud s ama 'eyan
24 . z a ' enba l a k e l ' a t
9 . bezxa al otat i k emu
25 . w a l d ne ' us wa-farrah
wa-kal: adeyiin
1 0 . moqe fetuh
2 6 . feta ' e l ewan
1 1 . berhan me l u ' s amaya
27. r ef' ata ' ah gurihomu
1 2 . s arna 't qetu l an
2 8 . ferhata l eb b
1 3 . hagar ana ' it
2 9 . b e ' s i farahe ' E gz i ' aber
1 4 . xatawe ' feteht
3 0 . aba' eyan enu 'ana l ebb
I S . ' arnreQt ' ekuyan
C . 1 . ' Emenna ' ayy makan ' anta?
Ment we ' etu mem a ' eka?
2. F a l a s eyan neQna wa- ' a lbena megba ' a .
3 . Mannu za- gabra mena 'a s amay?
w
4 . ' E gz i ' aber fataQina w e ' etu wa-rada ' ina ba-k e l l u gebarina.
5 . G abarka xat. i ' ataka b a-xebu ' , wa - ' ana b-,a htu
' eqas s e fa k a kesut a .
.
6. Ba-agahu l a - ' Eg z i ' abQer z a-ba a9kemu zanta makana h e du ' a b a
s a l am .
7.
' Asnehuni kama ye ' x azuni wa-yeqteluni .
9.
Yes anneh
8 . Ne anne): zeyya ' es k a ya ' arreb dahay .

10.
11.
12.
1 :1 .
I II .
' A l bo xaba nax ab b e

S :lIl1 j
mendabe .
l ak emu kWe l l ekemu ' e I t

'
warqana .
'omu z3nt a , gWayyu w a - t axab ' u .
' A y L (' Z<i - L a xaIJ1i. ' ka s o b a konu yaxassesuka?

' 1 - ' (, II("I.l l1 l1 j ,
IV I I
',nilll
' e sma
fll ;; ' , alna

.
' i -yegabbe ' xabeka .
lIlal ' ek t o , xadagomu wa-ga h ' :!
191
1 90
1 5 . ani ? ana hagar i t a ne ' e st a , naxadder bat i b a - s a l am .

,
i,
I I'
II I
I
"
1 6 . S ar ' omu fenawehomu 1 a- ?aay wa-warx .

W
1 7 . Soba sar ' a ?aba ' t ihu qedmena, farahna wa - g ayayn a .
L e s s on 4 1
41 . 1
W
1 8 . Sahafa l omu ser 'ata maxb aromu z a - b akamaha yegabberu k e 1 1 0
gebratihomu .
19.
' A z z a zomu l a- ? aba ' t ihu b a ' enta s er ' atomu b a- ab ' .
2 0 . B a ' enta ment t e keQedu s e r ' atateya wa- t e ' zazat eya?
2 1 . S ar ' u ' e l l ontu abiban s er ' at a ' awrax wa- s er ' ata ' amatat .
2 2 . Lakemu wa- l a - daq iqekemu t a s ar ' a z entu egg za- l a - ' a l am .
2 3 . S annay we ' etu, ' e sma wahabana rad ' et a .
W
2 4 . aywa k e l l o Qeywato b a- edq wa-ba- ret ' .
(a)
G V erbs from Roo t s I -W : The R emaining F o rms .

Imperfe ct , Subjunc t i ve , and Imperative .
Many of t h e " r
i II
w- ,
verbs have a shorter form o f the roo t , wi thout the i n i ti a l
i ll('
Subj unctive and Imperat ive , and o ft en in t h e verbal n o un ( s ('(' 1 ) (' 1 " ,, ) .
The short form is usua l l y as s o c i at ed with the s t em vowel
, 1 11 1 1
I 1 \ "
there are excep t i on s ; some verbs have two or even t h ree Sui> , 1 1 1 1 \
forms .
Note a l s o the irregu l a r Imperfect of the verh " ),,Im/'" .
P erfect
Imperfect
Sub j unctive
Imperat i ve
warada
yewarred
yerad
rad
wadqa
yewaddeq
y edaq
daq
wahaba
yehub
yahab
hab
wasada
yewassed
yesad
sad
yesed
sed
V e l' I , 1 I 1
NIHIII
haJJ I
yewsed
walada
yewaUed
ye lad
warj.' a
yewarj.q.e'
yecj.a'
wagara
yewagger
yegar
gar/ger
yewger
weger
tent
yewfen
yeweez
weza
lcdal
ga' a i
yepan
yewaHen
wafana
lad
weten
yaaz
yewaz
Un l i k e other verbs l I I - gutt .

t i v e and imperative forms
thus
(cf.
y em?a' in Lesson 40) the sub j unc
yeq.o.' and qo.' retain the -0.- in infl e ct i on ;
te4a' i , yecj.a' u, y e4a' a e t c . ; rjii' , 1:0.' i , rjii' u , q.a' a .

(b)
weduq
wclud
The verb a l adj e ct i ves
qetu l :
fa l l en, l ying fal l en
( 1 ) p l . of wald; ( 2 ) s yn . of wald i n the s ingu l a r

depart ing , emerg i n g ; many s e condary meanings :
( i n : ' ern- ) , a l i en ( t o :
( e)
t " ',I, r l
, I, / , 1
N n l l ll S :
Vl' ri>;i l
d ' ' '' '' I ' 1 l 1

1 11 1 11 ,
I ' : t l l , c o l l ap s e
' em- ) , et c .
l a c k i Il P,
193
192
heir.
haM
a g i ft
ledat
birth
4d at
exi t , dep arture ;
of
J em-X 4aJ atu he is from X , a nativ e
waladi
wahabi
(e)
murad
sa 'ama (yes'am) to k i s s .
o n e another.
The agent noun
qataZi :
A. 1 .
one who g i ve s , dono r ; adj . generous

Nouns with pref ixed
m- :
3.
5.
' I -yewarred z enam ba- g i z ehu .
' Ehubakemu warqa wa-berura .
' Ewa
11e '
' em-hagar ba- eba .
6 . N ahu ' anti t ewa l l edi wal da .
p l ac e o f exi t ; source
7 . ' Ewaggero wes t a mendad .
aqueduct , canal
8 . T ehubuni -nu xebe s t a ?
mogart s l ing
Note also the deri ved noun
ob j . or kama , westa , Z a- )
4 . Tewas s ed zanta dab e l a xaba ' a ;; ad eya .
*mewrad) p l ac e of d e s cent , downward s l op e
muaza may
tasa 'ama to k i s s
2 . Yewaddeq zentu bet wa- ' i -yahannes

ewwo dagema .
.
mulad p l ac e o f b i rt h , native l and

mu
Glt
Exerc i s e s
-t) p arent
( for
tase 'ma pas s ive .
obj . ) as/ into something ( ac c . dir .
flow , f lowing
(f.
Gt
se 'mat a k i s s .
.
rassaya 0 t o put , p l ac e , se t ; to 1mpute
(something : a c c . d i r . obj . )
t o ( s omeon e : la ' la, la-) ; to make/regard something ( ac c . d i r .
d , hi l l
wagr (p l . J awger, -at) h e ap , moun
strea m; f l o w , torr ent
,
iver
r
wei z ( p l . -at , waayezt )
(d)
mawares t ( p l . of unat t ested
*moras) he irs .
we;zat
Y'est (pl . -at) inhe r i t ance .
9.
prog eny ,
tewl ed (d} (p l . -at) a gene rat ion;
' I - t erad xaba J:1ayq .
1 0 . N ebari zeyya kama ' i - t edaq i .

1 1 . S a ' alnahu k ama yahabana maya .
w
1 2 . Maftew kama nes ado xaba mak ann en.
o ffspr ing .
V o c abul ary 4 1
1 3 . G aro heyya wa- ' i - t ahabo wa- ' i -menta-n1'
em - s i s ay .
1 4 . La-nerkab omu ' emqedma yewt enu yesbe ' u .
Nouns :
ral ;
o d , v i cini ty ; area in gene
' awd (p l . J a'wad) envi ron s , n e i ghbo rho
nd ,
arou
.
'awda prep
circ uit , p erio d of t ime .
I S . F aqadat tegb a ' beta ' emqedma t e l d wa lda .

Y
1 6 . T a ' az z a z a l a-wal adeyan ihu \", a-na s ' a lotu b e ' s i t a .
a court of l aw ; a
dabe la
d as to an ac e . noun) .
surrounding ( suff ixes adde
.
, e spec iall y ram , he - goat
( p l . - t) mal e of any an imal
1 7 . Teqqa ' e kuy \ve ' etu z entu t e w l edd .

1 8 . S adewwo xabeya k ama ' engero .
1 9 . Nahabkemu ' a lbas a .
d i er s .
harra co l I . army , troo p s , s o l
2 0 . Zati medr me l e ' t a ' awger y e ' et i .

w
2 1 . Wagara ' ebna ba-mogartu wa-qatala ' ex ahu .
Verbs :
waraqa (yewreq) t o spit .
spit t l e ,
meraq ( an irre gular format i on)
22.
( ac c . dir . obj .
vere i n , be ass iduo us i n
J awtara CG t o cont inue , p erse
la- Y o watra
d , eyes ) to (xaba J la' la,
or i nf . ) ; t o dire ct (han
ly.
, cont inuo us ly, as s i duous
adv . alwa ys , perp etua l l y
he i r . G t
an
G ' awrasa to make some one
warasa (yeras) t o inhe ri t . C
ana
(acc . dir . obj . ) . G l t tcn.)i'i:r
to g a i n by inher i t an c e
tawaY'sa
L o i n i1n i t
s ion o f .
( j o int l y or s ing l y) , gain pos s e s
warad
' I -konomu maxdara ' emdexra deqata bet omu .
2 3 . Mannu wahabaka z a -k ama - z e habta kebura?
s a l iva .
2 4 . Rakabat meta weduqa mewuta westa fenot .

2 5 . Wadaya fere wa-xeb e s t a westa mexba ' .
26.
Rakabewwo westa murada dabr .
2 7 . 1.lan;:t u muaza may nawwaxa ' em- ' adb -ar ' es k a
II.
I .
M : l I l l l l l Y l' W ; I lTL'S
n cwayaka?
haga r .
1]1
194
, ,!
iii
JI
.
!'I
2.
Qomu I:larrahu ' awdo .
195
3 . Tasehba kama dabe l a .

.
Les son 42
4 . Waraqa meraqa diba medr .

5 . ' A lbotu warase .
6.
42 . 1
Rass ayomu kama ' aqab t a re ' su .
7 . Qarba xabehu wa- s a ' amo .

8.
Ver bs fro m Roo t s I I - W/Y

: The Rem ain ing For ms .
Imp erf ect , Sub j unc tiv e ,
and Impera t ive .
Root Typ e
Tawarasu ' axawihu newaya ' abuhomu .
9 . Qatal ewwo z a ' enb al a yeras rest o .

10.
( a)
' Abiy wa-kebur restekemu .
1 1 . Ras s ayo l a- ' exuhu l iqa arra.

1 2 . Rass ayewwa l a-hagarena gadama .
1 3 . Tewarres zati tewl edd ' ek i t a ' ab awihomu .
roa
I I -Y
ora
1 5 . Mot a ' emdexra deqata mangestu .
f ora
1 7 . F aqada yegba' xab a mul adu .

1 8 . Qatalu ' asart a dabe lata l a-ba' alomu .
22.
Taqarabu wa- tasa ' amu wa-tanagaru .
2 3 . ' I -tewreq zeyya ' esma makan qeddus we ' etu.

2 4 . N e zbe ! o wa-neqtelo , wa-nena newarres h eyyant ehu .
2 5 . Xa!e -an ' emuntu ' e l l a ' awd ek a .

26.
Dewiwo zanta h. ezba ras sayomu ' agberta wa- l a ' kan a 1 a-qadamt a
hagar .
27.
La-ment ras s ayka ' ekita l a ' l ena

.
2 8 . ' Awtara gabl ra megbara terufa k el l o eywato .
29 .
Kona yehub me ' rafa l a-dekuman .

W
3 0 . Mas anat k e l l a t ewl eddat a medr ba- ' Ayx z a ' enba l a Nox wa- z amadu .
,
31 . Mas ' a xabehomu ba- ' amsala ' aragay ;;eluma ayn .
32.
S oba ya' aebaka ama, t ema e ' xabeya kama ' ahabka rad ' eta .
yesayyem
bo ' a
Tmp era t
rue
yes1-m
;; i",
i ve
ye or/ye l;!U1'
li J l '// 1/ "
ye?or/ye?ur
1!r11'/l l/ r'
;" I d
1 111 1 " " "
yebO/
mo ' a
Matare,o re ' so wa-saqalewwo diba matkal ba-qedma
2 1 . 9ansat wa-\"al adat l otu warase .
ema
SUbj unct i ve
ye1'U'!
The two ver bs bo' a and mo'

a hav e -a- in the Sub
j u n C l i ve
tive :
1 9 . Qomku diba wagr ne ' us wa-na arku mang a l a me' rab .

20 .
Imp erf ect

y erawwes
The abo ve forms are typ i,ca

l for nea rly all ver bs of
t h l' s r I IV " 1 >1 1 1
typ e s . A few ver bs I I IV exh ibi t alt ernate fon
lls wi t h - 0 i " 1 1 1 , ' ,' , 1 1 1 ,
j unc tive and Imp era tiv e :
1 4 . Radu westa me!maq wa-semaru ba-may q anr .

1 6 . ' I - tenbeb soba yewas seduka heyya .
Perfec t
II-W
yema' /yemu'
ma'
The -a- is usua l ly ret ain

ed thr oug hou t in f l e c t i on
( i . e . it i s not
p l ace d I,it h -e- ) : yeb a' ,
re
teb a' , teba' , teba' i , ' eba

' ; yeb ii' u , yeb a! a
et c .
The ver bs o f the se two roo

t typ es whi ch have bee n int
rod uce d
thu s far are ora , bo' a ,
mo' a , mot a, ro? a , kon
a,
noxa ,
'oda; set a, sema, meta

,
(b)
seyum
qoma , sabJ 'a (yesu ') ,
Ver bal adj ect ive s qetu Z :

appo inte d, s et , p l aced .
mewut, nawi x, and nawwax have

alre ady been intr oduc ed .
(c)
Ver bal nouns :
l;!ura t (p I . -at) gOin g , man

ner of goin g ; depa rtur e , j our
ney ; way
o f l i fe , mann ers , cust oms .

porch , ambul atory .
lim.JUI' (p l . -at )
l>a' (lf
1IIl/ ' at
(/( If!/
, /1 1'111 1 /
C r l . -at)
ce 1 1 .
entr y, entr ance , entering ;

cav e , lai r, den ,
v l C lory ( for s e l f) ; defe at (for

anot her) .
s L a l u r e , h e i ght
.
" " I , "" "
sta te, cond itio n.
III .
IY6
197
nux
m. l ength ( o f t ime , sp ace) ; h e i ght .
<udat
circ l e , circuit , o rbi t .
set
-at)
(pl .
mitat
(d)
Vocabul ary 4 2
Nouns :
The agent noun qata li :
kokab (pl .
victorious .
sawa <i
(pI .
<awadi
me s s enger , hera l d ; preache r .
Baya ti
(pl . sayatt) s e l l e r , merchant .
faras
running , swi ft .
mortal .
sawa <t)
The noun
t al l , e re c t .
' egWa la
Nouns o f the p at t e rn
awareya
noma (yenum)
me ara
(i . e .
hawari
-a)
maweta an orphan .
meqtal :
sa lus a j ourney of three d ays , the di s
tance covered i n a three-day j ourney) ; cours e , orbi t .

(pl .
-at)
-at)
p l ac e for entering ; act o f entering .
d i s tance run , cour s e ; a rac e , race - cours e .

(pl .
l o cat ion , p l ace where one stops or s t and s ;
meqwiima may pool .
meswa <
mesyap
The noun
(pI . -at) a l t ar .
(pl .
muba'
-at)
f l ect ion of
yeba' ,
marketp l ac e , forum .
i s p at t erned aft e r
i s patterned after
qa' at .
ye4a' /qa' ,
mu4a '
( exit) ; ba' at , given above ,
C ontrarl' 1 y , the retention of
-a-
in the in-
noted in 4 1 . l (a) , i s due t o t h e influence o f
where t h e l ength o f the s t em vowe l is a fixed characteri s t i c
of the root type and not s e cond arl' 1 y due to the final guttural ( and
hence changeab l e to
( f)
kokaba ?eba/me set
m . f . hors e .
to fas t .
to s l eep .
s l eep .
-t) th e dl' s t an c e one may travel in a given t ime

( p I . -a
merwas
meqwiim
' afras)
fas t , fast ing .
A further noun of unusual format ion i s
IIILrwe ta a dead person , corp s e ;
mebwa' /muba'
(pl .
I!oma (ye?um)
s acrifi cer , pr"iest .
has al ready been intro duce d .
(e. g .
m . star.
s ab ' a ' afras
morn ing/ even I n g
hors emen .
Verb s :
patron , protector .
s t anding , s t ab l e ; as noun :
meClWar
kawakeb t)
s t ar .
mawa' i
rawa? i
mawati
qawami
(e)
int rodu ced .
m . f . ordinat ion ; o ffice , p o s i t ion .
a turning ( t o or from) ; a return ; chan g e , mut ation .
qawwam
u l re acly
masCiyemt (p I . of unat test ed *masy

am) cont aine r ( s ) , bask et ( s ) .
pri c e , value .
simat
Note also
/lIrl!71.Jii ' i
I!ewum
adj . fas t ing .
som
( p I . ' a wam ,
CG ' anoma/' anama to put t o s l

eep .
ui )
newiim
III .
?ora (ye?or/ye? v)
t o carr y, bear ( l i t . and fi g

. ) . CG ' al!0ra/' a?Q2'a
Gt t a? awra p as s ive .
?eUJUr bear ing , burd ened (with
:
acc . ) . sor ( p I . ' a?war) burd
en . ?awUJar carr i e r ( s ) , port er
(s) .
.
?awari (f. -t; p l . ?awar t) one who carri
es , bear s ( e . g . pebab ,
zena) .
causa tive .
<oqa (ye 'uq) to bewar e o f , t ake

care fo r , be cauti ous o f (la <la
, la- ,
acc . ) ; esp . commo n in the imper
ative with a neg . SUb j un c t ive :
take care not to , be caref ul not
to ( ' uq kama ' i- . . . ) .
CG
' a < oqa to make known , show (ace
. dir . obj . ; to : dat . s u ff . ) .
Gt ta 'awqa to be no t i ce d , p erc eived
, recogn i z e d ; to be made
known , reve al e d .
<ewuq fam i l i a r , wel l - known .
' awse' a CG to respo nd , an swer ;
to t ake up a d i s cour s e . G l t tawas
e' a
t o speak again s t , contr adi c t ; d
i sput e , argue (wi th : dat . suff.
or la- ) . air sa'
e l oquen c e , refin ed mann er of
speak ing .
W
k annana D Lo j udge , condemn , punis h ( ac e .
dir . obj . ) ; to rul e , have
w
po!;er (ov(' r : a c e . 0 1' ],a- ) . CD
' al< annana to put someon e ( s u l ' l ' .
o h j . ) i n c h e l l'g<' 0 1 ' ( a c c . o r Zu < la
) . D t takWannana p a s s i ve .
C i t / , r/.P,II 1< II1, 1 l o 1 ) ( ' l'OIil" r " COll c
i l ed ( lvith : mes la) .
-e- ) .
Nouns corresponding to the patt ern maqtaUt) :
mauer '
( p l . -a t ) m . f . offering .
!!II I /. ,1 1/
" I 1"" ; I I l y
i l i t roduce d .
' ( 1) ,' , 1 " ") , ' , ,
II. 1 V .
, ;,,/ ,ji/l,7 I I < i V .
1 1I1I1I"d l l l l n l y ,
(10
I II")
' H I I ' i de ;
' af' a
I I I I ' r (, II J l o n , then .
' em-
(t%
n t hn '
< 11 1 1
1 .11
"
198
1 99
E xercises
L,S .
seL
' ab i y
33 . muba' a b a ' atu
2 . R e ' yewwo 1 a- farasu yerawwe manga1 a wei z .
2 . d i ba IIlcswa ' a beta

25 . simat eya kebert
3 . T eqawwemu qeruba ' anqa ' e ska ' eb a e .
26 . b a ' atu l a - zentu qeddus westa gadam
36 . sab' mawat eyan
4 . Mannu z a-yemayyet z anta mendabe ' emennena?
2 7 . ' emdexra mu' ateya dibehomu
3 7 . kahenat wa- sawa 't
S.
2 8 . qumata maxbarena
38 . qa1a 'awadihu
2 9 . mitat ena xaba haymanot ret e ' t

3 0 . ' aswam wa-b a ' a1 at
39 . ' abyat a s ayat t
A. 1 . ' Ayte -nu t ah awlver i ?
' Axazewwo ' enza yebawwe ' beta Kerest iyan .

6 . ' E faqqed ' eur mes 1eka.
7 . Kunu ! ab ibana kama qadamtina .
31 . uratu wa-ge ' zu wa-nebratu l a -negus

3 2 . seta newayeka
8 . Ru i xabehu wa- s a ' a 1 eyyo rad ' et a .

9 . Ba- s ema ' E gzi ' ab er za-temaww e ' u z anta ezb a .
1 0 . Zanta ' efaqqed kama t egbar 1 i t a ' emqedma ' emut .
1 1 . ' Aqomkuka z eyya kama t e ' qab ezbeya watra .
1 2 . Z ant a gabiro yenawwex mawa ' e1 ihu diba medr .
1 3 . uru westa gadam wa-en euni heyya .
1 4 . N c ' exxezomu ' en z a yebawwe ' u yesu' u maswa 't ihomu .
IS.
B a ' xabena b a- 1e 1 i t kama ' i -ya ' axazuk a .
1 6 . ' E faqqed kama tekun rad ' eya .
lIlaqdas
C.
34 . ta ' ot qawwam
3 5 . mesyat ata h agar
40 . mangest
q alva.m i
4 1 . menvasa
k a w 5 k !' l > t
4 2 . mewara sadus
W
1 . Wa- soba k annanewwo , ' awe ' ewwo ' af ' a ' em-hagar w a - ' ullw l
w
2 . Zentu makan teqqa ' ewuq we ' etu ba-k e 1 1a medr ,
t ' w 'v < >
3 . Wa- ' emdexra. newam nalvwax t afalvwasa ' em-emamu .

4 . Wa- ' awse ' a ' en z a yeb e1 : ' Ana ' i -yekasset 1 akemu z a - L e [aqq l'd u .
S . La-ment ' asorkani z anta ' abiya ora, wa- ' ana n e ' u s wa-oe ' I IIII '!
6 . ' E l l ontu ' emuntu s aba ' t ' em-arrahu 1a-mak w annen z a - ' ak w I I I l I I I I IlO
negus 1 a ' lena .
1 7 . Wa-s obeha ' arou ' afras ihomu westa ma ' ka1 a s ab ' .
1 8 . Mitewwo 1 a- z entu b e ' s i xaba z amadu .
1 9 . We ' e t a ' amira yemawwetu mab z ext a mahaymenan b a ' enti ' aya.
7 . awarta J:!egg wa- ' aqabta haymanot rete ' t nena

8 . Sekab wa-num kama ' i -tekun d ekuma ba-eba .
20. ' E l lu yekalvwenu ' ar ' estikemu .
9 . 'Uqu kama ' i -yesme 'ukemu ' en z a t enaggcru qalata za-kama - z e .

1 0 . ' I -nekel ayewa b a - s alam ' en z a ewurana xati ' at .
2 1 . Maftew kama nequm z eyya wa-ne?ne o .

2 2 . Kun ? adeqa kama yenux malva ' e l ika westa zentu ' a 1 am .
1 1 . Sob a ' a 'oqana mekro , t axabarna mes l ehu kama

1 2 . ' I -k eh l a t akWaneno mes l a ' axawihu malaheqt .
2 3 . N eb a ' beta maqdas wa-nahabo 1 a-kahen maswa ' tana .
1 3 . Rakabewwo 1 a-qeddus yena,vwem we sta ba ' atu .

1 4 . Samrat ba-teb abu wa-ba-sa ' sa ' a nebabu .
2 4 . La-nema' omu 1 a-kaadeyan wa-neqt e 1 omu .

2 5 . Yeda 1 1 ewana kama nemit ' a ' yent ina ' em-ga? a kebru .
1 2 . wareza nawixa qom
B . 1 . ' afras a arra

2.
som nawix
3 . h ewara zati ena
4. maba ' ne'us wa-nadday
1 4 . dabil at a maswa ' t

1 5 . ' a ' wada hagar
1 5 . Waradu ma1 a' ekt ' em-wes t a samay ' en z a ye ? awweru ' e ssata b a ' edalvihomu .
1 6 . ' Anomo ' Eg z i ' aber k ama yegbar b e ' sita ' em-s egahu .
1 7 . Takw anninomu tawagru westa beta moqe .
1 8 . ' Uqi kama ' i -teqrabi xabehu z a ' enbala t e ' zazu.
1 6 . huratu l a-madxenena
1 9 . N awwaxa qom wa- s annaya ga;;;; we ' etu .
6 . b a ' ata ' arwe
1 7 . nuxa zentu ab l
2 0 . or zanta warq a b a-xebu ' wa- 'uq kama ' i -yerkabo wa- ' i -ma l l ilu -11 i
7 . mu ' ata ' Abreham
1 8 . ' em-tenta simatu
2 1 . ' I -yek e l u ?ewumanihomu l a- ' axl e fo z entu xasar .
1 9 . mitatu ' em-xat i ' at
2 2 . Wa-soba ta ' awqa mekru, t amayatku H i ' l ihu wa-qataU",vwo .
5.
newaya mesyat
8.
nuxa
9.
m wIT ' rrtu t 5 ' o L a.t i homu
1(J.
1
1 3 . hewara beta negus
ncrde ' o .
I .
" ri l l t' l i
I
mwi ' e l ihu

::"
Y UIII
P 1111 , 1 1 . , 1 1 "
t ' , 1 1
' :; 1 111
2 0 . faras rawa i
2 1 . ' udata aay westa samay
2 2 . qasawcst seyuman l a ' l ena
2 3 . ' l\ z z:1Zomu l a - awwarihu ye?uru newaya bitu wa-yegarcwwo

' l'lII - i l ag u r .
' I I f"
1\
200
201
T h e final
L e s s on 4 3
43. 1
G Verbs from Ro o t s I I I - W!Y :
( a)
Imperfect , Subj un c t ive , and Imperat ive .
show the normal t r i l i t erul patt erns
-i o f t h i s form i s o ften "absorbed" b y t h e root final _y .
Thus , a form written

These forms
yeqatte Z , yeqte Z/yeqtaZ , qete Z/
qeta l ; s t em- final -ey and -ew are usual l y rep l aced by -i and -u r e
ba-Za-y is either ba Zay (iJ or ba Z Zay ( form
qatta Z) .
But becaus e t h e l atter form is so rare , such wri t i ngs are
tak en as
qataZi when the ful l wri ting of such a form ( e . g . ba-Za-yi)
is at t e s t e d e l s ewhere .
S ome amb i guity must remain , howeve r , whh
frequent word s .
spectively when n o ending beginning w i t h a vowel i s added ; hence e . g .
(d)
yebakki , yebakkeyu , yesammi , yesammeyo e t c . Note espec i a l l y the

verbs re' ya, we <ya, and wadaya , which combine the p e cu l i ar i t i e s of
Verbal nouns :
m . weeping , l amentat ion .
bekay
s everal roo t t yp e s .
nedet/nedyat
povert y .
' etwat/' etot
return (home) ; return , yield ( o f crop s ) .
Root Type
P erfect
Imperfect
Imp erative
' ekay (p l . -at)
evi l , wi ckedn e s s .
I I I -Y
bakaya
yebakki
yebki
beki
greatn es s , s i z e ; magn i fi cence ,
semi
<ebay (p I . -at)
W
g eyya f l ight .
Subjun c t ive
scunaya
yesammi
yesmi
baZya
yeba Z Zi
yebZi
ra' y (p I . -at)
nadya
yenaddi
Vendi
' akya
ya' akki
ye' kay
<abya
ya <abbi
ye <bay
re' yat appearance , asp e ct , form .

wa <y fire , heat , burning .
we <yat burning, cofl agrat ion.
' abaya
ya' abbi
ye' bay
' ebay
re'ya
yere" i
yer' ay
re' i
yere" i
I I I -W
(b)
yeday
W
yeg yay
yegwy1-.
dawaya
yedawwi
yedmay
' atawa
ya' attu
ye' tu/ye' taw ' etu/' etaw
<adawa
ya <addu
ye <du/ye <daw <edu/ <edaw
qetu Z :
semuy
name d , cal l ed ; famou s , i l lus trious .
(c)
ma <dot (pl . ma (adew)
ya <ay
hot , burning .
Agent nouns
etc. ) ;
-yern , - e!!an ;
r'a' ayt) observer , s eer ; ra, aye xebu' at
soot h s aye r ; I 'o' cry l"' IW/(ulJ as L ro l oger .
the oppo s it e side (of river , mount ains ,
ma <dota prep . acro s s , to the oppo s i t e s ide o f ,
beyond .
muday (pl . -at)
a container o f any s ort ; basket , hamp er .

Vo cabulary 4 3
Nouns :
<azaqt (p l . -at , <azaqat) f . m . we l l , cistern .

' araft (p l . ' arafat) m . f . wal l , part i t i o n .
' arafta teqm fort i f i e rl t i " 1 1
teqm wal 1 , c i t y wal l , fort i fication wal l .
qataZi :
baZayi o l d , wearing out ( adj . ) .

W
g ayay (iJ fugit ive .
ra' ayi (pI .
Nouns with p r e fixed m- :
day
gWeyay
.
gwey1-
yewe "i
yewaddi
.
w
yeg ayy1-
we <uy
v i s i o n , rev e l at ion ; appearance , form , Il S ]ll'C l .
me' taw home , p l ace to whi ch one returns ; act o f returning .

W
meg yay refuge , asylum .
wadaya
gwayya
Verbal adj e ct ives
(e)
ilia] es L y .
ra'ay
we <ya
in
wal l s .
' ahgLa>a
peqm fort i fi ed c i t i e s .
Verb s :
caj'aya (yeuj'iJ
I 1 h' l' .
k, ! I " [!I' (
to
s ew .
1 !1" i u ' i l L o d i g
I " w:.
Gt
tasafya p as s .
sa[ayi $ewo1' ,
1 :1 1 I " "
, , ,I ,
m,wfT; aw l .
I I ) .
(l
( e . g . a we l l ) , d i g in
ia7<ary a pas s .
karaY7:
( I h('
(/" I / '' '!I I
f: I ' '' " l d l ,

I
I"
d l f' 1 1 " ' '' ' 1' 1 ,
" , 1 ,/ '
It,
1,1( , ,
Jill
203
g r ave d l gg o r .
aZaya (yeIZi) L O
.' I .
s i ng , make mus i c ;
t o s ing about ( a c c . dir . obj . ) .
J:taZayi ( f . -t) (pI . J:taZayt) s inger .
maJ:tZU (p I . -at, maJ:ta Z ey )
song , singing , mus ic .
te 'ya (yeP 'ay) to be healthy, w e l l .
CG
' ap 'aya to make healthy, w e l l,
te <uy ( f . te 'i t) w e l l , heal thy (of p erson or

te <inna good heal t h .
cause to recover .
p l ace) .
' abeJ:ta CG (root bwJ:t) to a l l ow , permit (obj . suf f . of p erson p lu s sub

j unctive o f v erb ) .
( Za qa , ba-) .
j unctive ) .
Gt
tabawJ:ta pass ive ; t o have power over
bewuJ:t Za- it is permitted for ( someone ;
s ub
mabaJ:tt powe r , authority, permi s s i on .
' az Zafa CG to continue (doing) , p er s evere in (doing) , fol l owed by acc.

verbal noun or acc . inf o
ze Zufa , Za-ze Zufu adv . cont inuous ly ,

zaZfa adv . idem ; always ,
continual l y , perpetual l y , forever .

regu l arly, frequent l y , o ft en .
zaZf adj . p erpetual .
' i . . . zaZfa adv . never .
Za-zaZafu , Za-ze Zafu
Za-zeZufu .
Exerc i s e s
A.
1. Dayo we s t a 'azaqt wa-xe dego heyya ' e ska yemUlvwet .
2 . Menta t e s ammeyewwa l a - zat i hagar?
3.
' I - sannay ' al b as z a - yeb al l i .
4.
' I - te ' bay ' a 'beyo serna neguseka.
5.
Mannu za-yenaddi b a - l ebbu ' en z a ya ' ammen b a- ' E g z i ' ena?
6 . ' A lbo merata z a - t a ' ab b i ' em -meratu .
7 . W e ' eta g i z e t er& ' eyu t a ' iimera wa-mankerat a .

8 . ' I -t a ' ay ma " ateka l a ' l en a .
9 . ' E n z a neqarreb r e ' ina hagaromu ' en z a tewe ' ' i ba-reuq
1 0 . Mannu za-yegaddef n ewayo ' emqedma yeb l i ?

1 1 . ' A z z azana kama neday z ant a dab e I a westa ' as adu .
13.
' Eb ayu ' ar ' eyoto maaeft i kemu .
15 .
' Az z azana kama ne ' d aw z ant il weh 'j za wa-nu ' u x a z zDt:l IlICci r"l .
1 4 . Y edawwi wal deya w a - ' efarreh k am a ' .i -yemu t .
1 7 . M annu we ' etu z entu bo ' s i
1 8 . ' I - t eJ:lur westa ['c l l o l k , \lII.1
1 9 . Sekab wa- nuill k "Ilia ' j I

20.
' Aytc-nu t e l',I1 I" ' . !
za
YII ' I I " " i
'
II
" l " I \ I l '1
' i - y,, , ' il l ' I " " w i l - Y " ' 1 I " l l I k u .
, '. ! W d Y 'v"
' " , 1 . 1 1' ' '
I , , , ,,, j
I"
1 ' "11 1 1 .
. ,,,1 "
I " ' '' ,' '' '
" " I<:' Y . , . , 1< : 1 1 1';1
l<
k am a ' i - t end i .
2 2 . M a I ' L ,,v k l l lllil I l c g y i ' emqedma yer ' ayuna .
23.
' J : l e,vu i J e l ' e r :.tkelllu

.
24.
' E d cIYlI medru
25.
' Am s e ' u
I< a - ' i - tegbe ' u zeyya .
111<l n g a l a
me ' rab ' eska t eba el:lU xab a maxd aromu .
' us a ' e n i hu xuba s afayi kama yes feyomu ba-mas fehu .
B . 1 . ' e eya,v
2.
2 1 . ba- e ' inna wa-b a - s al am
sa Hiyi t ab i b
22.
3 . mllet s emert
wa ' ya al:ay
2 3 . ra ' y nakir
4 . ware za ! e ' uy
2 4 . tarafi J:eya",
5 . aly we ' uy
25 . masfehu l a - s afayi
6 . mabai)t za-kama- ze
2 6 . rad ' etena wa-megWyayena
7 . sem semuy
27 . qala al ayt
8 . aIayi !abi b
2 8 . ma ' dota gadam
9 . aga za- z a l f
29 . mak annen s emuy
1 0 . faras dewuy
11.
3 0 . karayeyana ' azaqt
' asl ' en balay i
31 . masfe za-xasin
1 2 . ma' dot a bar
3 2 . l ebs b a l iiy i
1 3 . we ' yat a hagaromu
3 3 . maJ:l a l ey ! e ' un,at
1 4 . karaye maqaber
3 4 . ba-mabahtu l u -mak'" annen
1 5 . fenot we ' uy
3 5 . wa ' ya ma' a l t
1 6 . makan e ' uy
3 6 . e ' innahomu l a-daqi qomu
1 7 . ra ' ya l i H i t
3 7 . g l'eyyahomu l a -waladeya n i h u
1 8 . gWayayi dekum
3 8 . ' eb aya b e ' l u
1 9 . ' eb ayu l a- ' Am l ak
3 9 . re ' yat a g a ? ? u
2 0 . megWyay enu '
4 0 . ' abiy mudaya fere
C . 1 . aaqa ' aabe ' ihu ' en za yesaffi b a -mas fe .

2.
3.
' I - keh l a ' ar i g a ' e111 - ' a z aqt z U - l<udqu westetu.

' Enza nax al l e f
'
e n ta
xaba b e l a
Ke r e s t i yan sama' na qal a kahen
yel)al l i sebl ' ii L a ' E g z i ' e n a .

.
4 . Rak ab n ahu ' en w yeqaIY'v em xaba ' arafta betu .
1 2 . F aqadu yeg'Vyayu wa-batu ' i -k ehlu .
1 6 . Semeyo l a -waldeka semn Yo unn e s .
za
' 1 '1.d,
5 . Nabi romu h eyya k arayu
' a z aq1ita wa-hanasu eqma .
6 . Maharana ma1ileya ') e z b ek a .
7.
' I -bewul: l akemu t eba ' u z eyya .
8.
' Aqomomu diba ! eqma hagar kama ye ' qabe,a.
9 . Wa- nawimo salusa, e ' ya ' em - d awehu .

10.
11.
' Abeomu ye ' d awu westa beheru .

' I - t eke lu ' exi z a ' ahgura ! eqm z a -hanasu heyya .
205
I ,' . M I I I \ I HI "'11
13.
I t! .
' I\ z. l a l"u
w l l h lll > a k n
KaiJ i. ra
z a - kama- z e l!IabaJ:!ta?
L e s s on 44
' ek l L wa- ' abayu s ami ' a l i ta .
N enabber zeyya l a- z e l u fu wa- ' i -naxaddegaka z al fa .

W
.l 5 . Soba s am ' omu ' enza yekarreyu ' arafta betu qoma wa_g ayya .
1 6 . Wa-soba tasafya ' asa' enihu , wadayomu diba ' e garihu wa-xalafa .
1 7 . Bewu l ana kama nah abk emu z anta mal ' ekt a .
l B . Kona yema e ' xabena z a l fa mes l a zena ba ' en t a ' azmadina .
1 9 . ' I - t equm ' emqedma te! ' ay .
2 0 . Qadiimihu ' i -k eh l a al eya wa- ' i -ment a-ni , ' al I a ' emdexra ra ' y
z a- re ' ya ba-newiimu kona J:!al aye ! abiba wa-sannaya .
2 1 . Maftew kama ' erkab s afaye ' al bas kama yesfi ' a feya.
2 2 . ' Akko ba-seray za-te!e " i ' al I a ba-haymano t .
Gt Verb s :
44. 1
Root Type
Imperfe ct , Sub j unctive , and Imperative .
P erfect
Imperfect
Sound
taqatZa
I - gut t .
taan?a
I I - gutt .
tabehla
yetbahhal
yetbahal
I I I -gutt .
tafat?-
y etfattaJ:t
yetfataly
I -W
tQ1;}alda
yetwaUad
yetwalad
I I -W
I,m,),r /, /, '
tamQ1;}' a
yetma:wwa!
yetmQ1;}a'
/"col/(n,}ii J
I I -Y
tamayta
yetmayyat
yetmaya
L fJIII' (!lrt !
I I I -W
tareXUJa
yetraxxQ1;}
ye tr'o.r:('[Io!
I I I -Y
t,ap(Jxcl/s)
takarya
y etkarray
yetkaroy
takar'flil
Subj unct ive
I mperat i ve
yetqattal
yetqatal
yetanna,!
yetana?
taqatal
toha:nnn
iabahfl l
ta);d ii1
The s e forms are al l regu l ar within the rul e s s e L out i l l L h e p rc c c d i 11K

l e s sons .
The imperfect and subjunctive d i ffer on J y
in
the
d o u b l i ng
o f the midd l e radi cal , which i s , of course , not indi cated in t h e

s crip t .
-a- b efore C =guttural are inflected l ik e the
Forms with
corresponding forms of
yem? , with the repl acement a
endings beginning with a vowe l .

a l s o appear as
The final
0 when nothing is added :
OJ;)
->
e b e fore
of roots I I I - W m ay
yetraxxo , y etraxo , taraxo.
(t, t, , d, s , s, , z) , the
l
- t- o f the prefix is a s s imi l ated comp l et e l y : yettakkal , yettammaq ,
yeddal lOJ;) , yearraf, yessammay , ye ssattaq , ye??a:wwar , yezzakkar.
When C
i s a dental or s ib i l ant
Whi l e this i s c l e ar in trans l i terat i o n , these forms are a great

sour c e o f difficulty for b eginners reading from the Ethiopic s cript ,
The only outl-Iard di fference b e
where the doubl ing i s not ind i c at e d .

tween the imperfects G and G t i s the
ye- sa-ye-m
yesayyem ; ye- sa-ya-m
fe c t and sUbj unctive forms o f
yetnassa' , yetnasa' ,
0'
P e rfect
Sound
I -( ; " n .
I I I
C;""
tonse' a
The imper
(to ari s e ) are normal :
tonse' .
Imperfe ct , Subj unctive , and Imperat ive .
Ioot Type
I I 1 ;1 \ ( (
-a- i n th e final s t em syl l ab l e :

ye ssayyam or yessayam.
but the imperative is
C I t Verbs :
44 . 2
Imperati ve
Imperfect
Sub j unctive
taqaraba
yetqar (r)ab
yetqarab
taqa:rab
trrxa Zafa
yetxa U Z ) af
yetxalaf
taxaZaf
t<lkalada
yetka () ad
yetkahad
takalad
L, (julie' a
yetgab (b) a'
yetgabG!
tarr(iIJ ,
206
207
I -W
tGbJalada
yetuJaU l J ad
yetuJalad
tGbJa Lad
I I -W
taqeavama
y e tqeav (w) am
yetqeavam
taqawam
takayada
yetkay (y) ad
yetkayad
takayad
13 .
Soba yet anna eqma hagarekemu , ' i -yemawwe ' akemu wa- ' i -mannu-hi .
I I -Y
14.
S ama ' nahomu ' enza yetassayu b a ' enta mu ' atomu .
I I I -W
tajanGbJa
yetjan (n) GbJ
yetjanGbJ
tajanGbJ
I I I -Y
tara' aya
y e tra' e J ay
yetra' ay
tara' ay
IS.
The as s imi l ations invo lving C l noted in the preceding p aragraph also
app ly here . E . g . *yetsayat > y essayat he wil l buy , *yetsa' alu >
yessa> alu they w i l l ask around .
18.
Zentu we' etu ge ' zomu l a - ' abawina za-yedal lewana kama netmal'iil)
hit
megbaratihomu.
The optional doubl ing indicated in

19.
La-ment netmawwa' baxaba kaJ:!adeyan?
trans l i t erations .
20.
Re ' ina s amayata ' en z a yetmal l e 'u mala ' ekta berhanawiyana .
21.
Soba tesamme ' zanta, tetma" a ' fadfada .
22.
23.
' I -tetma ' a ' dibeya ' esma ' akko ' ana za-gabarku z ant a .
w
S ayf ' i -yetmayya ' em - l a ' Hlkemu ' e ska yemawwetu k el lomu xat e ' iin .
24.
M a ' ze-nu tetmayyau ' em-xa! i ' atekemu west a fenota edq ?
25.
Y e ' eta ' elata ' i - tetmaJ:!aru ba-xaba fatat ikemu .

Zentu we ' etu semu l a- ' Eg z i ' abe: za- ' i -yetnaggar .
Hal lGbJa with the Subjunctive and Imperfect .
Hal lGbJa is
used impersonal ly with an obj e c t (dative) suffix fol lowed by the Sub
j unctive to expre s s intention or obl igation.
Thus hal lGbJomu yeuru
may be translated various ly as " they intend to go , they ought to go ,

t h ey
Less commonly hallGbJa may be in
are to go , they should go . "
26 .
hal loku ' eur I am/was to go .
fl e cted with a personal subj ect :
Hal lGbJa may also be used with a following imperfe ct :
hal lawa yenabbe
construction with a wide variety of translat ion pos sibi l ities .
It
may be p ast or pre s ent durative (he i s /was s itting) or i t may expres s
t h e immediate future ( h e i s about to sit , he i s going to sit) .
It
has occasional ly the int ent ion/ob l igation nuance of the subjunctive
construction above .
Only the context can determine its appropri ate
value .
Exercises
1.
"
Yetfaqqar Kerestos ' e sma mahari we ' etu ; yetfarrah ' esma ' Eg z i '
we ' etu .
2.
Ba-ye ' eti ' e l at yekawwenu xae ' an kama za- ' i -yetfa!!ar .
Hal lawa ' E g z i ' aber z a ' enba 1 a yet fa ar ' alam o
4 . Yetfattea ' a ' yentihomu wa-yere " eyu kebro 1 a- ' Amlak .
3.
S.
Ma ' ze netfatt1il,l ' em-ma' as erina?

6 . Yehubnkcmu zn yct faqq au .
C:lq q a d
'I.
" 1111 , " l m / ! y o t g n l Jar
Zl' l I l l 1 'V I" , 0 ( I I
Mol l
I II
1 1
I " ,.
" 0 1 1 1 1 1 1'
,
1\ 1 1 I I l l n\,,\>.I. 1
.
r ,' 1 . 1 . 1 , 1 1 1
' l l '; m ;1 I
" " a ' Ii
l :'i t
I II 1',1111111
[nJfada
' em-kwellu neway medrawi .
7 . Z O l l l ll ; I ,: :i y U I
B.
' I -tetasay ' emqedma yetgabar gebreka.

1 6 . Hal l awana kW e l l ena n etJ:!atat ba-xaba ' Egz i ' abJ:!er .
1 7 . TetJ:!attat ba' ent a k W e l l u za-gabarka .
the Imperfect i s found in the t radition but i s not fo l l owed in our
44. 3
xa i ' ateka tet gaddaf ' em-mli ' kal ena .
1 2 . Ila ' en t a
' . ' 1 1 ., ; 1
l i ll i l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1
za-yetgabbaru ba-maxbarekemu .
sisayena.
y t l }', ; l l I l l a z .
1 .1
' , I l< i lv i t a gadfun .
27.
Zati alot tetnabbab ' emqedma yetnabab menbaba wangel .
Tanse ' i wa-J:!uri betaki wa- ' ana ' awwer mes leki .
2 9 . Te tnassa' wa-teg W ayyi Geb!?a ' esma yaxassesuka kama yeqt eluk a .
28.
30 .
' Ant a tetnassa ' wes t a s amay ' en z a taJ:!ayyu .
Ma ' u wa-nas ' ewwo 1 a-badnu erruni t a ' emqedma yetqabar .

w
W
3 2 . Sob a re ' ya k e1 10mu ab a ' t ihu ' enza yetqattalu , farha wa-g ayya .
3 3 . Yedal l ewak emu kama tetqaSafu ba' enta zentu gebr .
31.
34 .
We ' eta ' amira t e s s addadu wa-tetqatta1u ba' enti ' aya .
35 .
Wa-yessabbak zentu wange1 xaba ' a!?nafa medr .
36.
' Efaqqed ' es s ama ' ' emqedma ' es s adad ' em-medreya .
37 .
Ment a yes s ammay s emu l a-wa1deka?
3 8 . Yessamay zentu wal d ba- s ema ' abuhu .

39 .
' Axasses s afaye k ama yess afay sa' neya.
Yes s aqqal salama ' a l am ba-faqadu l a- ' Egzi ' ab er .

4 1 . Ba-zentu makan yes s aqqa1 madxenena ba-masqala ' e ' enza yessawwa '
40 .
ba' e nta ' egWa 1 a ' erruna-eyii.w.

4 2 . ' Antemu t e ssayya u kama ' a1hemt west a ' edawa ' e l l a yemawwe ' ukemu .
4 3 . Y 5 5 hh 1.'u w tr x n w e ' i k emu westa maafa fetJ:! .
. T t kk I It ymllno w t Cl ' llb!lbikemu kama ' ed s enu ' wa-qawwam za' I -y k
4 1, .
1 . /\ Y
li l t . I. U I I I
II
n Il
WlldtlY li
'
y ll l wuli l i u l >
' (lwd qoto .
I l lI 1Il111'I1
I Ilk mi l
ft wos t a
b n - aga .
mexba' .
209
LOK
[otuna kama ' i - t etrakab .

a.
4 8 . Mo ta ' Uluqud ma yessa yam kahen
ak watra ba-qe dma ' E gz i ' abe r .
4 9 . Wa- naoar a heyya ' en z a yet l a "
w
" kama t et ' aqab ' em-k e llu mendabe .
S O . f'annokuka ' af ' a ' em-b ehr
ya za-ye t ' aqqab m a ' a l t a wa- l e l i t a .
5 ! . Zentu hegge
.
w
annen .
5 2 . 8a-s. ebah. yess ahh
. . ab qedma mak
' addawu ' emenna t e ' zaz1it a
yet
enza
'
u
h
5 3 . Rakabomu l a-w e ludi
'/ , 'I'lI xllhll '
' Eg z i ' aber .

5 4 . ' Etxassas wa- ' i - Yetrakkab .
5 5 . Yetkaray ' az aq t ba- z entu makan kama yekunana may .
w
5 6 . Y e s s amma' qal a b ekay ba-k e l l a h agar .
Lesson 45
45 . 1
Verbs :
CG
With
the exception o f
verbs from roots I I -W/ Y , al l C G verbs have the s ame underlyig pat
Not e
t ern in the Imperfect , Subj unctive, and Imperative stems .
closely these res embl e the forms of the corresponding G v e rb s ,

main di fference lying in the long
-21-
o f the prefix and tho

Stem- final
vowel (-e-) o f the Subj uncti ve and Imperative .

-ey are treated as e l s ewhere .
Hal l awana netxaba' .

gebr atihu .
5 8 . Hal l awo yet ' aw q b a ' ent a
W
b a-xab a k e l l omu s ab ' .
5 9 . Geba r sannaya kama tetf aqar
ba-s ema ' ab wa-w al d wa-ma nfas
. Radu westa memaq wa-tat. amaqu
57.
60
qeddus .
s w h I ('
IIlld
- ('IJ
Root TyPe
Perfe ct
Imperfect
Sound
' anbara
ycmabber
I -gut t .
' azana
yaJ;zazzen
Y21 zen
' ah::1'1/
I I - gutt .
' ab ' ala
Y21be el
yah ' e l
' ali ' 0 1

' (1l,), Y'<1rl
.J an/' I ' l '
Y21nber
I I I -gutt .
' cun?e' a
yama??e'
' awrada
yawarred
YCun?e '
yawred
I I -W
' aqoma
yaqa:uJUJem
yiiqum
' aqcuna
TlllpOJ'l1 t
Subjunctive
I -w
how
t hl'
I vn
.J Cllf/:;('
' aqwn
yiiqem
' aqem
yakid
' akid
I I -Y
' akeda
yakayyed
y'aked (rare)
' aked
I I I - IV
' al;zyroJa
yaayyew-
Y21J;zyew-
' ayew-
I I I-Y
' abkaya
yahakkey-
Y21bkey-
' abkey-
It
The l ong -a- in the clos ed syl l ab l e o f the prefix is excepti onal .
ari se's presumably from the l o s s o f ' in these form s , e. g. *ya' anber
>
yanber.
There are no verbal nouns derived regu larl y from CG verbs other
than the ordinary infinitive ( see Lesson 30) ,
Occasional l y one en
counters derived nouns of the pattern ' aqtal21 , e . g .

' ar' aya
image , form, l ikeness , appearance ; tyP e , standard ,

norm, patt ern ; copy , trans cript i on .
This
i s i n imitation o f a pattern properly belonging t o
t h e 11 o r
(i
system, which wi l l be t aken up in a lat er l es son .

Qld t e
a number o f CG verbs have an agent noun ( o r :Id j l'l t
t i r e pl1 t e rn s maqtel
l Olll
fO l'me, .
1110 "
111, , / ,
The
( I
( fern. -t) o r maqtaU (fern . -t) ,
fo l l O\ving are the mos t frequenL from

J
l Iuw l ng , ski l l e d ; ( 2 )
a :.00 1 " " / 1 \" ' 1'
T I lt" , , '
Ve' I' i > ' ,
I I I'"
I v ,- l
I II I
or
"' 1 " l vt l
I', )
'i '
2 10
21 1
mabkey mourner (profes sional)

mafreh fear- inspiring, dreadful
maem gri evous , affl icting with grief or pain
mayew/mayawi
mazen/mzani
l ife-giving , salvific
The noun mazan

(cause of s adne s s ) i s used interchangeab ly with mahzen.
(pl . mamakert) counselor, advisor
mamker
masmer/masmari p l eas ing (to : xaba, la
mapmeq bapti zer; e sp . in Yoannes Matmeq John the Bapti s t .
A s noted ear l ier, s ome C G verb s have verbal nouns and adj e c Not e , i n addi
tion ,
< eraft
(pl . -at) f . m . rest , peace , quiet ; often a euphemism

for death .
The pattern ' aqtali ( c f . qatali) is al so somet imes emp loyed as

an agent noun, but the form is not a productive one for CG verbs .
Vocabul ary
45
ba' enta, ba- , or a c l ause introduced by ' efo , kama , or ' esma) :
to find (something : acc . ) strange . Gt tanakra to be admired ,
G l t tanakara to be alien t o
( obj . suff . ) ; to renounce , repudi at e (obj . suff . ) .
nakir ( s ee
Vo c . 34) . manker ( see Voc . 2 6 ) .

dexna (yedxa) to es cape safely ( from : ' emenna) ; to be s afe, unharmed;
to be saved (in the re ligious s ense) . CG ' adxana to s ave , keep
safe , rescue ; to s ave (re I . sense) .
dexun safe, unharmed ;
s.aved (re I . s ense) ; immune to , free o f

s afe , who l e , sound, unharmed .
ity.
daxna/dexna i dem .
e emenna)
Exercises
, ,
2.
daxen adj .
madxani s avior , redeemer .
madxanit m . f. salvat ion, s afety, redemption .
1.
dCixn safety, wel l -being, s ecur
madxen
' !C fo n a ' ammer
B . ' I - tfun ' e 'o l a- ' egzi ' eka kama ' i -yezbe!ka .
W
'Aq rer ma " ataka ' emqedma t enbeb .
10.
Ba-ye ' eti ' e l at ' i -yedexxen wa- ' i - ' ahadu-ni ' em-fetha
Ya' attewukemu eyawanikemu.
12.
Ma ' a ganen l a ' l ehu ' enza yadawweyo .
11.
Ylirnehheruni ' e l lu ' ahzab .
14.
Yaqattelewwo l a- ? adeq , wa- l a-xa! e ' yefatteu ma ' aser.i hll .
15.
' Adxenana ' Egzi ' o ' esma netmaw-w a' ' em-xaba kaadeyan .
16.
Zanta ' a ' exxez akemu westa l ebbekemu la- zelufu .
17.
Wa-ba-we ' etu gize ' afal l es akemu ' em-hagarekemu feqert .
20 .
19.
Ya ayyewu ' e l l a yaqawwemu qal a k idaneya.

'Antemu tanakkeru b a ' enta za- ' egabber qedmekemu .
Na ' beyo la-serna ' Amllik en a .
22.
' I -yafaqqer maswa ' t a za-tesawwe ' u lita.
l B . K W e l lu mamker yamakker mekra.
21 .
2 4 . Warada t e ' mert ' em-samay ' enza yare " eyo mestira egg addis .
25 .
Daxen-nu ' anta , ' o - ' abuna?
2 6 . Ya ' abbeyaka ' emenna k W e l l omu nagasta medr .

27.
' I - tafrehomu l a-ezb ba-qal at z a - k ama- z e .
2B.
' Am ? e ' ewwomu l ita k ama ' er ' ayomu .
29 .
Na ' reg maswa 'ta la- ' E g zi ' aber k ama ylirnu ' ana ba- ' e l l a ye abbe ' u
l a ' lena .
30.
Z eyya tekelu nabira ba-sallirn wa-dlixn .
3 1 . Mannu za-ya ' addewana z anta gadama?

32.
Yafa!enu yegabberu salama mes l ena .
3 3 . ' I -tan ' esu !ebaba maaefta qadamt .

34 .
' I -tarequ eggeya ' em-xabekemu.

3 5 . Tanak arewwo l a-eggena wa- l a-ge ' z ena .
36.
37.
Xaba mannu ta 'aqqeb newayak a?

Yag W ayyi
s ab ' a
t 1i n n h i J e h
' A l l t [, - nu
' I - t abzexu
:) ') .
Y ii l'l l k kt'h ni< ClII l I
. X:II " ,
'i" I "
i ,II" I>,II'
' : " I I'l' I >
t enawwex .
' c z nak a .
' Alil i ak .
13.
:I/l .
r wg i r a .
' ankaru fadrada .
9.
Ila- ' ayy nagar ' a ' ammenakemu?
3 . T il l c i l lw q z t a . (',.1 a ' C h fl
z an t a
2 3 . Ba' enta ment tamas s e luni nabiya .
' ankara CG to wonder , b e astonished, marvel (at : acc . or ' emenna ,
wondered at ; to s e em/b e s trange .
l,Ie zl>
Sall, i
kama ma? ' at zat i ' e l at ?

7 . Yadakkemo zentu ?lirna .
s addening, provoking sadnes s .
t ives proper t o G verbs ( e . g . feqr, fequr , me <raf) .
' U '"U
.
b.
,I I I , >: "
,I I ,
W ,, " > ! I I
' afras ihomu ba-ferhat 'abiy .

l an a um t a
zenLu
' " , , ; I,I { l r
1 :1 ' , " I . I , i I , :i y "
llIu s h a f
1 > : 1 ' on L a
1 > ; 1 /, ?i t i
ma l ' ekta?
b e ' l a manfasawe .
lIIa d xan i t a
' c l at
' alam .
' en z a tesawwem .
213
2.
' l'i ! a l J l l e r
1 1l -
l " c ' seya
manbara z a-warq .
/11.
' '' :; ' 1 1 1 1 '111
SO .
' I
81 .
l ' iJ l l I l"Wa
4 5 . Nisuromu ' awirina .
82 .
' I:gz
eqm z a-hagar .
W
I.': t i.t ii y wil - ycfarreh k e l l u l eb b .
yi'it"va red zcnrillla
3 . ' Az zazomu kama yITnberu segahu heyya .

w
44 . La-mcnt t5rakk esu b6teya qeddusa ?
4 6 . ' A ' regewIVomu westa ' arafta
E I l ., .' 1l
ba
gi zehu .
yab ? cl!lma hagara .

w
yikchhe l ana ba-k e l l u za-nefaqqed .
' ug l J c r l i i tu
' a hllcr
.
8 3 . Yiinux ' Eg z i ' abl:or rnawa ' e l ikemu diba medr .
4 7 . Qoma westa amar ' enza yihadde ' ma ' ba1ita bir ba-qalu.
84 . ' Asne ' u ' albibikemu wa- ' i -t e frehu .
48 . ' Arte ' u feniIVikemu wa-megbirikemu kama ' i -t emutu .

W
4 9 . ' I - tinded ' es sata ' eska yeq arrer 161it .
85 . Soba yenaggeruka, ' anta ' i -tiwasse ' .
5 0 . ' I -yitarref z entu negus ' ekuy ' aada ' ern-e zben a .
8 7 . Yake0edo nagareka ' menna faarihu .
5 1 . ' A ' refi z eyya ' eska yigabbe ' omu 1 a-we 1udiki .
88 . 'Al I i ' iqaddem ' ema!1 ? e ' xabekemu .

8 9 . Yebe lomu kama ya neu lotu hamar a .
9 0 . Z anta xasira yaxal l ef ' em-dibena wa-naxadder ba-sallim
5 2 . Ba ' enta ment kama - z e tiammema 1a-nafseya ' E gz i ' o ?

5 3 . Tinaddeyaka ziti ey\vat z a ' enba1a ke1 ' at .
5 4 . Yirexxu ' E gz i ' aber masakewa s amiy wa-yawarred zenima .
5 5 . La-ment tanikarkemeWIVi 1 a - t ebaba ' abawikernu?
W
56 . Ti ' awwedo l a- ' awidika west a k e 1 lu b aiwert .
5 7 . Westa z entu makin tianne l i t a beta addi s a .
5 8 . Wa- ' emdexra z entu mendibe ' anta t anaffes ' em-xasira ' i l am .
5 9 . ' I -tasetomu l a - ezbeya ' em- ' eqbata eggeya .
6 0 . ' At ' emana nestita fere .
6 1 . Ye ' et a ' amira ni ' al'/Weqaka kidina addisa .
w
6 2 . Wa-ba - g i zehi yiayyewomu l a-k e l lomu mewutin xebura .
0 3 . F aqadu kama yingesewwo li' l ehomu .
W
64 . Tis ammi hagareka westa k e l l i medr .
w
6 5 . Rakabewwo ' enza yaarnmeqomu l a-k e l lomu [Jez b .
66 . ' Ab ' e l ana ba-neway manfasawi , ' o - ' Eg z i ' ena .
6 7 . ' I -tah zeno l a - ' abuka b a-eywatu.
68. Saba t ewaddeq ' anta, nahu ' ana ' anasse ' aka.
6 9 . La-yasrnerka mekreya z a - ' enaggeraka ' o -negus .
70 . ' I -taw' i beteya .
7 1 . ' I -tibkeyana ba- zenika ezun ' o - ' aragay.
7 2 . ' Amutani ' esma ' i -yefaqqed ' eyaw .
7 3 . We ' et a gize tina!1!1eru manga l a bet eya wa-teb akkeyu .
7 4 . Wa-tieefo z anta te ' zaza diba ' ebn ' abiy.
75 . Tawadde' ewwo ' af ' a ' em-betu wa-tewaggcrewwo ba- ' ebn .
76 . ' I - tibl eyu ' asa ' enikcmu , ' esma 'i -yekmv\venukemu kal e ' in .
W
7 7 . ' Akber ' abJ.. a Iva- ' ellllllaka k e l l o mawa ' ela l!ey\vatomu .
78.
' AnalV\Vl'IIIU
hL' L I I X : t . :i 1ll:t L I J.. : I IIl:t ' i
-ye r ' ay deqata hagar wa-fel sata
8 6 . ' Ab e ' ewwomu z cyya wa- ' anberewwornu qedmeya .
B . 1 . ga!1 ? rnafreh
2 . z ebat ' abiy wa-mihmem
3.
manfas qeddus mahyawi
1 a - z c l u fl l .
w
1 0 . mak annen mi ' mera l!el-lH
1 1 . ma!mequ l a - ' Iyasus
1 2 . wangel miyew
4 . zena mazen
1 3 . maaleya mabkeyan
5 . mamker t ab i b
14 .
6 . ey\vat masmert l a - ' Egz i ' ab0er
1 5 . rna' mera t a ' amer
7 . motu l a-Yoannes Mameq
1 6 . ' ar ' aya ga ? ? u

1 7 . Kunomu ' ar ' ayi .
8 . nebab mih zani

W
9 . g eyyi marnikert ihu
hemam rnih z en
1 8 . ' ar' ayi mashafa nabiyit
215
.' 1 .1
46 . 3 The
L e s s on 46
6 . 1
0 Verbs :
(a )
Imperfe ct , Subjunctive , and Imperat ive .
The
i n f l ected forms o f 0 verbs exh ibit such regu l arity regardl e s s of root
type that
an
mascul ine :
Thus ,
<asartu wa-' aadu

<asartu wa-ke Z' etu
feminine :
<asartu wa-saZas tu
12
<asru wa-saZas
1 .3
P erfect
I mp erfect
Sub j unctive
Imperative
Sound
fa??ama
yefa?I?em
ya' azzez
When days of the month are enumerated (ordinal or card inal ) ,
, azzaza
mahhara
I I I -Gutt .
nasseha
yenesseh
yemahher
yemehher
yenasse
, azzez
mahher
mehher
nasse
forms
I I - Gut t .
yeje??em
ye' ezzez
yemehher
fassem
I - Gut t .
I -W
wassaka
fawwasa
tayyaqa
yewessek
ye[eUJUJes
yeeyyeq
ye[ennew
yeressey-
yewassek
yefawwes
ye ayyeq
yefannew
yerassey-
I I I -W
fannawa
rassaya
I I I-Y
As e l s ewhere , st ems in
-eUJ -
and
-ey-
become
\"hen no further ending or suffix i s added .
-u
<asur wa-sauy , <asur wa-saZus ,

(b) 2 0 - 9 0 .
20
The N ames o f the Month s .
50
30
<esra
saZasa
60
40
, arbe <a;
70
80
xamsa
sessa
sab <ii
90
samClnyii
tas <ii, tes <a
Uni t s are s imp l y added , but
the normal gender d i s t i n ct i ons are retained :

21
and -i r e spect i v e l y
<esrCt. wa-' aadu/' atti

'esrCt. wa-ke Z' etu/ke Z' e etc .
22
t h e above forms i s t h e s ame as t h at o f t h e corre sponding G verbal
46 . 2
The t ens are based on the corresponding un i I ';
The s e are unmodified for case or gender .
T h e inf l e c t i on o f a l l o f
forms , inc luding the add i t ion of obj ect suffi xes .
(c)
100 i s
me' t (p l . ' am' at) . 1000 is norma l l y expressed

'asartu me't, 2000 as 20 hundr ed , <esra me' t , e t c .
as 1 0 hundred :
Cd)
The trad i t i onal Ethiop i an calen
Ordin a l s above ten may be expre ssed b y cardinal s .
dar con s i s ts o f twelve months of t h i rty days plus a thirt eenth month
There are , howeve r , s e p arat e ordinal forms o f the t ens :
of five days (or s i x in l e ap years ) .
saZasawi
New Year ' s Day fa l l s on S ept em
ber 11 of our cal endar and the months are ordered as fo l l ows :
Maskaram
!eqemt
Xediir
Miyazya
Apr . 9 - May 8
O c t . 1 1 - Nov . 9
Genbot
1ay 9 - June 7
Nov . 1 0 - De c . 9
Sene/Sene
June 8 - J u l y 7
De c . 1 0 - J an . 8
ljamZe
Nahase
July 8 - Aug . 6
Sept .
11 - O c t . 1 0
ferr
J an . 9 - F eb . 7
Yakatit
F eb . 8 - Mar . 9
Maggabit
Mar .
Aug . 7 - Sept . 5
Pal emen
Sept . 6 - Sept . 10
10 - Apr . 8
The dat e s g i ven arc o n e day a ft e r lhose o f D .i. l l mann
(Lexioon passim) ,
who a l l ows for the bog i nn i nf< o r :, d ay at l i l e sun s e t o f the prev i ous
/"
day . A s i de from Par (,,,i'i"Il , w l , i " l , i " 1 ' 1 ' < 1111 C l' e e k epagomena i , the ori gin
of the month name s
i ,
'1'1 1
nominal fo r m .... I I n l 1 1 1" ' 1 1 1 ' 1
I "
' II
"I ," I I I ,. :
' I II
I I
I I I II! ; I I I Y
I I
oi l
1 1 1 '; 1
: ! n c e s they represent
1 , 1 1 I '. I I ; q! (' .
l l l l'
etc . are used .
with the ending -ii, e x c ept ing 2 0 , where the base o f 1 0 i s u s od :
wassek
fawwes
tayyeq
fannew
rassey-
11
< asru wa-' aatti

<asru wa-keZ' e
Root Type
I I -Y
'
Above Ten .
The gender d i s t inctions noted with the un i t s
arc preserved i n t h e t e ens .
extended exp o s i t ion is unnece s s ary .
I I -W
,
'I
I
Numbers
1 1 -19.
'esrawi 20th,
30th , etc .
In Ethiop i c t e x t s the numbers are frequen t l y represented by

figures ( s e e above, page
) ; these must , of cour s e , be read \"ith
the approp riate card inal o r ordinal form .

Vocabulary 46
payyaqa
0 to examine , o b s e rve c l o s e l y , scrutin i z e , inve s t i g at e , ex
plore; to ascertain by examining .
CD J atayyaqa to inform
( someon e : obj . suff . ) of ( some thing : acc . d i r . obj . ) .
tapayyaqa
Dt
to s e e k certainty, try to make sure ; a l s o pas s i ve :
to be a s certained , found out for sure .
r;aZ laya
0 to pray ( t o :
xaba , qedma ;
fo r :
ba' e n ta , lii <Za , d1 1>(l ) ,
pray for ( s omethin g : acc . di r . obj . ) .

bag ' ( f . bage <t ; p I .
' abiige < )
sheep , I flmb .
to
2 16
217
Exerci s es
A.
3 3 . ' T - L e g asse ani ' a1 1 a gas s e o l a- ' exuya

.
34 . Rakabk e\;omu ' en z a ye e l l eyu wa- yebakk
eyu diba mutani homu.
1 . La-mannu nere s s eyo nagase l a ' l en a ?

2.
' En z a yene s s eu qarbu w a - s agadu l otu .
3.
' I -maftew kama nema!!ewa l a -hagar westa ' edawihu l a - z entu
2.
' asartu wa-k e l ' etu rad '

,
asru wa -kel ' e hagar
kahadi .
3.
t e sra ' a zaqt
B. 1.
W
4 . T egabberu k e l l o z a- ' e ' e z z e z ak emu .
4 . t as ' a wa-tes ' u bag '
S . M annu za-ye' emmerana fenota?

w
W
6. Mannu yek ennen mak anenta?
6.
' asartu wa - sa 1 astu war e z a
7.
7.
' a s artu me ' t mal a " ekt
S . salasa wa-s amiintu sayaH
' Ana ' ehel lu mes l ek emu l a - z e lufu .
8 . S aww e ' l i t a s afaye .
Tabatka qenateya .
8 . me ' t wa - s ab ' a faras
9 . H a l l o watra yehewwesomu l a -mahaymenan ' e l l a beta Kere st iyan .

1 0 . N a er ge ' z a adeq kama t a ' mer edqa .
1 1 . : ayyequ ma a efta abiban qadamt .
1 2 . ' Emenna mannu t etmahh aru 5 a ' 5 a ' a ?
1 3 . R a s s e yu ma5wa ' t a diba meswa ' wa-uru ' af ' a ' em - z entu makan .
1 4 . ' En z a yege ss e ana y eb e l ana b e zuxa ba ' enta qadamt ina .
I S . N ebar zeyya ' e ska t e fe ? ? em gebraka .

1 6 . N e fewwesa 1 a-nafs eka ba- ' emnat wa-ba- feqr, wa- ' akko b a - 5eray .
1 7 . Wehibaka Ii ta warqa 5e! , ' eme!! ewaka z a - t a5aya!ka .
1 8 . Te!eyyequ ' al babikemu wa-batu ' i -t erakkebu edqa .
1 9 . ' Axa zku ' enas s e b a ' enta xa! i ' ateya .
20.
' A z z a z o kama ye fannewo 1 a-\valdu westa gadam .
2 1 . L a-ment t e faqqedu tefannewuni ' enza ' ana ' edawwi wa- ' edakkem?
22.
' E fo ne!eyyeq ' amana b a ' enta z entu r a ' y za-re ' i k a?
2 3 . Nesa' zanta marxo wa-s awwero ' em- ' a ' yenta s ab ' .
2 4 . Mehherana m leta hadd i s a .
25.
' I - ye faqqed kama ' emahherka wa- ' i -menta-ni .
2 6 . Ba-ye ' eti ' e l at yes ewwer aay berhano wa-yeh e 1 1u s el mat b a W
k e l l a medr .
2 7 . La-ment tere s s i ' a wara za-kama - z e dibena?
28.
' I - t e fe em mawa ' e l a simateka b a - s a l lim .
2 9 . Soba ycba cani ' e l ata moteya, awwe ' anta be ' s i t eya wa
' i -ye ssayau kama
wal deya kama
' agbert .
30 . L a - n () a l l ; xab" ' [ g 7. 1 ' cl1a b a ' cntn dcwuyanina .

31 .
N ; I S l' rt l 1,,"; I ; t
1 " ' 11 1 , 1
I, . ' .
' I
1 '1 ' 111 1 ' 1 ' 1 1
I l I ' l n( 11 1 1 1 1
, : tlll y
1 " l l I'l i
1 . 1 1111
wa-\ ayycqu ' ud a t a a ay wa-rnerwa a kawakebt

I I I ' I ' H Z ; ' l I bl}l' " wa-! cbabo .
' ;111 1
, ,'II,t l l ll
1II1 " , i t' ll:!
h n -\oJe ' etu gi z e .
9 . s arnanya me ' t aba ' t

1 0 . xamsa wa- xame s tu xebest
1 1 . ba- ' asur wa-s amun l a -warx
1 2 . J ama ' asur wa- x amus l a - warxfI
G enbot
,
1 3 . ba- e5ra wa-rabu ' 1 a -lag g ?i I J ;
14.
' arna t asu ' u l a- c l mn t ll M ; y z y
I S . ' ama s anuy
l a-w ar x a
'!'cqulIIl
2 19
0 V erbs :
47. 3
L e s s on 4 7
0 V erb s :
47 . 1
Verbal Adj ectives .
These are normal ly o f the
( a)
( e . g . sannay ) :
commanded, ordered ( o f person or thing) .
Note the e x
pres s i ons
' ezzuz (we' e tu) kama
s ent .
fe ssu
happy, j oyous , rej o i cing ( cf . Dt tafassea) .
fe?um
don e , accomp l ishe d , comp l eted , fu l fi l l e d , consummate d ;
j oy , happ i ne s s ( c f . fessu above ) ,
nesseo.
repentance , regre t , pen i t ence .
? ewwe ' o.
cal l , summons , invitation .
qeddesenno.
senn
(b)
fenna
repent ant .
r'essuy
prepared , made ready ; equipped (with : ba-) .
sewwur
hidden , covered, conceal ed .
?ewwu '
summoned , invited .
sennuy
adorn e d , d e cked out , love l y .
teyyuq
perceptive ; accurat e ; certain, sure ; a s adv . peyyuqa
These are of two types :
(one who i s ) p enit ent.
masanney
the best ( o f) , the

best part (of)
The noun masagger a l s o be
l ongs to thi s group , al though the rel ated verb is ei ther CG ' asgara
o r CO ' asaggara to cast ne t s , f i s h , to c ap t ure by t rapping .
and masgart
(p I.
ma?1a:I,' l ' )
', 1 1 :1 1" ' .
l' I I I I ' "'vd

,"'I .
1 1 1 1 1 )\ .
I t Ii
1 1,"
II
j'e rmu L (/"u', '
Note
( u s ee! I I I ljui te a wide sens e ) ,
1 1' , ' 1 ' .
fessCime
consummat ion , end , completion , perfe c t i o n .
ewwo.?e
v i s i t , v i s i t at i on , attent ion .
ne??are
a look , g l an c e , vi ewing ; s i ght ( abi l ity to s e e ) .
qeddase
s anctifi cation , con s e crat ion ; the s acred s e rv i c e or
qattaZi
nassai
Mamehher is tradit iona l l y read mamhel' .
as
('V,
l iturgy .
(c)
qattaZa ( c f . qataZa from G verbs : xasasa , atato.) .
' abbasa
s i n ( s e e Vo c . b e l ow) ,
dammano.
c l oud ( s ee V o c . b e l ow) .
( d)
minal
-0 ) :
fawwes
mamehher ( f . - t ) t eacher .
: I II
,
}," II" I ,
Iy
fo l lowing are o f any importan ce :
also G t taso.gra to b e cap L u " "J ,
0 1"
enr
? eWWe 'a abov e .

?ewwa 'e
Wennane (pl . -yo.t) j udgment , condemnat ion , pun i s hment .
k
For 0 v e rb s occurring thus far on l y the
magasse? t each e r , instruct or .

w
mak annen ( s ee V o c . 5 ) .
a l e s s frequent synonym
( s i c) are a l s o fe l t to be the plural s of fenna .
accurat e l y , careful l y , preci s e l y , exact ly .
phys i ci an .
a- ) :
the Tradit ion) ; t h e p l ural forms fennaw and [r'l1lli'ih);'
neasuh
mafawwes
( from *fennaw? )
The noun fenot , b e c au s e of i t s re lat i o n s h i p
handed over , d e l ivered .
Agent Nouns .
qetto. Z , qetto.le , qettaZe (with short
verb fannawa, shou l d probably b e read
meppew
0 Verb s :
qeddesat.
a l s o used in the expres sion fenna sark
gessu? (wel l - ) instructed , l e arned .

W
k ennun j udged , condemned , subj e ct to punishment .
47 . 2
t: O I l ' . 1 1'1 1 ,' 1
e . g . hagara qeddeso.t holy c i ty .
beauty ( i f reduced from a form *senni) .
perfect , who l e , comp l ete .
( qu i t e rare) and maqatte L
qette Z , qette Z a , qette Zat , qette Zenna :
fesseo.
phrases : ,
ba-kama ' ezzuz (ba-xaba)

as has been commanded (by)
' ebbuy arrogant , ins o l ent , haughty ( c f . O t ta ' abbaya) .
fennew
These fa l l
qeddeso.t holine s s , s an c t i t y , s acredne s s ; frequent i l l
It has b e en commanded that
Subj .
There are about nine noun p at
into four groups according t o the s t em :
patt e rn qettu Z , with an occas ional qattU (e . g . addis) or qattcd
' ezzuz
V erbal Nouns .
terns regu l ar l y used t o form verbal nouns from 0 verb s .
qatte Z (prop e r l y the infinitive b as e w i thout the ter

cure , healing ( o ften f i g . ) ; medi c i n e , medj cat i on
B e cause such pairs as qetZ/qette Z and qetZat/qe tteZai
ure
d i s tinguishab l e in Ethiop i c s cript , only the under! yin g v e r l l ( C

can determine the proper form .
Even then one cannot i I " C" ,' t l l i l l .
s in ce l anguages are not always con s i s t ent .

doub t ,
w '-'
In
0"
When t h r r , '
" \
" " / 1 "' " 1 1 11 1 > 1 . .
l i a v " l i sted both po s s ib i l i t i e s i n t h e I . c' x i , ' I I I ' , I , " ,
s a k e 0 1 " , i ll'l, I I C ' i t y o n c form has b een u :, cd i l l
I I" ,
"
I) )
I",
I I, , ,
;1 " ' , 1 1 , , , , , , 1 , , , , " I
no
221
the text s .
shoul. d b e noted t oo that the ending -enna , a l though
It
8.
frequently associ ated with verbal nouns of 0 verb s , is used a l s o to
9 . qeddesenna z entu makan

W
1 0 . ba- ' e l ata k ennanekemu
derive nouns from G verbs and from m i s ce l l aneous (frequent ly quadri

E . g . Kerestenna Chris t i anity ; dengelenna virg i n i t y ;
l it e r a l ) base s :
1 1 . fawwesu l a- dewuy
yawhenna gent l eness ( c f . G yawha t o b e gent le) ; re s' enna old a g e ( c f .

G ras ' a to grow o l d) ; lehqenna o l d age (G lehqa) .
1 2 . fawwe somu l a - ' ekuyana l ebb ' em- ' abbasahomu
1 3 . fe ame en ata hagara qedde satihu
The same is true o f the ending -an, s ometimes as s o c i ated with 0
verb s , as in se lan power , authority (0 s alla p a t o exer c i s e power ) ,

but more frequen t l y as s o ci at ed w i t h G verb s , as in be 'dan change ,
1 4 . ewwa ehu l a - ' Eg z i ' abJ:er xaba ;;adeqan wa-rat e ' an

w
1 . mak annen ' ebbuy
B.
2 . manbar ressuy l a k ebru
be4'an b e at i ficat i o n , berhan l i ght , ge 'zan manumi s s ion , res 'an for
g e t fulne s s , 'erqan nakednes s , fe ltan s p l itting , divi ding , and other s .
47 . 4
0 Verbs :
Nouns with Prefixed M- .
Thes e appear to be the
reads meqettal and we vocal i z e accordingl y :
mekwennCin p l ac e of j udgment , court , tribunal ; j ud i ci a l d i s

tri ct , hence , more genera l l y , province , prefectur e .
1 3 . hagarit me ew l a -milw;"
4 . ' arda ' ge ssus an
1 5 . bet res suy l a- n eh l' n l o l'11I1 I

W
1 6 . xa!e ' an k ennun?t1l WII ' I
nessuh1in
7 . masanneya warazutihomu
1 7 . nas s ai fetu
B . mex ab s ewwur ' em-xal afeyan
l B . marahi gessu Iv a - s cmuy
9 . b e ' s i J:emmum wa-nass 1iJ: i
1 9 . sam1i ' i fe ;; um
1 0 . mafawwes ab i b b a-megbaru
2 0 . maga ss e ' ekuy
me? e l lay
pl ace to pray, chap e l .
1 1 . l a ' k fennew w e s t a hagar
2 1 . senna ga u
mesennay
masanney above .
C . 1 . La-ment t1iza l l efu ' abbes o l 1i ' l eya wa-t a ' adewo ' em-egageya?
2 . Ba- zentu qal waana samay dammeno wa-ne ' sa berh1ina aJ:1iy .
w
3 . Was adewwomu w e s t a mek enn1in , wa-t arakibomu ma ' abbe s 1ina
W
W
tak annanu k ennane ' abiya wa- ' e ;;uba .
Vocabul ary 4 7
qaddasa
0 to s anctify , make or regard as holy (ace . dir . obj . ) ; t o
perform s acred o ff i ce s .
addasa
dammana
' abbasa
Dt taqaddasa pas sive .
0 to renew, renovate , restore .
4 . addasu hagaromu wa-ana;;u r eqma ;; enu ' a ' awd1i .
Ot tahaddasa passive .
5 . F a imana en ata bet a maqdas , qaddasnahu ba- ' ab iy fe ss aha.
0 to become c l ouded (esp . of face , fi g . ) ; to be obscured by
c l ouds .
6 . ' Albo mes eww1ir z a -yesewwer re ' so bo o
demmun c l ouded, obs cured by c l ouds .
0 to commit a crime or s i n (against :
ma' abbes s inner , criminal .
la <la , la-) .
7 . La-yetqatal za-ye ' ebb e s l a ' l a t e ' zazata ' E g z i ' ab J:er .
w
B . ' Ab eJ:ewwo kama yefannu ' ax1ihu xaba mak annen .
' abbasi
' abbasa (pl . -t) s i n , crime .
Exerci ses
A. 1 . ewwe ' a l a-nesse a
2 . fes s amehu la- en ahomu
3 . qeddase betu l a - ' E g z i ' ab er
4 . fe sseha za- l a - ' 1ilam z a ' enba l a I}azan
fonna s 3rk z 3 - zati ' e l at

(, . h a - rcssl'h:i ' '' h i y IV:I h , , - m:ih l c t [o ssuh
9 . Yahabka ' Eg z i ' ena s alama wa-t e ' inna kama teb aJ: west a fe lime
l,l eywateka ba-fes s e l}1i .

1 0 . Te J:eddesu ba ' a l at a z a -xadaggemu , wa-tedaggemu ' anbebo maaefta
W
qeddusat k e 1 1 0 ' amira.
W
1 1 . Kun nessuJ:a \,a- ' i - tekun k ennuna.
'
\
1 2 . Kuni fe emt ba-k el lu z a - t egabberi .
1 3 . Kawino ge ssu a wa-ma ' mera J: egg , ' axaza mehherot omu 1 a - ' ahzaba
' e ska
I l l " . '" I I :1
II \v "
I I II
III;j I . , I n ' 1 1 : 1
i 11.1
1 4 . b e ' s it fe s se t wa - 1 1 1 1 1 1
h i dden p l ace , h i d i ng p l ac e .
mesewwar
/ .
1 2 . mamehh er maari
3 . mal ' ekt fe um
5 . xal afi ewwu ' l a-baw i '

6 . makan s ennuy l a- ' abiy b a ' a l
s ame pattern used for G derivat ives (meqtal) ; the Tradition , however,
5.
l I () s s a l,l a k a wa-xedgata xa! i ' at eka
hagaru .
I II .
c"
' I y1thnwwcl.l omu J a fennewan kama yeb a ' u xabehu .
' 1'. 1 1 : . 1
V l" . : l h h , k
I " ' s s ()hi wa-xedgata xa i ' at , s awwe' omu l a - h c zb .
223
48 . 3
L e s son 4 8
48. 1
I mperfect , Sub j unct ive , and Imperat ive .
Dt Verbs :
ell Verbs .
fo l l ow t h e corresponding forms o f t h e D verb except for t h e
The s e
-a- i n
Root Type
P erfe ct
I mp erfe ct
Sub j unct ive
I mp erative
Sound
tafa??cuna
yetj'eHcun
ye tfa??cun
tafa??cun
I -G ut t .
ta' azzaza
yet' ezzaz
yet' azzaz
t azzaz
I I -Gutt .
tcunahhaY'a
yetmehhar
ye tmahhar
tcunahhar
tcunehheY'a
' akw annana
W
yak ennen
Sub j unctive
yakW annen
I mp e rut i V ('
, asannaya
yasenney
yasanney
, asaff(]1;}a
yaseffew-
yasaffew-
" aSClJl1I1'! I'

, oon}']'. '/,/-
P erfect
48 . 4
Independent Personal Pronouns .
akwanrullL
t h r e o S I' 1 ' i " '
g i ven
forms
tanassea
yetnessa.
yetnassa
tanassa
I -IV
t(]1;}assaka
ye"twessak
ye"twassak
tawassak
ZaZika
ZaZikerrru
tafCJ);}Wasa
y et;tewwas
yetfCJ);}Was
tafCJ);}Was
kiyu/<u
I I -IV
laliki
ZaZiken
kiyalo;
I I -Y
ta ayyaqa
y eHeyyaq
yeHayyaq
tatayyaq
ZaZihu
Zalihorrru
/<iyahu
I I I -W
tafann(]1;}a
yetj'enn(]1;}
yetfann(]1;}
tafannaw
laZihCi
laZihon
I I I -Y
tarassaya
yetY'essay
yetY'assay
tarassay
kiyahCt.
te' zaz
(c)
taqtaZ ; V o c . 2 4 ) .
-at) rebuk e , reproach ; instru c t i on , educat ion .
tagscll
(pI .
teY'si t
equipment of any s or t : cl othing, ornaments , furn i s h
tawsak
(p l .
-at) addit ion , supp l ement , any added part .
temheY't
(p l .
-at) what i s t aught , doctrine , t e ach i n g ; study ,
arrogance , i ns o l en c e , haught ines s .
tefset
(pl .
-at) j oy , happ iness .
aw) hope , exp e ctat ion (of, for :

( for * tas
xaba , diba ,
p roduct , cre;] t ; on ; Ivork , l abor; commerce , busine s s .
( {'o r ' -.11 )
)'1' 1 ;1 / , ' . \
I,
:Iii,
III
/. / I I
appc., r s t o b e long to this patt ern , a l
v " I I , " " '. 1 , ;

, O J
k i!l;i k" IlfI I
k i !/file, ' 1 /
k-i yniLollnl
kiyZ!hon
F ern . s in g . reference
P l ura l reference
zi' aka
' enti' aka
, e Z Zi' aka
zi' aki
, enti' aki
, e Ui' aki
zi' ahu e t c .
, enti' ahu e t c .
' e Ui' ahu etc .
enti' aya
e Ui' aya-
, /1 )
They a r e u su a l l y
app o s i t i onal t o other pronominal markers (e . g . verb subj e ct s , other
noun s :
t il<'
' ;)lIIe
t rue for the part l y
Re' ikewwo laZiya.
I mys e l f s aw him .
We' etu lalihu ' Egzi' ena we' etu .
He hims e l f is our S avior.
Very
rare l y ,
very
wor d .
they
may
be used to modify a n oun :
The d i. r e c t o b j e c t
Za- ) .
y l l < l " yll" " ' "
kiyaya
zi' aya
when a s t rong emphas i s or contrast i s requi red .
l earning .
te <bi t
t h o l llI1 Illl
(b) D i rect Obj . :
independent pronoun s ) and correspond to the Eng l i sh intensive pro
ing s , trapp ings .
The noun tc/,}/ ('rlrl
I ., , , , ' , , , "
The s ub j e ct forms are t h e l e as t frequent and are emp l oyed on l y
fe ct ion .
tagharo
laZina
Mas c . s in g . referen ce
taf?Ct.met (with added -et) con s ummat ion, end , comp l et ion , per
tasja
,,1
P o s s e s s ive :
teqte U and taqtal :
( a l t ered from the p at tern
ZaZiya
Subj ect :
( a)
Whi l e no verbal adj e ct ive or
V erbal Noun s .
Dt Verb s :
I II
6.
noun s o f relat ive l y h i gh frequen c y :
I,
There are
independent pronouns i n addi t i on t o the subj ect
agent noun is derive regu l ar l y from Dt verb s , there are two verbal
I mp e r fect
I I I -Gut t .
48. 2
ft
There are no regu l arly d e r i ve d verb a l
nouns or adj e c t ives .
t h e final s t em syl l ab l e .
The s t em forms fo l l ow those of D verb s and
present no unusual feature s .
J(i!lfikll l'(" inu ,

or to (,x I ' ''' ' ''''
({fa
i i /"
t i l<' d i r e c t
ZaZihu qaZeka your
forms are emp loyed either for emphas i. s ,
' akko k-iyahu.
flS
IVe s aw you , not him .
obj e ct of the p erfective act ive p a l' l i c i l ' l l '
1 0 1'111 ) :
Having s l a L n
I 1 i lll .
I",
1 1 ,, 0 1 .
II
225
I l o t II
Inl UlIl anti
k iyahu (or other third p erson forms) are used occa
Les s on 4 9
sional ly I. i thout reference to case to emphasi z e a noun :

the man himsel f , the very man.
be' si kiyahu/lalihu
The possessive forms are quit e frequent .
Most important to
note is their pronominal (not adj ectival) status (mine , yours , hi s ,

hers , e t c . ) ; a noun must stand i n the construct before them, as i n
49 . 1
L , C L , and Lt Verbs :
Perfect
Imperfect
Subjunctive
Imperative
miisana
yemiisen
yemiisen
masen
Lt
tamiisana
' amiisana
yetmiisan
y arniis en
yetmiisan
yarniisen
.J
CL
beta zi' aya

be' sita ' enti' aya
my hous e , the/a house of mine
' agberta ' e Z Zi' aya
(the) servants of mine , my servant s ,
my wife , a wife o f mine
un l e s s they are used predi catively as true pronoun s :
Zentu bet zi' aya we' e tu.
the book which i s mine , my book
ma? af za-zi' aya

or a nomina l i z ed re l ative :
tamaBan
amascn
[The Tradition has a doub l ed s econd radi cal in a l l
I mp e r fc c L
f ' () I 'I!I'; :
yemi'issen et c . ]
The verbal adj e ct ive i s of the p attern qutu Z :
muaun
cr .
musent) .
Thi s house i s mine .
They are frequent ly preceded by za- , which may be t aken as a rel at ive
The agent noun , if it exi s t s , is usual ly of the p a t t e r" qii t. ii l i :
mi'isi'ini ; maqi'iteZ is a l s o a p o s s i b l e patt ern .

Verbal nouns are l imited to j ust a few types , quti'iZe , qute l a ,
and qiitiiZ being the most frequent .
Li sted below, for refe rence , are
the attested forms for the more important L verbs that wi l l be encoun
Yekawwenana za-zi' ahu .
We shall possess that whi ch is h is .
Vo c abul ary 4 8
tarassaya Dt to put on (somethin g : acc . dir. obj . ) as a garment , to

don (acc. dir. obj . or ba- ) ; to get read prepare one s e l f (for :
ba-) .
tagabbara Dt to l abor, toi l , work ( i ntrans . ) ; to produce ( somethin g :
tered in the readings .

Perfect
Verbal Adj .
Verbal Noun
Agent Noun
to perish
masana
musun
musena
masiini
t o mourn
Ziihawa
baZea
Zuew/Zeew
(laJ
to res cue
to conso l e
nazaza
tasatafa
sarara
t o a s sociate
acc. dir . obj . ) by l abor ( l i teral or figurat ive) ; t o work the
to es tabl i sh
ground, to farm ( acc . of medr or garaht, fie ld) .
to l abor
Efarnawa
to b l es s
baraka
nuzaze
sutuf
suta]e
surur/serur
surare
buruk
to show mercy
tasa.haZa
to vex
strqaya
(seqay J
('x i s t Co r
<; ( . I'Ve
adj e ct ives proper to the G verbal system some t i Jlles
roo t s I.hose actual verbal forms are L .
The fo l l owing ti l'
1I\(' n t i on :
" ,m d" 1 1
I d1
;;1 //, 1
/,/, /
ii I.) b l c !; s i ng ,
'pl .
1III II I I ' I I i l l H ,
fI/' IiI ' { '
t1ln n y ,
: l / l t I ,
1 1 '1 ' 1 '
v_
saran
sarna
bura.ke
(sahZJ
V c rbal nuuns and
baZahi
nazQ;zi
f'.r i , ' v i l l )!,
, I I IIH ' I I \ y .
W, ' I I V P t" C;;
1 1 11 1 / 1, 1 . 1 1
i ( )ll .
prosperity.
(ap paren t ly from * Zaw) .
comh .
220
227
As noted prevj ous l y , Quadr i l it eral verbs I I -W/Y undergo a contraction
(ay > e , aw>o ) wh i. ch brings them into the pattern o f the L verbs l i sted
above .
The remaining forms for these verbs are as fol lows .

Perfect
Imperfect
Sub j unctive
Imperat ive
degana
yedegen
yedegen
degen
Lt
tadegana
yeddegan
yeddegan
tadegan
CL
' adegana
yadegen
yadegen
' adegen
moqeha
yemoqe
yemoqe
moqe
Lt
tamoqea
ye tmoqa
yetmoqa
tamoqa
CL
' amoqea
yamoqe
yamoqe
' amoqe
Verb a l nouns and adj ectives fo l l ow those o f L verbs or Q verbs ; the

fo l l ow in g i s a repre s entative se l ect ion :
to err
Perfect
V erbal Adj .
Verbal Noun
gegaya
giguy
gegay
degana
to t e l l
zenawa
zena
t o nourish
sesaya
sisay , sisit
t o t ak e captive
qewawa
gewew/qiwew
qewa (we)
to imprison
moqea
muqu
muqae
to shepherd
tanolawa
zenawi , mazenew
masesey
CLt/CGlt
CGt
Each o f t he bas i c l e x i c a l
COt
P erfect
Imperfect
Subjun c t ive
Imperative
' astaq (a) tala

, astaqattala
yastaqatte l
yastaqte l
yastaqette l
yastaqatte Z
, astaqatte l
, astaqatala
yastaqiite l
yastaqate l
' as taqate l
Infini ti ve
P e r f . Act . P art .
, as taqte lo (t)
, astaqti Z-
astaqte l
Agent Noun
Verbal N oun
mastaqate l
(' esteqtal)
' as taqa t te lo ( t )
' as taqatti Z-
mastaqattel
, as taqa te lo ( t)
' as taqatU-
mastaqate Z
F orma I j )' h('sc vI' rh:; llIay
CG ' ar' aya to show CGt ' as tar' aya to show one
' s s e l f , t o appear.
In actual pract i c e , howeve r, the meanin gs
of these verbs must be
l e arned as they occur . The exact sequen ce
of deriva tion for a g i ve'll
root is usual l y not ent i re l y c l e a r , e ither
becaus e s ome of t h e I l a ' l",
invo l v e d are un at tested q r no l onger in use ,
or becaus e a purt i ('I i i . 1 1
verb was created de novo by a sophis ti cated
tran s l at o r fo r a g i VI' I I
p as s age .
In addi t i on to ' as tar' aya and ' as tagabe' a , the
fol l ow; nr, V (' Ij , . ,
are re l atively frequen t and should be made a
part o f one ' 5 pCr11l1l11 (: l I t
v o c abul ary :
0 . 5 .
or
ba-xaba/' em-xaba; for s omething : a . d . o . ) ; t o intercede

( for : ba' enta) .
CGt ' astamara t o show mercy t o , have pity on ( a . d . o . or la-/
0 . ) ; c f . wedet charge , accusation .

CGlt ' as taO;mama to study d i l i gent l y , pursue eagerly, give c l ose
attention t o ( a . d . o . or ba' enta/xaba/ba- ) .
CGlt ' astawasaba to marry o f f (a son or daught er : a . d . o . ; to :
mastaqte Z
C L t /C G l t
(trans . ) ,
or ( 2 ) refl exives o f the corres pondin g causat
ive , as i n
CGlt ' astawadaya t o accus e , bring charges again s t ( s omeone : a . d .
fect) by t h e prefix ' as ta- :
COt
C G l t ' astagabe' a t o gather
diba) ; to s e ek mercy (for one ' s s e l f or someone e l s e : Za-).
types G , 0 , and L po s s e s s e s a derived form characteri. zed ( in the P er
CGt
gather ( i ntrans . ) ->
no lawi .
CGt , C O t , CLt , and C G l t Verbs .
to
CGt ' as tabq e <a to beseech , imp l ore , entreat ( s omeone :
degani
to pursue
49 . 2
Agent Noun
C i t togalJ," a
(' estequ tiil)
he' vi elved as e i ther (1) caus ati ves of the
mes la , o . s . ) ; c f . CG ' awsaba to marry ( s omeone : a . d . o . ) ;

sabsab marr i a g e , wedding .
22H
229
1 1111
L e s s on 5 0
Ql
QL
50 . 1
Quadr i l iteral Verb s :

Perfect
Imperfect
Subj un c t i ve
Imperative
dangaqa
Qt
yedanaggetj.
yetmanaddeb
yedangeq.
ye tmandab
CQ
tamandaha
' amandaba
QIt
tamanadaha
yamanaddeb
yetmanadab
yamandeb
yetmanadab
dangeq.
tamandab
' amandeb
The verbal adj ective is of the p attern
dengutj. .
tamanadab
' amas tara
mankwasa
CQ
verbs such as CQt
exi s t .
Verb s from roots I I -W/Y (Q/L) were given in the preceding l e s

O ccas i onal l y , a Q l t form i s attested whi ch shows the original
t o inform one another .
Although the vast maj ority o f verbal roots in Ethiop i c are t r i
mallwata
qa tqa ta
badbada
t o grind, crush
gegaya
fadfada
t o be numerous , exc e s -
t o d i e (of di s e as e )
Exam
s ive
kabkab
lelit (* lay leyt :
pl .
(maxbar
e.g.
pl .
Quinqui l it eral Verb s .

Imperfe c t
Subj un ct ive
Imperative
Infini t ive
yadlaq leq
' adlaq leq
' adlaq leqo (t)
cau s at ives .
Verbal root s with five radi cal s are very rare and almost
' asqoqawa
coun c i l ) .
wq)
t o mourn , l ament ; verb a l noun :
yasqoqu)
' adlaq laqa to s h ak e ,
de leqleq
' aqyayea to grow
maqtal , maqte l ,
fett e r , bond; original root
' ,['II.1.1/t, I I '" t () \. ( l l I V( ,H' ;, coun c i l
W
*tak law ;
yadlaqa l leq
layaley)
Examp l e s o f this type are
(II/oqe
u l t imat e l y from /lebrew) .
' adlaq laqa
t o nouri s h , sust ain ( c f .
The underlying t ri l i t eral root has , in some instan c e s ,
to i mp r i s on
(me ?wat,
Note that the ini t i a l s e gment o f these forms i s l ike that o f the
fal l en into disuse and can be i denti fied only through cognates i n
moqe/:ta
u l t imately from
P erfect
A s e cond type o f quadr i l i t e ral verb is a specifi c al l y Eth i op i c
o t h e r S e m i tic l anguages .
(sanbat ,
W
W
tak alu t ; root tk lw) wo l f
*kawkah ; p l . kawakeb; root kwkb) s t ar
danage l ; root dngl) virgin .
( for
kokab ( fo r
denge l (p l .
wedding.
meqtal .
to observe the s abbath
monakhos )
from Greek
always involve some sort of root redup l icat ion , e . g .
creation , re sult ing from the verb a l i z at i on o f nouns.

and
(man.akos ,
to p ractice ch ari t y
W
tak la
49 . 1)
Note , t o o , nouns of the s ame p a t t ern :

and
to knock
to err , go astray , s in ( c f .
49 . 1 )
sesaya
perhaps u l t imat e l y
they may have tri l it eral origins at s ome earlier st age of S emit i c .
50. 2
ples :
W W
g adg ada
(mes tir,
Quadri l it e ral nouns wi thout as s o c i ated verbs are not uncommon :
But s ince these " short" ro ots cannot otherwise be i s o l ated , the
t o grow green, b l ossom
mth ) .
But mos t quadr i l i t eral roots have no obvious deriva t i onal
appears to be formed by a redup l i cat i on of a bi consonan t a l root C1C2 .
lam lama
root
source and must be t aken as primary in the Ethiop i c l ex i con , a l t hough
One frequent root type has the p at t ern C1C2C1C2 and
quadri l i teral form must b e taken as primit ive in the l anguage .
(methat,
Hebrew) .
l i tera l , quadril i teral r o o t s a r e not rare , even in ordinary, non

o rnate prose .
' Amlak .
inter alia ,
to deal in mys t eries
to b e come a monk
' asanbata
The verbal noun i s
denga4e , *dengeqa , or *dengeq.enna .

' astamandaba and CQlt ' as tamanadaba also
tazeyanawa
t o be come divine ; c f .
t o app ear a s a s p ectre
from Greek) .
Derived
s on .
1.(l' wI/Z aka

/ama thata
Base d on nouns of foreign ori g in are ,
CQ
usua l l y o f the pattern
s econd radical , e . g .
vl' I'II.I I I .:I L l on o r o t h e r nominal forms i s a l s o p o s s i b l e , a s i n
50. 3
by
N Verb s .
pre fixed
-n-
saqoqaw
( imper f .
quake (t rans . and intrans . ) ; verbal nOun :
reddish ( c f .
qaye
red) .
A special type of quinqu i l i t eral verb i s marked
and a quadr i l i t eral roo t , usua l l y of the type
C / C, CI C, :
P a r fect
N
Nt
' I o u / lli l/fda
I "I/'/I i l t/lri'l
Imperfect
Sub j 'unct i ve
yanqa Zaqqe l
yanqalqe l
yenqalqa/
yenqalaqqal
I mp o ra l i V ll
' t l l /l (1 1 1 ( I I
1 " " ' /" / ' 1" /
231
2 30
N t Imperfect and Sub j unct ive forms are very rare ; tho se given abo ve
are normative , without the -t- (presumab ly *yentq- > yenq - ) .
Les son 5 1
Be cause
51 . 1
thes e verbs do not have c l e ar counterparts e l s ewhere in Semit i c ,

there i s s ome ambi guity about their anal ysis .
a.
When the root i s al so
W
W
N ' ang adg ada to thunde r ,
W
W
Q g adg ada to knock ( at a door)
o r , when a corresponding noun exi s t s without t h e -n- , a s i n
The protasis i s introduced with ' emma
t h e analysis a s a n N verb i s probably j us t i fied .
The verb forms used depend t o some extent on the
tense desired , but there is a predominance o f the P e r fe ct i n l h e p ro

tas i s and the Imperfect in t he apodo s i s when the sentence s t a t (' s
fI
an
analy
Thes e verbs , as a
seman t i c c l as s , almo s t always refer to a proce s s invol ving the con

s t an t repetition o f a s ingl e act i on , e . g .
' angargara to ro l l , spin ; nagargar spinni n g ; a type of epi l epsy.

W
W
' ang arg ara to be angry; to murmur , mut t e r , grumb l e .
' anqalqala t o move , shak e , quake ; naqalqal motion , quaking .
' ansosawa t o wal k , stro l l ( imper f . yansosu , not *yansawassu) .
' an?af?afa t o oo z e , drip ; na?af?af, af?af drop s , j ui ce .
' anbalbala to f l ame , b l a z e ; nabalbal fl ame .
A rare type o f
adj ective i s derived b y redup l i c at ing -C C o f a t r i l iteral roo t , with

2 3
with the resulting p at t e rn qatalti l . These are more or l e s s l imited
t o adj ect ives o f color and tas t e , with a few others , and usual l y
correspond t o Engl i s h adj ect ives in - i sh :
sa 'ad 'id whi t i sh , rather l ike white : cf. sa 'da \-Ihit e .

ma'ar'ir sweet i s h ; c f . ma ' Qr honey .
damanmin rather c loudy, g l o omy ; cf. dammana c l oud .
wi 1 1 find you .
I f the condit i onal sentence describes a s ituation in th e
past ,
1 1 11'
verbs of both the prota s i s and the apodos i s are in the P e r fu e l :
' Emma rexebku, wahabuni xebesta.
If I was hungry , t hey gave
l11e
b 1'('[1 . 1 .
In pre s ent and future cond i t i ons the Imperfe ct may al so appear in
the
' Emma may be rep l aced by ' emma-hi/' emma-ni (even i f) or
pro tas i s .
' emma-sa (but if, if howeve r , if real ly) .
The apodo s i s may have an
imperative or inj un ct ive ( s ub j unctive) verb i f the mean ing requires

it :
' Emma rakabka be' se rexuba,

habo mab l e ' a .
The verbal noun o f the type naqalqal i s fairly cons i s t ent for N verbs.
Qatalti l .
If you remain hero , I l i l'Y
' Emma nabarka zeyya,

(wa-) yerakkebuka.
W i t h many o f t h e s e
verb s , however , no cognate without t h e -n- i s attested , and

sis as an ordinary quinqi l iteral i s possible .
commonly unmarked.
present general or futue condition :
N ' anafafa t o o o z e ; af?af j ui c e ,
A Special Adj e ctive Typ e :
Real conditions .
or la' emma i f ; the apodos i s may be introduced with wa- , but i s more
attested without the initial -n- , as in
50.4
Condit ional S entences .
I f you find a hungry man ,

give him foo d .
Note the expres s ion ' emma ' akko ( l i t . if not) , al s o s pe l l ed ' emma' kko
(:: -sa) , which may usua l ly be trans l ated " otherwis e , i f such is not
the cas e . "
b.
Contrary - t o - fact Conditions .
The protas i s i s intro
duced with soba, and each verb o f the apodosis i s pre ceded by the
conditional parti cle ' em- :
Soba rakabkewwo, ' em-' axazkewwo

wa-' em-qatalkewwo .
I f I had found h i m , I wou l d have

sei zed him and ki l l ed him .
The Perfect is required in the apodosi s ; the P erfect i s used i n
l l ll'
pro t as i s for past condit ions , the Imperfect for pre sent conr l i t i 0 1 1 '; .
The i n l e r ro g a l i ve part i c l e s
I ll!'
p " O I , , ' c"
-hu and -nu appear rather
o f ' hnl' h types o f conditional sent")nce s .
i l I I V I ' 110 1 1'111 1 ' ; 1 1 1 1 i O I l v n l u e , but they may indicate the

I,
,
'l
I llti
I 1" " 1
'1",, 1 :1 1 1 < ) 1 1
( L I . j ; l Ig l i s h if ; whether) .
frec l ' J (' 1 I 1 l y
Theso
I II
1 1 ' , 1 1 1 1 1 1 \'
p n '. l ' l I c' 1 '
"I
""
"
t"
233
', I
. .'
( ) p L a L j v e S entences .
The . p art i c l e ' em- mentioned above
opt at I ve :
-oa but , howev eT, on t h e otheT hand .
a.
1Il1ly 1 >0 u ' t'" wi t i t the P e rfect in an independent c l ause to expre s s the
fTequ ent l y cOTresponds t o G T e ek
WOTJ o r word- group of a c l au s e t o maTk a contrast with the preceding
' Em-nassaku!
Soba may be u s e d in the s ame way .
Would that I had repent e d !

Interrogative s entences have a
Mannu yeradde' ani !
Who wi l l h e l p me
Would that someone wou l d h e lp
me !
51.3
s t atemen t .
This contrast may b e vivid or may b e merely the intToduc
-sa in this usage usua l l y co-o ccurs
tion o f a new subj e c t o r topic .

with the conjunction wa- .
s imi l ar nuance if used rhe tori c a l l y ;
-sa may a l s o be used fOT Greek men, mark
ing the first of two cont rasting s t atements .

The tradit ional pronun c i at i on of thi s paTt i c l e is -s.',a, w i ,
the Tegular introduction o f -e- after a word-final consonan t .
The Syl l o g i s t i c ConstTuct ion Za . . . ' efo . . .
This r atheT
what w e write morpho l o g i c a l l y a s
'
nounced ' antassa, samayatessa.
mOTe so is Y true . "
that alt eTS i t s fOTm b e foTe t h i s p aTt i c l e : ' ana
The ' efo of t h e s e cond c l au s e is usual l y fo l
l o we d by fadfCida o r ' enka ( s e e b e l ow ) o r both .
The fo l l owing two
examp l es fTom the Gospel of Matthew i l lustTate how this basic pattern
may be o b s cuTed by intervening adverbial or adj e ctival c l auses or by
e l lips i s ;
b.
T h e pTonoun ' ana i s the oil l y 1V( l i d

+
s a -) ' nl1., - I I I1 .
-hi/-ni even . . . , t h e . . . i n qu estion , that very . . .
Ti,,, ,. . .
two paTt i c l es aTe of equal w e i gh t , so to speak , and are useJ i n L l' l'
changeab ly .
They maTk a s t Tonger emphas is than -sa; they m ay
be u ,,"d
a l on e OT be cOTre l at ed w i th a s imi l aT part i c l e in the p T e ceding or
Za-sa <ra gadam za-yom haZ Zo wa-gesama westa ' essat yetwadday,
' Egzi' aber za-kama-ze yaZabbeso, ' efo ' enka fadfCida
fo l lowing c l aus e .
o you who l ack fai t h , i f G od thus c l o th e s t h e wild vegeta
tion, which exists t o d ay but tomoTTOW i s thTown into the

fire , how much mOTe s o (wi l l he clothe) you .
Za-' antemu ' enka ' enza ' e kuyan, , antemu ta' ammeru. sannaya
habta wehiba Za-weZudikemu, ' efo fadfCida ' abukemu za-ba
samayat yehub sannaya Za-' e Z Za yese" e Zewwo .
I f you , though evi l , know enough to give a good g i ft t o
YOUT chi ldren , how much more s o wi l l your heavenly F ather
.
give what i s good to tho s e who ask Him (foT i t ) .
5l . 4
The Sentence P art i c l e s .
A spe cial s e t o f paTt i cl e s ,
mos t l y encliti c , i s used i n the more s ophist i cated tran s l ations t o

pTovide t h e same l o g i c a l conne ctives and focus s ing part i c l e s found in
the GTeek original .
The more important of these aT e l i st ed b e l ow
with a brief charact e r i z at ion of t h e i r function .
c.
T h i s paTt i c l e maTks a s t at ement as being a
logi cal resul t of the pTe ceding s t at ement .
d.
It corTesponds fTequently
I t may option a l l y be fol lowed by , enka ( s e e b e l ow) .
' enga i s an inferen t i a l p aTt i c l e sugge sting a conclus ion
from what pTecede s , o ft en w i th a nuance of doubt o r skept i ci s m .
It
i s mo s t frequent in, but no t l imited to , questions , where i t may usu

a l l y be tTan s l ated " th en , s o , therefoTe . "
e.
' enka i s very s im i l ar t o ' enga above , but i s more fre quent
and l e s s Testri cted in us age .
Ordinar i ly it is postposi t ive to some
sent ence e l ement and may theTefore s eTve a doub l e fll.'l ction as emph a
s i z e r and logi cal conne ctiv e .
It i s especi al ly common aft e r -ke , but
may a l s o o c cur with i t s own encl i t i cs , e . g . ' enka-sa, ' enka-sa-ke .

In a negative stat ement ,
'
enka is equivalent to " (no) l ong e r , (no)
more . ' !
f.
theiT emp l oyment can b e acquiTed only fTom a p aTal l e l reading of the
s e rious s tudent .
-ke theTefore .
to G reek ga:r .
Detai l s conceTning
Ethiopic and Greek text s , a pTact i ce that should b e adopted by every
The s p e c i a l meaning of -hi/-ni with inteTro g aL i ve
pTonouns has a l re ady b e en noted in 2 9 . 2 .
kiyakemu, euana haymanot .
7: 11
II
TIIII'"
anta-sa o r samayat-sa aTe Jl l'O
TaTe con s t ruction expre s s e s the cond i t i on "If X i s true , how much
6 : 30
Th i s paTt i c le mo st
de ; i t i s usual ly added t o the first
to
ct
-mao
This emph at i c p art i c l e i s very rare and i s Testricted
u s c o n pe ["son '1
rel-l
11/, ( .
11/, ,
m i s l ' (' I I I I I l N H I ';

'
; : ,'.
1 11 1 "'0 1 .
p ro n O l l n s ,
i n t erTogative prenouns and adve rbs , and
" t 1 vl' ri1 i a l expre s s ions .
" " , ' , ' 1 1 1 '11/, 1 .
E . g . mannu-ma , ' ayte-nu-
I t s great rarity precludes any c l ear
235
I d<l i l t i [' i c a l
Nu t e
of i t s meaning other than its emphas i z ing fun c t i o n .
i un
the CUIlII'0unJ
wi t h a fo l l ow i ng
mima " e ither, o r , whethe r , " some times coordinated

-nu .
51 . 5
e.
g.
Th i
E . g . M at t . 2 1 : 2 5 :
(Whe.nce c ame John ' s b ap t i z ing?)
w e a k de lliu n s L ra L i v e .
5
u s age is especi a l l y frequent on nouns denoting point s or periods
F rom heaven or from man?
fixed express ions a s
ba-baJ la- La, and za-za.
Th e
rep e t i t i on of the s e prep o s i t ions i s us ed to expre s s a di s tribut ive

not ion , tran s l at e d in various ways .
The fo l l owing examp l e s from the
Gosp e l o f Matthew i l l u s trate t h i s usage and al s o the fact that there
51. 7
the pas s ive .
I ,.
lin
rO I'
E.g,
=
you w i l l b e pers e cut ed .

sui>
j ect in a given context or b y t h e l o gical impo s s ib i l ity o f t al d ng t h e
affl i ct e d wi th various d i s ea s e s (nav T a , TOU , axw, E xov T a ,
3rd pers . s ubj ect l i t era l l y , a s i n
n O L Aa L , voao L , al Saaav o L , auv E x o EVO U , )
be' sit ' enta daarewwa
a woman who has b een divorc ed .
1 8 : 22
<adi ' eska sab <a ba-ba seb < even up to s eventy t imes s even
20 : 2
takahala mesla gabaJ t ba-ba dinar la- <e lat he agreed wi th the
hal Zawa plus the s ub j un c t i v e , where the logi cal subj ect appears as a
workers on one dinar each for the day ( E x 6 v a p o u TnV Epav )
suffix on
2 0 : 10
nas' u ba-ba dinar ' emuntu-hi and they too received a dinar
(EW,
E B 6 o n o V Td x L , E n Td )
Des erving of special no t e are mixed construc t i ons , such as tho s e with
2 1 : 41
24 : 7
and thus too i s the Son of Man to b e a ff l i ct ed .
' e l la yehubewwo ferehu ba-ba gizehu who wi l l give h i m i t s

fruit at each s eason thereof
(EV
hal lawo . . . yagbe' ewwo westa ' eda sah'
T O L , a L p o L , aU Twv )
Attribut i v e Adj e ct ives in Construct Phras es .
It is pos
s ib l e to us e a noun and adj e ct ive in a construct r e l at ionship (e ither
la-La J ahadu bakama yekelu to each according as they are a b l e
order) to expre s s the equi val ent of a noun plus a modifying adj ect ive:
yefaZZeomu za-za zi' ahomu he wi l l s eparate them from one an

o ther
26: 22
51 . 8
Tono u , )
( E xdaT XaTa T n V 6 av 6uva Lv )
2 5 : 32
he is to be b e trayed into the hand of man .
yema??e' raxab wa-bedbed wa-hakak ba-ba baawertihu there wi l l

b e famine , pes t i l ence , and d i sorder in various p l aces ( a Ta
25 : 15
hallawa :
W
wa-kamahu la-walda ' eg a la ' emma-eyaw-ni hal lawo ymemewwo
each (ava 6 n vap L o v )
(aO P O E L
aUTov,
an '
a A A nAWV )
' axazu yebalu ba-ba ' ahadu they began to s ay individua l l y
(d: ,
E xa oT o , )
N o t e a l s o such l e xical i t ems as
ba-ba nestit ( l i t t l e by l i t t l e ) and
ba-ba ' ebre tomu (each in h i s own turn) .

51.6
Suffi xes .
,
The 3rd p ers . p l ura l or
Thi s usage i s e as i l y i denti fiab l e by the ab s ence of a spe c i f i c
zi' ahu emiimomu they brought t o him al l the s i c k , tho s e
"
i
The Per iphras t i c P a s s ive .
active verb w i th a direct obj ect i s o ft en used as a periph l'a'
yesaddeduka
W
w
J am?eJ u xabehu k e l lo deweyana wa-k e l lo emumiina za-la-la
in s uch
' amehii , qadiimihu , sobeha , (ba- ) gizehu , and (ba- )
sanita.
is no s in g l e formu l a i c r e l at i on s h ip t o the underlying Greek .

4 . 24
ba- < e latu on the day in que sti on) and appears
J Em-samay-nu wa-mima ' em-sabJ -nu?
o f t ime (e . g .
The R epeated Prepos i t i on s
Thus , i t i s sometimes nece s s ary to t ran s l a te ,
he' M:hu as " t hat man , the man in ques t i on" rather than "his man."
Special U s e of the Third P erson S ingu l ar P ronominal
T l t e p ["onolll i n .1 1 s u ff i xes o f the 3rd pers . s i n g .
- lIii , -ii i . 1 1 "
' . ""11 ' 1 1 "" ' "
1 1 .. . 1
(-hu , -u ;
w i t h t h e force of a definite art i c l e o r
' nreta < ewuran
b l ind guides
r;wsaweyana nabiyat
fa l s e prophet s .
Th i s co n 'i t ruct i o ll i s v e ry Tare in the texts that fo l l ow .
. .I 7
A.
cucq .
Texts in Tran s l i t eration

The fol lowing t ex t s have been trans l i t erated in accordance with
t h e underst anding o f the grammar developed in the preced ing l e s sons .
N e e d l e s s to s ay , the amb i gui t i es mentioned in the Int roduction rema i n ,
but t h e reader should b y now be aware o f the pro b l ems invo lved .
The
g l o s s es are added on t h e as sumption t h at the l es s o n vo c ab u l aries have

b e en mas tered .
Me l c h i z edek
W
' e i llt ( ' ama salus l a - Pag ern'Em) t a z kara motu l a -Ma I k a
2
Wu - zentu - s a M a I k a edeq wal da Qaynan w a l d a w a l du l a - S e m .
iI:I - z ii l i
Wa- subu k W l o ' asartu wa-xamestu ' amat ' em- ' ama tawa l d a ,
' a z zazo
' E g z i ' abl;er l a-Nox kama yefannewo l a -Sem waldu me s l a sega ' abuna
' Adam, wa-yanbero ba-ma ' ka l a medr ' en t a ye ' et i Qaranyo .
Wa- ' ammaro
kama yema e ' madxena ' a l am , wa-yessawwa ' we s t e t u , w a - yetbe z awo l a

' Adam ba- damu .
Wa-nas ' o S em l a -Ma I k a edeq ' ern-beta ' abuhu b a - xebu ' ,
W(l
I l I l 'l l l I l
Wa-tasayrn a Mo 1 k :I ;ilt I /I ' I

.
kahena, wa-nas ' a ' asarta wa-ke l ' i h a ' a ' bana, wa- ' a ' raga ,l i I J r'h""I1 '
heyya ' enz a yemarreomu mal ' a k a ' E g z i ' aber .
I.
Lives o f the S aints
Th ese are the s ame s e l ections given by A. D i l lmann , Chrestoma
thia Aethiopica ( Leip z i g , 1866) , pp . 1 6 - 39 , where the text in th e

Eth iop i c alphabet may be found .
A few emendations h ave b e en mad e ,
mainly tho s e suggest ed b y D i l lmann hims e l f o r a sub s equent edi t o r .

The s e l e ct ions are taken from the Syn=arion ,
a l arge co l l e ct ion o f
hag :i. o grap h i c material comp i l e d from vari ous early s ource s , mos t l y i n
G re e k , and divided into d a i l y reading s , with t h e l i fe o f a given
s a i nt as s i gned to the day commemorating his death .
maswa ' t a ba-xebe s t wa-wayn za-warada lotu ' em - s amay ' en z a y1i I'," ,
me s i ra egg addi s .
Wa- s i saya-ni yamaHe ' u lotu ma l a ' ekt .
qenatu za-ma ' s .
Wa-kona l ebsu
IV"
' un a u i'i ,
Wa-nabara ' en z a yet l a " ak qedma sega ' a buna
' I\ d iilli .
Wa- ' ama t amaya ' Abreham ' em- ab ' , mawi ' o nagast a , ' aqraba l otu
w
xebes t a wa-wayn a , wa-we ' etu-ni wahabo ' aserata ' em_k e l l Ll n ewayu .
Wa
t a s amya kahena wa-negusa S alem.

S a l am
The E thiop i c ver
l a -MaIka edeq ' amsalu Iva- sut afu
s i on o f t h i s work i s b as ed on an Arab i c intermediary , as b etrayed by
l a - z a-ma ' a qal ba-dammana dengel ' a fu .
the pres ence o f numerous Arab ic isms i n the text .
Tabiban gebro bakama aafu,
We have not com
mented upon thes e b ecaus e a know l edge of Arab i c is not p resuppo s ed on
l a- sega ' Adam xaba taan a me ' rafu
the part o f the reader .
zentu kahen yenabber l a - z e lufu .

1.
This s e l e c t ion concerns Me l chi zedek , the priest o f S a l em
mentioned in Gen . 1 4 , P s a l m 1 1 0 , and the Epist l e to t he Hebrews .
For
the unders t anding of the p a s s age i t i s sufficient to note t hat M e l

ch i z edek was taken b y t h e ear l y Church a s t h e archetypal p r i e s t and
prefiguration of Chris t .
He i s pre sented here as attendant over the
body o f Our Father Adam , whi ch , ac cording t o l e gend , l i es bur i ed i n
Qariinyo , i . e . Gk . Kraniou (topos) , the P l ace o f the Skul l , G o l gotha ,

Calvary , where Chr i s t was crucifi ed .
2.
C f . Gen . 1 1 : 1 3 in LXX :
Kainan , l i s t ed as a g r a n d s u l l 0 1 '
Shem , the son of N o ah .

1.
For the fu l l work
500
T. Gui di and S . Greb aut , Le syn=aire
ethiopien. Patx'o Zou i n () Y ' i r 'lI i l/ / i " T , V I r , XV , and X XV I , and A . E . W .

Budge , The Baok or ,';" I lI i . ' ".I' t il, ' " ' I II I" I , i ,' ( 'II1IT'('h ( C amb ridge , 1 9 2 8) .
3.
" P e ace (be) unto M e l chi z edek , the l i ken e s s fIl l d
t h e Woru wh i ch came in the V irgin C l oud, i t s Mant l o .
1\ .,
I t i '; ueou s , t h i s priest dwe l l s forever w i t, , ,
I I ".
IVro t e
i ll):
0 1'
p l ll('('
o f' I\d utIl ' s body was bui l t . "
(,OIlIP l l l l l u l i 0 1 '
l l ,('
'' ' ' W ' 'o
1 1 ,,,. 1
"' I
2 39
238
wa-Xams ' Ahgur .
S t . Mark t h e Evangel ist
B.
Ba- zati ' e lat ( ' ama salasa l a -Miyazya) kona sem ' a Qeddus Marqos
1
Wa- zentu qeddus
wangelawi , l iqa pappasat za-hagara ' E skenderra .
3
2
kona s emu l a- ' abuhu ' Arsew Pawlos ' em-beera Xams ' Ahgur ; wa-sema
4
l a- ' emmu Maryam, wa-ye ' et i zekert west a maafa Gebra Hawareyat .
Wa-kona s emu la-zentu tawareya qadami Yoannes , b akama maafa Gebra

awareyat , ' esma awareyat konu ye e l l eyu westa beta Maryam ' emmu l a
Yoannes z a-tasamya Marq6s tawareya .
Wa-zati be ' s it konat ba ' e l t a ,
wa-maharato la-walda Marqos ba- lesana Yonanawiyan wa -ba-l esana 'Afrenj

wa-ba- l esana 'Ebrayes! .
Wa-soba l ehqa, nas ' o Barnabas mes lehu westa sebkat soba hora
mes l a Pawlos . Wa-soba re ' ya za-bata l a ' lehomu mendabe wa-maqsaft
5
wa-xasar, xadagomu ba-hagara P enfelya wa-gab ' a ba-hagara ' Iyarusalem.
Wa- soba tamay!u tawareyat xaba ' Iyarusalem, wa-tanagaru ba
tamaye (ot) omu la- ' azab west a ' amina 'Egzi ' ena ' Iyasus Kerestos
( lotu sebat) , wa- zakama gabra ' E gz i ' aber ba- ' edawihomu t a ' amerata
' emennehomu . Wawa-nasseh. a ba' enta za-hora
wa-mankerata , hazana
.
.
' emze xasasa kama yehur mes lehomu, wa- ' i - faqada Piwlos hawareya kama
v
'
v
'
6
' esma we' etu xadagomu ; ' al I a nas ' o Barnabas mes lehu, ' esma
yens e ' o ,
we' etu zamadu .
Wa- ' emdexra ' eraftu l a- Barnabas , ora xaba Pe!ros hagara Rome
wa-kona lotu rad ' a, wa-ba-hey ya aafa wangelo za-targWama lotu
Pero s , za-sabaka botu westa hagara Rome .
Wa- ' emdexra-z e ora ba
la
t e ' zaza ' E gzi ' ena ' Iyasus Kerestos (lotu sebat) wa-ba- t e ' zazomu
hawareyat westa hagara ' E skenderya, wa- s abaka westeta ba- s ebkata
7
8
angel qeddus . Wa- ' adi s abaka ba-westa hagara ' Afraqya wa-Barqa
1.
This type of preposing is frequent in some text s :
this saint, the name of his father was . . . . "

2.
"As for
Cf. remarks in 1 0 . 2 .
an error for 'Arestu-paw Zos, a rendering o f
' Arsew PawZos :
Gk . Aris tobuZos .
3.
Xams 'Ahgur :
presumab ly the Pentapo lis on the Dead Sea.
The P entapolis mentioned be low is a district of Cyrene in Africa.

4.
Cf. Acts 1 2 : 1 2 .
5.
P amphylia, on the coast o f Asia Minor.
6.
C f . Acts l 5 : 3 8 ff.
7.
Afri ca, the province .
8.
Barce, a city of the P entapolis in Cyrene (Libya) .
C f . Acts 1 3 : 1 3 .
Wa-soba bo ' a westa hagara ' Eskenderya , wa-tabatka t otana

Wa- kona xab a ' anqaa hagar ' aadu b e ' si
' asa ' enihu ' em- ' egarihu .
s afayi , wa-wahabo Qeddus ' asa' enihu kama yesfi lotu .
Wa- ' en z a we' etu
yes affi ba-masfe, tasaqa ' aabe' ihu, wa-wetza dam ' emennehu , wa-yebe
,
9
ba- l esana Yonanawiyan , " I stawos , ,, za-ba-tergWamehu '" Ahadu
.
' Egzi ' aber. "
Wa-yebelo Qeddus Marqos , "Bo-nu ta' ammero l a -
10
Wa-yebelo , " 'Albo , ' al Ia nesamm l' semo b-h
wa-'
'
,
a t ltO
ll
' i-na' ammero . " Wa- ' axaza yengero Qeddus Marqos ' em-ten za- fatara
' E gz i ' aber?"
' Egzi ' abter samaya wa-meda, wa- zakama kona ta ' adewo u l a - ' abu a
' Adam , wa-me ' ato l a-maya ' Ayx, wa- z akama ' as affawo ' Eg z i ' abher la
Muse , wa- ' aw e ' omu l a-daqiqa ' E sra' e l ' em-Geb wa-wahabomu h gga, wa
;
zakama ewawomu l a-daqiqa 'Esra ' e 1 xaba hagara Babi lon, wa- a'gbe ' omu
2
1
xaba hagara ' Iyarus aHim , wa- zakama tasabbe' a ' E gzi ' ena ' Iyasus
13
tanabbayu nabiyat ba' enta mes ' atu .
Kerestos ( lotu s ebtat) , zakama
"
14
ed wihu
Wa- ' emze waraqa meraqa west a ebur, wa-gabra diba
15
Wa-kona semu la-safay
za-we ' etu safay, wa-tafawwas a sobeh a .
' Anyanos . Wa-wasado l a -Qeddus Marqos xaba betu ,. wa- ' abseha lotu
w
waldo wa- z amado , wa-gassaomu l a-k e l l omu Marqos awareya, wa9.
1 0.
An oath, taken here to be Gk . hes theos one god .
batit- alon e , sole, only; used appos itional ly, always
with a pronominal suffix , e . g . ' ana batiteya I alon e ; rakabkewwo
batito I found him alone (or : him only) .
' enta btit- by oneself,
alone ; e . g . nabara ' enta batitu he s at by himself.

11.
Here begins a rather ineleg ant series of c l auses and
phras es as the obj ect of yengero .

12.
Dt tasabbe' a to become man , be incarnat e .
verb from sab' .
A denominative
The verbal noun is tesbe' t incarnati on .
13 .
bakama would perhaps be better here than zakama.
14 .
gabra diba :
if the text is correct , this is probab ly to
be taken as "appl i ed (it) to . "
This verbal phrase also has the mean
ing "to deal with , dispose of, do with , " as in Menta ' egabber diba
zentu neway?
What sha l l
I do with this vessel?
diba ' edawa a l so
means "through the agency of. "

15.
One expects Za- instead of za- before we' etu .
immediat ely, straightway.
sobha adv .
24 1
2 40
maharomu , wa- ' amaqomu emqata Kerestenna
16
ba-sema ' ab wa-wa1d wa
manfas qeddus .
Wa-soba bazxu mahaymenan ' el l a ' amnu ba - ' Eg z i ' ena ' Iyasus
Kerestos ( l otu s ebat) , wa- s am ' u s ab ' a hagar znahu 1 a -Qeddus Marqos ,
wa-tagab e ' u , wa - faqadu kama yeqt e 1 ewwo .
Wa-semo Qeddus Marqos 1 a
' Anyanos 'epis-qoposa wa- l a - daqiqu qasawesta wa-diyaqonata .
Wa-wa' a
xaba hagara Barqa wa-xaba Xams ' Ahgur , wa-sabaka westtomuj wa

' ane ' omu westa haymanot rete ' t .
Wa-nabara xabehomu kel ' eta 'amat a ,
wa- sema 10mu ' epis-qoposata wa-qasawesta wa-diyaqonat a .
W a- ' emze tamayta xaba hagara ' Eskenderya, wa-rakabomu 1 a

17
bta Kerestiyan , za
mahaymenan ba-za-taw s s aku wa-anau 10mu
' eweqt westa makana ' aada ' alhemt xaba enfa bar . Wa-konu
w
kadeyan yaxassesewwo 1a-Qeddus Marqos ba_k e 1 1u ama kama
w
yeqte1ewwo; wa-kona we' etu ba_k e1 1u gize yeewweo 1 a-Xams ' Ahgur
wa-yetmayya wa-yebawwe ' west a hagara 'E skenderyli. ba - xebu ' . Wa-ba
' ahatti ' elat tamayta ' em-Xams ' Ahgur , wa-bo ' a westa beta Kerestiyan
18 ,
- b ' t . W a- wa-tasu , 1 a-warxa M agga
ama esra
b a- B a ' ala Tensa ' -e ,
2
' erruya 0 mes l a awareyat ' axawika . "
Wa-ba-sanita ka ' eb a rass ayu ' aba1a westa kesadu wa-saabewwo

westa kWe l 1a hagar .
kWel lu hagar , wa- ' emuntu ' en z a yebe1u :
westa ' a ada 1ahm , "
Wa - soba kona l e 1 i t a , ' as t ar ' aya
19
'Egzi ' ena ' Iyasus Kerestos
( lotu sebat) ba- ' ar ' aya za-kona botu mes1a awareyat , wa-wahabo
s alam a , wa- ' ane ' 0 , wa-takayado , wa-yebe1 0 : "Nahu ' anta konka
16 .
Kerestenna Christianity.
Here virtual ly an adj ectiv e :
" Christian baptism . "

17.
The za- . . . lomu c l au s e modifies beta Kerestiyan.
18.
Ba "ala TenSer' e the F east of the Resurrection (Easter) .
Note the formation of tensa' e , a verbal noun of the (secondari ly)

quadri 1itera1 verb tanse' a .
19 .
' astar' aya CGt to appear (unto : 0 . 5 . or la-) .
Trans late
the phrase beginning with ba-' ar' aya as " in the form ( ' ar' aya) he had
(when he was) with the apost l e s . "
Wa
sab ' mahaymenan , wa-nas ' u segahu l a-Qeddus Marqos ' en z a e ' uy we' etu
21
wa-ganazewwo ba-sannay ' albas ,
wa- ' i -baJ:to wa- ' i-ment - ni ' em_musena,

wa- ' anbarewwo westa makan xebu ' .
Salam l a -Marqos l a-Maryam ' egWala,
22
za-saabewwo ba- ' abal westa ' aada s em' kama dabel a ;
23
' ama ' aw' eyoto faqadu 1 a - ' es sat ba-nabalba1a,
la - zenam wa- ' asatya yaaffe ' o ma ' ba1a,

24
wa-mabraq-ni 1 a-segahu kal 1 a l a .
C.
D i onysius , Patriarch of Alexandria
Ba-zati ' elat ( ' ama ' a;ur wa-sa1us 1a-Maggabit) ' a 'rafa ' ab
l
qeddus D eyonasyos 1iqa pappasat z a -hagara 'Eskenderya, wa-we ' etu
'" Adi nesJ:tabo l a-dli.bela
Wa-ma1 ' a damu l a-Qeddus westa kWel lu fenota
hagar wa- ' awda wa- ' asnafiha .
Wa-kaadeyan
ba- semratu la- 'Egzi ' ena ' Iyasus Kerestos (lotu sebhat ) kona s elmat
'
wa-nafas qWarir; ay-ni sawwara berhano , wa-kona mabraq wa
w
w
- wa- ' as h atya,
- ' eska gW ayyu kaadeyan . Wa-ma ' u
nag a d g -ad wa- zenam
.
kWe l lomu ' q.J;Izab ya' awwedewwo , wa-bo ' u kaadeyan westa bet a Kerestiyan,
wa-ras s ayu ' aoba1 a westa kesadu l a-Qeddus Marqos , wa-sabewwo westa
B a-tafameta ma ' a1t maawa nafs o .
sa ' andadu ' essata ' abiya , wa-wagaru segahu la-Qeddus westetu.
y-
Wa-tafasseJ:tat nafsu wa-t aasyat.
Less l ikely :
" in a vision in
20 .
D 'array a (more rare ly G 'araya, ye 'ri) to be leve l ,
smoot h ; t o be equal (to : la- , mes la, kama) ; to make equal , l evel ; to
share ( acc . dir. obj . ) equally.
CD ' a 'arraya to make (something :
acc . dir . obj . ) equal (to : mes La) .

( fern .
Dt ta 'arraya pas s . of CD .
'errit) equal (to : la- , mesla) , the same (as) ; 'erruya
'erruy
ba
'erreyennii/ 'errinnii vn . equal ity.

musena corruption (phys ical or moral ) . musun corrupt ,
'erruy equally, to the s ame extent .

21.
corrupted.
The ' em- is p artitive :
"nothing of corruption . "
Note
the use of the negated perfect with ' enza ; cf. the remarks in 3 l . l .
22.
Note the inverted order o f the phrases ' eg iilii Za-Maryiim,
nabalbiiZa Za-' essat , ma 'bala la-zeniim , kallala la-segahu.

23.
24 .
D kallala to crown (someone : acc . dir. obj . ) ; fig. to sur
' anbaZbaZa to flame.
round l ike a crown .
nabalbaZ fl ame .
Dt taka Z lala to be crowned (with : acc . , e . g .
takaZ Za la kebra he was crowned with g lory ; or ba-) .

vn .
crowning , coronation.
which he was with the apostl es" (but apparently taken so by D i l lmann
(with : ba-) .
s . v . ' ar' ayii in his G l os s ary) .
crown , diadem ( l i t . and fig . )

1.
ke ZzaZe
kel luZ crowned
' akZi Z (pl . -at)
Dionys ius , P atriarch of Alexandria from c24 7 - c265 , a
2 42
24 3
' em xWe1qomu 1 a- ' abaw l iqana pappasat ' asartu wa- ' arba ' tu.
La- zentu
' ab qeddus konu ' abawihu ' aramaweyana wa-kaadeyan a ; wa-we ' etu
tamehra temherta bezuxat a , ' esma ' abuhu kona ' em- zamad kebur, wa
2
xa1 1aya 10tu ' em-ne ' su wa-maharo kWe110 ebaba wa-temherta , ' eska
kona mamehhera 1a- ! abiban ' aramaweyan .
' Enza we ' etu yenabber ba- ' aatti ' e 1at , wa-nahu ' aatti b e ' sit
' aragayt Kerestiynawit xalafat qedmehu , wa-mes 1eha ' aatti eraz
' em-maafa Ma1 ' ektu 1a-Paw10s awareya .
Wa-tebe1o :
"Tasaya!
' emenneya. "
Wa-nas ' a 1 a-ye ' et i era z , wa-soba ' anbaba, rakaba

4
westeta qala nakira wa- ' a'mero 3 madmema .
Wa-yebe1 a : " Ba-mi-maan
S
tesayyeta?"
Wa-tebe1o : " B a- ' aadu derhema warq . " Wa-yeb e 1 li :
6
"Huri w -eteti ' emma terakkebi za-tarfa ' em- zentu maaf, wa- ' ame' i
lita."
Wa-orat wa- ' am e' at lotu salasa !erazata kale ' at a , wa-wahaba
7
' arbli ' ta derhema warq . Wa-soba ' anbabomu , rakabo la-maaf eu a ,
dis c ip l e of Origen .
2.
D xaZ Zaya to think , ponder, meditate (about : acc . dir . obj .
or ba' enta) ; to think up , devis e (acc . dir . obj . ) ; to decide (to do :
kama + subj . ) ; to take thought of or notice of, to take care o f , look

after ( someone : obj . suff. or ba' enta , Za-) .
' axaZZaya to cause
CD
( someone : obj . suff . ) to think about or decide to do .

to be thought of, conceived .
Dt taxaZ Zaya
pos a l , advice , opinion .

3.
The text has ' a' maro .
4.
C ' admama
' a' mero madmema astonishing knowl-
edge .
(rare) to astonish , stupify.
tadammama to be astonished, amazed, stupi fied .
Gt tadamma
astonishing; n . mirac l e , marvel .
7.
Wa-yebe1a :
Wa- tebel o :
G ha88a/ a a (yehses) to decrease (in quantity) , be come

'
inferior (in q l ity) , be de c ent ; to be subtracted . CG ' a?a?a to
diminish, make l ess , worse, inferior; to be deficient (in doing : inf.;

in : acc . or ' emenna) ; to subtract , cause a loss of (ac c . dir . obj . ,
with obj . suff . of person so affected) .
inferior, deficient , l acking .
e?u? minor, less , smal l ,
e?a?/e??at
vn .
decreas e , diminution ,
" La ' emma xasaskewwo ' emennehomu, yehubuni -hu k iylihu?"

S
'' ' Ewwa . ''
Wa - hora wa-xasasa ma;;afa Pawlos xaba ' adu
' em-kahenlit, wa-wahabo kiylihu .
Wa- ' anbabo wa- ' ane ' o ba-l ebbu , wa
kona yanabbebli gahhada9 za' enbala maaf, wa- ' amna ba- ' E gz i ' ena
' Iya sus Kerestos (lotu sebat ) .
Wa- ' emze ora xaba Qeddus Demetros
kama ya!meqo emqata Kerestenna.
lO
liqa pappasat , wa-sa ' alo
Wa-maharo kWe l 1 0 za-faqada, wa-
' atmaqo . Wa-kona feuma ba- ' a' mero egga beta Kerestiyan ; wa-rassayo
ll
Demetros mamehhera ba-we 1uda beta Kerestiyan . Wa-soba t asayma
'Aba
12
' Abba Yaroke a
liqa pappasat , rass ayo 1a-zentu ' Abba heyyantehu ba
westa hagara ' E skenderya kama yegbar feta ma' kala mahaymenan , waw
_ 1 3 kama yemaggeb . 1 4 Wa-soba ' a' rafa
' abeho k ello gebra peppesenna
' Abb
Yaroke1a,
tas ana' awu kWe1 10mu ' azlib , wa- semewwo 1 a- zentu ' ab
qeddus ' Abba Diyonlisyos l iqa plippasat l a ' l a hagara 'E skenderya .
ls
' aqaba mar ' eto
ba-sannay t a ' aqebo .
Wa
deficiency, l ack .
S.
' ewwa yes .
9.
C ' aghada to make pub l i c , show openly, make manifest ; to
act or speak openly .
Gt tagehda p assive . , gehud ( f . gehedd) cl ear,
mani fest , open, obvious .

manifestly, publicly .
gahhad adj . idem; gahhada adv . openly,
gehdat vn . opennes s .
10 .
Demepros Demetrius , patriarch o f Al exandria c . l S 9 - c . 2 3 l .
11.
'Abba an honorific title applied to venerated men o f any
station in religious l i fe .
One expects tesayyeteyya since he i s addressing a woman .
Ba-mi-mapan for how much?

6 . ' emma, Za' emma conj . if, whether .
Wa-tebe l o :
" ' Ane - s a rakabku ' el lonta ba-westa maaf; wa- l a ' emma faqadka maafa
Dt
madmem marvelous ,
"uri wa-xesesi ' em- zentu maaf za-tarfa . "
Paw10s awlireya feuma, xeses ' em-xaba sab ' a zati beta Kerestiyan . "
xe ZZinna mind , thought , inte l lect ; pro
duct of thought , idea; process of thought , thinkin g , cogitation ; pro
S.
wa-yebe1a :
12.
JarokeZa Heraclas , P atriarch o f Alexandria c . 2 3 1 - c . 24 7 .
13 .
peppesenna the o ffice of pappas (bishop) :
14.
D maggaba to administrat e , be in charge of ( acc . dir .
obj . ) ; to surround and protect (with : ba-) .
CD
epis copacy, see.
' amaggaba to p l ace
(someone : acc . dir . obj . ) in charge of (acc. dir . obj . or Za < Za , diba,
ba-) .
Dt tamaggaba to be p l aced in charge of.
pos t , duty, mini stry .
meggeb/megb office ,
maggabi (pl . -eyan, maggabt) administrator,
guardian; a general designation for various types of rulers :
prefect,
proconsul , s atrap , governor .

15.
re <ya G ( imperf . yere Hi , yel'e r ri ; subj . yer <ay ; imptv .
2 45
2 44
west a seddat bezuxa mawa ' el a .
Wa- ' emdexra-z e me!o ' em- seddat wa

"Sama ' ku ba' enti ' aka kama ' anta teqeddes ba-xebu' ba
baJ:1titeka . " Wa- ' awse ' a qeddus wa-yebel o : "Nena- s a ' i -naxaddeg
ba-mawa ' e l a simatu, ' e sma

Wa - basha
. . mendabe ' abiy wa- hazan
.
16
_
we' etu t asayma b a-mawa ' e l a mangestu l a-Fileppos ,
wa-kona yafaqqeromu
17
-b e ' o
F i l eppos l a-Kerestiyan, wa-soba tanse ' a l -a ' l -ehu D -ak-ewos
wa- t aa
yebe l o :
wa-mo ' o wa-qatalo la-Fileppos , wa-nagsa heyyantehu .
alotatina wa-qeddasey atina ' i -ba-ma ' alt wa - ' i -ba- l e l it . "
Wa- ' amandabomu
tamay!a qeddus xaba J:1ezb ' e l l a mes H ihu wa-yebelomu :
la-mahaymenan mendabe ' abiya , wa-qatalomu la-sama ' tat bezuxan ' emenna
qaddesu .
l iqana pappasat wa- ' epis qoposat wa-kale ' an ' em-me ' manan . Wa_gWayyu
1
' emennehu bezuxan s ab ' b a ' enta dengage 8 wa-ferhat , wa-bo'u westa
gadamat , wa-motu bezuxan ' emennehomu ba-heyya .
19
l a- z entu ' ab , wa- ' axsarewwo .
seddat .
Wa-tanse ' a la ' l a zentu kah. -ad1' te , yent 2 2 , em- s ab ' a b arbar
- , 2 3 wafarha ' emennehomu, wa-qat'alewwo ; wa-maHawa l a-waldu mangesto . Wa
kona waldu abiba wa-ma'mera fadfada , wa-fatJ:1omu la-kw e l l omu
mahaymenan ' el l a moqeomu ' abuhu, wa-me omu la- ' e l l a westa seddat .
v
20
Wa-had ' a mendabe ' em-weluda temqat ba-mawa ' el ihu l a - z entu negus. Wa
2l
soba mot a, wa-nagsa heyyante u W1 ryos ,
' anse ' a k ' eba mendabe
w
l a ' l a beta Kerestiyan. Wa- ' axazewwo mak anentihu l a- zentu ' ab qeddus,
w
wa-moqeewwo wa-k annanewwo kW ennane ' abiya ' euba fadfada . Wa- ' emze
Wa-sahafa lomu maafa mal ' ekt xaba l iqa pappasat wa-yebe lomu : " ' 1 _
24
tef e u_ ' a
wa- ' i -tedangedu- ' a .
' Arxewu- ' a ' abyata Kerestiyana ,:
25
26
tikemu
wa-yaxtewu
wa- 1 -yeb aeh. 1 -a 'l -e kemu wa- ' 1. -ment -n1" em' ekuy- ' a . Wa-aywa zentu ' ab za-tarfa ' em-mawa ' elihu ba-he d ' a t wa
xasasu ' emennehu kama yesged l a - ta 'ot , wa- ' awse' omu wa-yebelomu :
"Nehna - s a ' i -nesagged l a-ta ' otat rekusan za' enbal a la- ' Egzi ' aber ' Ab
wa- aldu ' 1yasus Kerestos ( lotu sebat) wa-l a-Manfas Qeddus . "
ba- s a l am.
Wa
- b a ' ent a
Wa- ' astar' aya ba-mawa ' e 1 1. hu la- zentu ga -at 27 b ezuxat
haymanot . ' Em-we ' etu ' esma 2 8 s ab ' ' astar' ayu ba-behera 'Arabya;
tame " a l a ' l ehu negus fadfada, wa-qatala ba-qedmehu bezuxana s ab ' a
kama yafreho , wa-qeddus - s a ' i -farha ' emennehu .
Wa-sadado , wa-nabara
setu wa-yebelu ba- ' ekaya megbaromu ' esma nafs temawwet mes l a sega
Wa- ' astagabe ' a 2 9
wa- ' emze tetnassa' mes l ehu ba- ' el ata tensa' e .
ra 'ay) to p asture , tend (herds , flocks) ; to graze (subj ect : flocks ) .

Gt tare rya to graze, be tended .
flock , herd; pasture .
mar ret (pl . -at , mara rey) cattle ,
mar ray idem .
FiZeppos Phi l ip (the Arab) , emp eror of Rome 244- 2 49 .
17 .
Dakewos Decius , emperor of Rome 249-251 , known primarily
for his systematic persecution of the Christian s .

18 .
Q dangaq,a to be astonished, stupified, amazed , di sturbed
in mind, terrified .
ished etc .
CQ ' adangaa m astonish et c .
dengaq.e vn . astonishment etc .
dengu4 v a . aston
madangeq adj . astonishing
etc.
19 .
C ' axsara (text has xasara,
an
error) .
G xasra (yexsarJ
to be in bad strait s , wretched, mis erab l e ; to suffer loss , be reduced

to poverty ; to be dishonored, v i l ified, despised.
CG ' axsara to
cause/infli ct/ affl ict (with) any of the preceding states (with acc .
. 0b J' . 0 f person) .
d 1r
-despised.
22.
mer ray a pasture .
16 .
xesur wretched, impoverished, affl i cted , vil e ,
xasar (Vocab . 22) .
20 .
GerZawos Gal lus , successor of Decius ; ruled 2 5 1 - 253 .
21 .
waZaryos Valerianus , successor of Gal lus ; ruled 253-260 .
La' emma konku reuqa ' emennekemu ba-sega, ' an e - s a ' eh e l lu

w
Wa-tame " a mak annen , wa-me!o westa
mes l ekemu ba-Manfas Qeddus . "
Wa- ' axazewwo arrahu
Wa- ' emze af ' a we' etu kadi , wa-nagsa heyyantehu Gerlawos .
Wa- ' emze
"Huru wa
I
f
te ryent (pl . -at , ta 'ayen) army , hos t ; camp , encampment ;
tent ( s ) ; gathering , congregation, assembly. Technically the verbal

noun of ta 'ayyana , originally to dig wells (' a 'yentJ in locating a
camp ; hence : to set up camp , to camp ; with la ' la : to besiege .
23 .
24.
sab' a barbar barbarian s , plunderers , robbers .

The suffix - ' a i s attached t o indicate quoted materi al .
It may, as here, be j oined to the first few words of a quotation and
to the l ast, or, more rare ly, to every single word of the text .
25.
Note the i l l ogical position o f the suffix -kemu .
26.
G xatawa to burn , be alight .
to burn , emit light .

27.
CG ' axtawa to l i ght (a l amp);
maxtot (p l . maxatew) l amp .
ga?? i s used here almost in the sense o f "heresy , " i . e .
alternate " aspects or forms" o f the faith.

28 .
' Em-we' etu ' esma :
29 .
CGlt ' astagabe' a to gather , assemble (trans . ) ; ' astagabe' a
an idiom : "An examp le of this is that . . ! '
maxbara Za ' la to convene an ecclesiastical council against .
247
2 46
30
wa-mataromu .
l a ' lehomu maxbara, wa- ' awgazomu
3l
wa-Sabalyos .
konu ba-ge ' za ' Argenes
, :: : '
j :
" I
,
,
', 1
Wa-kale ' an ka ' eba
32
l iqa
Wa-soba l ehqa zentu ' ab , ' astar ' aya Pawlos Samisat i ,
33
za-kedo l a-wal d o Wa- ' astagabe ' a
pappasat za-hagara ' An?okiya,
l[' lehu maxbara, wa-' awgazo wa-mataro . ' I -baa mes lehomu zentu ' ab
w
34
wa-fannawa mal ' ekta ' enta me l e ' t ' em-k e l l u
ba' enta res' ennahu
teb ab wa- s aga , wa-kasata westeta haymanota rete ' t a .
aba
Wa-soba baa
res' nna sannay , falasa xaba ' Eg z i ' aber za- ' afqaro ' emdexra
35
wangelawi ' asarta wa-samanta ' amata .
nabara diba manbara Marqos
Salam la-Deyonasyos mamehhera tabiban kWe l l u ,
' em- s ehtat za-meto l a-Pawlos mal ' ekta qalu .
36
rakabo m ndabe wa-s eddat ba-mawa ' elu,
.
37
_ , 38
_
hagar1ta berhan za-l a lu
falasa yom
Dexra
D.
wa-s emu l a - ' abuhu ' Abreham, wa- s ema la- ' emmu Sara, wa-ye ' et i kama
Sara wa- ' Elesabet tawwer ba-te ' zaza ' Egzi ' aber ba-teetenna.
Macarius the E lder (the Great ) , c . 300 - c . 39 1 , a dis Cipl e
of S t . Anthony and one of the most famous of the desert fathers .
be?u r/be1u r fortunate , b l e s s ed ; vowed , dedi cat ed .
(yeb r) to vow .
C ' awgaza to excommunicat e , anathemati z e , curs e .
tawagaza t o alienate oneself from (acc . dir . obj . ) .

31 .
wegzat/gezat
vn .
Glt
weguz excommuni
excommunication .
ba-ge rza 'Argenes wa-SabaZyos :
"in accord with the think
ing of Origen ( 1 8 4-254) and Sab e l l ius (fl o 220) . "
blessed.
3.
5.
och 260- 2 6 8 .
33.
' Anokiya Ant ioch .
34 .
G ras' a (yersa' ) to grow o l d .
res' enna
35 .
CG ' arse' a caus .
res'
res' an old age .

manbara Mrarqos , a des i gnation of the See of Alexandria,
founded traditional ly by St . Mark .

36 .
,
dexra i s most s impl y taken here as a conj unct ion ,
emdexra.
37 .
yom
38 .
Za rZu
adv . today, on this day;
(here) on thi s day of the
year .
adv. above; freq . in the adj . phrase
za-Za rZu upper ,
' em-X wa- Za rZu

esp . ( a s here) i n the s ense " celest i al , heavenly . "
.
above , on high .
rZu
Za
ba)
'
t
' emennehu from X onward ( ln enumera 10ns .
' em-Za r Zu from above, from on high .
beu rawi beat i fi c ,
manakos (pl . -'at) monk , nun .

manakosayt nun .
'Asqees Scet i s , S cete :
w
mank asa to become a monk ,
w
menk esenna monasti cism .
Q
the Lower Egyp t i an center of monas-
ticism, in the Western D elta .
PawZos Samisati Paul o f Samosata, heretical bishop o f Anti
32 .
bed rat a vow .
beran beat i fi cation , b l e s sedness .
live a monastic l ife .

4.
G ba4ra
CG ' abe ra to make or declare blessed; to obtain a
vow; to become happy , b l es s e d .
cated, cursed .
Wa-kona ' abuhu kahena wa-kebura, wa-yetl a " ak west a beta maqdas watra
_ 1 0 wa-qe
- wa- b -arak a
ba- fariha ' Egzi ' aber ba,-ne?J:ienna
dd esenna,
w
' E gz i ' aber l a ' l ehomu wa- ' ab ' alomu ba-k ellu megbaromu . Wa-konu
ll
kWe l l o ' amira l a -naddayan , wa-yemeJ:iJ:ierewwomu
yehubewwomu mewata
2.
30 .
2
' Ama ' esra wa- s abu ' l a-Maggabit ' a 'rafa ' ab qeddus wa-beu' ,
3
4
'Abba
,
maxtota gadam, ' aba kWel l omu manakos at za-gadama ' Asqetes
.
. 5 ,
emMaqares za-ya' abbi . Zentu qeddus kona ' em-sab ' a hagara Sasuwlr
7
6
dawal a Manuf ' em-dabuba 8 Geb . Wa-konu ' abawihu xerana wa-[deqana,
_
1.
mes la qeddusan xebura yahallu.
Macarius the Elder
Sasuwir a town o f Lower Egyp t .
6.
dawa Z (pl . ' aawaZ) region , district , territory .
7.
Manuf Memphis .
8.
dahuh ' the north .
9.
teetenna humi lity, humb l en ess .
Dt tateeta to humb le
one ' s self, be submi s s ive, to act or be inferior , lowly .

b l e , modest , obedient ; l owly, ignob l e .
teut hum
The root is also attested in
the G system as G teta to be humb l e , CG ' atata to make humb l e , to

subj ect .
Note the preposition tata , which is also an adverb "below,
from below , " and the noun matett (form maqteZt) lower or inferior
part , most frequently used in the accusative as a preposition
10.
ne?enna purity, chastity, innocence .
be pure, clean .
tata.
G na? (yen?a) to
CG ' anea to puri fy , cleans e ; to regard as pure .
ne?u pure , cl ean ; innocent , uncorrupted, s incere .

etc .
manei one who purifies .
ne purifi cation,
2 48
l2
w
l a- k e l l omu s ab ' , wa-yetgadalu
watra ba-om wa- alot ; wa- ' i -kona
l omu wal d o
Wa- ' astar ' aya lotu ' Abreham ba-ra ' y ' em-xaba ' Eg z i ' aber,
wa- ' aayyaqo kama ' Egzi ' aber hal lo kama yahabo walda za-yekawwen
zekru west a kWel lu ' anafa medr wa-yewa l l ed weluda manfasaweyana . Wa
wahabo 'Egzi ' aber zanta qeddus a Maqares-ha, za-ba-tergWamehu la-semu
qeddus beu ' .
Wa-kona aga ' E gz i ' aber l a ' lehu ' em-ne ' su wa-yet ' e zzaz la
13
faqadu ' abawihu kama
' ab awihu . Wa-soba lehqa ba- ' akalu,
14
yastawlisebewwo
lotu be' sita, wa-kona ' i-yefaqqed zanta gebra , wa
' agabbarewwo kama yegbar faqadomu, wa-ta' azzaza lomu, wa' as t awaabewwo za' enbal a faqlidu .
Wa-soba bo ' a west a eru,
re ' so kama za-yedawwi , wa-nabara bezuxa ' el atlita kama-ze .
15
rassaya
Wa
' emdexra- ze xasasa ' abuhu wa-yebelo, "Xedegani ' eur xaba gadam kama
' e ' ay nestita ' em-zentu dawe . "
Wa-kona kWe l lo ' amira yes e " elo l a
' E g z i ' aber ba- gize alotu kama yemreo westa gabira semratu.
Wa- ' emdexra-ze ora xaba gadama 'Asqees . Wa-soba kona westa
17
16
za-sedestu kenafihu
' axaza bagadam, re ' ya ra ' ya zakama Kirubel
w
18
re ' s a dabr, wa- ' ar ' ayo k ello gadama ,
' edehu wa- ' a ' rago mal ' elta
meswat act of charity, benefaction . Q maswata to give

alms , practice charity. Qt tama?wata to receive alms .
1 2 . Glt tagadaZa to struggl e , contend (esp . in religious sense
11.
of struggling against temptation) .
gadZ (p l . -at) a struggle , con
test (esp . of saints and martyrs) ; title of works about the l ives of
saints and .ascetics .
mastagadeZ a contender, "so ldier of Christ . "
' akaZ (pl . -at) body, l imbs , statur e ; substanc e , hyposta

s i s , person . Zehqa ba-' akaZu he reached maturity .
14 . CG ' awsaba to marry (subj . man; obj . woman) . CGlt
13.
' astawasaba to give someone (a. d . o . ) in marriage, to marry off .

sabsab marriage .
15.
?er (pl . ' a?ra, ' a?ret) room, chamber, house; bedroom.
16.
kirube Z a cherub, the cherubim.
kirub idem.
kirubawi
cherubic.
17.
18 .
kenf (pl . kenaf, ' aknaf) wing .

maZ <e Zt upper part or surface of anything; usually
maZ <e Zta prep . above.
G Za <a Za to be high, sup erior .
CD ' aZa aZa to raise up , elevate , exalt .

pass . o f CD; t o be higher (than : ' emenna) .
CG ' a Z <aZa
Dt taZa aZa/taZe eZa
Ze <uZ/Ze uZ high, lofty,
249
mesrliqll. wa-me' rlibll. wa-nuxa wa-gedma , 1 9 wa-yebelo : "Nahu wahabaka
' Egzi ' aber zanta gadama resta laka wa-la-weludeka . "
Wa-soba t arnayta
' em-westa gadam, wa-rakabli la-ye ' eti walatt ' enza tedawwi . wa- ' emz
' a ' rafat ' enza hal l awat ba - dengelenna, wa_ ' a ' kWat0 2 0 l a - ' E gz i ' ena
' Iyasus Kerestos (l otu sebQat) be zuxa . Wa- ' emdexra xedat. 2 l mawa ' el
.
w
ka eba ' a ' ra fu ' ab awh u, wa-wahaba k ello newaya za-xadagewwo la22
23
.
naddaylin wa- Ia-meskinlin
wa- Ia-sennusan
Wa- s ab ' a S.
asuwr- s a
.
hagaru soba r e ' yu sedqo
wa-neshennlihu
la - qeddus ' Abba Maqares
,
"
.
semewwo qasisa lli' lehomu,

wa-hanasu
lotu maklina ba - ' af ' a hagar , wa.
"
konu sab ' a hagar yaawweru xabehu wa-yetmettawu
mestirlita
qeddeslit
..
.
' emennehu .
24
Wa-hall awat ' aatti walatt ba-ye ' eti hagar denge l , wa- zamrnawat
mes l a ' aadu wareza, wa-1ansat , wa-yebela we ' etu wareza, " Soba
tas e" elaki ' abuki mannu z a - ' amas ana dengelennliki , baliyo ' esma
25
26
we ' etu qasis batawi
' amasana dengel ennaya . ,,
Wa-soba ' a 'mara
superior, exalted.
19 .
mesraq (p l . -at) the eas t .
sun) .
G saraqa (yesreq) to r i s e ,
CG ' asraqa t0 cause or order to rise ( i . e . the
shine ( o f t h e sun) .
sarq (' asraqJ riSing (of heavenly bodies ) ; the e as t ; the new
moon, the cal ends .
serqat
vn .
ris ing, appearance .
gedm (pl . gedam) width , breadth .

W
W
20 . CG ' a' k ata to praise . Gt ta' ak ta pas s .
W
l auded . ' a' k ati one who renders praise or thanks .
prai s e , glory, thanksgiving .
21 .
xedap n .
22.
meskin a pauper , poor person .
saraqawi eastern .
' ekut praised,
W
, a' k atet vn .
l it t l e , a smal l amount ; adj . (p l . -at) few .
meskinat poverty .
23.
ennus poor, indigen t , wretched . Dt ta?annasa to be impoverished, reduced to poverty. tasna

. s vn . pover t y, wretch e dn ess;
l ack, deficiency.
24 .
D zammawa to commit adultery; to have i l l i cit intercourse
(with : mesZa or a . d . o . ) .
harlotry .
CD ' azammawa caus .
zamma whore , adulterer, fornicator .
zemmut n . adultery,
zammawi i dem .
These
terms are appl i ed to both mal es and females .

25 .
batawi anchor i t e , one who lives in solitude .
tabatawa to take up a l i fe of solitude .
Qt
betew adj . alon e , solitar
betewenna anchoritism.
26.
Note the use of ' esrna to introduce direct quotation , as
250
251
' abuha kama ye ' eti ansat , wa-tas e " ela ' abuha, wa-yebl!l a , "Mannu za
gabra beki zanta xafrata?"
Wa- ' awse ' ato wa-teblH o , " ' Ahatta

'e lata
.
27
orku xaba we' etu batawi qasis za- s emu Maqares . Nas ' ani ba-xayl
wa-sakaba mesHlya, wa-anasku ' emennehu . "
Wa-soba sam 'u ' abawiha
zanta nagara, wa-tame " u fadfada , wa-oru xaba qeddus Maqares ,

mes lehomu bezux sab ' .
Wa- ' awge ' ewwo la-qeddus ' em-ba ' atu, wa-we ' etu
' i -ya ' mara menta za - kona, wa-zaba!ewwo zeb!ata ' abiya wa-maema ,
' eska qarba la-mawit .
Wa-kona qeddus yessl! " alomu ' enza yebelomu ,
"Ment ye' eti xat i ' ateya ' esma ' antemu-ni tezabbetuni za ' enbala
mehrat?
" Wa- ' emze ' asaru westa kesadu habla,
wa-dibehu saqalu
.
.
28
29
3
gal ' ata
za- ' as l amewwomu ba- fehm,
wa-konu yeseebewwo lafe 0 wa'
32
3i
lafe kama ' abd
wa-yekelleu
' enza yebelu, " Z entu za- ' amasana
_
dengeleTlnaha la-walattena . "

Wa-ba-we ' etu gize ' astar ' ayu mala' ekt ba- ' amsala sab ' , wa
we ' etu, ' esma nehna na ' ammero l a- zentu be ' sl
by force .
xay l (pl . -at) s trength, power , might; arm troops ; ba-xay l

G xela to become wel l , strong .
D xayyala to be strong ,
etc . ; to prevail over , be superior to (a . d . o . ) .

strong, etc .
CD ' axayyala to make
Dt taxayyala to be strengthened , strong; to prevai l ,
dominate; to act with force (good or bad sense) against .

strong, etc .
xeyyul adj .
xayyal idem .
gal ' (pI . -at , ' agle ct) a pot .
29 .
fe (p l . J a) carbon , coal .
30 .
late wa- late adv . this way and that, back and forth .
ma 'dota late adv . on the other s ide , opp
G ' abda (yeJ badJ to be mad, rage .
C G ' a' bada caus .
CGt ' astaJ bada to regard as or treat as a fool ; to despise , ridicul e .
false .
32 .
D kalle to cry out , shout .
33.
"They t o l d them what he had done t o that (girl ) . "
ke lla a cry, shout .
34 .
ssat a l i e , falsehood .
D hassawa to l i e , b e deceitful ,
CD ' aassawa to accuse of falsehood .
accused of falsehood, found out a l iar .
Wa-sadadewwo , wa-ora xaba
b a ' atu, wa-kona yegessea l a-nafsu, wa-yebel , " ' O-Maqares , ye ' ze nahu
kona laka be' sit wa-daqiq .
Yedal lewaka kama tetgabbar l e l i t a wa
ma ' alta ba' enta sisayeka wa-sisayomu la-weludeka wa- I a -b e ' s i teka . "
"
w
37
wa-yehubo l a -we ' etu ,be ' s i ' ex
Wa-kona watra yegabber asfaredata
fequr za-kona yetla" ako , wa-yesayyeomu wa-yehuba l a-ye ' et i be' sit
s isaya .
Wa-nabara ' enza yegabber kama-ze ' eska qarba g i ze wal idota
Wa-soba qarba ' e l ata wal idota, wa- ' aaba fadfada , wa-nabarat
westa ' abiy mendabe ' arbe ' a ma ' alta wa- ' arbe ' a leI ita, wa- ' al aqat
la-mawit , wa- ' i-waladat .
Wa-tebela ' emma , "Ment za-kona ' emenneki
' esma nahu ye ' ze temawweti ? "
38
39
Wa-tebela la- ' emma ,' '' ' Ewwa ' ane-sa ' i
40
wareza, wa
tanagarku ba-nagara J;tassat la ' l a gabra ' Egzi ' abJ:1er , qas i s qeddus
' Abba Maqares batawi . "
Wa-soba s am ' u ' abawiha zanta, J;tazanu fadfada,
wa-tagabe 'u kWe l lomu mes l a s ab ' a hagar, wa-tamakaru kama yeJ;turu xaba
1
qeddus wa-yes ' al ewwo kama yexdeg lomu ' abbasahomu4 za-gabru la ' lehu .
ssi'iwi a liar.
Gt tabaya to assume responsibi l ity for (obj . suff . ) ,
stand as a guarantor for (someone : obj . suff . ) to ( a third p arty :
J abd (pl . -an) a fool ; adj . fool ish, stupid, unsk i l l e d ;
mad, insane .
' emenna) .
s ite .
31 .
ye' eti walatt s isaya ' eska ' ama tewal led .
35 .
28.
manga la late wa- late idem .
la ' lehu ' agle ' t a . Wa-yebelewwomu ' emuntu ' ekuyan , " ' I -naxaddego
35
yehur ' eska yehubana za-yethabbayo . "
Wa-ma ' a ' aJ;tadu b e ' si za-kona
36
ye ayyet gebra ' edawihu,
a-taabayO ' emennehomu kama yahaba la
yedal lewani walid, ' esma zammawku ' ana mes la ' egale
indicated by the 1st pers . suffix on denge lennaya.

27.
Wa-qarbu
l a-ye ' eti b e ' sit .
yebelewwomu la- ' e l lu ' ekl,lyan, "Ment za-gabra zentu mastagadel ? " Wa
33
la ' l a ye' eti . Wa-yebelewwomu ' emuntu mala ' ek
nagarewwomu za_gabra
" Z entu nagar J:1assat
' em-ne ' su ' eska zati ' e l a t , wa-we ' etu xer wa-adeq . "
' emuntu mala ' ekt xabehu, wa-fatJ:1ewwo ' em-ma.' saru, wa-gadafu ' em
Dt tassawa to be
essew fal s e , deceitful .
36 .
I . e . hi s handicrafts .
37 .
' asfareda (p l . -t) basket .
38 .
CG ' al aqa to be near , approach; with la-
about t o .
inf. : to be
Glt taZa?aqa to stick together, be connect ed .
' as talaaqa to glue together, j oin , connect .
CGlt
leuq j oined , adhering ;
connected, continuous .
39 .
1 . e . " What have you done so that . . . ?"
come about through you

40 .
L i t . : "What has
. . ?"
' egale idef. pron . / adj . a certain , a certain person , such
and- such (a person) .

41 .
D ' abbasa to sin, commit a crime .
' ebbus wicked , criminal.
2 52
253
Wa-soba sam 'a qeddus ' Abba Maqares kama s ab ' a hagar yefaqqedu yebeu
42
' emennehu, wa-ta zakkara we ' eta ra' ya za-re' ya
xabehu wa-yastasreyu
ba- gadam, qaddasa qW erbana, wa- t amagawu mesirata qeddesat .
Wa- ' astar' aya lotu we' etu kirubel za-sedestu kenafihu, wa
' axazo ba- ' edehu wa-maro ' eska ' abeo gadama 'Asqees , za-ba
43
' albab . " Wa-yebelo qeddus 'Abbl1 Maqares la
t ergWamehu "Madalewa
44
lita makana za- 'axadder
w e ' etu kirubel , "O- ' egzi ' eya, was s en
westetu . "
Wa- ' awse ' a kirubel wa-yebelo , " ' Ane-sa ' i -yewessen l aka
makana , kama ' i -tega' ' em-makan za- ' ewessen laka wa- ' i -tet ' adaw
45
l aka, wa-xaba
t e ' zaza ' Egzi ' aber . Nahu zentu gadam kWellantahu
za- faqadka hur wa-nebar botu . " Wa-xadara qeddus Maqares west a
.
48
47
46
- Romaweyan
'
- Mak S1mos
- 1 a -qe ddusan
gad-am , mak-ana d ab romu
wessae
- wa-Damatewos .
Wa-soba baa xabehu, xadaru ba-qerub ' emennehu; wa
gahhada wa-yeabbe' ewwo ba- l e l i t . Wa- ' emdexra salastu ma 'a.lt ' enza
yetgada1 wa-yeamu wa-yamanaddebewwo sayanat wa- ' i -rakaba5 3 ' erafta,
xal laya wa-yebe ba- l ebbu, ' ' ' Enza hal loku westa 'alam, 54 sarna 'ku
zenahu la-qeddus ' Abba ' En!Onyo s . 5 5 'Etnassa' wa- ' aawwer xabehu
kama yemharani wa-yemrehani fenota menkwesenna, wa-yahabani ' a ' mero
56
wa- l ebbunna
kama ' el a bu mekromu la-saanat rekusan . " Wa-tanse ' a
wa- a l l aya, wa-ora westa gada.m mangala mesraq ' eska baa xaba
' aragawi qeddus ' Abba ' Entonyos .
Wa-yeblHo mal ' ak ' esma, " Zentu
makan yess ammay ba-s emomu la-we ludeka Maksimos wa-Damatewos . " Waw 49
hu
za-b a-terg _ame
w e ' etu ' eska zati ' e l at yessammay D abra Bermo s ,
51 ,
brought to a stop .
' abbasa sin, crime , gui l t .
43 .
say tan (pl . -at) Satan; a devil , demon , adversary .
53.
wa-' i-rakaba .
Gt
The phrase madZtewa ' alXib is an
interpretation of the Coptic form of the name of S cete, si-het.

44 .
D wassana to delimit , mark off, define .
Dt tawas sana pass.
wassan boundary, l imit .

W
4 5 . k e ZZantZt- (with pron . suff . ) all of, the whol e of.
46 .
we8sZtte interior, midd l e .
47.
dabl' also has the meaning "monastery. "
48 .
Maksimos wa-DamZttewos Maximus and Dometius , s emi- l egendary
brother saints associated with St . Macarius .

49 .
Bermos The Monastery of Baramus in the Wadi Natrun, with
which Maximus and Dometius are traditionally associated .

50 .
G tagha to be wakeful , watchful , vigilant , attentive .
Note the use of the negative perfect after
is not negated : " and not having found . "
raZam here and frequently in the sense o f " the world out' Enponyos St . Anthony , the leading l ight of the early
desert community .
56 .
CGt ' astasraya to s eek pardon (from : ' emenna) .
madZtew scales , bal anc e .
eru ( inert , at rest ,
52.
55 .
tasarya pas s .
CG intrans .
side the rel igious community, the s ecular worl d . "
ma' abbes
G saraya (yesray, yesriJ to forgive , excuse , pardon .
' enza as the counterpart of the perfective active parti c ip l e , which
' ablXisi .
42 .
Gt taar <a
er (at cessation, rest ; za' enbaZa er <at without
ceasing , without interruptions .
54 .
' abbasi s inner, criminal .
Note that n o t s leeping
CG ' ae <a (intrans . ) to ceas e , stop , be at rest ; (trans . )
to bring to a stop .
Wa-qeddus- s a ' Abba Maqares gabra lotu ba' ata ba-westetu, wa

_
tegah vigi l ance , etc .
teguh wakeful, etc .
was considered an important ascetic accomplishment .
" D abra Rom . "

nabara , wa-tagadala tagadelo ' abiya ba-om wa-ba- alot wa-s agid wa52
,
51
50
Wa-konu yastare' eyu lotu s ayanat
z a ' enbala ger' at .
t egah
ba- ' abiy fesseha wa-kasata lotu xel l innahu ba-fesseha kama wald mes l a
' emdexra ' eraftomu ' a z zazo mal ' aka ' Egzi ' aber kama yeur wa-yexder
westa makan za-we ' etu dabra zi' ahomu.
Wa-soba re 'yo ' em-rehuq, wa-yebe l o ,

59
58
Wa-tawakfo
w _ ta ' amexo
" Z entu ' EsrZt' e Zawi z a- ' ,a lbo e l ut . , , 5 7
D Zabbawa to comprehend, understand; to be intel l i gent; to
be aware, conscious (of : ' emenna) .
Dt taZabbawa
ebbew intel l igent , comprehending.
to be comprehended, understood.
abbawi idem.
CD ' aabbawa caus .
ebbawe mind, inte l l ect .
ZebbunnZt idem; ski l l , clever-
nes s .
57.
ful .
aZa t o act treacherous ly,
e ew treacherous , guile
?e Zut treachery, gui l e , malice .

58 .
Gt tawakfa
Dt tawakkafa to accept , receive, take unto
one ' s self; also passive of s ame .
wekuf/wekkuf accepted, acceptable,
agreeabl e , pleasant .
59 .
D ' ammexa to greet .
kiss (in greeting) .

respect .
G l t ta' amexa to greet one another, to
' ammexa a greeting, kis s ; a gift offered out of
2 54
255
' abuhu .
Wa- ' aragawi - s a qeddus ' Abba ' Enonyos ta' amexa re ' so la-qeddus
' Abba Maqiires , " ' O-wal deya Maqares , ' anta tessammay beu ' a bakama
tergWame s emeka ba- l esana Yonanaweyan , ' esma ' Egzi ' aber ' Amlii.keya
kasata l i t a gebraka wa-me ' ataka xabeya, wa-ba ' enta - ze konku ' e anne
mes ' ataka . "
Wa-' aragawi-sa qeddus ' Abba ' En!onyos maharo l a-qeddus

w
' A ba Maqares kWello fenota menk esenna qeddest, wa- ' ane ' o ba-nagar
be zux za-yedallu la-gabira edq , wa-kasata lotu ab i ' otomu la

s aytanat .
Wa-yebel o ka ' eba, " ' Emuntu hallawomu kama yeb e ' uka ba
60
wa-ba-megbarat gahhada ' eska l a-mawit ,
xeb ' ba-xe l l innii kantu
kama tekun ' anta feuma soba yeabbe ' uka , wa-ta' aggas ' eska la
6l
mawit . ,,
Wa-s a ' alo qeddus ' Abba Maqares la- 'Abba ' Enonyo s , wa
yebel o , "Xedegani ' enbar ba-xabeka . "
Wa-yebelo qeddus ' Abba
' Enonyos , "Hur xaba makan za-was s ana laka ' Egzi ' aber, wa-ta ' aggas
westetu . "
W - ' emdexra nabara xaba ' aragawi ' Abba ' En!onyos xedii.a
w
mawa ' ela ' enza yetmahhar ' emennehu ser ' ata menk esenna wa-ser ' ata
edq , tanse ' a wa-tamay!a xaba makanu ' enza yetfessa wa-yetassay ba
ser ' atat wa-ba-temhertat mayawit za-tamehra ' emenna ' ab qeddus ' Abba
' Entonyos
.
.
- byon62
Wa-ka' eba ' Abba Maqares beu' t arakaba mes l a ' Abba Sara
w
' epis-qopos , wa-yebe1o, " K e l lo mawa ' e la za-nabarku xaba ' abuya ' Abba
, 63
' Enonyos ' i -re ' ikewwo ' en z a yenawwem gemura . ,
_
Wa-nabara qeddus Maqares westa makanu bezuxa mawa ' e l a ' enza
kantu n . vanity, emptines s ; frequently in construct

kanto adv.
phrase s , as here : xe ZZinna kantu vain thoughts . ba-kantu
60 .
.
in vain; fortu1tous 1 y,
61 .
kama tekun .
1' th out purpose , without reward or result .

W
The syntax here is strange . Understand haZZawaka before
tet raggas wou ld be b e tt er than ta <aggas .
Dt ta<aggasa
to be patient, persevere; to practice restraint , abstinence .
' as ta raggasa caus . of Dt ; to bear pat i ently.

severing.
CDt
ta raggasi patient , per
te <gest temperance , continence , patience, tolerance .
masta ragges temperant, patient , l ong-suffering .

62 .
Sarabyon Serap ion , Bishop of Thmuis in Lower Egypt .
63.
CG ' agmara to perfect , finish, consummate ; to include com
p l etely, to comprehend .
Gt tagamra p ass .
gemura adv . always , alto
gether, completely; common with negative : (not) at al l .

adv . forever , always .
Za-gemura
yetgadal wa-yeammad
64
w
westa fenota menk esenna, wa-kona watra
kirubel yeewweo gahhiida .
Wa-ba-' atti 'elat s am ' a qal a ' em - s amay
za-yebe l o , " ' O -Maqares , ba ' enta za-sama 'ka qaleya wa-te ' zazeya, wa
mas a ' ka xabeya , wa-xadarka wes ta zentu makan, niihu 'an a ' astagiibe '
we ta zentu makan ' azaba za- ' i-yetxWel laqw65 ' em-kw ellu t e zmedd 66 wa
w
w
' em-k e l lu baawert wa- ' em-k e l l u lesanat , wa-yetl a " akuni wa
yebareku semeya ba-megbaratihomu sannayt .

westa fenota edq . "
Tawakafomu wa-mereomu
Wa- soba sam ' a qeddus 'Abba Maqares zanta ,
taxayyala wa- an ' a l ebbu .
. Wa- ' enza yeqawwem ba-gi ze alot b a - l e l i t ,
wa-kasata l o t u ' Egzi ' aber ' e zanihu, wa-sam ' omu la- sayiinat ' en z a
yetmakaru babaynatihomu, wa-yebe lu, " La ' emma xadagnahu l a- z entu b e ' s i
yexder westa ziiti gadiim, yeresseyewwa la- zati ' ahgura s amiiyaweyan ,
67
' esma ' emuntu yetwekkalu
ba-eywat za- l a- ' alam, wa-yes addeduna ' em
zentu ' alam ba-hemama kWennane salotiitihomu . Ne ' u ye ' ze netgiiba'
68
Yogi
nekel nesdedo ; em- zentu makan . "
la ' lehu .
Wa-soba sam 'a qeddus Maqares zanta, an ' a lebbu, wa-taxayyala
la ' la s aytanat , wa-kona yebareko la- ' Eg z i ' aber za-kasata lotu
' ezanihu ' eska sam 'a megbaromu l a- s a anat wa- ' a' mara dekamomu .
Wa
' emdexra- z e t agabe'u la ' lehu saytiinat , wa-ab ' ewwo ab ' a ' abiya, wa,
' andadu ' essata la ' la xoxta ba' atu, wa-konu yenas.... ..
s . e ) u em-we , etu69
' essiit wa-yewaddeyu westa ba' atu , wa-konat ye' eti ' e ssat te affe' ba
alotu l a- 'Abba Maqiires .
64 .
Wa-soba tamaw ' u ' em-zentu, wadayu westa
G qamada to j oin, bind together, yoke .
Gt taqamda pass . ;
to dedicate one ' s self t o , pursue assiduous ly, submit one ' s s e l f to,
minister to .
4emud j oined , connected; zealous , assiduous ; as n .
devote , discip l e , servant .

zealot , devot e .
4emd yoke , pai r .
if.=nad s ectarian ,
ma4mad rop e , thong .

W
65 .
D x aZZaq a to count , numb er , reckon .
66 .
Gt tazamda to be relate d .
Dt tax a z Zaq a pas s .
W
xWe Z Zuq ( ) counted, numbered, reckoned . xW eZqWIxWaZqW (pl . xWe ZaqW)
W
W
number, sum . x e Z Uiq e vn . numberin g , counting .
tezmedd family, trib e , race,
species .
67 .
suff . ) .
Dt tawakkala to trust or have faith (in : ba- , diba , or obj .
wekkuZ trusting , confiding, dependent .
tewke lt
vn .
trus t ,
faith, confidence .
68 .
yogi adv. perhap s , by chance , perchance .
69 .
P artitive us e : "they would take some of that fire . . . "
25 6
70
l ebbu xel linna zemmut wa_tekkaza

l ebb wa emama wa-te 'bita wa-feqra
71
72
haketa
kebra zentu ' al am : ferhata wa-temketa.
wa-erfata, wa73
74
xat i ' a
haymanot , wa_qabia
t as fa ' emenna ' E gz i ' abter , wa-z a
75
yefadaffed
' em-zentu kWel lu, s ab ' ewwo lotu bakama nagaro qeddus
-
' Abba ' Enonyos .

Wa-soba nabara nawixa mawa ' e l a wa- saytnt yeabb e ' ewwo ba
7
zentu megbarat esumat , 6 tanse ' a ka' eba wa-ora xaba qeddus
' Entonyos
. Wa-soba r e ' yo ' Entonyos
' em-reuq , nagaromu la- ' arda ' ihu,
.
.
wa-yebe , "Zentu ' Esra ' eI awi ba- ' aman za- ' albo elut westa l ebbu .
Tere " eyewwo-nu, ' o-weludeya, l a- zentu be' si? Hal l awo kama yekun
77
batra
edq retu ' a wa-nawixa l a-bezuxan ' azab , wa-yekawwenu lotu
fereyata te' umata ' em- ' afuhu l a- ' Egzi ' aber aba ' o t . "
Wa-soba s am' a
qeddus ' Abba Maqares , s agada lotu diba medr, wa- ' anse ' o ' Abba
' Entonyos feuna, wa-t a ' amexo wa-sa' amo , ' e sma we ' etu re 'ya gao
70 .
concerned .
tekkuz s ad , etc .
tekkaz (pl . -at)
sadnes s , grief, care, concern; business , task .

71.
Ot tamakke to boas t .
mekke
temket boasting .
makkah
boastful .
72.
Gt tahakaya to be idle , lazy, negligent , remiss ; to ceas e ,
stop , b e inactive .
CG ' ahkaya caus .
hakkay l azy, idl e .
haket l az i
nes s , idlenes s , negligence .

73.
G xap' a to lack, not have, not find;
(rarely) to s in .
CG
' axte' a to deprive (someone : a . d . o . or obj . suff. . ) of (a . d . o . ) , to

cause to lack; to cause to s in .
be absent, lacking.
74 .
tress .
Gt taxap'a to withdraw, go away; to
xetu' not having, deprived .
G qaba?a (yeqba?, yeqbe?) to be discouraged , be in d i s
qaba?a tas[a ' emenna to lose hop e , t o despair; to abandon ,
give up on .
spairing.
CG ' aqba?a to cause to despair .
qebu? discouraged, de
qeb?at despair .
Q fadfada to increas e , become numerous , abundant ; to sur.

CQ
pas s , b e superor . wa-za- ye+'
Ja
' daf'+'
J ed ' em-zentu and what ' s more .
75 .
' afadfada caus . ; to surpass (someone in : two acc . ) .

76 .
G sama to be bad, fou l , evil .
edly; to make foul , evi l ; to harm, damage .

harmful .
77.
CG ' a8ama to act wick
esum bad, foul , evi l ,
esam (pl . -at) wickedness , evi l ; crime , harm .

batr (pl . ' abter) s t aff, branch .
kama ga a za-yedawwi ba' enta bezux ab ' z

a-yeabb e ' ewwo
Wa- ' emdexra a l l ayu, nabaru xebura , wa- ' awse' a
qeddus
' Entonyos ba-fesseta wa-yeb elo , "Oaxen_nu 7 9 hal loka,
' o-wald eya
Maqare s ? " ' Awse ' a qeddus Maqare s wa-yeb elo , "Nahu
' abdaraka 8 0
' E gz i ' aber wa-kas ata l ak a kWe l l o ' emenneya . "
Wa-sob ehli. maharo wa
' ane 'o wa-yebel o , "ena ' wa- ' i -tefrah, ' esma kama-z
e maftew l ana
kama net 'aggaso la- zentu makkara kWello za-yarna
e ' u l a ' lena
1
sal -a 't ena . 8
Wa- b a ' enta - z e yeda l l ewana kama nekun mamehh
erana la' azab be zuxan ' el l a yafqqeru tebaba manfasawita,
' enta ye ' et i
w
menk esenna . " Wa-yebel o , "O-wal deya Maqare s ,
tazakkar we ' eta qaIa
za-nagaraka ' Eg z i ' enza t aJ:1awwer t eqda 82 maya . "
Wa-soba s am ' a
qeddus ' Abba Maqares z ant a , ' ankara fad fad a ,
wa- ' a ' mara kama
megbaratihu wa-xebu ' atihu takast a lotu la-qedd
us ' Entonyos ba-manfas
s aytanat .
qeddus .
takkaza to be sad, distressed, troub l ed in mind, to be

CO ' atakkaza caus .
2 57
e lluta 78
Wa-nabara xaba ' aragawi ' Abba ' Entonyos be zuxa mawa ' el a ' enza
yetbarak ' emennehu wa-yetmehhar te' zazatihu, wa-xasasa ' emennehu kama
- b eso 83 , as kema qeddusa . Wa- a l l aya Ia' lehu, wa- ' albaso ' albasa
yal
78 .
wa apa t o change, alter, transform .
we ut changed, transformed, different .

trans formation .
Ot tawa ata pass .
we ate change, al teration,
tawat change ; exchange, price .
79 .
A relatively infrequent us e of haawa with an adj ectival
80.
CG ' abdara to prefer, choo s e , sel ect , favor; with foI l .
predicate .
inf. : to do something eagerly, wi l lingly, with undivided attention . .
Gt tabadra pas s .
G badara to hurry , precede, arrive first .
tabadara to compete with (in running) , to race .
G lt
badr contes t ,
running .
81.
G sa' a (ye a' ) to hat e , be hostile toward .
pass . and reflex .
Gt ta?a' a
G l t ta?ae' a to act hostil ely toward one another .
?eu' hated, hateful .
?e'/a' hatred , enmity .
?aZa' i (pl . ?aZa' t)
enemy, hater .
82 .
G qa (yeqda) to draw water.
drawer of water; cup-bearer .

83.
a.d. o . ) .
qadai
maqdet water-jar .
G absa (yeZbas) to dress (intrans . ) ; to don ( a garment :

CG ' albasa to c l othe , dres s (trans . ) , with acc . of person
and acc . of garment .

cl othed.
Gt taqaa pass .
Gt taabsa pass . and refl ex .
ebs (p l . ' abas) garment .
ebsat
vn .
ebus dres s ed ,
dressing , c lothing ,
25 9
258
kiyahu,
84 wa-ba
' enta - z e tasamya r ad ' u la-qeddus ' Enonyos .
Wa- ' emze
yeb'!ilo ' aragwi 'Abba ' Enonyos ba-xebu' kama "Tethakkay kama tema'
' Ana ' emdexra mawa ' e l ' aJ;lawwer xaba ' E g z i ' aber . "
xabeya zeyya.
Wa
soba sam ' a 'Abba Maqares " z anta nagara, tanse ' a wa- sagada lotu, wa
85
s a ' alo kama yenbar ba-xabehu wa-yerass eyo delewa
yensa' barakato
manfasawita.
Wa-yebelo , "Nebar ba-xabeya . "
Wa-nabara ba-xabehu .
Wa-yebelo ' En!onyos , "Wa- ' emdexra xeda! mawa ' el ya ' arrefaka
' Eg z i ' aber ' em - z entu ab ' a xel l inna ' ekuy, wa- ' emdexra- ze ye abbe'uka
manfas rekus ; wa-ba;;at xabehu ba- ' amsala wareza, wa- ' a ' mara kama
ye' eti walatt , wa-fawwasa wa-fannawa xaba ' abuha wa- ' ernrna .
Wa-soba
wahabewwo warqa bezuxa, ' i -nas' a wa- ' i -menta-ni ' emennehomu .
Wa-hal lo ' aadu manakos westa hagara ' Awsim; 90 s eta wa-yebe :
"Albo tensa ' e mutan . "
Wa- ' asJ;!atomu l a-be zuxan sab ' , wa-ba ' enta
' aminotomu botu konu yetwekkafu qalo .
Wa-hora ' epis -qopos za-hagara
' Awsim xaba ' Abba Maqares , wa-nagaro kama ' ashatomu we ' etu l a-ezba
9l
z i ' ahu, wa-sa' alo se' l ata bezuxa
kama yetra e ' o . Wa-tanse ' a ' Abba
Maqares , wa-ora mes l a ' p i s - qopos xaba hagara ' Aws im, wa-re' yo la
saytanat gahhad Sena' wa-t a ' aqab wa- ' i -tahzeno l a-we' etu kirubel
'
86
za- ass ayo ' EgZi ' a er mes leka l a-rad' eteka yahal lU
mesl eka ' eska
we ' etu baJ;!tawi za-westetu manfas rekus .
t afameta mawa ' e l ika , wa-ya ' aqqebaka bakama ' a z zaza ' Egzi ' aber
ba' enta tensa' e mutan, wa- ' awse ' a we' etu batawi wa-yebe l o : " ' Ane-sa
' Arnlakeka . "
' i -ya' ammen kama mewutan yetnass e ' u , la' ernrna ' i -yansa' ka l ita be ' se
Wa-wahabo ' Abba ' Enonyo s batra zi ' ahu, wa-ta' arnexo
Wa-soba tanagara mes l ehu
' arnrnexa qeddesat , wa- ' a ' rafa wa-taqabra segahu b a-makan xebu' z a - ' i
' emenna maqaber . "
ya ' arnrner mannu-hi makano .
' Eg z i ' aber, wa-sobeha tanse ' a we ' etu ' aadu be ' si ' emenna mewutan
Wa-tamaya qeddus ' Abba Maqares xaba gadama ' Asqees , wa-nabara
westa makanu, wa-tasam ' a zenahu westa kWe l lu ' asnafa medr.
Wa-gabra
87
' Eg z i ' abher diba ' edawihu t a ' arnerata 'abayta, wa- ' emennehu ' esma
'
89
, o lya
8 8 annawa 1 a-wa 1 attu xab-ehu za-ye;;!?e
_
" an
dl' b eha
f
negusa" An k '
-
donning.
84 .
maZbas (t) (pl . maZabes) garment , tuni c .

An unusual use of kiyahu, either "those same garments " or
"his own garments . "
The l atter seems more likely in view of the fol
lowing c l ause .
85 .
de Zwat weight , worthines s , propriety.
CG
' adZawa to please , satisfy (someone : a . d . o . or Za-) ; to adulate , fawn

over, flatter .
madZew hypocrite , fawner , an unj ust official or j udge.
Dt tadaZ Zawa to prepare one ' s s e l f , get ready; to l ive in luxury .
tadZa preparation; propriety, appropriateness , worthines s ; luxury,

CDt ' astadaZZawa to prepare , make ready (trans . ) .
' astadaZawa idem.
tamayu.
Wa-sa' alo we ' etu be ' s i z a- ' anse ' o ' em-mewutan l a -qeddus
'Abba Maqares kama ya!meqo !emqata Kerestenna . Wa- ' amaqo wa- ' albaso
w
' albasa menk esenna, wa-nabara xabehu saba ' ta ' amata , wa- ' a' rafa .
93
Wa- ' emdexra- ze t anse ' a qeddus ' Abba Maqares , wa- s a ' a l a
westa
gadam kama ya ' mer l a ' ernrna hal lo westa gadam sab ' ' em-qedmehu . Wa
re' eyo kel ' e 'edawa ' eruqana, 94 farha ' emennehomu , ' e sma masalo kama
95
' emuntu s ayanat , wa- a l laya ba-qedrnehomu ' elbaltaribon
( z a-we ' etu :
87 .
Cf. Note 2 8 in the preceding selection .
88 .
' Anokiya Antioch .
animal or vehi c l e) .
'Awsim Letopo l i s , j ust north of Memphi s .
91 .
Cognate accusative : "he asked him repeatedly (or ear
nest ly) . "

92.
kamahu adv. likewis e , i n the s ame way .
93.
sa' aZa is rather curious here , unles s i n the s en s e "to
make inquiry, to inves t i gate . "
A variant text has bo' a .
The ' em
D a " ana to l o ad (an
?e " un l aden; riding, mounted .
rior to him" (in spiritual perfection) .

94 .
Dt tae ena to mount , ride on (an animal or vehic l e ) ;
a l s o , as here, of a demon possessing a person .
90 .
qedmehu of the following c l ause is to be taken in the sense o f " supe
kama yahaZ Zu and governs only what fol lows .
yaha Z Zu
hors eman .
CGlt
barakat (pl . -at) b lessing .
86.
89 .
(wa-kona be' sihu ' em - kadeyan qadamt ) . Wa- ' amna we ' etu batawi , wa
92 W
k e l lomu ezb ' e l l a ' asatomu
tamaya ' em-setatu, wa-kamahu
deZew ( f . deZut) adj . worthy (to do : subjunctive) , deserv
ing; proper ; weighed.
affluence .
Wa- al l aya qeddus ' Abba Maqares , wa- sa ' al a xaba
masta?e " en
G 'arqa/<araqa to be naked, empty; to be orphaned .
' a 'raqa to strip bare ; to empty out .

' eruq naked, empty .
nuded , emptied .
obl i gatory) naked, empty, alone .
CG
Gt ta'arqa to be stripped , de
'eraq (appositional pron . suff .
' erqan nakednes s ; shame (the sexual
parts) .
95 .
A corruption , through Arab i c , o f Greek ho patllr human , the
261
260
' Abuna za-ba-samayat) .
Wa-kiyahu-ni awwe ' ewwo ba-s emu wa-yebelewwo :
'' ' I -tefrah ' o-Maqares . "
Wa- ' a ' mara kama ' emuntu qeddusan gadamaweyan.
Wa-tas e " el ewwo ba' enta s ab ' a ' alam wa-megbaromu, wa-yebelomu:
'' ' Eg zi ' abJ.ler ba-meJ.lratu yexe 1 l i diba kWel lomu . " Wa- ' emze tas e " e lomu
w
w .
96
98
_
97
l a ' emma kona yaq arreromu q erra keramt
wa-yal ehhebomu
J.larura
99
Wa- ' awse' ewwo wa-yebel ewwo : '" E gz i ' abJ.ler
ba-gize hagay .
dahay
. .
' Abba Maqares t a ' arreg xaba samay, wa-sam 'omu l a- say!anat ' en z a
yekel lehu wa-yebelu ba-dexrehu : "Mo ' kana , ' O -Maqari , mo ' kana . " Wa
1 03
yebe 1 0m qeddus ' Abba Maqares : " 'Adiya ' eska ye ' ze . ,,
Wa-soba bo ' a
qeddus westa gannat , kall eJ.lu ba-qal I e ' 'ul ' enza yebelu : "Mo ' kana ,
rad ' ana ma!ana
ioo zentu ' arbe a amat , wa-nabarna westa gadam .

'
'
yaqWrarana keramt wa- ' i - yalhabana J.lagay . "

Maqares : " ' Efo ' ekawwen kamakemu?"
' 1-
Wa-yebe1omu qeddus ' Abba
Wa-yebel ewwo : "Nebar westa
ba' ateka, wa-beki la ' l a xa!i ' ateka, wa- ' anta tekawwen kamana . "
Wa
tabaraka ' emennehomu, wa-tamay!a xaba makanu .

Wa-soba bazxu manakosat , wa-karayu lomu ' azaqt a , wa-J.lanau l om
_ 1 01
- -t
say!ana
Wa- sob a warada westeta qeddus kama yetxaab , ' anxal ewwa
la ' l hu kama yeqtel ewwo .
' emennh .
Wa-ma ' u manakosat , wa- ' aw1e' ewwo
Wa-soba faqada ' Eg z i ' abJ.ler ' erafto, fannawa lotu kirub e l
h a za-kona yeJ:11!wwe o , wa-yebelo : "Tada l l aw, ' esma neJ.lna nema e '
xabeka wa-nenasse ' aka. " Wa- ' ar ' ayo l a- ' Abb ' En!onyos wa- l a-maxbara
w
qeddusan wak e ll omu xaylta s amayaweyana, ' eska ' ama ma!!awa nafso .
Wa-kona kWel lu mawa ' e l a heywatu tes ' a wa-saba' t a ' amat a . Wa-kona
l 02
s em ' a ba_ zentu
Babnuda rad ' u , kama we ' etu re ' ya nafso l a-qeddus
first words of the Lord ' s Prayer, as the fol lowing parenthesi s ex
' O-Maqari . "
' adxanani ' em- ' edekemu . "

Wa-kona qeddus ' ama J.leyaw ,
segahu .
keramt winter; rainy s eason; year.
Wa-marJ.lomu we' et , wa- ' ar ' ayomu segahu l a-qeddus 'Abba
newAy. "
Maqares , wa-nas' ewwo wa-was adewwo xaba hagaromu , wa-nabara ba-heyya

me ' ta wa-sessa 'amata ' eska mawa ' e l a mangesta 'Arab . Wa-rad' u-sa
1 05
YoJ.lannes kona zelgusa
ba' enta ' afqerotu newaya . Wa- ' emdexra z e
J:1oru weludu manakosat xaba hagaru Susawir, wa-faqadu kama yense ' u
w
segahu , wa-tanse ' u l a ' l ehomu s ab ' a hagar mesla mak annen , wa
kal ' ewwomu . Wa-ba-ye ' et i l el i t ' astar ' ayo qeddus ' Abba Maqares l a
w
mak annen wa-yebe1o : "Xedegani ' eJ.lur mes l a weludeya . " Wa-ba - ebaJ:1
w
awwe ' omu mak annen l a-manako s at , wa- ' azzazomu kama ye?uru segahu.
- _ 106
- b a-zemmare
Wa-?orewwo sob-eh-a , wa- ' anb arewwo westa b eta Kerestyan
.
wa-ba-mahlet bezux ' ama ' asur wa-tasu ' la-NaJ:1ase , wa-kona ' emennehu
ta' amerat wa-mankerat ' abayt .
Salam la-Maqares za- ' abiy kebru,
ba-batru .
' esma ' aqaba mar ' eto l a - ' Entonyos
.
107
' aJ.ladu ' aJ.ladu ' enbala yax?eru
' Emenna
karami of or per
taining to the previous year .

97 .
(trans . ) .
98 .
afire .
CG
ardor .
Zahaba to flame, burn .
CG
' aZhaba t o burn, ignite
zahb flame , heat .

G arraarara (year, yeer) to burn (intrans . ) , b e
' arara to burn (trans . ) .
heat , fervor , pass ion ,
103 .
"I
temptations) .
1 04 .
am
sti l l here . " (L e . in spite of your torments and
ye' zg (-ni) adv . now.
wa-kona
. .
gay summer .
100.
matana prep . during , for the extent o f .
101 .
stroyed .
1 02 .
CG
nexZa (yenxaZ) to col l apse, fal l into ruin, be de

' anxaZa to knock down , destroy , devastate , topp l e .
ba-zentu apparently refers to the fo l lowing account .
Trans l ate : "His discip l e Babnuda was a witness to the fo l l owin g ,

namely that . . . "
' ama eyaw and whi le he was s t i l l a l ive .
Cf.
wa-kona soba.
105.
zaZgasa to be affl icted with a dreadful disease ( lep
rosy, e l ephantiasis) .
99 .
' az zazomu la-weludu kama yexbe ' u
Wa-ma? ' u sab ' ' em-hagaru Susawir, wa-wahabu newaya l a - rad' u
karma/karama to
spend the winter; to belong to the previous year .
1 04
YoJ:1annes za-kona yegesseo kWe l l o gize yebelo : "Ta ' aqab ' em- ' afqero
p l ains .
96 .
Wa-yebe1 omu qeddus ' Abba Maqares : "Yetbarak s emu za
ze Zgus l eprous (or sim. ) .
ze Zgase l eprosy,
elephantiasis .
106.
zammara ( 1 ) to make mus i c ; to play instruments , s ing;
(2) t o state or procl aim authoritat ively, to bear witness to .

J
azmara
D (2) .
zemrrrur allthority, witness .
mazamme r psalmist, church singer.

ter; chorus of singers .
107.
CG
zemmare p s alm, hymn .
mazmur (pl . -at) p s alm, the psal
mezmar authority , witnes s .
The third and fourth lines are diffi cult .
I wou l d
26 2
263
soba ' erruya daqiqu wa-megbarata edq gabru ,
' e l la mes l ehu, wa-tarafu ' e l lu kel ' etu daqiq ne ' usan . Wa-ewawewwomu
sab ' a hagar, wa-maharewwomu gebra taqat e l o , 8 wa-was adewwomu ' ammexa
9
la-negusa 'Aksum za-semu ' E l l a- ' alada, wa-semo negus la- ' Adseyos
lO
wa- l a-F eremna!os ' aqabe egg wa-aafe ' Aksum .
magg abe beta qa!in
madalewa ' albab tasamyat ' eska yom dabru .

E.
Salama
Ba- zati ' el at ( ' ama ' esra wa- s adus la-amle) ' a ' rafa ' Abba
S alama, kasat berhan , pappas za - ' I tyopya , wa-kama-ze we ' etu zenahu.
2
3
liqa ab abt ,
Mas ' a ' ahadu
be ' si ' em-behera
Ser, za-semu Merobopyos ,
.
.
'
' en z a yefaqqed yer' aya l a-beera ' I tyopya, wa-mes lehu kel ' etu daqiq
s
4
wa-ka l e ' u ' Adseyos , wa-bo
' em- ' azmadihu , s emu la- ' ahadu
Feremnatos
.
.
' el l a yesammeyewwo Sidrakos . Wa-baa ba-amar ayqa beera ' Ag ' azi,
6
wa-re ' ya kWe l l o sannayata za-fetwata l ebbu . Wa- ' enza yefaqqed
e
7
yetmaya! be ero , . tanse ' u l a ' lehu arr, wa-qatal ewwo mes l a k e l l omu
suggest " Because his chi l dren and righteous deeds amounted to the
same thing (for him) , without one detracting from the other, his
monastery was named ' The Balance of Hearts (i . e . desires , aspira
tions) , (and is cal l ed thus) up to this very day . "
For the sens e ,
see note 43 above and the frequent mention o f "his spiritual chi l
dren" i n accounts o f Macarius ' l i fe .
The main l anguage problem i s
the idiom gabra 'erruya , for which I can find n o exact p aral l e l ,
al though the suggested trans l at ion is quite in keeping with other
intransitive uses of gabra .
G xaara (yex?er) t o be short .
' ax?ara to shorten , curtai l .
xeur short , shortened .
CG
'Abba SaZama , i . e . F rumentius , the traditional founder of
Ethiopic Christianity in the fourth century .

2.
Ser ' Greece, the Greeks .
ba-?er' in Greek .
yer' ay waladeyanihu.
Merobopyos Meropius .
4.
Feremnaos Frumentius .
S.
'Adseyos Aedesius .
6.
G fatawa to desire strongly (often , but not nece s s ar i l y , in
kWe l lo za-baa la ' lehu wa-ba' enta haymanotomu l a-beera ' Ag ' azi , wa
zakama ' amnu ba-Kerestos (lotu sebat ) , ' enza ' albomu pappasat wa
qasawest .
Wa- ' emze semo ' Abba 'Atnatyos l a-Feremna!os kama yekun pappasa
la-behera 'Ag ' azi za- ' Ityopya , wa-fannawo mesla ' abiy kebr . Wals
wa- 'A b eh. a , s ab aka
.
baio beera 'Ag ' azi ' ama mangestomu la- Abreh-a
CG ' aftawa caus . ; to p l ease ,
fetew desired, desirab l e , pl easing, p l easant .
I . e . arts of warfare .
9.
'Aksum Aksum (Axum) , center of the Axumite Kingdom, known
from the first century onward in C lassical , inscriptional , and Arabic

sources .
10.
qain servants , domestis (CO l l ective) .
11.
qana (yeqen) to nur s e , nourish , foster, cultivat e ; to

Gt taana pass . e (pl . qan) bosom,
eat
fetwat
vn .
fetwatOPJi l ibid
12.
maturation.
adversary .
4arrawi adj . enemy ,
Glt taara to act hosti l e
vn .
nouri shing , nursing .
n (pl . -at) infant ,
ma4an (pl . -at , maqen) womb .
taqm measur e , degre e , extent ; moderation ; end, comp l etion ,
'aqma werzawe maturity, manhood .

'aqqama to define , set l imits to . 'eqqum limited, defined, deter
mined .
inous , given to excessive desire s .

C G ' a4rara t o be hos t i l e .
8.
embrace .
desire , lust , craving ; the thing desired, pleasure .
ho stil e .
toward, be an enemy o f .
very young chi l d .
bad sens e : to lust for, be greedy for) .
r (p l . ' agrar) enemy,
Wa-Feremna!os-ni basha ' Eskenderya xaba l iqa

14
wa-rakabo b a-addis simatu, wa- zenawo
pappasat 'Abba ' Atnatyo s ,
take care of (one ' s young) .
3.
7.
Wa-hanasu l o tu
me e l l aya, wa- ' astagab e ' u xabehu daqiqa ' enza yemehherewwomu mazmura
12
wa-ma leta. Wa-soba ' abea zeku ean 'aqma
werzawe , s a ' a l ewwo
13
kama yefannewomu hagaromu. Wa- 'Adseyos ora Tiros
beera kama
?er ' awi adj .
Greek .-
s at i s fy .
Kerestos (lotu sebat) ba-ba-nestit nestita .
xasir ( f .
xa?Zir) i dem.
1.
Wa- ' emdexra xedat mawa ' el ' a 'rafa negus , wa-xadaga ' egWa l a
ne ' usa mes l a ' emmu, wa-nagsu ' E l la- ' AzgWagWa . Wa-nabaru ' Adseyos wa
ll
Feremna!os ' enza yaaenewwo
la-ean wa-yemehherewwo haymanota
ba- 'aqm moderately .
'eqqame determination , definition .

13.
firos Tyre .
14 .
'Atnatyos Athanasius the Great , Bishop of Al exandria 32 8-
15.
'Abreha and ' A?be .
373.
Apparently an anachronistic
2 64
26 5
ba-salama Kerestos ( lotu sebat) westa kWellu ' adyamiha,

ze tasamya 'Abba Salama .
j'
16
wa-ba' enta
Wa- ' emdexra ' a 'manomu l a - s ab ' a ' Ityopya ,
' a ' rafa ba-salam.
' enza ' a' abbeyo wa- ' al e " elo
I'
i
i, 1
' enza ya ' arreg mal ' elta ' om, wa-bai?o xaba manfaqa 8 yewaddeq
westa medr; bezuxa gize yegabber kamahu, wa- ' em- 'eub ' arga mal ' elta
za- faqadka . "
Wa-tawakfo mamehheru manfasawi . Wa- soba s a ' al a xaba

.
' Egz i ' abher ba-bekay, tarexwa l ebbunnahu, wa-tamehra ba- ' ahatti ' elat
9
maaeft beluya wa-addis a .
17
la-Salama, xoxt za-mehrat wa-tasahe lo .
,
18
'Asraqa za- Ityopya l a -berhana Kerestos ad-a l 0 ,
19
' enza l a ' lehu elmat wa_qobar
hal lo o
'om. Wa-soba re ' ya Yared tegaho la- ' ee , nassea ba-nafsu, wa

tamayta xaba mamehheru wa-yebe : "Seray l i ta, ' 0- ' Abba , wa-rass eyani
"Salam" ba-qala s ebhat ' ebelo
' ee
Wa- ' emze tasayma diyaqona . Wa-ba-we ' etu mawa ' e l ' albo
_11
- 1 aqta 1 0 qene
- . 13
- _ 1 2 za , enbaI a b a- 1 ah osas
max
b a- 1 e " u 1 zema
Wa-sob a
,
'
14
faqada ' Egzi aber kama yaqem lotu tazkara,
wa-fannawa lotu salasta
15
' a ' wafa ' em- gannata ' Edam,
wa-tanagarewwo ba- lesana s ab ' , wa16
masatewwo
mes 1ehomu westa ' Iyarusalem samayawit , wa-ba-heyya
'I :
,
,
'
Ba- zati ' elat ( ' ama sur wa- ' ehud la-Genbot) ' a ' rafa Yared
'
2
3
Wa-zentu Yared ' em- ' azmadihu
' ams [lihomu l a-Surael .
maletay,
we ' etu l a- ' Abba Gedewon ' em-kahenata ' Aksum , ' enta ye ' eti qadamit
' em- ' el l a taana ' abyata Kerestiyanat ba-hagara ' Ityopya, wa-tasabka
bati haymanota Kerestos , wa- t aqaddasat ba-sema ' Egze' tena Miaryam .
Wa- zentu ' Abba Gedewon soba wa!ana yemharo mazmura Dawit l a-beu '
Yared, s e ' na ' aqiboto ' eska bezux mawa ' el . 4 Wa- ' emze soba z abato wa'
5
w
6
'
wa-re ' ya
' amamo , wa-g ayya westa gad-am wa- ' as 1 a 1 a t""t
! a om .
reference to ' E l l a ' Abeta and ' Abreha of the 6 th century .
The l atter
i s famous for his expedition against Mecca in S 7 0 .

16 .
BahZ
mastasahe Z merciful , lenient ; seeking mercy or for
giveness .
18.
?eduZ shining , sp lendi d .
CG ' adaZa to shin e , emit
sadaZ sp lendor, l ight , gl eam.
qobar (pl . -at) b l acknes s , darknes s .
1.
fared Yared, the patron saint o f Ethiopic church mus i c .
2.
maZetay musi cian, singer .
3.
sura[e Z s eraph, seraphim .
4.
' eska bezux maw2i <eZ for very long .
S.
G nafaqa to divide, s eparate .
8.
tical .
Lt tanafaqa to divide (intrans . ) , break up into factions .
tanafqa idem.
nefuq divided, sp lit .
nefq hal f, one of two parts .
dissension, skepticism.
9.
10 .
Gt
nafq
nujaqe division,
manfaq half, one of two parts ; fact ion ,
I . e . the O l d and New Testaments .

G xaZqa (yexZaq, yexZeq) to come to an end, be finished,
consummation, comp l et ion , death .
CG ' ax Zaqa caus .
xeZqat end,
maxZaqt end , compl etion ; consumma
tion, climax , death; performance , execution (as here) .

11.
qene church singing, church mus i c .
12 .
zema melody, tun e , song.
13.
Dt ta?aZZaZa t o b e shaded,
0 ?aZZa Za to shade , cover.

?aZaZo l ampbl ack, soot . ?eZZaZot/veZaZo t shade , shadow ( s ) ,
darkness . me?ZaZ/me?e Z Z2iZ a shady p lace , arbor, pavi l ion . masaZZat
dark .
taberna c l e , tent .
nufuq hesitant , doubtful .
Ze < 'uZ zema a type of s inging,
perhaps falsetto or possibly referring to an ob ligatto upper melody.
CG ' as ZaZa t o furnish shade; to seek the shade; to sit ,
l ive , dwe l l .
L nafaqa to divide (usual ly
in half, into two parts or factions) ; to be hes itant , doubtful , skep
consummated; to perish, disappear .

G ?adaZa to shine, be spl endi d .
l ight , gleam.
19.
to putrify, get wormy .
sect , splinter-group ; the hal f-way point (as here) .
Glt tasahaZa to show mercy (to : a . d . o . ) ; to forgive .
mercy, kindness .
7.
compartment, box .
' adYam (p l . only) area, region , environs , neighborhood ,
adj acent district .

17.
<om (pI : ' a <wam, -at) tree , trees , dense grove, woods .
<erj:e (pl . -yat , <eqayat) worm, caterp i l l e r . G <aqaya/ <acJya
6.
Ba <aZa MaaZ Zat F east of Tabernacl es .
Zaosas whi spering; the reference here is to a style of
singing.
14 .
' aqama tazkara to establish a commemoration (for)
to
guarantee someone a p ermanent p l ace among the saints of the church

for whom there are fixed commemoration days .
IS.
' Edom Eden .
16 .
G masata (yemset) to snatch , snatch away, seize and carry
266
26 7
tamehra maletomu l a - ' esra wa- ' arba 'tu kahenata s amay . Wa-soba
17
tamaya xaba hel lawehu ,
bo ' a westa beta Kerestiyan qeddest za
18
G abaza ' Aksum
ba-gi ze salastu s a ' at , wa-ka l l ea ba- l e " ul qal ' enza
yebel : "Hale luya l a- ' Ab , hale l uya l a-Wald, haleluya wa- l a -Manfas
20
19
_
v
s amaya
sarara,
a- b a- d-agem " ar ayo l aQe ddus . Q ad-aml' h-a 1 a- S eyon
2l
Wa-samaya l a - zati maleta
Muse zakama yegabber ebra la-dabtara . ,,
22
23
' aryam.
Wa-soba sam 'u dema
qalu, rosu negus-ni wa-negest-ni
v , wa-wa ' alu2 4 ' enza
mes la pappas wa-kahenat wa- ' abayta negus
25
yes amme' ewwo . Wa-sar ' a mahleta
l a - l a _ zamanu
' em- ' amat ' eska 'amat
.
26
27
za-agay wa- za-keramt , za-maaw
wa- za- aday,
l a-ba ' alat wa- l a2
sanabet, 8 za-mala ' ekt wa- za-nabiyat , za-sama'tat wa-za-!?adeqan , ba
29
salastu zema za-we ' etu ge ' z
wa- ' e z l wa- ' araray , wa- ' i -ya' addu
30
3
neqawa l 'of wa
' em-sa1astu zemahu ' emma-hi nebaba sab ' ' aw
32
' ensesa .
Wa-ba- ' aatti ' e lat ' enza yezemmer Yared, qawimo tata 33 negus
,
Gabra-Masqal , wa-negus-ni ' enza yaamme 34 qalo , takla batra xain
35
westa mekya
-da
' egarihu, ' enza yeweez ' emennehu darn b ezux wa- ' i -
ta 'awqo la-Yared ' eska fa!? ama maleta . Wa-soba re ' ya negus , dangada
36
7
batro ' em- ' egru, wa-yeb-e l 0 : "s a ' a l anl' za-te f aqqe d ' as ba 3
39
38
Wa-yebelo Yared : "Maa1
I i t a kama ' i
zentu dameka za- take ' wa . ,,
wa_malxa
te' bayani . "

w
' emank es . "
wa-kama yekle' o-hi farha maal a .

29 .
off by force .
flex . of G.
viol ent .
CG ' amsafa to f l e e , e s cap e .
mesup sei zed, snatched.
Gt tamaspa p as s . and re
masati (pl . masapp) rap acious ,
mamsap handl e , l ever .
17.
hel lawe
vn .
being, e s s ence , nature , substance .
30 .
"Nothing surpas s es his three modes of singin g , whether it
be the speech of man or ( awJ the cry of birds and anima l s . "
31 .
neqaw animal s ounds .
32 .
eyon Zion .
L sQrara to found, estab l ish .
Muse Mos e s .
surur founded, estab l i shed .
Lt tasQrara pass .
surare founding, foundation .
serur/
bestial .
33.
sarari
founder . masarrat (pl . -at) foundation, firmament , bottom . CQ

, amasrata to found. Qt tamasrata pass . of CQ . "He founded the heav
naqqawa to emit its
dabtara (pl . dabater) tent , tabernacl e .
22.
' aryam (pl . only) highest heaven , the heavenly height s .
' aryam is a technical musi cal term.
G dam4a (yedme4, yedmaqJ to sound.
' ensesa animal s , beasts , cattle .
CG ' adma4a caus .
tata here adv . below.
34 .
CG ' adme' a to listen to, to hear .
35 .
G keda (yekidJ to tread, trample (on : a . d . o . ) ; to thresh
of G .
36.
Wa 'aU
37 .
war d .
attendant , servant .
See 5l . 5 .
CG ' akeda to make tread; to thres h .
G malxa (yemlaxJ to tear out , uproo t , draw out .
Gt
melux uprooted, torn out .
G c asaba to hire (for wages) .
' asb wages , hire , pay re
cassab hire l ing, mercenary.

38 .
G ka 'awa (yek'aw) to pour out , spew out (trans . ) .
25.
"each at its proper time . "
26.
ma?aw/ma4aw spring ( season) .
take 'wa idem intrans .
27.
?aday autumn .
sanbat (pl . -at, sanabet) sabbath; Sunday (sanbata
swear, adjure .
CQ ' asanbata to observe the s abbath or Sunday.
Gt takayda pass .
mekyad sole of the foot , footprint ; bas e ; threshing floor .
tama lxa pas s .
G wa 'ala/we ' Za (ya Cal) to pass the day, remain .
Yared is standing o n a p latform,
makayyad/makyad idem; a l s o footstoo l .
dem4
sound, nois e .
' ensesawi adj . animal ,
Qt ta'ansasa to become l ike a brute animal .
(by treading) .
21.
28 .
with the king below him.
ens as the first Zion ( I i t . the beginning of Zion) . "
Kerestiyan) ; week .
G naqawa
appropriate sound ( subj . may be bird or animal ) .
19 .
24 .
Ge ' z is the ordinary mode; 'ezl is reserved for fas t - days ,
(zemaJ .
>
Gabaza ' Aksum Guardian of Aksum, epithet of the Mother
20.
23.
ge 'z , ' ez l , and ' araray are the three modes of s inging
funeral s , and the Lenten s eason; ' araray is used for feast-days and
tamaypa
Church at Aksum .
maZeta
Wa-bawi ' o Yared westa beta
other happy occasions .
xaba he l Zawehu he returned to h i s normal stat e .

18.
Wa-soba ma.al a lotu, yebelo Yared : "Fannawani kama

w
Wa- s ami ' o negus, takkaza eqqa mes l a kWel lu mak anentihu,
39 .
G maZa (yemlJ to swear (an oath) .
Gt
CG ' am la to be
Glt tamaala to take a mutua l oath, to conspire .
maZa oath, treaty.
268
26 9
40
eyon, wa-soba yebe "qeddest wa

41
' eska tafametu ,
bede
" ' t s ebbeht
. wa-burekt , kebert wa- I e " elt,,
42
t a l a " ala ' em-medr marana ' emmat .
43
Wa- ' em-heyya hora xaba gadama Samen ,
wa-nabara ba-heyya ba
44
om wa-ba- alot , wa ' a amawa
segahu fadfada , wafa ama gadlo ba
Kerestiyan, qoma qedma tabota
heyya .
I,.:
i
:;
Wa-wahabo ' E g z i ' aber kidana la- za-yeewwe ' semo wa-yegabber
45
tazkaro .
Wa- ' emze ' a ' rafa ba-salam, wa-maqaberihu- sa ' i - ta ' awqa
' eska yom.
tabot (pl . -at) ark (of Noah, of the Covenant) .
41 .
A phrase from the l i turgy .
'emmat (pl . -at) cub i t ; forearm .
43 .
Bamen a mountainous region of Ethiop i a .
scunn is other-
C L ' amawa t o infl ict

Cf.
kidan is us ed here in the special s ense of a promis e given
or invoke his name wi l l incur special favor thereby .

"Peace be to Yared, observer of the glory of the ange l s ,
from whose heart the spirit caused swift thought t o ascend (i . e . made
him forgetful) ; he returned from where he had fled ( l i t . was fugitiv
to the study of s cripture with much l abor , without letting up , after
watching a caterp i l l er c limbing up the trunk of a tree . "
The s ep ara
tion of hawwase from sebhata maZa' ekt is an extreme examp l e of poetic

'
'
l i cense . The exact mean ng of manfas is not c lear ; i t probably is
nothing more than " (his) nature , disposition . "

48 .
flight .
49 .
so.
' enta poetic for za- (relative) .

G nafafa (yenfe?) to flee, escap e .
-
fugl. t l.ve
.
najaf1.
hu?a?e
e?a?
W
g end (pl .
-at,
TakZa Haymanot , the famous Ethiopic saint assoc i ated with
the end of the Zagwe Dynasty and the beginning of the Solomonic
by God to a particular saint that those who hereafter commemorate him
47.
yahazzenu wa-yetekkezu wa-yee l l eyu xaba ' Eg z i ' aber kama yahabomu
1.
the noun ?ama .
46.
Dynasty c . 1 2 70 .
harsh l abor on; to mortify (the flesh , as an ascetic practice) .

45 .
Wa- l a- zentu qeddus kona s ema ' abuhu
devic e , a stock .
wis e " south . "

L ?amawa (ye?) t o l abor, toi l .
' alam ' abuna Tak l a Haymanot .
$aga Za- ' ab , wa-sema ' emmu ' Egzi ' Xaraya. 2 Wa-kona Saga Za- ' ab ' em
zamada kahenat ' el l a ' abrehewwa 3 la- ' I tyopya ba-haym notomu. Wa
be ' s itu-ni ' Eg z i ' X araya konat makana, 4 wa-nabaru ba- zentu ' enza
He was the founder of Dabra Libanos , the most
important monastery in Ethiopia .
42 .
44 .
' Ama zati ' e l at ( ' esra wa-rabu ' l a -Naase) ' a' rafa mamehhera
40 .
1
- Tak l a Haymanot
we uda . Wa- ' enza hal l awu ba-zentu nagar, ' ans e ' o S ay!an l a -Motalame 5
6
5
- , es k a b-ah ra :or
seyuma Damo t , wa-malak a 7 kWe 1 1 0 ' adyama
Sewa
L emma
.
.
w
Wa-nabaru kWe l lomu mak enta hagar ' en z a yehubewwo lotu be ' sitomu
46
Salam l a_Yared
s ebata mala' ekt l a-awwa e ,
47
' a ' raga ' em- l ebbu xel l inna manfas rawae .
' enta
48
La-temherta maaf gab ' a ' em-xaba kona naf-ae
_
49
- e,
- za- ' a lb 0 husas
ba-bezux s -ama
w
50
mal ' e lta
enda
' om n i o ' enza ya ' arreg ' ee .
G.
CG ' anfafa to put to

remnant , what survives (a disaster
J al!it
na
W
' ag nCid) trunk of a tree; a restraining
2.
pass .
G xaraya/xarya (yexay) to choose, select .
Gt taxarya
xeuy chosen , s el ected; pl easing , acceptabl e ; an arbiter,
mediator; xeruyan the El ect (i . e . those who wi l l be s aved at the last

day) .
xeryat choice , s e l ection .

3.
G barha (yeb2ih) to shin e , b e bright, be l i ght ( c f . berhan).
CG ' abeha to i l luminat e , cause to shine ; to emit l i ght .
beruh
bright , shining; cheerful , happy .

4.
G makana (yemken) to be ster i l e , childless .
' amkana to orphan .

less .
D makkana
CG
mak2in ( f . of unattested *makin) steri l e , child
meknat childles sness .

5.
province .
Motatame a personal name .

Sewa Shoa province .
Damot a province , NW of Shoa
baa Zemma a tributary of the Blue
Ni l e .
6.
seyum as a noun : appointee, official , governor, prefect .
7.
G mataka (yemtek) to take poss ession of, o c cupy , rul e .
tcunatka pass .
ruler, heir .
metuk occupied, possessed, subj ect .

metkennCi dominion, power, authority .
Gt
mat2iki owner ,
A s econd s et of
forms from the same root, but deriving their meanings from ' Anlt2ik God
should be noted : C ' amtaka to worship God, to worship - as a god (a . d . c.
or Za- ) .
Gt tcunatka to be made lord or divine . me tuk pious .

amt2ikawi
divine. matakot lordship , deity , divinity . malakotawi
'
divine . mamZaki one who worships God or gods .
I PIJIliI
271
2 70
9
8
b a-ba- ' ebretomu; wa- ' em-ze z a-mahraka-hi soba yerakkeb ' anesta
lO
laheyta,
yeress eyon ' equbatihu .
Wa-ba-we ' etu mawa ' el baa hagara elales , wa-qatala kWe l lo
Kerestiyana .
Wa-9 aga Za- ' ab - s a gW ayya ' em-ferhata qat l , wa- I a
be ' s itu-sa ' E g z i ' Xaraya ewawewwa arrahu, wa- ' abeewwa xabehu .
w ll
Wa-soba re ' ya, ' ankara senna , wa-tafasseo l ebbu, wa wahaba sarg a
bezuxa, wa- ' astadalawa ser 'at a kabkab ,
12
wa-seyumanihu kama yetgabe ' u la-kabkab .
w
wa- fannawa xaba mak anentihu
Wa-soba s am 'at zanta ' Egzi '

13
Xaraya, gabrat alota xaba ' Eg zi " aber kama yadxena ' em-tedmerta
' arami .
Wa-sobeha ma ' a Mika ' el l iqa mala' ekt, wa-ora ba-kenfu
berhanawi ' em-medra Damot ba-gize salas s a 'at , wa- ' absea medr Zorare
ba-gize tes 'u s a 'at , wa- ' abe ' a westa beta Kerestiyan . Wa-soba wad ' a
14
meta aga Za- ' ab ' em-beta maqdas mes l a ma '!ant ,
na ara qawima
.
1
5
' en z a sergut -a ye ' etl
- .
'An k ara b a - l ebbu wa-yebe : "Ment-nu zati
be' sit wa-mannu ' ame ' a zeyya?"
Wa- ' emdexra fe ame alot , sob a
atata, ' a 'mara kama ye ' eti be ' s itu.
Wa-ye ' et i -ni nagarato kW e l l o
za- gabra lati ' Egzi ' aber ' em-!entu ' eska tafametu.
ba-ba-' ebretomu
each in his own turn .

9.
spoi l s .
Q mahraka t o take captive , t ake as booty.
mehreka booty ,
wa-' em-ze za-mahraka-hi and even from those whom he took
captive .
10.
laey (f. laeyt) beaut i ful .
11.
CQ ' asargawa to adorn , deck out , beauti fy .
pass . and refl ex .
Qt tasargawa
W
sarg
sergawe idem.
12.
kabkab wedding , wedding feast .
13.
D dammara to insert , mix in, j oin together, unite .
tadammara pass . ; t o be married .
Dt
demmur mixed, united, j oined .
ma rpant (pl . ma rapen) censer, thuribl e .

A combination o f two constructions : ' enza sergut ye' e ti
and (' enza) serguta.
Manfas Qeddus wa-ba-xay l a !ebab .
Wa-nabara ' enza yegabber t a ' amera
wa-mankera za- ' albo xWe lqW a ' eska yanakkeru ' emennehu kW e l l omu ' e l l a
17
re ' yu wa- s am' u . Wa- ' emze was adewwo xaba pappas 'Abba Gerel los
kama
18
yesimo simata diquna ,
enza ba-we ' etu mawa ' el 'Abba Benyami l iqa
19
pappasat za-La ' eskenderya ' ama mangesta ZagWe ba- ' emnat .
Wa-soba
' ab eewwo xaba pappas , tanabbaya lotu ' enza yebel ' esma " Z entu wald
yekawwen newaya xeruya . "
Wa-nasi ' o simata diquna , t amay!a westa
behlhu .
- - wafara 20 gad-ama k ama yen ' aw2 1

Wa - S 0 b a 1 ehqa wa- kona wareza,
22
' astar' ayo 'Egzi ' ena nabiro ba-kenfa
' arawit a . Wa- gi ze qatr
Wa-yebelo : " ' I -tefrah,
Mika ' e l ba- ' amsala wareza sannay laeya ga u.

' o- fequreya .
' Em-ye ' ze - s a ' i -tekawwen na 'awe ' arawit , ' al Ia tasagger
16.
to bapti z e , christen .
"to bring someone to Christianity"
Note ba- r e Zata used as a conj unction .

17.
Gerel loB Cyril lus .
18 .
diquna diaconate .
19.
T h e rulers of the ZagWe Dynasty ( c . 1 1 37 -
La' eskenderya
Eskenderya.
C.
1 2 7 0 ) were
The phrase ba-' emnat refers to
that l atter phase of the dynasty .

20 .
G wafara (yewfer, yufar) to go out into the country .
wafr
the countrysi de , fields , farmland. mu

ar farmland, pasture .
21.
demmare union, j oinin g , uniting . tedmert union , marriage .

1 4 . G <apana (ye <en) to burn incens e .
<epan incense .
15.
vv
eventually converted to Christianity .
sergew ( f . sergut) adorned , beautified .
adornment , beautifi cation .
tawalda ' ama r esra wa-s anuy la-Taxsas , wa-kona ' abiya tefseta westa
beta ' abuhu wa- ' emmu wa-xaba kWe l l omu ' azmadihu . Wa-ba- ' e l ata
,
_ 16
ab e ' ewwo Kerestenna
s amayewwo semo Fessea eyon . Wa-l ehqa ba-
Glt tabaraya to fo l low successively, to do by turns .
ba-' ebreta during the administration of.
Wa- ' emdexra xeda! mawa' el taansa zentu qeddus , wa
' ebret alternation, successive turn (s ) ; round or tour of duty or

offi ce .
' anafa ' alamo
nafsata xa! e ' an bezuxat a . Wa-yekun semeka Takl a Haymanot , ' esma ' ana
23 ,
xaraykuk a ' em- k arsa
emmeka, wa-qaddaskuka kama ' Eremeyas nabiy wa_ 25
24
kama tefawwes
sel!ana
kama Yoannes Ma!meq . Wa-nahu aggokuka
Wa-ba- ' ahatti l e l it ' astar' ayomu mal ' aka ' E g z i ' aber, wa8.
zenawomu kama yewal ledu walda za-yebae semu' ata edqu westa kW ellu
G na rawa (yen <aw) to hunt ; to catch birds .
na<awi hunter .
narawe/narwe hunting
22.
qatr noon, midday .
23 .
kars (p l . -at) bel ly, stomach .

D ,?aggawa to show grace or favor (to : obj . suff . or la-) ;
24 .
to bestow gifts .
Dt ta?aggawa to be shown grace or favo r .
?aggawi/
?agawi l iberal , generous .

25 .
D sallapa to have power, authority .
CD ' asal lapa
CG
2 73
2 72
deweyana wa-tesded manafesta rekusiina ' em-westa kWel lu makan . "
Wa
zanta behilo tasawwara ' emennehu .
26
Wa- ' emze ' atawa westa maxdaru, wa_zarawa
kWe l lo newayo l aw
27
'
naddayan wa- 1 a-mes k 1nan
, wa-nas a merg eza,
wa-xad aga b-eto rexewa ,
w
28
l a- s ab ' l a ' emma
wa-wad ' a ba- l e 1 it ' en z a yebel : "Menta yebaqq e ' 0
w
30
w
29
wa-nafso hag ala .
Wa- ' emze nas ' a simata
k ello ' iilama raba
w
kehnat , wa-wa!ana yesbek haymanot a wangel ba-k e l lu medra S ewa , wa
3l
kWe l lo
' atmaqa ba- ' ahatti ' el at matana 1 0 , 000 nafs . Wa-s a ' ara
w
,
32
33
a
a ' wamatihomu ' eska g ayyu Say!anat
, ot , wa-gazama
mehramata
-
Y ,
- aB7..a pa to give power to .

authority; to rul e .
Gt tasalpa to acquire power,
se 7..up/se l lup powerful , in power .
-at) power, authority .

26 .
Dt tasa7.. 7..a a
Be 7.. Pan (p l .
CQ ' asa7.. tana to delegate power to .
G zarawa (yezru) to s catter , disperse , distribut e .
zerew s c attered, dispersed .
tazaPWa p as s .
zerwat dispersion .
G raba (yerba) to gain (as) profit ; to be profitab l e .
C G ' arbe t o make profitable , t o make (someone) profit .
' elew ba' enta haymanot rete 't ' eska ' a' mano ba-Kerestos . Wa
' a ' manomu la-bezuxan ' e l l a mes lehu . Wa- ' astar' aya ' amehii 36 1 ebsa
w
menk esenna ba-medra S ewa . Wa-nabara ' enza yeddammad ba-som wa-ba.
.
w ,
,
37
s alot za - ' albo XWe 1 q a eS k a ' aqne omu
la-manako sat bii ' edan .
Wa- ' emze ora medra ' Amara ta e " ino ba-saragalii 38 ' E 1 eyas ,
wa-baa xaba ' Abba Ba- alota Mikii ' e l mastagade1 manakos , wa -nabara
xabehu be zuxa mawa ' e l a ' enza yetqann y 3 9 lotu kama gabr wa-ye1ammad
;
la-alotu. Wa- ' emze tamay!a medra Sewa, wa-tarakabo la-Marqos walda
_
' exwa ' abuhu .
reba/raba
Wa- ' em-heyya ora medra Gerarya, wa-gabra omii ' t a40 ma ' kala
(p l . -at) s acred precinct , temp l e .

33.
34 .
sayer.
destroyer; adj . destructiv e .

l
31 . G sa (ara (yes (ar) to destroy, violate , annul , dissolve ,
l
2
se (rat destruc
Gt tase (ra pass . of G
bring to an end . G s e rra
=
tion , violation , annulment; dismissal , removal (from o ffice) .

32 .
G ama to set asi de as sacred, to dedicate (somethin g ,
someone) t o a deity; to regard a s taboo .

CG ' arama
D rama t o anathemat i z e .
G ; also : to make or decl are as taboo .
Dt taarrama to
be tabo o , prohibited; to abs t ain from for reasons of taboo; to be
erum s acred, forbidden , taboo , anathematized; abs t i

ermat (p l . -at) anything s acred, ritual , ceremony . meam
superstitious .
nent .
Gt tagazma pass .
mari (p l . mareyan, mareyat , marayt) heathen pri est , sooth
Dt tamarraya
sooths aying .
35 .
tehremt abstinence , devotion .
G gazama (yegzem) to cut down (a tree) , to fe ll ; t o cut ,
hew (wood) .
G l t tamaraya to divine , pract i ce divination ,
C ' asgaZa to divin e , practice augury .
idem; to consult diviners .
sagaZ divination .
CGt ' astasagaZa
masagge Z (pl . -an)
diviner, magician, sooth s aye r .
profit , interest , gain .
W
W
30 . G hag Za/hag aZa to perish , die; to l o s e , suffer a loss .
w
W
CG ' ahg aZa to destroy . Gt tahag 7..a to perish, d i e , be destroye d .
-hgWa
w
.
-hgWe 1
ma
,.
end . ma
hegu1 lost, destroyed . hag , d estruct10n,
Wa-nabaru xebura ba-gadiima Wagada, wa-t agabe ' u xaba
qeddus matana ' asartu wa-sedestu ' arde ' t , wa- ' albasomu ' albas a
w
menk esenna .
Gt
zarawi (one) who scatters , disperses ; prodigal , extravagant .

W
W
2 7 . merg ez s t aff. Qt tamarg aza to lean upon .
W
W
2 8 . G baq (a (yebq a () to be us eful, of benefit , profitab l e ,
W
suitab l e , appropriate ( t o a person : obj . suff . o r 7..a -) ; beq e (ani
W
P l eas e . CGt ' astabq e (a to p l ead, beseech, pray ' (with , to : obj .
W
W
W
suff. ) . baq e ( useful , benefi cial . baq a (i
baq e (; also bene
W
facto r . baq (et us e , usefulness .
29 .
' e l l a yaxadderu bomu . Wa - ba-medra Damot-hi ' a' mana bezuxana

34
35
wa-masagge lana,
wa-bezuxa 'elata taqawamo la-Motalame
mAreyana
36 .
' ameha adv . then , a t that time .
37.
G qan' a (yeqna' ) to be zealous , eager; to envy , be j ealous
of (person : Za- ; thing : ' emenna) ; to emul ate , imitate (a . d . o . ) .
' aqne' a to incite to zeal or imitation .

of one another .
qan'
CG
Glt taqane' a to be j ealous
CGlt ' as taqane' a to cause to be mutual ly envious .
qen' at j ealousy; zeal ; emul ation ; intense hate or love .
qana' i (one who i s ) j ealous , zealous , envious .

38 .
saraga7..a (pl . -t) cart , wagon, chariot .
The reference
here is to the chariot which took E l i j ah to heaven (2 Kings 2 ) .

39 .
G qanaya (yeqni) to reduce to servitude , to subj ect , rul e;
to force to work .
CG ' aqnaya idem.
Gt taqanya pass . of G; to serve ,
minist er to (a person) ; to work (e . g . a field) .

ant, s lave.
tion .
qenuy subj ect , serv
qene servitude; s ervi c e , ministry; task , office , func
qenyat domination, dominion, SUbj ection .
2 74
O la ' t ,
4l
wa- ' i -yewae ' ' em-heyya l e l ita wa-ma ' a l t a , wa- ' i -yee " em
- hu 42 -nl. may
- . W a-ma ' u
, wa-sete
menta-ni z a' enbala qW al bahtita
.
43
xabehu bezuxan ' ed wa- ' anest , wa-konu manakosata wa-mabal l atat a ,
wa-yaxadderu westa ' ahatti bet , wa- ' i -yet' amaru babaynatihomu b e ' si
44
mes l a be ' s i t , wa-ba-g ze alot wa_qWerban
yeqawwemu xebura, ' esma
Saan ta' asra ba-mawa' e l ihu.

45
- , 46 wa- 1 a mednega'
westa o 1-a ' tu b a- ' amsa
Wa- ' emze nadaqa
.
,
4
7
- hu ba-yamanu48 wa-batakala westetu xasawenta ballxata
' en t a d exre
. -
49
50
kama ' i _ asmek
botu; wa-qoma westetu s aba ' ta ' amata ' eska
5l
52
asabra
' agada
' egru. Wa-nab ara ' enza ' i-yee " em menta-ni ' em
dagamu
fereyat wa- ' i- qW ala wa- ' i -maya maana ' arba' tu ' amat .
2 75
sama ' tat wa-Mika ' l H wa-Gab re ' e l , wa-yebe lo : "Ofequreya, ' anta-h i
53
tamasa lkani
ba-emameya , wa- ' ana-hi ' a ' erreyaka ba-mangest
eya .
Nahu tafa ama kW e l lu dekameka b a- z e alam, wa-kon

'
ka wekkufa ba
xabya .
' Em-ye ' z - s a na' a kama teras eywata z a- l a ' alam . " Wa- 'emze
wahabo kidana l a - z a yewwe' s emo wa-l aza yegabb
er ta zkaro . Wa
' emze hamma nestit a ba-emama bedbed , 54 wa- ' a
' rafa ba-res ' an elu1 55
' enza mawa ' elihu tes ' a wa-tes ' at a ' amata wa- '
asarta ' awraxa wa
' asarta ' elat a .

westa maqaber.
Salam ' ebel enb a l a ' armemo 56 ba- ?ewwa ' e 5 7

kiyaka ' ab a kiyaka rada ' e Takla Haymanot mawa
Wa- ' emze
ma ' a xabehu ' Egz i ' ena ' Iyasus Kerestos (lotu sebat) , wa-me s l ehu
' Enza texe l l i t asfa tensa ' e ,
' Egze ' tena Maryam wa- asartu wa-ke l ' etu awareyat wa-adeqan wa40 .
oma <t (pl . -at) monk ' s cel l .
41.
oza < (pl . -at , -t) rock ( s ) .
42 .
G satya (yestayJ to drink .
to give a drink to .
drinking.
43.
44.
sete
setay
maste a drink
mestay a p l ace for drinking , a watering p lace .

mabaZ Zat (pl . -at) widow, widowhood; nun .
W
q erban (pl . -at) offering, sacrifi ce; spe c . the communion
G nadaqa to bui l d , erect .
s tructure , wal l .
46 .
nedq bui lding,
Gt tanadqa p ass .
nadaqi bui lder .
me4nega < a railing, rai led enclosure ; a pl ace where one
l eans or reclines .
47.
G baZxa to be sharp .
edge or point .
48.
the right .
baZix
CG ' abZexa to sharpen .
yaman the right s ide or hand .
yemn idem; yemna adv . on/to
yemuna adv . right l y , correctly.
rjEgm
50 .
CG ' asmaka to l ean; to p rop up , cause to lean .

G sabara (yesberJ to break (into p ieces) .
sebar idem .
52 .
idem .
masmakrtJ
mesmak idem .
pass . ; to be overcome by dis aster .
sebrat
vn .
'sebur broken .
53.
Gt tasabra
sebr fragment ,
breaking, fracturing .
' agada l arge bone of the leg; tibi a ; shin-bone .
G t tamas Za
D t tamassaZa ( 1 ) t o become or b e made like/
simi l ar (to : a . d . o . or Za- , ba- , kama) ; (2) to imi t ate ; (3) to trans
form one ' s s e l f, change (int o : a . d . o . or ba- , Za- , kama , ba-' amsaZa) ;
(4) to be represented (by a l ikenes s ) .
54.
55 .
bedbed pl ague , fata l i l lnes s . Q badbada t o d i e .

G paZZa to be moi st . CG ' apZaZa to moisten , bedew .
moi s t , rich, fat , prosperous .

freshing .
56 .
dagam the l eft s i de or hand .
prop , support .
piece.
beZx sharp
sharp .
49.
51.
58
satay (iJ a drinker; one who is fond of
( eucharist) .
45 .
' ana ' ka ba-qawim ' a' gara kel ' e

wa- ' em- s ete may ' ahramka gWer ' e .
'e.
CG ' astaya to cause to drink ,
Gt tasatya pas s .
(the act or what is drunk) .
Wa-gan azewwo ba-keb r wa-ba- sebat , wa-qab

arewwo
paZ l dew .
teZuZ
matZaZi moi stenin g , re
C G ' armama to be s i l ent ; t o make si lent .
Gt taramma to be
CG lt ' astaramama to make s i l ent , quiet down ,
marmem s i l ent . ' armami silent , not speaking .
passed over in s i l ence .

make tranquil .
57.
The verbal noun is used here with acc . attribut es : "in

(in cal l ing) you ' Helper , Tak l a Haymanot , the
cal l ing you ' Father, '

Conqueror . "
58.
W
W
g er<e (pl . g ara <it) throat , neck .
strangle (hang) one ' s s e l f .
Qt tag ar< aya to
277
2 76
KaHidewon wa-ye ' uda 1 a-hagar . "
II.
2 (4) Wa-nababa ' Eremeyas ' enza yebel :
The Book o f Baruch
' Egzi ' eya, ' azzezo la-gabreka kama yetnagar qedmeka . "
The text transcribed here is essentially that of August D i l l

mann , Chrestomathia aethiopiaa (Leipzig 1866; reprinted Berlin 1 950) ,
pp . 1 - 1 5 .
I have made a few emendations in various pass ages ,
bas
ing my reading on the Greek text as edited by James Rendel Harris ,
The Rest of the Worda of Baruah ( London 1889) , but I have made no
e ffort to reconstruct an "original" text .
My aim i s sol ely to pre
sent a readable version of this interesting work .

The Roman numeral headings and the
Arabic numeral s in parentheses are chapter and verse according t o the

The correspondence is only approximate where
Greek text of Harris .
'Egzi ' abe r :
"Nebeb xeruyeya ' Eremeyas . "
3 (5) Wa-nababa ' Eremeyas wa-yebe :
the two texts diverge .
te ' exxe z , temettu-nu zata hagara xerita westa ' edehomu l a- Kaladewon ,
7'
8
' Taxayyalku qeddesta
kama yez zaxxar negus mes l a ezabihu wa-yebal :
lO
9
' Egz i ' o . ' Emma-sa faqadeka
hagara za- ' Amlak ' ? (6) as a ,
we ' etu,
ba- ' e deka tamasena . "
yekel bawi ' a westa hagar l a ' emma ' ana ' i-qadamku wa- ' i-yarxawku
' anaqeiha .
(9) 'Tanse ' ye ' ze-ni , wa-or xaba Barok , wa-zen ewo zanta
( 1 0 ) Wa-tansi ' akemu soba kona sedestu s a ' at z a - 1 e 1 i t , ne 'u
westa qera hagar, wa- ' ana ' are" eyakemu .
I
2
1 ( 1 ) Wa-kona soba 1ewawomu la-daqiqa ' Esra' l negusa Kal dwon,
n ababo ' Egzi ' aber la- ' Eremeyas wa-yebelo :
" ' Eremey1ts xeruyeya,
tanse' wa-d' ' em-zat i hagar , ' anta wa-Barok , ' esma hal loku ' amasena
'
3
' em-bezxa xati ' atomu l a - ' e l l a yenabberu westet a ; ( 2) ' esma saloteka
'
6
4
5
ni kama ' amd enu ' ba-ma' kala hagar wa-kama qesr za- ' admas ' awda: .
( 3 ) Wa-ye ' ze-ni tanse ' u wa-oru wa-da'u za' enba l a yem ' xayla
1.
The two za- clauses of this title have the appearance of
being added rather l oose ly to a shorter original t i t l e (cf. the

Greek) .
Dil lmann (Chrest . , p . viii) translates :
Reliqua verborum
Baruchi , haud apocrypha , quae ad tempus quo in Babylonia captivi

erant pertinent .
2.
KalCulewon the Chaldeans .
3.
' em- here and ba- in vs . 4 (simi l ar phrase) are used some
what l oosely in the sense "because of . "

4.
ramd (p l .
5.
qe?r/qa?r (pl . ' aq?ar) wal l , enclosure, fortification-wal l .
a 'mad) column, pil l ar .
G qa?ara to enclose or fortify with a wall .

6.
' ' ' Esma xeruyeya ' anta ,
tanse ' wa-a' u , ' ant a wa-Barok , ' esma hal loku ' amasena ba-xai ' atomu
( 8 ) wa- ' i-negus wa ' i - xaYla zi ' ahu ' i
la- ' e l l a yenabberu westeta;
nagara .
Tarafa nagar za-Barok za- ' i -kona xebu ' a

l
za- ' ama yeggewawu Babilon
' admas the hardest substance, from Gk . adamaa .
Wa-yebelo
w
'' 'Egzi ' o , z a - k e l l o
4 (7) Wa-yebelo ' Egzi ' l a- ' Eremeyas :
The numbering of the verses is simply serial and fol lows the
divis ions of the Ethiopic text .
w
'" Ast abaqq e ' aka
Wa- 1 a ' emma ' ana ' i-qadamku
' amasenota l a-hagar , ' i -yake1u bawi ' ota . "
II
5 ( 1 1 ) Wa- zanta behi 10 ' Egzi ' xalafa ' em-xaba ' Eremeyas .
(1)
,11 ,
.
- sob-eh-a saaa
- hu , wa-wadaya J:amada 1 2 d l.' b a re ' su,
Wa- Eremeyas
a 1b asl.
v
wa-bo ' a west a beta maqdas .
13
6 (2) Wa-re ' iyo Barok 1 a - ' Eremeyas ' enza me1u' mareta
diba
14
ba- ' abiy qal ' enza yebe1 :
re ' su wa- ' albasihu-ni seu , arxa
" ' Abuya ' Eremeyas , menta konka, wa- ' ayya xa i ' ata g abru hezb?"
7.
Dt tazaxxara/tazexxera to boast; to brawl .
arrogant ; quarrel some .
zexxur boastful,
tezxert vn . boasting, inso l enc e ; strife ,
brawl ing .
Cf . Gk .
8.
Reading qeddesta for westa/we' eta .
9.
sa exc 1 am . Heaven forbid ! Let it not b e s o !

If faqadka is
Reading faqadeka for faqadka ; c f . the Gk .
10.
retained, the fol lowing we' etu should be deleted .

11 .
G saFaFa (yesFeF) to tear (apart) , rend .
sepup torn, rent .
seppat
vn .
Gt tasappa pass .
tearing , rending; the part torn off,
tatt er, fragment .

12.
ad ash (es) .
13.
maret dirt , dust .
14.
G arxa (ye?rax) to cry out .
G da
Gt ta;amda to be burned to ashe
maretawi adj .
erax a cry, shout .
278
7 ( 3 ) ' Esma soba ye ' ebbesu ezb , yaazzen ' Eremeyas wa-yewaddi
amada diba re ' su , wa-yeel l i ba' enta ezb ' eska yetxaddag l omu
" 'Abuya ' Eremeylis , menta
konka wa-menta konu ezb?"

9 (5) Wa-yebe1o ' Eremeyas : " ' Eqab kama ' i -nestet ' albasina ,
17
16
' al la
' a l I a nese ' albabina; wa- ' i -neday maya westa me ' qa a ,
18
nebki retu ' a ' eska nemal l e ' omu ' anbe ' a,
' e sma ' em-ye ' ze ' i
15
yemeerewwo l a- z e ezb . "

1 0 (6) Wa-yebe Barok :
' ' ' Abuya ' Eremeyas , menta konka?"
(7)
" ' E sma ' Amlak yemttewa l a-hagar westa ' edehu
19
l a-negusa Kaladewon, ' esma yeewewomu la ezb ba_ ' ekit . ,,
Wa-yebelo ' Eremeyas :
1 1 (8) Wa- s ami ' o zanta kWe l l o Barok satata ' albasihu wa-yebe :
" ' Abuya ' Eremeyas , menta l a ' aku l aka?"

12 (9) Wa-yebe1o ' Eremeyas :
"enru: mesleya ' eska sedestu s a ' at
za-HHit kama t a ' mer za- ' aman nagar . "

1 3 ( 1 0) Wa-nabaru beta maqdas ' enza yebakkeyu .
III
1 4 (1) Wa-soba kona sedestu s a ' at za- le l i t , za_yebe l 0
20
' Eg z i '
l a - ' Eremeyas kama yea' mes l a Baro k , wa-bau westa qera hagar, wa
nabaru ' enza yeanneu .
1 5 ( 2 ) Wa-kona qal a qar
21
1 6 (3) Wa-sobeha ' Eremeyas wa-Barok bakayu ' enza yebelu ' esma :
"Ye ' ze ' a' marna kama ' aman nagar . "
1 7 (4) Wa- ' astabqW e ' omu ' Eremeyas la-mala ' ekt ' enza yebel :
15.
Cf. Joel 2 : 1 3 .
16.
me 'qa Z (pl . -at) basin, reservoir .
C G ' a 'qaZa to co l l ect
, l. - t lgWelu hagara ' eska ' es e "
22
::
a
,
elo la-
Wa-nababomu ' Egzi ' la-mal a ' ekt ' enza
' I J I -tahgWelu hagara ' eska ' etnagar mes l a ' Eremeyas xeruyeya . "
1 8 Wa-sobeha tanagara ' Eremeyas ' enza yebel :
' Egzi ' eya , ' azzez lita kama ' etnagar mesleka . "
" 'AstabaqqWe ' aka
(5) Wa-yebe l o : "Nebeb
xeruyeya ' Eremeyas za - tefaqqed . "

1 9 (6) Wa-yebelo ' Eremeyas :
"Nahu ye ' ze ' a'marna, ' E g z i ' eya,
kama t emettewa l a-hagar westa ' eda al a ' ta, wa-yenasse ' a hezb z a- ' em
Babilon .
( 7) Wa-menta tefaqqed
kama ' egbar qeddesta qenena, ba-xebu'
.
23
za-netqannay?
Wa-menta tefaqqed ' egbar dibehomu?"
20 ( 8) Wa-yebelo ' Egzi ' :
"Nese ' omu wa-maHewa la-medr wa-la
' Wa- ' anti-ni medr, seme ' i qala fatariki za

24
ba-7 -maxtamt . Tama a i
W
sennaki , wa- ' eqabi newaya qeneki ' eska me ' atu l a- fequr . "
beta maqdas ' enza teb e l :
fataraki ba-xayla mayat , za-xatamaki
2 1 (9) Wa-nababa ' Eremeyas wa-yebe :
" ' AstabaqqWe ' aka ' E gz i ' eya,
' ar ' eyani za- ' egabber l a- ' Abemelek ' Ityopyawi , za-we ' etu bezuxa
w
' aqabomu la-ezb wa- la-gabreka-ni ' Eremeyas fadfada ' em- k e l lu s ab ' a
25
hagar, wa-we ' etu ' awe ' ani ' em-westa ' azaqta 'am 'am.
Wa- ' i w
,
26
' ef aqqe d 1 0 tu yer ay
"''' - wa- h ag 111 l a-hagar , kama ' i -yezan . "
musenla
y
2 2 ( 10) Wa-yebelo ' E g z i ' l a - ' E remeyas : "Fannewo west a ' as. ada
27
28
b a- fenot z a -dabr , wa- ' ana ' ekaddeno
' e ska
. wayn z a-H agrlppas
W
k eZlo adv . altogether, comp letely; with negative :
22 .
at al l .
made .
(not)
Here it seems to mean " (not ) ' j ust yet . "
23.
In spite of the awkwardnes s , no obvious changes can be
The phrase ba-xebu' has no counterpart in the Greek and stands
in an ambiguous position in the Ethiopic .
Reading ' az za for kama .
Cf. Gk .
18.
'anbe ' (pI . ' anabe ') tear ( s) .
19.
ba-' ekit badly, direly, in dire circumstances .
20.
Note the l ack o f resumption in the relative clause .
21.
qarn (pl . ' aqent) horn (of animal) ; horn blown in battle
CG ' anbe 'a to weep .
Glt taqaana to oppos e, resist .
mastaqen idem .
24.
pas s .
qeddest qene refers to the
taqaani adj . con
G xatama (yextem) to seal , close and seal .
xetum sealed, signed and s ealed .
signer .
17.
resisting, oppos ing .
2 79
vess e l s of the Temple servi ce .
water in a basin or reservoir .
trary,
e 'ak emu, kWe l l 0
' Egzi ' abih ' atta nagara . "
wa-wa 'u mal a ' ekt ' em- samay , wa-
ba- ' edawihomu ye awweru berhanata ' essat , wa-qomu westa qera hagar .
etc . ; tip , end .
" , RS
T t ab aqq
yebe l :
' abbasahomu la-hezb .

8 (4) Wa-tas e " e l o Barok ' enza yebel :
,Ii
I
Gt taxatma
xatami an . one who s e al s ,
maxtam(t) a s eal .
25.
'am 'am mud , s lime .
26.
An unusual construction with faqada :
" I do not want him
to see . . . "
27.
Hagppas Agrippa (anachronistically) .
28.
G kadana (yekden) to cover , protect ; to pardon ( sins) .
takadna pass .
kedun covered , protected .
esp . tunic, garment .
kednat
vn .
kedan (pl . -at) covering;
protection.
kadani
an.
protector .
Gt
280
1'.
281
' agabbe' omu laezb west a hagar .
(11) Wa- ' anta ' Eremeyas or mes l a
ezb ' eska tebaeu medra Babi lon, wa-nebar tetnebbay lomu ' eska
' agabbe ' omu westa hagaromu .
,
I yarus aH!m . "
( 1 2 ) Wa- la- Barok-hi xedego heyya wes t a
23 ( 1 3) Wa-nagaro 'Egzi ' zanta kW ello la- ' Eremeyas , wa-xalafa

' em-xaba ' Eremeyas westa s amay .
w
24 (14) Wa- ' Eremeyas wa-Barok bo ' u westa beta maqdas , wa-k e l l o
neaya za-qenehomu maawewwa l a-medr bakama ' az zazomu 'Egzi ' . Wa

29
sobeha sarabato
medr . Wa-nabaru ke l ' ehomu wa-bakayu .
30
25 (15) Wa-ba-sanita sabiho
fannawo ' Eremeyas l a - ' Abeme lek
3l
a-hor
' enta fenota dabr westa c as ada
' enza yebel : "Nesa' k arabo
.
,
.
32
33
1 a- d eweyan
- h. ez b , " esma
wayn za-Hagrippas , wa- ' ame nest1 t a balasa
tefseta ' Eg z i ' hallo westa r e ' seka wa-sebatu . "
Wa-hora we ' etu-ni
bakama ' az zazo .

IV
Nahu 'yetraxxaw l akemu ' anaqes . "
'
2 7 ( 2 ) Wa- sobehii bo' a negusv mes I a sarawltu,
-
'
35
wa- d -ewawu kWe 1 1 0
ezb a .
28 ( 3) Wa- sobeha ' Eremeyas nas ' a maraxuta za-beta maqdas , wa
wa ' a ' af ' a ' em-hagar, wa-wagaro l a- zentu maraxut qedma ay ' enza
yebel :
' enza naJ:aena l a - xa! i ' atena. "

29 (5) Wa- ' enza yebakki ' Eremeyas l a-ezb , ' awde ' ewwo ' enza
37
38
wa-nad' ewwo
mes l a ezb ' eska Babilon .
yatekkelewwo,
3 0 (6) Wa -Barok - s a nas ' a amada wa-wadaya west a re ' su, wa- , wa-yebe
nab ara, wa- ' asqoqawa 39 zan t a saqoqawa
: " B a ' enta ment
masanat ' Iyarusal em, ' al l a 40 b a ' enta xa!i ' atu la- fequr hezb?
Wa
tawehbat ba- ' eda a l a ' iha4 l b a ' enta xa!i ' atena wa-z a-e b .
( 7 ) ' AlIa,
kama ' i-yez zaxxaru xa e ' an wa- ' i -yebalu ' Kehelna nasi ' ota
la-hagara
'Aml ak ba-xayle na , ' - - ' i-kona ba-en ' ekemu za-kehel kemewwa
' al Ia ba
,
xai ' atena tawehbat l akemu .
( 8) Wa- 'Amlakena yemeerana wa
yagabbe ' ana westa hagarena, wa- l akemu-sa eywat ' albo .
(9) Beucan
' emuntu ' abawina ' Abreham wa-Yesaq wa-Ya ' qob, ' esma wad ' u ' em-ze
' al am wa- ' i -re ' yu musenaha l a- zati hagar . "
yebe :
26 (1) Wa-ba- s anita saio xayla Kaladewon c odewwa la-hagar .

34
Wa-nafxa
ba-qarn abiy mal ' ak , wa-yebe we ' etu : " B a ' u xayla
Kaladewon .
" Laka ' eb e l aka aay .
Nesa' maraxuta za-beta 'Amlak , wa

'
' eqabomu ' eska mawa ' el za-yess e ' ' 'al aka ' Egzi ' aber ba' enti ' ahu , (4)
36
' esma l ana ' i -kona delwata
l a- ' aqibotu, ' esma tarakabna nena- s a
29 .
G saraba to drink in, absorb .
30 .
G ?aba (ye?b) to grow light , to dawn; ?abio at dawn.
3 1 (1 0) Wa- ' emdexra z anta tanagara , wa ' a ' enza yebakki , wa

'' ' Aazzen b a ' enti ' aki , ' Iyarusalem . " Wa-wad ' a ' em-hagar, wa
xadara westa maqaber, wa-yem a e ' u mala' ekt wa-yezene\ewwo b a ' enta
kW e l lu.
32 ( 1 ) Wa- ' Abemelek-ni ' ams e ' a balas a gize qatr ' em-xaba la' ako
42
wa-nabara , wa- ' a lal a , kama
'Eremeyas , wa-rakaba ' ea efeqt ,
ya' ref nestita.
Wa - ' asmaka re ' so diba mudaya balas , wa-noma sessa
likely.
37.
CD
38.
G nad' a to drive ( as cattl e) .
' atakkaZa to push , shove, hit .

Gt tanad' a pas s .
one who drives , exp el s .

39.
l amentation.
G l t taqabea to greet early in the day.
40 .
' asqoqawa to l ament , sing a dirge .
nada' i
saqoqaw dirg e ,
masqoqew an . mourner ; adj . lamenting , mourning .
' aZza , normal ly u s ed after a negative c l aus e , wi l l occur
31 .
karabo basket .
frequently in contexts where rhetorical questions imply a negative
32 .
baZas/baZasa (p l . -t, ' abZas) fig (s) (tree or fruit) .
s t atement of some sort .
33.
I gnore ' esma and trans l ate the claus e as a bles sing .
cept . "
34 .
G nafxa (yen
ax) to b l ow, breathe ; to b low into , inflat e ;
nafxa ba-qarn t o b l ow a horn .

vn .
nefxat
35.
Gt tanafxa to be inflated, to swe l l .
infl ation, b lowing .
sarwe (pl . sarawit) troops , army , cohorts ; a mi litary

A dittography seems
?efuq den s e , thick , crowded; frequent .
dens e ; to do something frequently (+ inf. ) .

crowded .
Reading deZwata for de Zwata Zedatena .
G ?aZ' a (ye? za' ) t o hate , be hostile toward ( a . d . o . ) .
?aZa' i (p l . ?aza' t) enemy , hater, detractor .

42.
leader .
36 .
41.
Here it should be rendered as "unl es s , ex
CG ' a?faqa to make
Gt taafqa to be dens e ,
283
282
,.
43 ,
wa-sedesta ' amata, wa- 1 -naqh a
em-newamu .
54
w
wa- ' albo soba yaxaddeg ba_k e l l ahi . ,,
33 ( 2) Wa- ' emdexra- ze mawa' e l tanse ' a, wa-naqha ' em-newamu , wa

45
44
soba nomku nestit a , ' esma 'iidi yekabbedani
re' seya ,
yeba : " ' Adi
46
wa- ' i -te ' iku
newama. "
w
w
4 ( 3) Wa-kasata zek a mudaya balas , wa-rakaba zek a bal as a
47
48
h. a l 1' b on .
add 1sana
wa-yanafaef
35 (4) Wa-faqada yenum dagema, ' esma yekabbedo re ' su wa- ' i ,. '
, , w
49
te'
wa-yebe :
( 5) " ' Efarreh k ama 1-yenum
wa- 1. -yeg and1' ,
. ya deqqasa,
50
- , ' esma se h'1qO 5 1 fannawan1. b akama ' i-yehisani
' abuya ' Eremeyas
53
52
wa ' y
(6) Wa-ye' zeni ' etnas s a ' wa- ' awwer, ' esma moqa - s a
nagh .
43.
nequh awak e , watchful , alert .
c l e ar .
The exact force of radi
CG
neqhat vn .
sob
' esma radi here is not
Either "Although I have s lept a little (for my head is s t i l l
he avy) , I have not benefited from th s leep" o r "Although I have

s l ept a little, my head is sti l l heavy and I . . . . "
45 .
kebud heavy .
kebad vn. heaviness .
Dil lmann (Chrest . , p . 5) has a misprint here .
Note the
variants pe reyku, pa rayku .

47 .
N ' aaf?afa to ooze , drip ; trans . :
nal?afl?af j uice, drop s .
to exude in drop s .
I?af?af i dem .
48.
aib mil k , j ui c e .
49 .
D daqqasa to s leep .
50 .
G esa (y e isJ to s co ld, reprove .
G haaba (y e eb J to milk .
deqqas
vn .
s leep .
Gt taysa pas s .
his
G I?ehqa (yehaqJ to de sire ; to be eager for, pursue d i l i
gent ly; t o take care of.

concerned.
?ahq
vn.
C G ' al?haqa caus .
?ehuq des irous , eager,
desire , eagerness , concern .
?ehiqo here is
equivalent to an adverb " deliberately, with concern . "

52.
G nagha t o dawn, grow light .
early in the day.

53.
heat) .
moq heat .
CG ' angeha to do something
nagh early morning .
G moqa (yemuqJ to grow hot ; to become intense (of the
CG ' amoqa caus .
muqat heat .
CGlt ' astamawaqa to cause to become hot .

mewuq hot .
( 1 1) Wa- ' efo ' e zenu zanta nagara ba-xaba ' Eremeyns , zakama
58
hagar?'
38 ( 1 2) Wa-xasasa kW e l l o t e 'merta za-ha l l o westa hagar kama

59
' Iyarusalem ye ' eti .
39 ( 1 3) Wa-gab ' a ka ' eba westa hagar, wa-xasasa l a ' emma-bo za
yn' ammero , wa-xat' a.

40 ( 14) Wa-yebe :
wadqa Iii ' H!ya . "
" Buruk ' anta ' Egzi ' o , ' esma ' abiy dengae
( 1 5) Wa-wa ' a k1i ' eba ' em-hagar reuqa , wa-nabara
' enza yaazzen wa- ' enza xaba yawwer ' i -ya' ammer .
w
41 ( 16) Wa- ' anbara zek a mudaya balas , wa-yebe : " ' E nabber
60
61
zeyya ' eska ya' attet
' em- l a ' leya.
' Egzi ' ab er zanta heyyata
54.
idem .
W
k e ahi/kw e ehi adv . everywhere , wherever .
w
ba-k eZ Zahi
" for the heat has grown intense
This is an awkward c l ause :
and is not ( lit . never) l acking anywhere . "

55.
error.
Q gegaya to err, go astray, get lost ; t o sin , commit
N ' angegaya to wander back and forth , hither and yon .
l o s t , erring ; sinfu l , wicked .
vn . reproach, sco l ding .

51.
l ebbeya.
t aba ' adatani
kabd the liver;
the stomach.
46 .
CG ' akbada to make heavy;
G kabda to be heavy , s erious .
to be burdensome .
37 Wa-yebe : " ) Akko-nu zati y e ' eti hagara ' Iyarusalem? (9)
55
56
Yogi ' egegi
' esma ' enta fenota dabr maii ' ku . Wa- ' emma ' akko ,
,
,
. 57
( 10) esma yek abb e d an1" re seya wa- 1. - t e " 1ku newwua,
,,_
wa-yezanagge anl
.
ya' mer l a ' emma-nu
watchfulness , alertness .
44.
( 8 ) " Buruk
' anta ' Egzi ' o , " ' esma ' abiy denga?e warada l ii ' lehu.
G naqha (yenqahJ to wake up , be awake , be alert .
' anqeha to awaken, revive .
36 ( 7) Wa-tanse ' a, wa-nas' a mudaya balasu, wa-bo ' a westa hagara

' Iyarusalem, wa- ' i -ya' mara hagara wa- ' i -beto , wa-yeb e :
gegay
vn.
giguy
error , s in , crime , gui l t .
56 .
' emma ' akko otherwis e .
57.
Q zange ra to be insane, mad , crazy .
zengu r mad , raving ;
stupid, inep t .
58.
G ba rada t o change , alter.
Gt taba rada
G l t taba rada to
move away, emigrate ; to be changed, altered , alien , unfami l i r .

be rud different ,
alien, strange .
ba rdenna change , difference . '
59.
Note the -nu in an indirect question.
60 .
G ' atata to go away, be removed.
take away .
Gt ta' atata
Dt ta' attata
Za' emma -.n

u whether .
'.
CG ' a' tata to remove ,
G or pas s . of CG .
' e tut re
mot e , distant .
61 .
heyyat negligence, forgetfulnes s , amnes i a .
cause to forget , to induce amnesi a .

be unconcerned about .
CG ' ahyaya to
Dt tahayyaya to neg l ect , skip ,
2 84
J;1aq l ,
285
42 ( 1 7) Wa- ' emdexra- ze nabiro re ' ya be ' s e l ehiqa ya' attu ' em 62
wa-yeblo ' AbmEilek : " Laka ' ebelaka ' ant a lehiq .
' Ayy
ye ' eti zati hagar?"
Wa-yebelo ' aragay :
'' ' Iyarusiilem ye' eti . "
4 3 ( 18) Wa-yebelo ' Abemiiil ek : '" Ayte hallo ' Eremeyiis kahen wa
w
63
wa-k e l lu J;1ezba- ze hagar? - - ' esma ' albo za-rakabku . "
Barok Lewawi
44 ( 19) Wa-yebelo ' aragay : ' ' ' Akko-nu ' em- zati hagar ' anta , wa
64
tezzekkaro la- ' Eremeyas ( 20) kama tessa" al
ye' ze_ni _ma
ba' ent i ' ahu?
Zanta kW e l l o mawa ' e l a nabiraka, ( 2 1 ) ' E remeyas - s a-ke
westa Babilon hal lo mes l a hezb , ' esma tadewawa wa-tawehba westa
65
' edehu la-Nabukadanaor
egusa F ares , a-hora heyya kama yetnabbay
lomu . "
4 5 ( 2 2 ) Wa- ' ameha s am ra ' Abemelek ' em-xaba we ' etu ' aragay, wa
66
yebelo ' Abemelek :
( 2 3) " Soba ' akko be ' s i lehiq ' anta , ' em
68
67
a ' alkuka
l a ' leka, ' al I a ' i-yekawwen k ama
wa- ' em-saJ;1aqqu
69
yas t aJ;1 aqqeru
sab ' a wa-b e ' se lehiqa . Wa-soba ' akko za-kama- z e , ' em
' eb z anga ' ka.
63.
64 .
65 .
Pers ia) .
66 .
67.
48 orku wa-baaku heyya , wa-nasa' ku za- ' azzazani , wa

tamayaku, wa- ' enza ' aawwer ( 26) rakabku ' ea, wa-nabarku t1iteha
7l
kama ' as l e l , ' esma gize qatr we ' etu . Wa_ ' em_heyya
' asmakku westa
alas ,
mudaya
wa-nomku, wa-naqiheya masalani za-gWandayku , wa-kaatku
zanta mudaya balas , wa-rakabku ' enza y1inafaef alib bakama

72
- 73 teb a 1 ' anta- s a :
' T ad. -ewawu ezb
Wa-nawa
4
westa Babilon, I ( 2 7) wa-nawa re ' i kama ' i- arnhayay / bal asu-ni . "
nas a ' kewwomu xarlyeya .

v
4 9 ( 2 8) Wa-kasata l otu mudaya balas , wa- ' ar ' ayo, ( 29) wa

na ara ' aragay kama addis we ' etu balas , wa-yanafaef alibu .
50 (30) Wa-sobeha ' ankara we ' etu ' arag1iy , wa-yebelo l a
' Abem1i1ek :
" adeq ' anta, waldeya , ' esma ' i-faqada ' Aml1ik y1ir ' ika
75
l a ' l eka, wa- ' ahyayaka .
51 (31) Wa- ' emma tefattu t a ' mer wa-tetayyeq, waldeya , nasser
:
_
78
76
77
' azre tiha,
wa- l a-bal a ni
kama s ar s a
'
w
kama ' i -kona gizehu . " Wa- ' a' mara kama ' i -kona zamanu la- ze-k ellu.
Lewawi Levit e .
52 (32) Sobeha ' Abemelek yebe ba- ' abiy qal :
-rna see above , 5l . 4f .
' E gzi ' o , ' Amlakiya,
" ' Eb1irekaka
'Amlaka s amay wa-medr, ' eraftomu l a-nafs adeqan
Nabukadana?or Nebuchadnezzar , king o f Babylon (Fares , l i t .

'
em -
the conditional part i c l e .
? e cuZ-/? e c cul- desp i s e d .
to Babylon . "
See 5 l . l .
G a cal-a / D a c cal-a to curse , revi l e .
lie cZ-at
vn .
71 .
Dt ta?e c cel-a/
cursing , revi liq; .
CG
rnesq comedy theater .
CGt ' astaqara/' astaaqara to revi l e , ridicul e .
v i l e , despicab l e .
equr
"and then, next . "
72.
"Just as I s e l e ct i vely pi cked them . "
73.
nawa
nahu.
The two nawa ' s are coordinated here :
' asrab (pl . only) cataracts , downpours .
The meaning here
is surely "Sooner would the cataracts of heaven des cend upon them out
of s eason than that they should go to Babylon , " but this is a para
"Even if the cataracts of heaven
des cended upon them, it would not be the proper time for them to go
74.
amhayaya t o wither, dry up . .
75 .
nazaza to cons o l e .
soler .
The form here , if sub j unctive , is COt .
phrase of the actual Ethiopic :
' ern-heyya i s temporal here :
" on the one hand . . . on the other
G saqa/sea (yesaq) to ridicule ( a . d . o . or l-a cl-a) .
' asaqa caus . sal;q/8aaq ridi cul e .
70 .
deweyan ' el l a westa ezb .
wa-re ' i westa garaweh .
?a caZ-i an . curs er , rai ler .
69 .
47 ( 25) Wa- ' ane- s a , bakama fannawani ' abuya ' Eremeyas , orku
westa ' aada wayn za-Hagrippas ba ' enta xed1i balas , kama nahab la
Babilon .
aqqal- farmer .
ta?a c caZ-a pas s .

68.
Nahu yom s essa wa- s edestu ' amat kona ' em- ' ama taewawu J;1ezb westa
aql- (p I . ' u l- , ' a7;qal- , ' aqe U) field; any vast and
empty tract .
Wa- ' anta- s a tebe , ' Taewawu westa B1ib i l on .
mus enah1i la-hagar , wa- ' amse ' a 'Amlak nuz1ize
46 Wa-ba ' enta- s a za-tebe , ' ezb taewawu westa B ab i l on , ' ( 24)
70
s amay eqqa l a' emma warada dibehomu ' i -kona g i z ehu kama
' asraba
62 .
yeoru westa Bab i l on .
nuzaze
vn .
Lt tanazaza pas s .
76.
garaht (pl . garaweh) fie l d , arable land .
77.
G sara?a/sar?a (yesre?/yesra?) to sprout .
caus .
sar?
78.
vn .
an .
con
CG ' araa
sprout , sprouting .
zaP' (p l . ' azre' t) seed ( li t . and fig . ) ; progeny .
to s ow, s catter (s eed) .

as ZR ' .
nazazi
consolation.
Gt tazar' a pass .
G zar' a
The root Z R ' is also found
287
286
w
ba _ k e l lu bahawert . "
balas we ' etu ka ' eba ya' aqqebaki ba-xayla zi ' ahu . "
5 3 ( 33) Wa-yeblHo la- ' aragay :
" 'Ayy we ' etu z entu warx?" Wa' - - 79 za-we , etu M lyazya.
"
" 'Asuru wa-sanuyu l a-warxa Nesan ,
yebel o :
5 7 (8) Wa-kama - ze behilo Barok , ' awse ' a ' Abemelek wa-yebelo :
l aNesal l i kama yar ' eyana ' Egzi ' qaHita za-nesehhef
. .
83
' Eremeyas westa Bab lon kednata
za-kadanani dibeya . "
"Tanse ' ka ' eba.
54 ( 34) Wa- ' emdexra zentu wahabo ' Abeme lek l a - zentu ' aragay
" ' Amlak yemraka ' enta la ' lu
' em-diba zentu ' ab las , wa-yebelo :
VI
( 1 0) ' Agme ' alota gabreka kama ' emmura yekun ba- l ebbeya faqadaka l a
Wa-nahu ma ' a mal ' ak wa-maro xaba Barok ,
gabir, wa- ' efannu l a-kahena zi ' aka ' Eremeyas westa Babi lon . "
wa-rakabo westa maqaber ' enza yenabber .

56 ( 2 ) Wa- soba t a ' iimexu wa-tabakayu babaynatihomu, wa-tasa ' amu,
wa-r e ' ya balasa westa mudayu , wa- ' al ' ala ' a 'yentihu westa samay , wa
80
" 'Abiy we' etu 'Amlak, z a-yehubomu 'asbomu l a
s a l l aya ' enza yebe l :
(3) Tada l l awi , nafseya, wa-tafassei , ' enza tenaggeri la

adeqanihu .
8l
yetmayyat westa
' Wa_laeki
badneki , la-beteki qeddus za-sega :
badneki .
Wa- ' emdexra- ze yema e ' me ' man , wa-yagabbe ' aki westa
'
"Barok , makare berhan , ' i -taxa l l i kama tefannu ' anta xaba ' Eremeyas .
86
87
ba-sa' ata berhan yemae' xabeka nesr.
Wa- ' anta l alika
Gesa_ma
hawwes ba' enta 'Eremeyas , ( 1 3) wa- s ahaf westa mashaf, wa-balomu kama
'
88
e l a weluda 'E sra' e l :
' za-yeka
n ' engeda
b westetek emu
89
yetfala
' enta batitu ' eska ' asur wa-xamus ' e l at ; wa- ' emdexra-ze
(6) Kama- ze yetgabbar dibek i , segaya,
' esma ' aqabki t e ' zazaki ' em-xaba mal ' aka edq .
83.
( 7 ) Za- ' aqaba mudaya
Although
79.
Nesan the Hebrew month Ni san .
80.
The prayer i n thi s verse i s diffi cult in a few p l ace s .
the bas i s of the Greek variants I suggest
84 .
On
' enza tenaggeri Za-badneki
of flesh , to the holy house) .
In the l ines that fo l l ow , it i s not clear whether they are addres s ed

by B aruch to his soul or by his soul to its body. I take only one
clause for the l atter and the remainder for the former . The correc
tion of segaya to segaki toward the end of the ver s e , as suggested by
Chrest . , p . 291) is both unnecessary and

A change of the fol lowing ' esma to ' emma
Z mourning , grief.
za;awa to mourn, grieve .
CG
' agnaya to subj ect . G l t taganaya to

genay humb le thanks .
85 .
xirut exce l l ence , goodnes s , virtue .
86 .
gesa-m , gesa-ma adv . tomorrow .
come in the morning .
The suffix
Zehew/
i'at rottennes s , decay.
gesa (yegisJ to rise/go/
-ma seems to have been mi sunderstood
as part of the root ; gesam is also used as a noun :

87.
nesr (p l . J ansert) eagl e , vultur e .
88.
' engeda (pl . ' anaged) stranger , guest .
the morrow.
Qt
ta' angada t o b e
a stranger o r guest .
89 .
faZapa (yeflep) to separate, divid e , segregat e , put into
a separate group or category; to distinguish , dis cern .
tajaZapa to s eparate from one another .

fe Zpat
eyu' rotten .
ganaya (yegnayJ to bow down ; to submit , be submis sive ;
speak distinctly, to make a distinction .
would , however , suit the meaning better .

81.
confes s one ' s sins , to s eek pardon .
E . Littmann ( apud Dil lmann ,
Zuhew grieving.
82 . G ?eJ a to rot .
as a direct obj ect the substance
za- of the rela

Ba' enta should probab ly be inserted before kednata.
to render humbl e thanks .
Za-beteki qeddus za-sega ( s aying to your body, to your holy house of

flesh) for ' enza tenaggeri Za-badn za-sega Za-bet qeddus (to the body
This change is not es sential , however .
afa may take
of what is written , this is already contained in the

tive claus e .
contrary to the Greek .
yanafaefu ' eska ye ' ze .
( 1 2)
wa-xamus ' em-Bab i l on , - - yeba' ' Eremeyas westa hagar, wa-yez lefomu
90
la-sab ' a Babilon _ _ yebe ' Egzi ' . " ,
(5) Hawwes i westa- ze balas ; nawa s e s s a wa- sedestu 'amat

taayyewi .
,
:
- , 82 , a 1 1 -a h a l 1' bomu
' em - ' ama taqasmu , wa- l-masanu wa- l - e u ,
.
59 ( 1 1 ) Wa- ' enza zanta yee1 l i , ma ' a mal ' ak wa-yebiilo :
' abawwe ' akemu westa hagar -- yebe ' Egzi ' ; ( 14) za- ' i -tafal a ba- ' asur
(4) awwei westa zazi ' aki dengelenna haymanot , wa- ' emani
v
"Xayleya ' AmHik ' E g z i ' we 'etu,
wa-berhan za-yewadde ' ' em- ' afuhu.

' Abadder ' astabaqqW e ' aka, wao"
,
84
85
' AblY
egannl.
1 a-Xlru
. t e ka .
'
seme k a, wa- ' albo za-yekel ' a'meroto .
5 5 ( 1 ) Wa-tanse ' a ' Abeme l e k , wa-wa ' a ' af ' a ' em-hagar, wa
berhan . '
58 (9) Wa- a l l aya Barok wa-yebe :
hagara ' lyarusiiH!m . "
al l aya xaba ' Egzi ' aber .
vn.
90.
Gt
CG
tafaZpa pas s .
J afZapa to
G lt
feZut separate, distinct .
separation , division, d i stinction.

The meaning of the end of this verse i s not immediately
289
2 88
( 1 6 ) Wa60 (15) Zanta behilo mal ' ak xalafa ' em-xaba Barok .
92
91
93
ernrnat ,
wa-maya
wa- ' arn e ' a kertasa
B aro k fannawo ' eska mareb ,
wa- s ahafa ' enza yebel :
(See the end of this sel ection for the Let
ter . )
VII
6 1 (1) Wa-tanse ' a Barok wa-wad ' a , eifo kama - z e , ' em-maqaber .
'
94
Barok, maggabe hayrnanot . "
62 ( 2 ) Wa-yeb-elo nesr : " B -ahaka
w
( 3 ) Wa-yebelo Barok : '' ' Esma xeruy ' anta ' em-k ellu ' a ' wafa samay,
tetnagar .
' Em-berhana ' a ' yentika ' ernrnur ' anta;
(4) wa-ye ' ze-ni
' ar ' eyani menta tegabber ba- zeyya . "

6 3 ( 5 ) Wa-yebelo nesr :
"Tafannoku zeyya kama kWe l lo qiila za
tefaqqed t e l ' akani kiyaya . "

6 4 (6) Wa-yebelo Barok :
' Eremeyas westa Babilon ? "
"Tekel -nu ' ellanta nagara ' abeo xaba
(7) Wa-yeblo nes r :
" Ba ' enta-ze
tafannawku . "
65 (8) Wa-nas' a Barok maafa wa- l O wa-5 balasa ' em-zeku mudaya
balas za- ' ame ' a ' Abemelek, wa- ' asara westa kesadu l a-ne s r .
w
66 . Wa-yebe1o :
(9) " Laka ' ebel nesr, negusomu la-k e l lomu
( 1 0) Wa- ' i or ba-s alarn wa-ba-eywat . Zena ' ame ' l ana .
w 95
xabehu;
dagema
a
'
gabi
abaya
'
waNox,
za-fannawo
a'
tetmas alo la-q
96
_
) Kamahu
1
1
(
.
za-se l s a ' agbe ' at qala la-Nox
' a l 1 a tamasala la regb
' a ' wa f .
' anta-ni nesa' zanta qalata sannaya l a - ' Eremeyas wa- l a - ' e lla hal l awu
mes lehu ' E sra ' e l , kama sannaya yekunka; wa-nesa' zanta tefsehta
clear in the Ethiopic or the Greek ("The one who does not separate
himse l f from Babylon is not to enter the city, 0 J eremiah .
I am
finding fault with them so that they will .not be accepted back by the
See verse 90 below for the situation al luded to here .
Babylonians . ")
91 .
rea (yerab) to be wide , spacious , amp l e .
reb wide , spacious .
caus .
breadth .
rab
reat idem.
re;ib ( f . ra;Qb) idem .
CG
' araba
re?b width,
mareb (pl . maraebt) a wide pl ace ,
street, forum, marketpl ace .

92.
kertas parchment , paper .
93.
emmat soot . maya emmat ink .

ba/ba (with or without pron . suff . ) exclam. Greetings !
94 .
ba?a behZa to greet .

95.
W
q a < (p l . -at) raven , crow.
96 .
regb (' argab) dove .
l a-ezb xeruyana 'Aml ak .
w
67 ( 1 2) Wa- ' ernrna-ni ' oduka ' a' waf kWellu, wa-k ell omu
al a ' eyaniha l a -edq, ' enza yefaqqedu yeqteluka, tabadar , wa- ' Egzi '
yah
ka xayl a ;
wa- ' i -tetmaya ' i - l a-yaman wa- ' i - l a-agarn, ' al I a kama
za-yaJ:1awwer retu ' a or ba-xayla 'ArnHik . "

a
98
nesr mes l a mashaf, wa6 8 ( 1 3) Wa-zanta behi lo Barok , s arara
. '
J:1ora wasta Babilon . Wa- ' a ' rafa diba ' amd za - ' af ' a
- ' em-h agar b a-rnak-an
za-gadiim , waana heyya ' eska yaxallef ' Eremeyas wa-ba ' edan he zb .
69 ( 1 4) Wa-xalafu ' enta heyya kama yeqberu be ' s e z a-mot , ' esma
_
sa' alo ' Eremeyas la-Nabukadanaor ' enza yebel : "Habani medra xaba
' eqabber ' em-ezbeya . "
Wa-wahabo .
70 ( 1 5 ) Wa- ' enza yaJ:1awweru wa-yebakkeyu la ' l a za-mota,
qedma zeku nesr . Wa-arxa nesr ba- ' abiy qal wa-yebe : ' 'Laka ' ebelaka
' Eremeyas xeruya 'Amliik. ur wa- ' astagabe' omu l a-kwe l l omu ezb, wa
yeme ' u zeyya kama yesme ' u sannaya zena za- ' amsa ' ku . "
99
la- ' E zi ' abher, wa - sobeha
7 1 (16) Wa-sarni ' o zanta, sabbeJ;10
,
-b e ' a kWello ezba wa- ' anestiyiihomu wa-daqiqomu, wa-bau xaba
as t aga
ha1 1 0 nesr .
72 ( 1 7) Wa-warada zeku nesr xaba badn , wa-kedo , wa-J:1aywa .
Wa
zanta gabra kama ye ' manu ; ( 1 8 ) wa- ' ankara kW ellu J;1ezb ba' enta za-kon
73 Wa-yebe1 u :
"Yogi zentu we ' etu 'Amlak za- ' astar' ayomu la
' abawina ba-gadiim mes l a Muse ; wa-tamasl a ba- ' amsala nesr, wa,
ast ar ' aya lana kama ' enta nesr ' abiy . "
74 ( 1 9) Wa-yebe lo nesr l a- ' Eremeyas ' enza yebel :
serna' zanta maJ:1afa, wa- ' anbeb l a-ezb . "
"Na' a wa
Wa- ' anbaba lomu .
7 5 ( 2 0) Wa-soba sam 'u ezb , bakayu kWe l l omu xebura, wa-wadayu

J;1amada westa re ' s omu, wa-yebelewwo la- ' Eremeyas :
Menta negbar kama negba' west a hagarena?"
76 (22) Wa-tanse ' a ' Eremeyas wa-yebe lomu :
( 2 1 ) " ' Adxenana.

w
" K e l l o z a - s ama ' kemu
westa maJ:1af, kamahu gebaru, wa-yagabbe ' akemu westa hagarekemu . "
7 7 ( 23) Wa-afa ' Eremeyas maJ:1afa la-Barok, kama-ze ' enza
97 .
;a? (pl . ' a??a, -t) arrow .
98.
sarara (yesrer) to fly .
Berrat fl ight , flying .

99.
Barari
serur flying , in flight .
serur
sabbe to prai s e , laud , glorify.
sebbu prai sed, glori fied .

sebat/sebbeat prais e .
Dt taBabbea pas s .
sebbae prai s e , glorification , hymn .
290
:! '
.' 1
JI1;
I '
i
,i '
' l!.i ;
"
i'
,
,
:, 1.,1
,
'1I
: I
I t
I I
'I
i
,
i'
ij'
,
291
yebel : "Waldeya fequr, ' i-tethakay alota ' enza teganni la- ' Amlak
ba' enti ' ana, kama yemretana westa fenotena, ' e ska newae ' ba-te ' zaza
zentu negus xa!e' .
78 "Wa- ' anta-s a edqa rakabka ba-qedma 'Amlak , za- ' i -xadagaka
tema ' meslena, kama ' i-ter ' ay ' ekuya za-yetgabbar dibehomu la-hezb
ba-Babilon .
7 9 (24) " Bakama ' ab za-bo weluda ' aada , wa-we ' etu tawehba kama
W
yetk annan, wa- ' ella hallawu xaba ' abuhu, ' ella yenazezewwo ,
yekaddenu gaomu kama ' i-yer' ayewwo la- ' abuhu yaxasser ba-azan ,
kama-ze kiyaka tasahal aka ' Amlak , wa- ' i-xadagaka temsa' Babilon kama
' i -ter ' ay mendabe tezb .
80 "Esma ' em- ' ama baana westa zentu hagar, ' i -ya ' rafna ' eska
yom ' em-hazan, sessa wa-sedestu ' limat yom. (25) ' Enza naxasses
nerkab 100 ' em-hezb sequllin ' em-xaba Nabukadanasor negus, ' enza
yebakkeyu Wa-ybelu : ' TaSahalana ' amlak Sor . , iOl (26) Wa-soba
sama 'ku zanta nagara, azanku wa-bakayku, soba yeewwe'u kal e ' a
' aml aka sequlan, wa-yebelu 'Tasahalana. ' Wa-ka ' eba ' ezzekkar ' ana
ba 'al a za-gabarna ba- ' Iyarusalem za' enbala neewaw; (27) wa
tazakkireya 'egabbe ' westa beteya ' enza 'ee" ar l02 wa- ' ebakki .
81 (28) "Wa-ye ' ze-ni ' astabqwe 'u l a- ' Amlakena ba-xaba hallawkemu,
' anta wa- 'Abemelek , ba' enta ezb, kama yesme 'u qaleya wa-nagara
' afuya, kama yega'u ' emenna Fares .
82 (29) "Wa-ye ' ze-ni ' ebelaka, kWeUo mawa ' ela za-nabarna zeyya
' axazuna ' enza yebelu : 'Negeruna maleta addisa ' em-maaleyih[ la
eyon, mleya za- ' amlakekemu. ' Wa-nebelomu : " Efo naalli l akemu
100. The Ethiopic "Whi le we were seeking to find" does not
make too much sense . The Greek has "Often , on going out , I would
find some of the people being crucified by Nebuchadnezzar the king . . . "
101. Sor Gk . Sar , presumably from Heb . zQr, a designation
for any foreign deity. The Greek of the fol lowing is al so clearer
than the Ethiopic : "On hearing this , I would grieve on two accounts :
not only because they were being crucified, but also because they
were cal ling on an alien god . "
102. G ?e 'ra to be grieved, pained, afflicted. CG ' a? 'ara
CD ' a?a f <ara to inflict grief or pain upon . Dt ta?e Hera pas s . of CD.
?e 'ur/?e " ur grieved , pained, afflicted. ?a 'r pain, torment , grief,
affliction .
=
' enza hal lona westa medra nakir?"

83 (30) Kama-ze eifo ' Eremeyas , ' asara maafo westa kesada
nesr wa-yebiHo : "ljur ba-sallim , wa- ' Egzi ' yawwe la' leka . "
8 4 (31) Wa-ora nesr, wa-sarara, wa- ' abeta maafa xaba Barok .
Wa-nasi ' o Barok ' anbaba mashafa,
wa-bakaya soba sam' a hemrumomu
la..
.
ezb wa-mendabehomu.
85 (32) Wa- ' Eremeyas-sa nas ' a we ' eta balasa wa-wahabomu la
deweylin, la- ' el la westa hezb . Wa-nabara ' enza yemehheromu kama ' i
yegbaru megbaromu la-ezqa Babi lon .
VI I I
86 (1) Wa-soba basha ' el at ba-za yawae 'omu 'Amlak l a-ezb
' em-Babilon, wa-yebelo ' Egzi ' la- ' Eremeyas : ( 2) "Tanse ' ' anta wa
ezbeka, wa-ne 'u westa Yordano s , wa-balomu la-ezb : ' Yefaqqed ' Egzi '
yekden megbara za-ezba Babilon; wa_ la_taba 't l03 za- ' awsaba ' anesta
Babi lon ba-dibekemu, wa- ' anest-ni ' ella ' awsaba ' emennehomu
neftenomu . , l04 (3) Wa- ' ella sam 'uka-sa, ' agabbe ' omu westa
' Iyarusalem; wa-la- ' ella ' i-sam 'uka ' i-texdegomu yeba 'u west eta . "
87 (4) Wa- ' Eremeyas kama-ze ' anbaba lomu zanta kWello, wa
' ame ' omu westa Yordanos kama yeftenomu .
88 Wa- ' enza yenaggeromu zanta nagara za-yebelo ' Egzi ' , nafaqu
' ella ' awsabu, wa- ' i - faqadu kama yesme 'ewwo la- ' Eremeyas . Wa-bo
. - 1 05 1 a- ' alam; nenasse ' on
" ewwo : " ' I -naxadd eg ' anestl.yana
' e 11 a yeb"'l
meslena westa hagarena . " (5) Wa-xalafu ' em-Yordanos , wa-batu westa
, Iyaruslilem.
89 Wa-qomu ' Eremeyas wa-Barok wa- 'Abemelek ' enza yebelu :
"Kw ellu be ' s i za- ' awsaba ' em-Babilon ' i-yebawwe' westa hagarena. "
(6) Wa-yeblilu ' ella ' awsabu ' anesta l a-biomu : 106 "Tanse'u, negba'
y
103. G tab <a to be brave , manly. teb ' teb 'at bravery, cour
age , virtue . taba 't (pI . ' atbu ') n . a male . tabba ' taba 'i (pl .
taba 't) adj . male, strong. taba 'tawi (or -ay) adj . mal e , masculine.
104. G fatana (yeften) to investigate, explore ; to examine,
test . CG ' aftana to hand over for examination . Gt tafatna p as s . of
G . fetun investigated , examined, tested. fatani examiner , tester.
105 . ' anestiya (coIl . ) the women, womenfolk.
106. hi? (pl . ' aby ) friend, comrade, companion; neighbor; a
singl e individual . D bayya?a to separate, distinguish, discern . Glt
tabaya to become companions .
=
29 3
292
westa Babilon . "
yetgabaru ba-xebu' . "
Wa-xal afu wa-gab ' u .
9 0 ( 7 ) Wa-soba re ' yewwomu s ab ' a Babilon , wa ' u kama

1 07
yetqabbal ewwomu;
wa- ' i-xadagewwomu kama yebn' u westa Babilon ,
' en z a yebelu :
" ' Antemu qedma kiylina al l1 ' kemuna , wa-ba-xebu'
waa' kemu ' em-xabna; wa-ba' enta z entu ' i-tebawwe ' u westa hagaren a ,
' esma tamaalna ba-sema ' amlakena kama kiyakemu wa- ' awal edikemu ' i
netwkkaf, ' esma ba-xebu ' xalafkemu ' emennna . "
9 1 ( 8 ) Wa-s ami ' omu kama - ze gab ' u westa ' Iyarusalm , wa-hanasu
l omu ' ahgura westa ' adyl1mihli l a- ' Iyarusalem, wa-samayewwa l a -zeku
hagar Samareya .
(9) Wa-fannawa xabehomu ' Eremeyas ' enza yebel :
"Nass ehu wa-nawa yemasse ' mal ' aka .;; e dq wa-yagabbe ' akemu westa
:, i 0 8
makane emu za-nawwlix.
IX
9 2 (1) Wa-nabaru ' enza yetfesseu wa-yesawwe ' u s abu ' a ' el at a
b a ' enta I}ezb .
9 3 (2) Wa- ' ama ' asur ' e l at ' em - z a tagabra zentu, ' a ' raga
' Eremeyas maswl1 ' ta btitu .
94
(3)
Wa- s a 1 1 aya ' Eremeylis ' enza yebel : " Qeddus qeddus
l09
te ' um l a- s ab ' , wa-berhan za-ba- ' aman za
qeddus ' anta, ma ' za
' Astabaqq We ' aka ba ' enta

llO
ezbeka, wa- ' ese " elaka ba ' enta qala ma' ar' ir
za-Surafel , (4) wa
lll
b a ' enta ma' aza ' etan za- Kirubel ; (5) wa- ' es e " e laka ' ewwa
mal} letay
t abarreh l ita ' eska ' ana ' eba.;; eh qedmeka .
Mika ' el (mal ' aka edq we ' etu) , z a-yarexxu ' anaqea edq ' e ska
w
yebawwe ' ewwon .
( 6) ' As t abaqqWe ' aka ' E g z i ' l a-k el lu, wa- ' Egzi ' za
w
kWe llo ye ' exxez , wa -k e l l o fatara za-yastare " i , wa-za- ' i -tawalda,
w
w
za-k e l lo faama , wa-k e l lu fetrat xebu' hal lo xabehu, z a ' enbala
107.
9 5 (7) Wa- zanta a l l aya .
kama ' aadu be ' si za-wa ' a nafsu ' em- l a' lehu .
96 ( 8 ) Wa-sobeha wadqu Barok wa- 'Abemelek , wa_ ' awyawu l 1 2 ba

' abiy qal , wa-yebe Iu: "Way l ana .
' Abuna 'Eremeyas kahena 'Amlak
xal afa ' emennena . "
9 7 (9) Wa-s ami ' omu kama - z e I}ezb , ro u xabehu , wa-rakabewwo la
Wa-bakayu wa-satatu ' al basihomu , wa

wadayu I}amada diba re ' somu, wa-bakayu bekliya marira . 1 1 3
' EremeYlis weduqa wa-meweta .
9 8 (10) Wa- ' emdexra ' astadalawu ba-za yeqabberewwo mas ' a qal
.
'
- we ' etu, wa-nafsu
za-yebel :
I -tegne zewwo . eyaw
t egabbe ' diba
1 08 .
seglihu dl1gema . "
9 9 ( 1 2) Wa- sami ' omu zanta qlil a , ' i -ganazewwo , ' al Ia nabaru
' enza ya ' aqqebewwo ' awdo salus a mawa ' e l a , ' eska tegabbe ' nafsu westa
segll.hu .
100 ( 1 3 ) Wa-kona qll.l ba-mll. ' ka l a k We110mu wa-yebe : "Sabbehewwo
ba- ' ahadu qll.l , sabbeewwo la- ' Amlll.k ; wa-kwellekemu s abbehu l a_m sihl14
The phrase s eems
to mean no more than "your lofty p lace . "

109.
perfume .
sweet .
G me <za to sme l l goo d , b e fragrant .

Dt tame eza to be s cented, fragrant .
CG ' am < aza to scent ,
me <uz fragrant ,
ma 'aza (p l . -t) fragrance , p leasant s cent .

1 10 .
ma<ar honey.
ma<ar<ir adj . sweet .
CQ ' ama <rara t o
sweeten .
111.
' ewwa here adv . " even, indeed , surely . "
walda 'Amlll.k, za-yanaqqehakemu wa-yekWennenakemu , ' IyaSU wal d a Am ak,

w
berhll.n l a-k ellu ' ll.lam , wa-maxtot za- ' i -ye!affe ' , wa-eywat za
hll.ymanot .
101 (14) " Wa-yekawwen ' emdexra- z e mawa' e l salas me ' t wa-salas
sanbatat za-mawll.' e l l a-me ' atu west a medr .
west a gannat wafere wa-yebUSll.na
' E4a Qeywat , z a-hallo

w
yeresseyomu l a-k el lu ' e za- [ ' i -] yawae'
5t at ak l a ,
kama yeme ' u xabehu , wa-yeresseyomu kama yegbaru
fere wa-yesrau, wa-ferehomu yenabber mes l a mala' ekt .

1 0 2 ( I S) "Wa-ba' enta t ak l a ' eaw, kama yel aml emu
The ' i- is probabl y to be omitted, but could be justified
The za- with the adj ective is unusual .
'"
for the se cond meaning of Dt taqabbala to go out to meet ; to wel come ,

accept , receive .
Wa-faimo aloto , qoma ' E remeyas
westa beta maqdas , wa-meslehu Barok wa- ' Abemelek; wa-kona ' E remeyas
fig . ) .
112.
Q <awyawa t o wai l i n mourning .
113.
<awyat
vn
116
wa-yenuxu,
wai l ing .
marra/marara (yemrar, yerrt1'el'J to be bitter ( l i t . and
CG ' amral'a to be bitter; to make bitter, exacerbate , aggra
vat e ; to behave bitterly or sharp l y .
mel'ar (pl . -at)
merrat
vn
mar>il' ( f . marar) adj . b itter .
bitternes s .
114.
masi; the Anoint ed, the Messiah.
115 .
yabsa (yeybasJ to be dry , arid .
yebus dry, ari d .

116.
CG ' aybasa caus .
yabs dry 1 and , the dry ground.
Q ZamZama to bloom, grow green; to be tender .
verdure , tenderness .
ZemZiime
2 95
294
nahab ;; abbta
_
I
j,
I'
I1
',
la- ' I yor
l1S
kama ' i - yeybas serawihomu
119
kama t ak l
za- ' i - ' axaza serwu medra .

122
12l 120
k ama d. amr , ( 1 6) waya;;a' addu
qayeh.
1 0 3 "Wa- za- h. eb ra
may za-e ' um marira yekawwen , wa-marir e'uma yekawwen ba- ' abiy
123
1 24
,
fere
kama yefrayu
Amlk l a-dasayt
h. ase t ; ( 1 7) wa-tefseh. tata
ba-nagara ' afuhu [ la- ] walda z i ' ahu .
117
1 04 ( IS) "Wa_we ' etu lalihu yebaww e ' westa ' al am , wa-yaxarri
lotu awareyata ' asarta wa-ke l ' et a kama yetra' ay l omu za- ' ana re ' iku
125
za-yetfenno ' em-xaba ' abuhu, za-yemasse
sergewa ,
. ' westa ' al am wal2S
127
126
nafsa
rexebt a . "
aggeb
wa-ya
,
yekayyed
westa Dabra Zayt
D ?abbea t o exact/col lect taxes o r tribute .
caus .
abbat tribute , taxes .
idem.
me?ebb tax office .
maabbe tax-col l ector .
CD ' aabbe
maabbei
lIS.
' iyor, ' ayar (p l . -at) the air, atmosphere (from Gk . aer) .
119.
serw (pl . -at, seraw , ' asraw) root ; nerve , mus cl e , tendo
G sarawa
D sarrawa to eradicate , extirpat e .
Gt tasarwa
Dt
gated.
'1
,
l'
red(ne s s ) .
I I
! I;
,
,i
I I
; !.
122.
white .
ebr (pl . -at, ebar) color .
ebur many-colored, varie
CG ' aara to clean, pol ish .

121.
G qea to grow red .
qayeo/qayi (f. qay) red .
qiat
Q ' aqyaye to make/become reddi sh.

Q a<dawa to be whi t e .
C Q ' aa <dawa caus .
a <da/ a < ada (pl . a<adew) adj . whit e .
e <dew adj .
?e <d:
awe whitenes s .
?a <ad<id adj . whitish .

123.
daset (pl . dasayat) i s l and .
The phrase la-dasayat is the
predicate of this cl aus e ; the trans l ation is l e s s awkward with a verb

supp l ied :
1 24 .
"The joys of the Lord (wi l l extend) to the i s l ands . "

G faraya/farya (yefray ) t o bear fruit , b e fruitful .
' afraya caus . ; a l so

125 .
G.
CG
mafrey an. as adj . fruit ful .
sergewa in the accusative is probably to be taken as a
predic ate comp lement :
" s o that the one whom I s aw adorned might
appear unto them . "
fied.
Dabra Zayt the Mount o f Ol ives .
127.
G ?agba to be sated, fi lled, satisfied ; to be sick of

CG ' a?gaba to s atiat e , satisfy.
?egub sate d , ful l, s atis
?egab satiety, abundance .

l2S.
' Re ' iku 'Amlaka walda ' Amlak . '
bakama gabarna diba ' I sayeyas . "

1 30
b a- ' ebn newaggero . "
Da ' emu
G rexba (yerxab) to be hungry .
CG ' arxaba caus .
( 2 1 ) Ye ' ze-ni tanse ' u , negbar dibehu

Wa-yebillu manfaqomu :
'' ' Albo .
1 0 7 Wa-arxu lomu Barok wa- ' Abilmelilk ' enza yebelu :
"Ba- zati
mot ' i-teqtel ewwo . "

l O S (22) Wa-azanu Barok wa- ' Abemelek ba' enta ' Eremeyas , wa
' adi ' i-xadagewwo yezilnewomu xebu ' [ta za-re ' ya .
1 09 (23) Wa-yebel omu ' Eremeyas :
'" Armemu .
' I -tebkeyu , ' esma
' i-yekelu qatiloteya ' eska ' ezenewakemu kWello za-re' iku .
ye ' ze-ni ' ame ' u l ita ' aatta ' ebna . "
(24) Wa
Wa- ' ame ' u lotu ' ebna ' alJatta .
" Berhiin za-la- ' alam , rass i zata

Wa-sob eh-a kona ' ebn b a-re ' yata ' Eremeyas
1 1 0 ( 2 5 ) Wa- ' aqama wa-yebe :

' ebna re ' yata sab ' tekun . "
za-yemasselo .
' Eremeyas -ha .
1 1 2 (2S) Wa- ' Eremeyas zenawomu la-Barok wa-la- ' Abemelek kWello
za-re ' ya xebu ' ata, ( 2 9 ) wa- ' emdexra- z e faimo nagirotomu, hora wa
qoma ma ' kala
ezb ,
faqido kama yefaem meggebo .
1 1 3 (30) Wa-sobehii arxa l omu zeku ' ebn wa-yebe :
rexub
' " 0 - ' abdiin
daqiqa ' Esra ' e l , ba' enta ment teweggeruni ' enza ta.mas seluni ' Eremeyas
ha?
Wa- ' Eremeyas nawll m[ ' kalekemu yeqawwem . "

1 1 4 (31) Wa-soba r e ' yewwo , rou mes l a bezux ' ebn , wa-faamu
' a 1 ewo , 1 31 (32) wa-qabarewwo .

hungry, starving .
Wa-nas ' u we ' eta ' ebna , wa- ' anbaru
raxab/raxab hunger , famine .
129.
' Isayeyas I s aiah the Prophet .
130.
da' emu adv . again, further, rather .
131 .
faf}f}amu <alewo is difficult ; probably :
"They put an end
to his apostacy , " taking <alewo as an infini ti ve (qatir form) without

the usual suffix -ot- .
126.
something.
1 0 6 (20) Wa-soba s am 'u zanta ezb , tame " u ba ' enta zentu, wa
"Zentu we ' etu nagarat za_ ' Isayeyas 129 walda ' Amo , za-yebe l :
yeblu :
III ( 2 7) Wa- ' axazu yewaggerewwo la- ' ebn ' enza yemass e l omu
tasarrawa pass . ' serrawe eradication, extirpation .

120.
yema e ' westa 'alam o
117.
1 0 5 (19) Wa-kama- z e nagara ' Eremeyas ba' enta walda ' Amlak , kama
G <alawa (ye <lu) to pervert ; to act per
versely, to transgress ( l aws etc . ) ; to be rebel l ious , evi l , refrac

tory, apostate, heret ical .
CG ' a <lawa caus . ; to trans late ( from one
l anguage into another) ; to copy or transcribe .

versity, heresy, apostacy; copy, transcript ion .
<e lwat disaster; per

<alawi wicked ,
296
297
'i
I J
west a maqaberihu, wa-rassayewwo k am a ' enta ma ' o ,

westetu ' enza yebel u :
132
wa-atafu
"Nawa zentu we ' etu rad ' u l a - ' Eremeyas . "
have s ent t o you (herewith) .
These are those words which the Lord
God of I srael made , who led us out of the fiery l and of Egypt :
"Be
cause you did not keep al l his righteous (acts) , but became haughty
Addendum :
The Letter from Baruch to Jeremiah
and refractory , he has handed you over to the furnace of Babylon , for
The text of this l etter is corrupt and was relegated by D i l l

mann (Chrestomathia , p . 8 ) t o the foot o f the page .
When read in the
l i ght of the Greek version, however, it does appear to be almost

coherent, if one al lows for a few minor emendations .
60a ( 1 7) B a ' enta :
F essea wa-aset .
' E sma ' Aml ak ' i
yaxaddegana nea' ezunanina ba' enta e ' l at wa-musena .
( 1 8 ) Ba' enta
ze ' astara ' Eg z i ' diba ' anbe ' ena , wa-tazakkara ser' ata za- ' aqdama
mes l a ' abawina ' Abreham Yesaq wa-ya' qob .
60b (19) Wa-fannawa mal ' ako xabeya , wa-nagarani ' e l l anta n agara
z a- l a' akku xabeka .
( 20) ' E l l a ' emantu nagar za-gabra ' Egz i ' ' Amlaka
' Esra ' l , za- ' awe ' ana ' em-medra Geb za- ' essat :
( 2 1 ) ' E sma ' i
' aqabkemu kWello . edqatihu, ' a l l [ ' al ' alkemu l ebbakemu wa- ' agzafkemu
( 2 2) ' e sma
kesadakemu qedmehu , wa-ma!!awakemu westa ' etona Babilon ,
' i - s ama' kemu qaleya - - yebe ' E gz i ' aber ' em- ' afa ' Eremeyas qWe l ' ehu .
60c La- ' el l a sam ' u ' wae ' omu ' em-Babi lon , wa- ' i-yekawwenu
nagda ' em- ' Iyarusalem ba- Biibi lon .
60d ( 23) Wa - ' emma - s a tefattu ta'meromu, fetenomu ba-maya
Yord[nos , wa-za- ' i -yes amme ' yet ' ammar .
z a-ya ' abbi
Zentu t e ' mert :
m[xtam .
6 0 a T o wit (1) :
Baruch , the servant o f God , writes a l etter to
Jeremiah in the Babylonian exi l e .
Joy and happines s !
For God wi l l
not al low u s t o depart (from this l ife) grieving about the r evil ement
and destruction (of the city) .
Therefore , God has taken pity on our
t e ars and has remembered the covenant which he estab l i shed previously
with our fathers Abraham, I s aac, and Jacob .
60b He sent his ange l to me and told me these words which I
perverse ; infidel , heretical .
132 .
p as s .
G <aawa (ye < ew) to close , shut , lock , bol t .
< eew locked, closed, bol ted .
ma <aut) door, gat e ; lock, bolt .
60c Those who have heeded I shal l bring forth from Babylon , and
they will not be exi l e s from Jerusalem in Babylon .
60d I f you wish to know them, test them in the water of the
Barok gabra 'Amlak yeeef maafa la
' Eremeyas westa ewa Babilon .
you did not heed my voice" - - thus s aid the Lord through Jeremiah,
his servant .
< aqawi doorkeeper .
Gt ta < aqwa
ma<o (pl .
Jordan, and let him who does not heed become known .
sign :
the great seal (i . e . baptism) .
This is the
299
298
III .
Wangel qeddus z a- ' Egzi ' ena wa-madxanina ' Iyasus Kerestos ,
The Gospel of Matthew
z a-we ' etu besrata Mattewos awareya
The text trans literated here is that of the Ethiopic New Testa
ment dis tributed by the British ( and American) B ib l e Society :
WangeZ
Qeddus za-J Egzi' ena wa-Madxenena ' Iyasus Kerestos wa-ma?aheftihomu 11awareyatu qeddusan (Leip zig, 1 89 9 ; reprinted 1949) .
This Gospel was
s e l ected for inclusion here both b ecause it is avai lab l e in Ethiopic

s cript at a modest pri ce and because its fami liarity el iminates the
need for excessive glossing .
Reference to an Engli sh trans lation or
to the Greek original w i l l help c lear up syntactic points not dis

cussed i n the notes .
I t is as sumed that the reader is fami l iar with
the pers onal and p l ace names which occur .
Chapter I
Maafa ledatu l a - ' Iyasus Kerestos walda Dlwit walda ' Abreham
(1 8) Wa- l a- ' Iyasus Kerestos kama- ze we ' etu ledatu .
Wa -tafexrat ' emmu
Maryam la-Yosef, wa- z a ' enbala yetqarabu tarakbat ' enza-ba westa
maana ' em-manfas qeddus .
(19) Wa-Yosf-sa faxariha, ' esma adeq
we ' etu, ' i-faqada yekseta, wa-makara emmita yexdega .
( 20) Wa- ' enza
zanta yexe l 1 i , nahu ' astar' ayo mal ' aka ' Egzi ' ab er ba-e1m ' enza
yebe 1 :
Yosf walda Dawit , ' i -tefrah nasi ' ota 1 a-Maryam fexerteka, 'esma
za- ' em- 1 a ' leha yetwa1 1 ad ' em-manfas qeddus we ' etu .
( 2 1 ) Wa
tewa1 1 ed walda, wa-te awwe ' s emo ' Iyasus -ha, ' esma we ' etu
w .
(22) Wa- z e -k e l lu kona kama
yadexxen J:ezbo ' em-xa!awe ' ihomu .
yetfaam za-tabeh1a ' em-xaba 'Egzi ' aber ba-nabiy ' enza yebe 1 :
Nahu denge1 teannes wa-tewa1 1ed walda, wa-yeewwe 'u semo
'Amanu ' l , za-we ' etu ba-tergWamehu :
mes l ena ' Eg zi ' abJ:er .
(23) Wa-tansi 'o Yosf ' em-newamu , gabra bakama ' az z azo ma1 ' aka
' Eg z i ' abJ:er. Wa-nas ' a l a-Maryam fexertu , wa- ' i -ya'mara ' e sk a wa1adat
w
walda za-bak ra . Wa- awwe ' a semo ' Iyasus-ha.
Chapter I I
1.
B a ' enta sab ' a saga1
( 1 ) Wa-tawalido ' Iyasus ba-Beta1eJ:em za-Yehuda ba-mawa' e 1a Herodes

negus, nahu masagge 1 an ' em-beJ:era ebaJ: ba u westa ' Iyarusa1em ' enza
Tit l e :
18.
woman) .
besrat/besserat good news , gospel .

G faxara (yefxar) to espous e , become engaged to (obj . :
Gt tafaxara/tafexra pas s .
ba westa maqana she has in her womb

20.
e Zm (p I . J zam) dream .
fexert fi ance e .
faxari fiance .
she is pregnant .
G aZama to dream.
Dt tZ Zama
to dream dreams , s e e visions .

23.
bakwr firs tborn .
The usual construction of this word, with
a pronominal suffix, indicates that it is a noun and not an adj ective :

"a son who was her firstborn . "
give birth for the first time .
Gt tabak ra to be the firstborn ; to
bekwrenna status of firstborn .
301
300
yebelu :
la-Yosef ' enza yebel :
(2)
' Ayte hal l o z a - tawalda negusa ' Ayhud?
'Esma re ' ina kokaba
zi ' ahu ba-mesraq wa-ma a ' n a kama nesged lotu.
w
( 3) Wa-sami ' o Hrodes negus, dangada wa-tahawka, wa-k e l l a 'Iyarusalem
w
mes l ehu.
(4) Wa- ' astagab i ' o l a-k e l lomu liqana kahenat wa-s ahafta
(5) Wa-yebelewwo :
ezb , tase" elomu b a- ' ayte yetwal l ad Kerestos .
Ba-Betal eem za-Yehuda, ' esma kamahu euf ba-nabiy :
(6)
Wa- ' anti-ni Btaleem, medra Yehuda, ' i -t aei ' emenna
masafenta Yehuda, ' esma ' emenneki yewae ' negus
w
mak annen za-yere" eyomu l a-ezbeya ' Esra' el .
(7) Wa- ' emze awwe ' omu Herodes l a -masaggelan emmi t a , wa-taayyaqa
( 8 ) Wa-fannawomu
' em-xabhomu mawa ' e l ihu ba-za ' astar' ayomu kokab .
Wa- ' emkama
awirakemu, tasa" alu eyyuqa ba' enta ean .
rakabkemewwo , zenewuni kama ' ema' ' ana-hi wa- ' e s ged l otu.
Wa-nahu kokab za-re ' yu z a- ' em
eba yemarreomu ' eska soba baio qoma mal ' elta xaba hal l o e an .
( 1 1 ) Wa-bawi ' omu
( 1 0) Wa-re ' eyomu kokaba, tafasseu fessea ' abiya .
westa bet , re' yewwo la-ean mes l a Maryam ' emmu .
Wa-wadqu wa- sagadu
lotu, wa- ' arxawu mazagebtihomu, wa- ' abe ' u lotu ' ammexa :
sexina wa-karb .
warqa wa
( 1 2) Wa-nagaromu ba-elm kama ' i -yegbe ' u xaba
Hrodes , wa- ' enta kale ' fenot gab ' u wa- ' atawu betromu .
2.
Ba' enta ' el l a taqatlu eanat
3.
G hoka (yehuk) to mov e , agitate, disturb .
hukat idem.
G safana (yesfen) to become strong, powerfu l ; to exercise
control , rule (over :
diba, Za r Za , Za- , or a . d . o . ) .
controller, governor .
masfen (pl . masafent) rul er , governor, prefect ,
high officia l , j udge; masfena me' t centurion .
saani rul er ,
away, hide .
G zagaba (yezgeb) to store up , accumu l ate , hoard; to store

Gt tazagba pas s .
store-room, magazine .
mazgab (pI . mazagebt) treasure , weal1h;
sexin frankincens e .
( 1 6) Wa-soba re' ya Hero des kama tasalaqu la ' Hhu s ab ' a s agal , tam ' e 'a
,
eqqa, wa- fannawa wa-qata l a kW e l lo hedanata za-Betalehem wa- za-westa
kWe l lu ' adyamiha za-ke l ' e ' amat wa- a yene" es -hi , ba ama mawa 'el za
taayyaqa ' em-xaba ' el l a s agal .
( 1 7) ' Ameha tafa ama za-tabehla ba
( 1 8) Qal ba-Rama tasam ' a , bekay wa- saqoqaw b e zux ; Rae l ' enza
tebakki ba' enta we luda, wa-ta' abbi tanazezo , ' esma ' i -konewwa
we luda .
( 1 9) Wa-mawito Herodes , nahu ma1 ' aka ' Egz i ' aber ' as t ar ' ayo ba-helm
1 a-Yosf ba-Geb ( 20) ' enza r ebel :
Tansi ' aka, nesa' teana wa- ' emmo , wa-hur westa medra ' Esra' e l ,
' esma motu ' el l a yaxassesewwa l a-nafs a ze -ean .
( 2 1 ) Wa-tansi ' o , nas ' a teana wa- ' emmo , wa-bo ' a medra ' Esra ' el .
(22)
Wa- sami ' o kama 'Ark la' os yenagges la-Yehuda heyyant a ' abuhu Herodes ,
farha tawira heyya.
Wa- ' astar ' ayo ba-elm, wa-tagesa westa Galila.
za-tabehla ba-nabiy , kama Nazerawi yess amm ay waldeya.

Chapter I I I
3.
kal'be myrrh .
Ba' enta Yoryannes zakama sabaka mangesta s amayat
( 1 ) Wa-ba-we ' etu mawa ' e 1 baa Yohannes Mameq ' enza yes abbek ba
gadama Yehuda, (2)
' enza yebel :
Nasseu , ' esma qarbat mangesta samayat .
(3) ' Esma zentu we ' etu
za-tabehla ba- ' I s ayeyas nabiy ' enza yebel :

Qala za-ye arrex ba-gadam ; ' astadalewu fenoto l a 16.
' emkama conj . as soon as .
11.
' Em-Geb awwa 'kewwo l a-wal deya .
mesfena the office or
status of a masfen .
8.
( 1 5) Wa-nabara heyya ' eska ' ama motu la-Herodes , kama yetfa am za
tabehla ' em-xaba ' E g zi ' abr ba-nabiy ' enza yebe l :
Gt tahawka pas s .
hawk motion, movement, agitation, disturbance ; mob , crowd, tumult .

6.
la-ean kama yeqte lo .

( 1 4) Wa-tansi ' o , nas ' a eana wa- ' emmo ba- l e l i t , wa-tora westa Geb .
( 23) Wa-baito, xadara westa beer ' enta serna Nazeret , kama yetfaam
( 1 3) Wa- ' emdexra xalafu, nahu mal ' aka 'Egzi' aber ' astar' ayo ba-elm
II
heyya ' eska ' ama ' enaggeraka, ' esma hal l awo l a-Herodes yexseso
' Eremeyas nabiy ' enza yeb e l :
Bt alem-ha wa-yeblomu :
(9) Wa-sami ' omu ' em-xaba negus, oru .
w
Tan
s e ' wa-nes
-a ' hed
. . ana wa- ' emmo , wa-g eyay westa Geb , wa-hallu
( Za r Za) .
22.
G l t tasaZaqa to j oke , sport , play; to mo ck , make fun of
s e sport , p lay; mockery.
mastasaZeq mocker, s corner.
CG ' agasa to t ake aside , to divert ; to remove , take away .
Gt tagesa to depart , withdraw.
303
302
' Egzi ' aber, wa-retu ' a gebaru mayto .

(4) Wa-we ' etu Yoannes lebsu za-yelabbes za-agWra gamal, wa-qenatu
za- ' adim westa aqWhu, wa-sisayu ' anba!a wa-ma' ara gadam. (5) Wa
tewae ' xabehu kWella ' Iyarusalem wa-kwella Yehuda wa-kwellu
' adyamihu la-Yordanos, ( 6 ) wa-yeammaqu ' em-xabehu westa Yordanos
falag ' enza yet ' ammanu xaawe ' ihomu . ( 7 ) Wa-soba re ' ya bezuxana
Farisaweyana wa-Saduqaweyana ' enza yemae'u westa !emqatu emmita,
wa-yebelomu :
Tewledda ' arawi ta medr . Mannu ' ammarakemu tegWyayu , em- ' enta
temae' ma" at? ( 8 ) Gebaru-ke ' enka sannaya fere za
yedallewakemu la-nessea. (9) Wa- ' i-yemsalkemu ba-behi la:
' Aba bena ' Abreham-ha . ' Ebe lakemu kama yekel ' Egzi ' aber ' em
' el lantu ' a' ban ' anse ' o weluda l a- ' Abreham. ( 1 0) ' Esma nahu
.
wadde ' a mae westa gw enda ' eaw yenabber. Kw ellu-ke ' e za' i-yefarri fere sannaya yetgazzam wa-westa ' essat yetwadday.
( 1 1 ) ' Ane-sa-ke ' a!ammeqakemu ba-may la-nessea; wa-za
' emdexreya-sa yema?e' yeanne ' ' emenneya, za- ' i -yedal lewani
' eur ' asa' eno . We' etu-sa yaammeqakemu ba-manfas qeddus wa
ba- ' essat . ( 1 2) Za-mas ' e wsta ' edehu, wa-yanae ' awdo , wa
yastagabe ' sernayo westa mazgabu wa-asaro-sa yawe " i ba- 'essat
za- ' i-ye!affe ' .
( 1 3) 'Ameha ma ' a ' Iyasus ' em-Galila westa Yordanos xaba Yohannes
kama yeamaq ' emennehu. ( 1 4) Wa-Yoannes yekalle'o ' enza yebel :
'Ana ' efaqqed ' em-xabeka ' e!!amaq , wa- ' anta-nu temae ' xabeya?
( 15) Wa- ' awse ' a ' Iyasus wa-yebelo :
Xedeg ye ' z-sa, ' esma kama-ze yedallewana nefassem kWello ?edqa.
G ?e (ye?i) to make level, to pave (a road) .
?eyu level , even, paved; easy. ma?yo.t highway.
W
4 . ' adim leather . aq e (pI . -yat) loins . ' anbapo.
' anabep) locust (s) . ma < o.r honey .
III
pas s .
3.
Gt
taseha
(pI .
falag (pl . ' aflo.g) river .

7 . -ke ' enka see 5 1 . 4 .
1 0 . D wadde' a to finish , complete; used as an auxi liary verb
in the sense of "already" : wadde' a yenabber is already seated, posi
tioned, resting . Dt tXlvadde' a pas s . ma7;u!.e/mal?e axe .
6.
12.
sa <aya
threshing-floor.
t o winnow .
sernay/sernay
winnowing-fork . <awd here :

wheat . sar chaff, piece of straw .
mas<e
Wa- ' emze xadago . ( 16) Wa-taamiqo ' Iyaus , seha wa'a ' em-may, wa
nahu tarexwa lotu samay, wa-re 'ya manasa 'Egzi ' abher ' enza yewarred
kama regb, wa-nabara la ' lhu. ( 1 7) Wanahu ma ' a qal ' em-samay za
yebel :
Ze-we' etu waldeya za- ' afaqqer, za-botu samarku .
Chapter IV
Wa- ' emze ' Iyasus ' a ' rago manfas gadama yetmakkar ' em-xaba
. ( 2 ) Wa-awimo mawa 'ela ' arbe ' a wa- ' arbe ' a layaleya, wa
abelos
Diy
, emdexra- ze rexba. ( 3) Wa-qarba za-yamekkero wa-yebiHo:
'Emma waldu-s a ' anta la- ' Egzi' aber, bal kama ' ellu ' a ' ban
xebesta yekuna .
(4) Wa- ' aws ' a ' Iyasus wa-yebe :
geuf kama ' akko ba-xebest kema za-yaayyu s ab ' , ' alIa ba
kWellu qal za-yewae ' ' ern- ' afuhu la- 'Egz i ' aber .
(5) Wa- ' emze nas ' o Diyabelos westa qeddest hagar, wa- ' aqamo westa
tadbaba beta maqdas , ( 6) wa-yebel o :
' Emma-sa ' aman wal du ' anta til- ' Egzi ' abher ;>- 'wa-tawaiaw tahta.
' sma euf kama l a-mala ' ektihu . ye ' ezz zomu ba'. ent
'. aka- =kama
'
ye 'qabuka ba-kwellu fenoteka, wa-ba- ' edaw yanasse 'uka kama ' i t et 'aqaf ba- ' ebn . ' egraka.
(7) Wa- ' awse' a ' Iyasus wa-yebelo:
Ka'eba euf: ' I -tamakkero la- ' Egzi ' aber ' AmIakeka.
(8) Wa- ' emze 'adi nas'o Diyabelos westa dabr nawwax !eqqa , wa- ' ar' ayo
kWello mangestata 'alam wa-kebromu. (9) Wa-yebelo :
Zanta kWello ' ehubaka la' emma sagadka lita wa- ' ammaxkani .
( 10) Wa- ' emze yebelo ' Iyasus :
ur ' emdexreya Sayan . geuf we ' etu: La- 'Egzi ' aber ' Amlakeka
t esged, wa-kiyahu baQtito tamlek .
(1)
1 . Dt tamakkara to be tested, tempted , tried. CD ' amakkara to

IV
test, try, tempt, examine. mekkur tempted , tried. makkara (pl . -t)
examination, testing, trying, temptation.
5 . tadbab roof, top , summit, pinnacle.
warwa (yewru) to throw, cast . Gt tawarwa pas s . and reflex .
6.
CG ' a <qafa to impede , present an obstacle to (0 . 5 . ) . Gt ta <aqfa to
be hindered, impeded; to stumble, knock against . <eqeft (p I . -at)
impediment , obstacle, hindrance, ma <qaf/ma <qef idem.
. ' "
..
". !
.....
3 04
30 5
(11) Wa- ' emze xadago Diyabelos , wa-nahu mala' ekt ma ' u yetla' akewwo .
(12) Wa-sami ' o ' Iyasus kama Yoannes ta' exza, tagesa westa Gal i 1a .
(13) Wa-xadaga la-Nazert . Wa-ma i ' o , xadara Qefernahom, ' enta
mangala bar westa ' adbara Zabulon wa-Neftalem, (14) kama yetfaam
za-tabehla ba- ' I sayeyas nabiy ' enza yebe l :
Medra Zabulon wa-medra Neftalem, fenota bar ma'dota Yordanos ,
Galila ' enta ' azab . ( 1 6) ezb za-yenabber westa elmat re'ya
berhana 'abiya; wa-la- ' el la-hi yenabberu westa selmat wa
elalota mot berhan saraqa omu .
4 . Ba' enta temhert qadami zamahara 'Egzi' ena Kerestos
( 17) 'Em- ' amha ' axaza ' Iyasus yesbek wa-yebal :
Tanasseu, 'esma qarbat mangesta samayat .
(18) Wa- ' enza yansosu mangala bara Galila, re'ya kel ' eta ' axawa ,
Sem'on-ha, za-tasamya P!ros, wa- 'Endreyas-ha' ' exwahu, ' enza
yewaddeyu marbabta westa bar, ' esma masaggeran ' emuntu. (19) Wa
yeblomu ' Iyasus :
Ne 'u, telewuni dexrya, wa- ' eresseyakemu tekunu masaggerana
sab ' .
(20) Wa-ba-gizha xadagu masagerihomu wa-talawewwo . (21) Wa- 'adiwo
' em-heyya, re'ya kal e ' ana kel ' eta ' axawa, Ya 'qob-ha walda Zabdewos
wa-Yohannes-ha
' exwahu, westa hamar
mesla Zabdewos ' abuhomu yesarre'u
.
.
'
masagerihomu, wa- awwe omu . (22) Wa-ba-gizeha xadigomu amara wa' abahomu, talawewwo . {2 3) Wa- ' ansosawa ' Iyasus westa kWellu Galilii.
17. ' em-' ameha from that time onward .
18. Q ' ansosawa to walk, stroll . G rababa to expand, extend,
pas s . and intrans . rebbat expanow
spread out ( trans . ) . Gt tabba
sion, extension. ma:rbabt net .
19. G taZawa (yetZu) to fo llow, accompany (a. d . o . or Za-) . CG
' at Zawa caus . Glt tataZawa recipr. te Zwat/teZot vn . following ;
dowry . taZawi fol lower ; disciple, pupil ; sectarian ; successor .
matZew adj . following. mat Zew/matZo that which fol lows , succession ;
rest , remainder . matZewa adv. then , immediately thereafter , in succession .
20. masga:rt (pl . masager) net , fishing-gear . CG ' asgara to
hunt, trap , snare, fl sh . Gt tasagra pass . sagarat ards (of j ail
or prison) . ' asgari hunter, fisherman .
' enza yemehher ba-mekwrabatihomu wa-yesabbek waniela. mangest wa'

" wel lo emama za-westa
'
yefewwes kwello dawe wa-k
ezb . (24) Wa-wa 'a
'
semu'atu westa kWella Soreya, wa- 'ame'u xabhu kwelio deweyana wa
kWello emumana za-la-la zi ' ahu emamomu, wa-e " urana wa- ' ella-hi
'aganent wa-warxaweyana wa- ' ella-hi nagargar wa-mawe ' ana; wa
yaayyewomu. ( 25) Wa-talawewwo bezuxan ' azab ' em-Galila wa- ' em
'Asru 'Ahgur wa- ' em- 'Iyarusalem wa- 'em-Yehuda wa- ' em-ma 'dota Yordanos.
5.
Chapter V '
Ba' enta beu ' an
( 1) Wa-re' eyo ' azaba, ' arga westa dabr . Wa-nabiro, qarbu xabehu
' arda' ihu. (2) Wa-kasata ' afahu, wa-maharomu ' enza yebel :
(3) Be?u ' an naddayan ba-manfas, ' esma lomu ye' eti mangesta
.
samayat . (4) Beu , an ' ella yelaJ:ewu ye' ze , ' esma ' emuntu
yetfesseu . .( 5 ) Be?u ' an yawwahan, ' esma ' emuntu yewarresewwii.
la-medr . (6) Be?u ' an ' ella yerexxebu wa-yeaj1lJ1\e: u la-edq ,
' esma ' emuntu yeaggebu . (7) Beu 'an maJ:areY , "esma ' emuntu
.
yetmaJ:J:aru. (8) Beu ' an neuana lebb , ' esma ' emuntu
yere" eyewwo la- 'Egzi ' abJ:er . (9) Beu'an gabareyana salam,
' esma ' emuntu weluda ' .Egzi ' abher
. . . .(W) . edu 'an
. yessaJlll!l<lY U.
.
. . . - . "." .
.
' el la yessaddadu ba' enta edq , ' e sma lomu ye' eti mangesta
samayat . (11) Beu ' an ' antemu soba yesaddedukemu wa
yezanaggWegukemu wa-yeabb (eb)u kWello ' ekaya la ' lekemu, ' enza
yeJ:es sewu ba- ' enti ' aya. (12) TafasseJ:u wa-taJ:asayu , ' e sma
' asbekemu bezux we ' etu ba-samayat , ' esma kama- ze sadadewwomu
mekwrab (pl . -at)

la-la see Sl . S .
temple, shrine, synagogue .

24.
wa:rxawi lunatic . nagargar a type of
epilepsy; rolling , spinning . Q ' anga:rgara to rol l , spin (trans . and
intrans . ) . ma1agWe ' a paralytic. CLt ' asta4agWe 'a to place on a bed
or litter . cj.eg </q.ega < pil low, mattress .
v
S . yawwah mild, gentle, modest , submissive ; innocent , simple.
G yawha D yawweha to be gentle etc . ; to please, charm; to persuade ,
entice . yawhat mildnes s etc. yawwahat idem . yawhenna idem.
6 . G am' a (yema' ) to be thirsty (for : la-) . CG ' asme' a
caus . ?emu' thirsty . ?em' thirst.
1 1 . Q zangWagWa to ridicul e, hold in s corn . zengWagWe scorn,
23.
ridic ule .
306
307
rasa we' etu la-Gahannama ' essat . ( 2 3) Wa- ' emkama-ke ta.bawwe '
ammexakil- westa meswa '. , wa-ba-hilyya tazakkarka kama-bo ' exuka
za-yaayye saka, (24) xedeg heyya maba' aka qedma meswa ' , wa-hur ,
'
qedma takwanan mesla ' exuka, wa- ' emze gabi ' aka. ' abe' ' ammexaka
.
( 2 5 ) Kun abiba la- ' edeweka feuna, ' enza halloka meslehu westa
fenot, kama ' i-yemauka ' edeweka 1 a-makw annen , wa-makwann en
la-la'ku, wa-westa moqe tetwaday . ( 2 6 ) ' Arnan ' ebelaka : ' i
tewae ' ' em-heyya ' eska soba tefaddi !eq kWello .' (27)
Sama ' kemu kama tabehla : ' I -tezammew . ( 2 8 ) Wa- ' ane-sa
' ebelakemu : kWellu za-yere " i be' sita wa-yefattewa wadde ' a
zammawa bati ba-lebbu. ( 2 9) 'Emma ' ayneka ' enta ' yaman
taseetaka, melexa wa- ' awe ' a ' em-la ' leka, ' esma yexeyyesaka
kama yethagWal ' aadu ' emenna ' abaleka ' em-kwellu segaka
yetwaday westa Gahannam. ( 30) Wa- ' emma ' enta yaman ' edeka
taseetaka, metera wa- ' awe ' a ' em- la' leka, ' esma yexeyyesaka
yethagWal ' aadu ' emenna ' abaleka ' em_kw eiiantahu-. segaka west a
Gahannam yetwaday. ( 3 1 ) Wa-'t abehl a : . za-xadaga be'sito yahaba
maafa xedgatiha.. ( 3 2 ) Wa- ' arte-sa " ebelakernU kama kWellu za
yaxaddeg be ' sito za ' enbala tezammu yeresseya tezammu . ( 3 3) Wa
za-hi xedegta ' awsaba zammawa . . Wa-ka 'el:ia sainakemu kama
tabehla la-qadamt : ' I -temhalu ba-J:assat ; ' agbe'u batu la
' Egzi ' abJ:er maalakemu . (34) Wa- ' ane-sa ' ebe lakemu : ' 1 tealu gemura : wa- 'i-samaya, 'esma manbaru la- 'Egzi ' aber
we ' etu; ( 3 5 ) wa- ' i -medra, ' esma makayyada ' egarihu ye ' et i ; wa
' i-ba- ' IyaruslUem, ' esma hagaru ye ' eti la-negus ' abiy . ( 36)
la-nabiyat ' ella ' em-qedmekemu . ( 1 3) 'Antemu we' etu sew la

medr. Wa- ' emma-sa ew lasa, ba-ment-nu yetqessam? ' Albo-ke
' enka la- za-yebaqqWe ' za ' enbala l a-gadif ' af ' a wa-yekayyedo
sab' . ( 1 4) ' Antemu we ' etu berhanu la- 'alam . ' I -tekel hagar
taxabe ' o ' enta mal ' elta dabr tenabber . ( 1 5 ) Wa- ' i-yaxattewu
maxtota kama yanberewwa tata kafar, ' alIa diba taqwama, wa
tabarreh l a-kw el lomu ' el l a westa bet . ( 1 6) Kamahu yebrah
berhanekemu ba-qedma s ab ' , kama yer' ayu megbarikemu sannaya wa
yesabbeewwo la- ' abukemu za-ba-samayat . ( 1 7) ' I-yems alkemu za
maa'ku ' es ' ar ' orita wa-nabiyata. ' I-maa' ku ' es ' aromu ' alla
' efaemomu . ( 1 8) 'Aman ' ebelakemu : ' eska yaxal lef samay wa
medr, yawa ' enta ' aatti qerata ' i-taxal lef ' em- ' orit ' eska
soba kWel lu yetgabbar . ( 1 9 ) Za-ke fata ' aatta ' em- ' ella
te ' zazat ' enta tae , wa-yemehher kama-ze la-sab ' , eua
yessammay ba-mangesta samayat . Wa- za-sa yemehher wa-yegabber
we' etu 'abiya yessammay ba-mangesta samayat . (20) Nahu
' ebelakemu kama ' errllIi'a'''' i-fadfada edqekemu fadfada ' em-aaft
wa- ' em-Farisaweyan , ' i-tebawwe'u westa mangesta samayat . ( 2 1 )
Sama 'kemu kama tabehla la-qadamt : ' i-teqtel nafsa, wa-za-sa
qatala rasa we' etu la-kwennane . ( 2 2 ) Wa- ' ane-sa ' ebelakemu :
kWellu za-yame " e ' ' exwahu rasa we ' etu la-kwennane ; wa-za-hi
yebe ' exwahu za-1arq ras0a we ' etu la- ' awd ; wa- za-hi yebe ' abd
salt . G lasa (ye ls) to be unseasoned, insipid,
tasteless, fatuous . lesuh insipid etc . D qassama to season, make
tasty. Dt taqassama pas s . qessum well-seasoned , tasty . maqsem (pl .
maqasem) (highly) seasoned food.
1 5 . kafar (pl . ' akrar) a container for measuring, a bushel .
1 8 . G qara/qaraa to incise, sculpt . Gt taqara pass .
W
qer1atlqeratlq erat the stroke of a letter; stroke , mark , incision .
yawta ' enta ' aatti qerqata "the letter iota , whose stroke is (but)
one . " ' orit the Mosaic Law, the Pentateuch .
2 1 . G rasa t o b e subj ect o r liable (to : la-) , to be in danger
of; to be a defendant ; to be unclean, dirty . CG ' arseha to condemn;
to make dirty , pol lute, contaminate . resu dirty, . etc. ; the accused ,
defendant . rest (pl . -at) dirt , filth , pollution ; crime , gui l t .
22 . 1arq (pl . ' aqreqt) a patch , tatter . za-qarq adj . patched ,
threadbare; here an interpretation of Gk raka , an obscure term of
13 .
sew
abuse .
25 .
'edew (pl . -an) enemy .

G fadaya (yefdi) to pay back , to pay a debt . Gt tafadya
to exact payment or punishment ; to receive payment or punishment , to
be paid back . feda repayment , retribution; punishment , revenge .
faday (i) one who pays back . mafde money; reward, payment .
29 . D xayyasa to be better, more outstanding . Often impers onal : yexeyyesani kama + subj . :
it is better for me that
CD
' axayyasa to make better, more pleasing . xisan excellence . ' abal
(pl . -at) limb or member of the body; body, person , self. Note the
' em- of the comp arative prefixed directly to t h e c l ause beginning
with kWe l lu segaka.
26 .
308
309
Wa- ' i-ba-re ' s eka temal , ' esma ' i -tekel ' ahatta se ' erta re' seka
a ' ada rasseyo wa- ' i - ' as lemo . ( 3 7 ) Yekun batu nagarekemu
' emma-hi ' ewwa ' ewwa wa- ' emma-hi ' albo ' albo . ( 38) Wa-fadfa.da
sa ' em- ' ellu ' em- ' ekuy we' etu. (39) Sama' kemu kama tabehla :
' Ayn beza ' ayn, wa-senn bza senn . Wa- ' ane-sa ' ebelakemu : ' 1 tetqawameo la- ' ekuy; wa-la-za-hi af ' aka ' enta yaman
maltataka mi lotu kale' ta-hi . (40) Wa-la- za-hi yefaqqed
yet' aggalka wa-malbasaka yensa ' , xedeg lotu wa-lebsaka-ni .
(41) Wa-la- za-hi ' abba::aka me ' rafa ' aJ:ada, ur lIIeslehu kel ' eta.
( 42) La- za yese" elaka hab wa- la-za yefaqqed ' em-xabeka
yetlaqqa ' i -tekle ' o . (43) Sama ' kemu kama tabehla: ' Afqer
biaka, wa-ela' ala' eka . (44) Wa- ' ane-sa ' ebelakemu : ' Afqeru
ala' takemu , barekewwomu la- ' ella yeraggemukemu, sannaya gebaru
la- ' ella yeal le ' ukemu, wa-alleyu ba ' enta ' ella yesaddedukemu,
'Esma
(45) kama tekunu weluda la- ' abukemu za-ba-samayat .
zenama
wa-yazannem
wa-xeran,
ekuyan
'
la
la'
yasarreq
?aaya
to grow, be green . sa <r (pl . ' as <ert) herbage ,
vegetation, gras s . se <ur grassy, covered with vegetation . se <ert
(pI . ' as <ert) hair (of head or body) .
37 . ' emma-hi . . . ' emma-hi either . . . or .
39 . beza prep . in exchange for; n . price of redemption. senn
(pl . senan , ' asnan) tooth . Dt tasannana Glt tasanana to enter into
litlgation with , to contend with . tasnan lawsuit, litigation , con
troversy. G ?af <a (ye?ta<) to strike , slap , box . Gt ta?af <a pas s .
?ef<at a blow, slap . maltat (pl . maLate) j aw, cheek .
4 0 . Dt ta <aggaLa to cheat , defraud; to oppress , treat unjustly, rob . te <ge Lt fraud, defrauding , robbing; injury, damage .
4 1 . D <abbapa to compel, force , coerce .
42 . Dt taLaqqea to borrow. D Laqqea to lend . Leqqa a loan .
4 4 . G ragama (yergem) to curse, execrate. Gt taragma pas s .
G l t taragama pas s . regum cursed, execrated . ragami curser, exe
crator. margam (pl . - at) curse, execration .
4 5 . G zanma to rain . CG ' aznama to bring rain , cause it to
rain . D <amma4a to sin, act unj ustly or wickedly; to harm, injure .
<ammaqi unj ust , wicked, criminal . <amma inj ustice , wickedness .
36.
se <ra
I.a >la adeqan wa-: 'ammaeyan . (46) Wa- ' emm,,:-sa : tafaqqeru za
y1ifaqqerakemu, menta' ' asba bekemu? 'Akko- \l.u l!Ia}ab6aweyan-h i
kamahu yegabberlJ? (47) Wa- ' emma tasai1iaxi<:e, ' ; axawi kmu kema
menta ' enka fadfada tegabbeu? ' Akko-nu ' ahzab-ni kiyahu-sa
yegabberu? (4 8) Kunu-ke ' antemu-s a feumana kama 'abukemu
samayawi feum we ' etu.
,
Chapter
VI.
(1) Wa-baJ;ltu 'uqu mewatakemu ' i-tegbaru la- ' ayna sab kama tastar' eyu
lomu . Wa- ' emma - ' akko-sa, ' asba ' albekemu' ba-xaba , ' abukemu za-ba
samyat . (2) Soba-ke tegabber mewata, ' i-tenfax qarna qedmeka, kama
madlewan yegabberu ba-makwarebt wa-ba- ' askWat, kama yet ' akWatu ' em
xaba sab ' . 'Arnan ' ebelakemu, hagW lu ' esetomu . (3) Wa- ' anta-sa, soba
tegabber me;;wata, ' i-ta' mer <;tagameka za-tegabber yamaneka, (4) kama
ba-xebu ' yekun mewateka . Wa- ' abuka za-yere " i za-ba-xebu '
yefaddeyaka kesuta. ( 5 ) Wa-soba-hi teselleyu, ' i-tekunu kama
mad 1 ewlln, ' esma yafaqqeru ba-makwarebt" wa-we a rna ;a e;;";arahebt
qa\ima wa-alleyo, kama yastar' eyu la-sab ' . " Man:,Qelakemu : hagWlu
' esetomu. (6) Wa- ' anta sa soba ; eel li , bi , betaka wa- ' eu xoxtaka,
wa-al li la- ' abuka l a-za-ba-xebu ' , wa- ' buka za-yere " i ba-xebu '
"
ya 'asseyaka kesuta . ( 7 ) Wa- ' enza tei r ';i -t z'ane ; kama ' azab,
' esma yemasselomu ba- ' abzexo nebabomu za-yesamme 'omu. (8) ' 1 tetmasalewwomu-ke , ' esma ya ' airuner ' abukemu s'amayawi za-tefaqqedu
za' enbala tes ' alewwo . ( 9 ) Kama-ze-ke ;;al leyu ' antemu-sa :
' Abuna za-ba-samyat , yetqaddas semeka. ( 1 0) Tem;;a' mangesteka
Yekun faqadaka bakama ba-samay wa-ba-medr-ni: "' ( 1 1 ) Sisayana
za-la-la 'elatena habana yom. (1,2) .Wa-xedeg lana ' abbasana
-"
kama neJ:na-ni naxaddeg la- za- ' abbas a lan: ( 1 3 ) Wa- ' i-tabe ' ana
westa mansut , ' al Ia ' adxenana wa-baleaTha ' em-kwellu ' ekuy;
ma <amme 4
VI
Gt
<ammaqi .
sakWat/sakot ('askWat)
street, quarter . G <asaya to repay.

2.
ta 'asya to be repaid, accept repayment . 'eset payment, reward .
5 . ma' zen (t) , ma' zan (t) (pl . ma' azen) corner .
13.
mansut (manasew) t emptation, danger; calamity,

' amansawa to lead to destruction/temptation .
ishment . CQ
divine pun
Qt
310
311
' esma z i ' aka ye ' eti mangest , xayl , wa-sebhat l a - ' al ama ' a l am o
segaka beruh we ' etu.
' Amen .
segka elmata yekawwen .
( 14) ' E sma ' emma xadaggemu l a - s ab ' ' abbasahomu , yaxaddeg lakemu-ni
' abukemu samaywi ' abbaskemu .
w e ' etu , !?elmateka ' efo?
( 1 5 ) Wa- ' emma-sa ' i -xadaggemu l a - s ab '
' abbashomu , ' abukemu-ni ' i -yaxaddeg ' abbaskemu .
taqaneyo .
( 1 6) Wa-soba
teawwemu, ' i -t ekunu kama madl ewan ; ' i -teamahayyu .
( 1 7) ' Esma
' Aman ' ebel akemu,
Wa- ' anta- s a , soba t eawwem , qeba' re ' saka, wa
( 2 1 ) ' Esma
(22) Maxtotu l a
back ( s omething) whol e/comp l ete/in its entirety; to pay back; ( 3 ) to

consummate , finish up/off.
sat tapa
effective , t o accompl i s h results .

finished, consummated, completed.
Gt
G (2) and G (3) ; also :
Re ' eyu egeyata gadam kama yelehhequ,
' i -yeamewu wa- ' i -yefattelu .
( 2 9 ) ' Ebel akemu kama Sal omon teqqa ba
menta netkaddan?
to be
Dt tasal tapa to be
tasalpa
comp
l
etion
. G qab' a
Z
se taFe
Menta i'iebal l e "'wa-menta nesatti wa-
( 3 2 ) ' E sma zanta-sa kWe l l o ' azab yaxassesewwo , wa
kWe l lu yetwe s s akakemu .

t exEi l l i l a-re ' sa .
( 34) ' I -tetakkezu-ke la-gesim-, ' esma gesam-sa
Ya' akkela la- ' e l at ' ekaya .
qaqe moth , worm. qWenqWene moth , worm .

2 0 . saraqi (pl . saraqt) thief. G saraqa (yesreq) to steal .
CG ' asraqa caus . Gt tasarqa pas s . serq/sarq s t o l en obj ect ; theft .
G
saa (yesja) t rans . : to expand, extend , spread out ;

idem . Gt tasaa
intrans . G . sefu spread out , ex
=
tended; wide , spacious , ampl e ; open , s incere , gui l e l e s s ; generou s .
se expansion , extension; width , expanse ; s incerit y ; warp (of a

anvi l .
( 33) 'Antemu-sa xessu maqdema mangesta z i ' ahu wa-edqo , wa- zentu
Chapter V I I
( 1 ) ' 1 -tekWannenu kama ' i -tetkWannanu .
19.
100m) .
(30) Za-sa 'ra gadam ,
lakemu-sa ya' ammer ' abukemu samayawi kama tsfaqqedu , zanta kWe l l o .
ing .
intran s . :
.-,
t et akke-z u-ke ' enka ' enza _ tebelu :
(yeqba' ) to smear , anoint . Gt taqab' a pas s . and reflex. qebu'

smeared, anointed . ' qeb' (o l ive ) oi l , ointment , but t er . qeb'at anoint
22.
( 2 8 ) Wa-b a ' enta
' araz-ni menta-nu texe l l eyu?
za-yom hal l o wa-gesama westa '_es-t yetwadday, ' Eg z i ' ab er za-ka a-ze
m
ylll abbeso , ' efo ' enka fldfiida kiyakemu J:teu_ana n-a miinQt? ( 3 1 ' I-
mansut .
batai l iberator, protector .
satapa ( 1 ) to be whol e , perfect ; (2) to accept/bring
' Akko-nu
(27) Mannu ' emennekemu 'ba-takke z o
kWe l lu kebru ' i - l ab s a kama ' aJ:tadu ' em- ' e l lu .
Wa- ' emkama 'ayneka s e fu we ' etu, kWe l lu
mensew l iabl e ,to temptation/punishment . mensawe

L bate to res cue , s av e , l iberat e . Lt tabate pas s .
G
' Akko-hu nafs t a ' abbi ' em-sisit , wa-n'afest " em - l e b s ?
za-yekel was seko ' em-diba qomu ' emmata ' aatta?
tamansawa pass .
17.
(25) Wa-ba' enta. - z e
' I -tetakkezu la-nafsekemu ia-ebal l ' u 'a- la-nafe s t ekemu
' antemu fadfada texeyyesewwomu?
Zegebu l akemu mazagebta westa samayat , xaba ' i-yamaseno ae wa- ' i
segaka we ' etu 'ayneka .
' ebe l akemu :
ystagabe ' u westa ' abyat , wa- ' abukemu s amayawi yeseseyomu .
( 1 9 ) ' 1 -tezgebu l akemu mazagebta westa medr , xaba ae wakesuta .

w
w
q enq ene yamaseno , wa-xaba saraqt yekarreyu wa-yes arrequ . -(20)
qWenqWene , wa-xaba saraqt ' i -yekarreyu wa- ' i -ye s arrequ .
tekelu-ke l a - ' Egz i ' aber t aqaneyo wa-l a-neway.,
Wa
'1-
(26) Naeru ' a 'wll.fa samay kama ' i -yezarre 'u wa- ' i -ya ' arreru wa- ' i
Wa- ' abuka za-yere " i za-ba-xebu ' ya ' as seyaka
xaba h a l l o mazgabeka, heyya yehe l l u l ebbeka-ni .
Wa- ' emma- ' akko , ' aJ:tada yea1 1 e ' wa-kal e ' o yafaqqer .
za-telabbesu .
gaaka taxaab , ( 1 8) kama ' i -tastar ' i la-sab ' kama omka, za' enbal a
la- ' abuka za-ba-xebu' .
( 2 3) Wa- ' e a - s a berhan z a - l ll. ' leka elmat

( 2 4 ) ' Albo za-yekel l a-kel ' e ' aga ' ezt
' emma- ' akko , l a - ' aJ:tadu yet ' e z zaz wa- l a-ka l e ' u ' i -yet ' e z zaz .
yamsenu gaomu kama ystar' eyu l a - s ab ' kama omu .

sal lau ' esetomu .
Wa- ' emma - s a '_ayneka awwag we ' etu, kWe l lu
seat extension, width, capacity. masfe hanune r , mal l et ;

G qoga t o b e s avage , pervers e , evi l , malignant . ewug
q.awwag pervers e , evi l , mal i gnant , w i l d , savage .
qug perversenes s etc .
26 .
28 .
w
( 2 ) ' E sma ba-k ennane za-
' arara to harvest . ma'rar harvest .

'arraza to prepare or furnish c lothing .
'araz/ 'arraz
?eguy fl owering,
G agaya to flower .
?ege (pl . -yat) flower . G fatata (yefte t)
to twi s t , spi n . Gt tafatta pas s . fetul spun , twi sted . fatt (pl .
' aftat, ' afte U) thread, cord . feUo hli sted work .
(p l .
-at) clothing, vestments .
decorated with f lowers .
30.
33.
34 .
(o . s . or
za- . . . ' efo

see 5 1 . 3 .
maqdema is here an adv . : b e forehan d , first .
G ' akata (ye' kal, ye' kel) to be suffi cient for , to s at i s fy
Za- ) ; to be approximat e l y . CG ' a' kala

Gt ta' akla t o be
s at i s fied, have enough . ' ekul sufficient , enough .
=
312
313
kWannankemu tetkWennanu ' antemu , wa-ba-masfart za-safarkemu yesafferu

l akemu .
(3) Menta-nu t ere" i asara za-westa ' ayna ' exuka , wa-sarwe
za-west a ' ayneka ' i - t ebeyyen?
(4)
Wa- ' efo tebe l o l a- ' exuk a :
"Xedeg
' awde ' hasara ' em-westa ' aynek a , " wa-nahu sarwe westa 'ayneka?
(5)
Madl ew , ' awe ' qedma sarwe ' em -westa ' ayneka, wa- ' emze t ere " i l a
,
' awe ' o as ara za-westa ' ayna ' exuk a .
(6) ' I -t ahabu qeddesta l a
kal abt , wa- ' i -tedayu breyakemu qedma ' arew , kama ' i-yekidewwomu
ba- ' egarihomu wa-t amayeomu yen?exukemu .
Xessu wa-terakkebu .
(7)
Sa ' alu \a-yetwahhabakemu.
GWadgWedu wa-yetraxxawakemu .
(8) ' Esma kWe l l u
za-ye s e " el yenass e ' , wa- za-hi yaxasses yerakkeb , wa- l a - za-hi
gWadgWada yetraxxawo .
(9) Mannu we ' etu ' emennekemu b e ' s i za-yese " elo
waldu xebesta, bo -nu ' ebna yehubo?

' arw medr-nu yehubo ?
( 1 0) Wa- ' emma-hi 'asa s a ' alo ,
( 1 1 ) Za- ' antemu ' enka ' enza ' ekuyan, ' ant emu
ta' ammeru sannya habta wehiba l a-weludekemu , ' efo fadflida ' abukemu
za-ba - s amayat yehub sannaya l a- ' el la yese " e l ewwo ?
( 1 2) KWel lo -ke
za-tefaqqedu yegbaru l akemu s ab ' , kamahu gebaru l omu ' antemu-ni ,

' esma z entu we ' etu ' orit-n i wa-nabiyat .
(14) Teqqa abab ' anqa wa
' el l a
e ' eqt fenot ' enta t ewassed westa eywat , wa-wexudan ' emunto
VII
2.
safara t o measure (out) . Gt tasafra pas s . G l t tasafara

sefur measured . masfart (p l . masafer) a
to mete out , distribute .
meas'ure , specifi c amount .
sarw (p l . sarawit) beam , t imber .
3.
dis tinguish , make out .
bayyana to discern ,
CD
' abayyana to make c lear , evident .

6 . katb (p l . katabat , ' aklebt , ' aktab) dog . baey (pl . -at)
pearl . araweya (p l . ' arew) p i g , sow , swine . G nadxa (yen1ax) t o
strik e , beat , knock down, tramp l e ,
7.
(15) Ta' aqabu ' em-has saweyan nabiyat , ' e l la

yemass
. . e'u
: .. .w '
xabekemu ba- ' albasa ' abage' , . wa- ' enta westomu
- s a tak Iat masat t
' emuntu . (16) Wa- ' emferehomu ta ' ammerewwomu ;
Yeqassemu-hu ' em
' aswak ' askal a , wa- ' em- ' amekal a balasa ? (17) Kamahu
-ke kWel lu ' e
sannay fere sannaya yefarri , wa- ' ekuy-sa ., ed fere
. .' ekuya yefarr i .
( 1 8) ' I -yekel ' e1 sannay fere ' ekuya fareya , Ha" i - ' ed" ' ky fere
Gt tana4xa pass .
gWadgWada t o knock (on a door) .
faqado Ia- ' abuya za-ba-s amayat .

' el at :
Gemura ' i-Ya ' ammerakemu .

tegabberu ' , amma?a .
ing .
wexda to be few , smal l .
wexud few, smal l , scanty .
wexdat
Raaqu ' emenneya kWe l l ekemu ' el la
(24) KWel lu-ke za-yesamme ' zanta nagareya wa-yegabbero yema s s e l be ' se
tabiba za-ana a be to diba kWakwh .
(25) Wa-warada zenlim , wa-ma ' u
w aye z t , wa-nafxu naflis 1l.t , wa-gaf' e) l a-we '.e tu bet , wa- ' i
-wadqa,
w
w
' s?mt'iba kWak tasarara .
( 26) Wa-k e l lu z a-ye s amme ' zanta
nagareya wa- ' i -yegabbe ro yemass e l be ' se ' abda za-ana a

beto diba
xo li .
(27) Wa-warada zenlim , wa-ma ' u waliye zt , wa-nafxu naflisat , wa
gaf' ewwo la-we ' etu bet , wa-wadqa , wa-kona deqatu ' abiya .
takW ta (pl . - t) wo l f .
1 6 . G qasama (yeqsem) to pick (frui t ) , gather, col le c t , harvest
Gt taqasma pas s . qasm harvest , picking ; the crops harve sted
(p I .
' aqsam) . qasami/qassam a fruit/berry/grape-pi cker . sok (pl . ' aswak)
15 .
10.
paucity , scantiness .
( 2 2 ) Be zuxan yebeluni ba-ye ' et i
' Egzi ' 0 , ' Eg z i ' 0 , " akko-nu ba- semeka tanabbayna wa-ba-s
emeka
' aganenta ' awa ' na wa-ba-s emeka xaylata bezuxa gabarna
?
(23) Wa-ye ' eta sobe ' li ' ammenomu :
tho rn ; sting .
'asa (pI . -t) fish .

1 3 . G abba/ababa (ye?beb) to be (too) narrow ; to narrow,
confine . CG ' alfbaba caus . abib ( f . ?abab) narrOH, confined .
sebbat narrownes s . mabeb a narrow p l ace , narrow pas s .
1 4 . CG ' as. <aqa t o pre s s in on , t o confine . e 'uq narrow , confined . Ifa 'q confinement , press ; need. mas. Ceq adJ' . press ing, confin-
sannaya fareya .
( 1 9) KWel lu ' e za': ' i -yefarri f..r. .s Itl1ay.,,:_
.
.
yegazzemewwo , wawes t a ' es sat yewaddeywwo .
(20) ' Wa- ; ein-ferehomu
' enka ta' ammerewwomu.
(21) ' Akko kW e l l za-yeb e l ani , ;" , g z i ' 0 ,
' Egz i ' o" za-yebawwe ' west a manges ta samayat , z a ' e
baia z a-yegab ber
( 1 3 ) . Ba ' u ' enta abab ' anqa,
' esma raab ' anqa wa-sef eh. t f eno t ' ent a tewassed westa hagW I , wa
bezuxan ' emuntu ' e l l a yebawwe ' u westet a .
yerakkebewwa .
23 .
that occasion .
assert .
24 .
askat (p I . -at) grape ( s )
sobe is used nominally here :

' a' mana in the sense :
' amekata a thorny p l ant .

ye' eta sobe at that time , on
to profe s s , confirm as a fact,
kWa rock ( s) , stone ( s ) .
G gaf<a (yeg[a ') to harm, inj ure , oppre s s . Gt tagaf' a

gefu' injured, harmed ; vio l ent . gef' harm , inj ury ; viol ence ;
oppression . gaja < i oppressor, tyrant .
2 6 . XO?a sand .
25.
pas s .
314
( 28) Wa-soba fa ama ' Iyasus zanta nagara, tadammu 'aJ:tzab ba
gabreya-ni :
mehherotu, - ( 2 9 )' l esma yemhheromu kama za-selana-bo , wa- ' akko kama
" Gebar zanta," wa-yegabbe r .
( 1 1 ) Wa-biitu ' elielakemu : be zuxan yema:; e ' u

' em-mesriiq wa- ' em-me 'rab, wa-yeraffequ mes l a ' Abreham wa-YesJ:taq
wa-Ya ' qob ba-mangesta s amayat , ( 1 2) wa- l a-weluda mangest -sa
yawae ' ewwomu westa anafi elmat . Heyya hal lo bekay wa
Ba' enta za-lam
(1) Wa- ' enza yewarred ' em-dabr, tal awewwo sab ' bezuxan .
(2) Wa-nahu
ma ' a za- l am , wa- s agada lotu ' en z a yebe l :
( 1 3) Wa-yebelo ' Iyasus l a-we ' etu J:tabe me ' t :
(3) Wa-s afiJ:to ' edehu , gasaso wa-yebelo :
i;!ur-k , wa-bakama ta' amanka yekunka .
NeaJ:t .
Wa-J:taywa waldu ba-ye ' eti s a ' iit .

w
la-q e l 'ehu J:tayewo .
( 4 ) Wa-yebelo ' Iyasus :
'Uq ' i-tenger wa- ' i - la-mannu-hi , wa-baJ:ttu J:tur wa- ' ar ' i re ' s aka
8.
l a-kahen , wa- ' ab e ' maba ' aka, bakama ' azzaza Mus e , la-sem ' l omu ._
7.
(5) Wa-bawi ' o Qefernahom, ma ' a xabehu J:tabe me ' t , ( 6) wa-yebelo :

' Egzi ' o , dewey waldeya, wa-yesakkeb westa bet maagWe ' eqqa
s e 'ur .
:'I
I
I
( 8) Wa- ' awse ' a J:tabe me ' t wa-yebe :

' Eg z i ' o , ' i -yedal lewani kama ' anta teba' taJ:tta afareya.
Da' emu
w
bal qal a, wa-yaJ:tayyu waldeya, (9) ' esma ' ana-hi be ' s i mak annen
w
' ana , wa-beya arra ' el l a ' ek ennen , wa- ' ebelo la-ze : "i;!ur , "
VIII
2.
lam? l eprosy.
3.
G gasasa (yegsesJ t o touch .
"Na ' a , " wa-yema e ' , wa- l a-
za-lam? a l eper .
G t tagassa pass .
gessat a
abi (p l . abayt) prefect , governor, procurator .
Qabe me' t
centurion .
7.
naya
na-
pron . suff . ; this part icle i s used to prepo se
or topical i z e a pronominal e l ement :
naya
cei l ing .
G pafara to roof over , to put up a cei l ing.
tafar roo f ,
da' effw- adv . j ust , merely , only; furthermore , moreover ;
rather , but , on the contrary .
"
. . ';'
;'-
Ba' enta ' el fa J:1aywU" iem-1:iezux dawe
( 1 6) Wa-meseta kawino , ' am e ' u xabeli.u b;rzun :-.I s

aganent , wa
.
.- -!
'' awe' omu ba-qalu, wa-fawwasa kWe l l o deweyana, ( 1 7) kama yetfa am
qala ' I s ayeyas nabiy za-yebe :
We ' etu nas ' a dawena, wa-sora J:temamana.
(18) Wa-soba re ' ya ' Iyasus sab ' a be zuxana za-tal awewwo , ' a z-zaza
yeJ:turu mii ' dota.
I
I
11.
G rafaqa (yerfeqJ to recline at a meal .
C G ' arfaqa caus .
merJaq a p lace to recline ; a meal , party, sympos ium .
marfaq thresh-
ho l d .
12.
Efanafi adj . exterior, extreme , outer .
gnash the teeth .

13.
" as for me , I for my
part" or simi l ar l y .
8.
'1
"
9.
touch , touching .
5.
,
"
Naya, ' ema e ' ' ana wa- ' efewweso .
Ba ' enta J:tamata Peros
tanse ' at wa-tale ' katomu .
4H
" '
':
(7) Wa-yebe lo ' Iyasus :
Wa-gab i ' o mas fen westa betu , rakabo
(14) Wa-bawi ' o ' Iyasus beta l a-Pero s , rakaba la-J:tamata Peros ' enza
tesakkeb tefadden. ( 1 5 ) Wa-gasasa ' edeha , wa-xadaga faanta, wa
Ba' enta walda masfen
wa-yaJ:tawwer , wa- l a-kal e ' u-ni :
J:taqeya senan .
' Eg z i ' o , ' emma - s a faqadka, tekel ' aneJ:toteya.
Wa-naJ:ta ' em- l amu ba-gi zeha .
315
,It
kWe l lu ' Esra' e l .
Chapter V I I I
' E faqqed.
( 10) Wa-s ami '0 ' Iyasus , ' ankara wa-yebt31omu la} h a yetal l ewewwo :
' Aman ' ebelakemu ' i -rakabku z a-maana-ze haymanota ba-westa
aJ:taftomu .
6.
" _ ...
14.
son-in- l aw .
qUJelr e C f . - t ; p l . -yat) servant , domest i c .
Qam (w . suff . amU- , acc . ama- ; p l .
'
aQmaw) father-in-law
amat mother-in - l aw , daughter- in- l aw .
acquire an in- l aw .
fever .
G qaya to grind/
CG ' aqaya caus .
tahma in- l aw relationship .
faqant fever .
G l t taheunawa to
G fa1ana to have
316
317
B a ' enta za-kal ' o ' i -yet l ewo
10.
Menta bena mesleka ' Iyasus walda ' Eg z i ' aber?

t esaqeyana z a ' enbala yeb;;aJ:1 gizehu?
( 1 9) Wa-mas ' a xabehu ' aadu aafi wa-yeb l o :

L i q , ' et luka-nu xaba horka?
(20) Wa-yeb lo ' I yasus :

QWana el -ni gebaba bomu , wa- ' a 'wafa s amay-ni xaba yaal l e l u ,
w
wa-walda ' e g ala ' emma-eyaw - s a ' albotu xaba yasammek re ' s o .
( 2 1 ) Wa-yebe l o kal e ' ' em- ' arda ' ihu :

' Egzi ' o ,
' abehani ' eqde.m awira wa- ' eqbaro l a - ' abuya.
(31) wa- ' astabqWe ' ewwo ' aganent wa-ybel ewwo: '
' Emma - s a tawa1e ' ana, fannewana diba mar ' aya . : arew .
( 3 2 ) Wa-yebe l omu :
Wa-wad i ' omu , horu wa-bo ' u we sta. ' ahrew
m.
wa
Chapter IX
Ba ' enta z a-gassaa bara
(23) Wa- 'arga westa amar , wa-talawewwo ' arda ' ihu .
( 2 4 ) Wa-nahu
'abiy d e l eql eq kona ba-westa bar ' eska soba amar yes sewwar ' emenna
mogad , wa-we ' etu- s a yenawwem.
' Iyasus , wa- soba r e ' yewwo , ' astabqWe ' ewwo yex l e f ' em- dawalomu .
. T e l ewani , wa-xedegomu l a-mewutan yeqbaru mewutanihomu .
(2S) Wa-qarbu ' arda ' ihu , wa- ' anqehewwo
11
r
I
Ba ' enta maagWe'
13.
( 1 ) Wa- ' arigo westa amar, ' adawa wa-ba a hagaro .

( 2 ) Wa- ' ame ' u
w
'
xabhu d eweya madag
"
e
a
enza
ye
awwerewwo
baarat
,
wa-re ' eyo
.
' I yasus haymanotomu, yebalo la-we ' eu maagWe ' :
wa-yebel ewwo :
' Eg z i ' o , ' adxenana,
Ta ' aman , waldeya .
' e sma nemawwet .
Yetxaddagu xaawe ika .
( 3) l'Ia-nahu ' e l l a ' em-westa aaft yebelu babaynatihomu :
(26) Wa-yebel omu :
Yearref z entu- s a .
La-ment farrahan ' ant emu , euana haymanot ?

Wa -tansi ' o , gassa omu l a-nafasat-ni wa- la-bar, wa-kona zahna ' abiya .
( 4 ) Wa- ' a ' maromu ' Iyasus xe l l innahomu ; wa-yebe1 6mu :

La-ment t exel l eyu ' ekuya b a- ' albabikemu ?
( 2 7 ) Wa- ' ankaru s ab ' wa-yeb e l u :
( S ) Ment yeqal lel :
Mannu ' enga we ' etu zentu za-yet ' e z zazu lotu bar-ni wa-nafasat
' em-beh i l a "yet xaddag\! l aka xa!we ' ika" wa- ' em-behi l a " t anS-e '
ni?
wa-hur" ?
12.
Ba ' enta ' e l l a ' aganent
29.
( 2 8) Wa-ba io ma ' dota beera Gerge s enon, taqabbalewwo kel ' etu ' e l l a
seqay
' aganent ' em-maqaberat wa1 i ' omu, ' ekuyan !eqqa ' e ska soba ' i -yekel
mannu-hi xal i fa ' enta ye ' eti fenot .
(29) Wa-nahu s arxu ' enza yeb e l u :
20.
W
q eneZ
(pl .
W
q ana?e Z)
fox, wo l f .
gebb
(pl .
gebab , ' agbab)
ho l e , cave , l air .
24.
CQ
' adZaqaqa
to shak e , quak e , tremb l e ; also caus . of s ame .
deleqleq
violent mo tion, storm, tempes t ; earthquake .
mawaged)
wave .
26.
mogad
(p l .
(6) Wa- kama ta' meru kama bewuh l otu la-walda ' e gWala
to aff l i c t , vex, t orment .
saqaya
vexat ion , torment .

G
32 .
(' al}dafJ
33.
calm ,
f:luru .
rou kWe l lu mar 'aya ' arew, wa- adfu we ta ba.l:r wa-motu west
.
p
w
(33) Wa- g ayyu nolot wa- ' atawu hagara, wa- zenawu .kw e l lo wlza-ba'enta
( 34) Wa-nahu wa1 ' u kWe l lu agar yet abbal ewwo l a

' el la ' aganent -hi .
(22) Wa-yebelo ' I yasus :
11 .
( 30) Wa-botu heyya mar ' aya ' arew be zux yetia ' ; a / uqa ' emennehomu ,
"
a a ' ka z eyya
. .-
..
masqe
tasaqaya
p as s .
goad ; weaver ' s comb .
to rush/p lunge headlon g .
I}adfa
Lt
C.G ' afdafa caus .
adf
precipitous p l ace , precipi c e , abys s .
nolawi
(pl .
shepherd , herdsman .
nolot)
Qt
tano Zawa
to
function as a shepherd , to tend f l o cks .

IX
2.
meaning :
S.
'arat
(pl .
-at)
be d .
The imptv . of
ta'amna
also has the
"Take heart . "

G
qaZaZa
t o b e l i ght , easy, swift , s l i ght .
CG
' aq laZa
to
lighten , dimin i s h a burden ; t o make swift , agi l e ; to scorn, d i s dain ,
zena to be tranqui l , cal m . CG ' azana caus . zeun

tranqui l .
zahn calm, tranqui l l ity .
2 7 . ' enga p art . in que st ions ; mannu ' enga Who , then , . . 7
.
. ..
. . ,
make l i ght o f .
' astaqiilaZa
CD
' aqaZZaZa
to consider l i ght , to l i ghten .
to l i ghten ; to s corn , disdain , desp i s e , revi l e .
qaZC1Z) l i ght ,
' em whether .
etc.
. . or .
maqlaZi
one l'iho l i ghtens of a l l ev i at e s .
CGlt
qaZiZ
C f.
' em
..
------- -------
318
319
batu la-wayn addis westa zeqqat J:1addis yewaddeyewwo , wa

yet ' aqqabu kel ' ehomu .
' emma-eyaw ba-diba medr yexdeg xai' ata

wa- ' emze yebelo la-we 'etu maagWe ' :
Tanse' wa-nesa' ' arataka, wa-ur betaka.
( 7 ) Wa-tansi ' o , ora beto .
( 8 ) Wa-re' eyomu ' azab , ' ankaru wa
'a'kWatewwo la-' Egzi ' aber za-wahaba za-kama-ze seltana la-sab ' .
14.
Ba' enta walatta maggabe mekwrab

(1 8 ) Wa- ' enza zanta , yenaggeroffiu, nahu ma ' a 'ah.adu kwaI{ne'n wa
sagada lotu ' enza yebel :
Walatteya ye' ze motat , wa-bahtu na 'a ' anber ' edeka , l a ' leha , wa
taJ,1.ayyu .
(19) Wa-tanse' a ' Iyasus , wa-talawo , wa- ' arda' ihu-ni .
15.
Ba' enta Mattewos
Wa-xalifo ' Iyasus ' em-heyya, rakaba be 'se ' enza yenabber westa
meebbaJ:1, za-semu Mattewos , wa-yebelo : "Telewani . I I Wa-tansi ' 0 ,
talawo . (10) Wa- ' enza yeraffeq westa bet , nahu ma 'u bezuxan
maabbehan wa-xae ' an wa-rafaqu mesla ' Iyasus wa- ' arda' ihu. ( 1 1 ) Wa
re ' eyomu Farisaweya, yebelewwomu la- ' arda ' ihu :
La-ment mesla maabbean wa-xae'an yeballe ' liqekemu?
( 1 2 ) Wa-sami ' o ' Iyasus , yebelomu :
' I -yefaqqedewwo e'uyan la- ' aqabe seray, za-enbala 'ella
yaJ:1arnmu. ( 1 3 ) uru wa- ' a 'meru ment we ' etu za-yebe :
MeJ:1rata ' efaqqed wa- ' akko maswa 'ta,
' esma ' i-maa' ku ' eawwd adeqana ' alIa xae'ana la-nesseha .
(14) Wa- ' emze ma ' u xabehu ' arda' ihu la-YoJ:1annes ' enza yebelu :
La-ment nehna wa-Farisaweyan neawwem bezuxa> - ' arda' ika-sa
' i-yeawwemu?
( 1 5 ) Wayebelomu ' Iyasus :
Ba- ' ayte yekelu daqiqu l a-mar ' awi laewo ' amana hallo mar 'awi
mes lehomu? Wa-baJ:1tu yemae' mawa ' el ' ama yetnassa' mar ' awi
' emennehomu, wa- ' ameha yeawwemu . ( 1 6 ) Wa- ' albo za-yeaqqeb
dergeJ:1a lebsa westa seata lebs beluy, ' esma yanae ' o J:1eyawo
la-lebs , wa-fadfada yekawwen settatu . ( 1 7 ) Wa- ' i-yewaddeyu
wayna J:1addisa westa zeqqat beluy; Iva- ' emma ' akko -sa, yenaqqe ' u
zeqqat , wa-waynu-hi yetka" aw , wa-zeqqat-ni yethaggWalu. Wa(9)
mar 'a wedding, marriage . mar 'aw groom, son-in-law .

(pl . mara <ew) bride , daughter-in- law . Qt tamar 'awa t o get
married (to a woman : 0 . 5 . ) . ' amana conj . as long as .
1 6 . G aqaba to sew, attach by sewing. eqbat sewing, stitch .
derge a patch . CG ' ante <a to tear off/apart .
1 7 . zeqq (pl . -at) wineskin . G naq 'a trans . and intrans . : to
spl it , burst , rupture . CG ' anqe <a G trans . nequ ' split , ruptured,
cracked . naq ' (pl . ' anqe 't) fountain, source , spring . neq <at spl it,
15.
mar 'at
Ba' enta ' enta yeweeza dam

(20) Wanahu be ' sit, ' enta dam yeweeza ' em- 'asartu wa-kel ' etu 'limat,
:..,
;M\
'
ma at " en dexrehu, ( 2 1 ) wa-gasasa t enfa lebsu, wa-tebe ba-l ebba
:
' Emkama gasasku lebso ' aJ:1ayyu .
(22) Wa-tamaa ' Iyasus , wa-re' ya, wa-yebe :
Ta' amani , walatteya, haymanoteki ' aJ:1yawataki .
a,l:aat e ' sit ' em-we ' etu sa'at . ( 23 ) Wa-mai'o ' i:y,,,,sus bHo la
,_
, we '
etu mak annen, re'ya mabkeyana wa-sab' a' ;'enza ye'thawwaku . (24)
Wa-yebelomu:
Tagaasu, ' esma ' akko za-motat I:ean , ' alla tenaww;em .
(25) Wa-saJ:1aqewwo . Wa-soba wad'u sab' , bo ' a wa- ' axaza ' edeha, wa
tanse ' at elin .
16.
. ,
. .
17.
Ba' enta kel ' e 'ewurml
(26) Wa-wa' a semu 'atu westa kWella ye ' eti medr . ('27l Wa-xalifo
' Iyasus ' em-heyya, talawewwo kel ' etu ' ewuran ' enza yearrexu wa
yebelu':
Tasahal ana, walda Dawi t .
(28) Wa-bawi ' o beta, ma 'u xabehu ' emuntu 'ewuran, , wa-yebelomu
' Iyasus :
Ta' ammenu-hu kama ' ekel zanta gabira?
Wa-yebel ewwo : ' Ewwa, ' Egzi ' o . (29) Wa-gasasomu ' a ' yentihomu ' enza
yebel :
crack, fissure .
thigh .
to be blind . CG ' a ' ora to blind . Dt ta < awwara to
negl ect , over l ook , l et pass unno t i c e d ; to d e spi se .
'ewv.r b l ind .
'UX'at blindness .
27.
manqe ' t
G 'ora
321
320
.. .... ..
Bakama haymanotekemu yekunkemu .

( 30) Wa-s obhn takasta ' a 'yentihomu .
yebe l :
Wa- gassaomu ' Iyasus ' enz a
we ' etu ' agbe ' o .
(5) ' E l lonta ' asarta wa-kel '.eta fannawomu ' Iyasus ,
wa- ' a z zazomu ' enza yebel :
Wes t a fenota ' zab ' i -t euru , wa-westa hagara Samer ' i - t eba ' u .
' Uqu ' albo za-ya' amme r .
(6) Wa-uru b1l.tu xaba ' abage' za-tahagWla' za-beta ' Esr,a : M .
( 31) Wa-wa i ' omu, nagaru we sta kWe l lu we ' etu beher .
18.
tasamya Tadewos ; (4) wa-Sem 'on Qananawi , wa-Yehuda ' Asqrotawi , za
( 7) Wa
awirakemu, s ebeku ' enza tebe 1 u :
Ba ' enta emum za-ganen
Qarbat ' mangesta s am1l.yat .
(32) Wa- ' emza wa ' u ' emuntu, nnhu ' ame ' u xabehu za-ganen emuma .
(8) Dewuyana fawwesu, mutana ' anse ' u , ' el l a lam ' an!?eu, ' aganenta
yebel u :
Ba- agn za-nasa' kemu , ba- aga habu .

(9) " I -ta!reyu 1 akemu
warqa wa-berura wa- ' i- ariqa westa qenawetikemu , ( 1 0) wa- ' i -efnata
( 34) Wa-yebelu Farisaweyan :
yedal lewo s i sayu la-za-yetqannay .
' enza
( 35) Wa- ' ansosawa ' Iyasus westa kWel lu ' ahgur wa-baawert
w
es
yemehher ba-mek rabatihomu wa-yesab bek wange la mangest wa-yeeww
w
(36) Wa-re ' eyo bezuxana
kWe l lo dawe wa-k e l lo emama za-westa ezb .
' zas ab ' a , maharomu ' esma seruhan ' emuntu wa-gedufan kama ' abage
xederu ' eska ' ama tewae ' u .
(33) Wa-wai ' o gannu, nababa we ' etu emum, wa- ' ankaru s ab ' ' en z a
la-fenot wa- ' i-ke l ' eta kedanata wa- ' i - ' asa' ena wa- ' i -btra , ' esma
Gemura ' i-yastar' aya za-kama-ze ba-westa ' E sra ' el .

Ba-mal ' akomu la- ' aganent yawae ' omu la- ' aganent .
...
(37) Wa-yebe lomu l a- ' arda ' ihu : ,

'ewwo
Mn' raru - s a bezux , wa- gabbaru xedaan . (38) 'AstabqWe
' albo nolnw .
.
' enka la-ba ' l a ma ' rar kama yefannu gabbara la-ma' raru
Chapter X
19.
wa-wahabomu se 1tana
( 1 ) Wa-s. awwe ' omu 1 a- ' asartu wa-ke1 ' etu ' arda' ihu ,
w
k e 1 10 dawe
wwesu
wa-yefa
diba mannfes t rekusan kama yawae ' ewwomu
ihomu:
( 2 ) Wa- 1 a-'asartu wa-kel ' Hu awareyat kama-ze ' asmat
wa-emll ma.
; (3) Ya ' qob
qadami Sem 'on za-tasamya Pero s , wa- ' Endreyas ' exuhu
s ; Tomas
alomewo
walda Z abdewos wa-Yoannes ' exuhu ; F i 1 eppos wa-Bart
wa- Lebdeyos z a wa-Mat tewos maabbeawi ; wa-Ya 'qob walda ' E 1 feyos
dumb .
CG ' as.mama to make deaf,
G amna t 0 b e d':l af and dumb

ss .
Gt taamama to be made deaf, to feign deafne
and/or dumb .
semwn deaf
exhaus tion , t o
G sara (yesra) to l abor to the point of
. C G ' asrea to t ir e , ex
b e affl i cted with diffic ult tasks or duties
seru vexe d , exhaus t ed .
haust ; t o cause or impose l abor/m isery .
an in
. gedur
serZi (p I . -at) l abor, bother , exhaus tion, affl iction
36 .
the s ense of " cast out , rej ected . "
( 1 1 ) Wa-westa ' en,! a ,?.kemu hagar ,

.
wa- ' emma-ni ' a ' adat , tasa' a1u mannu za-yeda1l ewo ba-westeta , wa-heyya
t a ' amexewwa .
( 1 2) Wa-baw i ' akemu westa bet ,
( 13) Wa- ' emma yeda11 ewa l a-ye ' et i bet , yema'
sa1amekemu l a 'l eha; wa- ' emma- s a ''iyeqallewa, yegba 's il:amekemu
.
. - ....
( 1 4) Wa- 1a-za-sa ' i -tawakfak emu wa- ' i - s.am 'ake,mu , ' .
Ia 'lekemu.
nagarakemu, wai ' akemu ' af ' a ' em-ye ' et i bet we:' em-ye ' et i hagar,
negefu abala ' egarikemu .
(IS) ' AIDan ' ebel akemu kama yesexxeta medra
Sadom wa-Gamora ' ama ' e l at a dayn fadfada ' em-ye ' eti hag ( 1 6 ) Wa
w
nahu ' ana ' eennewakemu kama ' abage ' ma ' kala tak Hi.t . Kunu ' enka
t abibana kama ' arwe medr wa-yawwahana k ama regb .
Ba' enta z a - ' azzazomu 1 a-awareyat
32 .
' awe ' u .
( 1 7) Wa-ta 'aqabu
' em-sab ' ' esma yagabbe ' ukemu westa ' a 'wad, wa-yeqassefukemu b a 4.
' agbe' a in the sense "hand over, betray . "

9 . CG ' atraya t o acquiI e , posses s . Gt taparya pass . terit
possession , property, wealt h . ?ariq copper , smal l coin . ?ariqat
X
thin disk, a cake .

10.
efnat pack, wal let .
14.
G nagafa (yengef) to knock off, shake off, dispel .
' angafa idem .
G t tanagfa pass . ; t o lose leaves .
CG
neguf deciduous .
?abat dust .
?ebut dus t .
15 . G sa:r:ata/Sexta t o be at east , at rest , comfort able , we l l D . Dt
o ff . o s=ata to put at e as e , al low to rest . CD ' asa:r:xata
tasexxeta pas s . o f D . sexut relaxed , at res t , a t e as e . sZixt tran
=
qui l lity, rel axati on , rest .

Dt
tadayyana
Gt
tadayna p ass .
dayyana to j udge , condemn , pun i sh .

dayn j udgment , punishment , condemna
tion, esp . of the Last Judgment .
322
mekwrabatihomu, (18) wa-yewassedukemu xaba masafent wa-nagast
ba' ent i ' aya la-sem ' lomu wa- la- ' azab . (19) Wa-soba yagabbe 'ukemu ,
' i -taxal leyu ' efo menta tetnagaru, ' esma yetwahhabakemu ba-ye' eti
sa ' at za-tetnagaru. (20) ' Esma ' i-konkemu ' antemu ' ella tetnagaru,
' al Ia manfasu l a- ' abukemu we ' etu yetnagar ba-la' lekemu. (21) Wa
yagabbe' 'exew ' exwahu l a-mot , wa- ' ab-ni weludo , wa-yetnasse 'u welud
la' l a ' azmadihomu , wa-yeqattelewwomu . (22) Wa-tekawwenu elu' ana .ba
xaba kWellu sab ' ba' enta semeya. Wa-za-sa ' azlafa te' gesto we ' etu
yedexxen . ( 23) Wa-soba yesaddedukemu ba-westa zati . hagar, gWeyyu
westa kale ' ta. ' Aman ' ebelakemu : ' i-yetfeama ' ahgura ' Esra ' e l
' eska soba yemae' walda ' egWala ' emma-eyaw. (24) 'Albo rad ' za
ya' abbi ' em-liqu wa- ' i-gabr-ni za-ya' abbi ' em- ' egzi 'u. (2S) Maanu
la-rad' yekun kama l iqu , wa-la-gabr-ni kama ' egzi'u. Za-la-ba 'la bet
ba- Be ' el Zebul yebelewwo , ' efo fadfada la-sab ' a betu . (26) ' 1 tefrehewwomu-ke ' enka ' esma ' albo kedun za- ' i-yetkassat , wa-xebu ' za
' i-yet ' awwaq . (27) Za-nagarkukemu ba-elmat negerewwo ba-berhan, wa
za-ni westa ' eznekemu nagarkukemu sebekewwo ba-diba ' anest . (28)
Wa- ' i-tefrehewwomu la- ' ella yeqattelu sega, wa-nafsakemu-sa ' i -yekelu
qatila. Wa-batu ferehewwo la- za-yekel nafsa wa-sega xebura ' ahgWelo
ba-westa Gahannam . (29) ' Akko-nu kel ' etu ' a' waf yessayyaa ba-ariqa
' asareyon? Wa- ' aatti ' emennehon ' i -tewaddeq westa medr za' enbala
ya' mer ' abukemu . (30) Wa- lakemu-sa se' erta re' sekemu-ni kWel lon
xWeluqat ' emantu. (31) ' I -tefrehu-ke . 'Em-bezux ' a' waf texeyyesu
' antemu . (32) KWellu ' enka za-ya ' ammen beya ba-qedma sab' ' a ' ammeno
, ana-hi ba-qedma ' abuya za-ba-samayat . (33) Wa-la.- za-sa kehdani ba
qedma sab ' ' ekeedo ' ana-hi ba-qedma ' abuya za-ba-samayat . (34) ' 1 yemsalkemu za-maa'ku salama ' eday westa medr. ' I -maa'ku ' eday
salama ' alIa mabata. (3S) Wa-masa'ku ' eflet be'se ' em- ' abuhu, wa
walatta-ni ' em- ' emma, wa-mar 'ata-ni ' em-amata. (36) Wa-arru la
sab ' sab ' a betu. (37) Za-yafaqqer ' abahu wa-' emmo ' emmeneya ' i
yedal lu lita. Wa- za-yafaqqer waldo wa-walatto ' emenneya ' i -yedal lu
27. nas (pl . ' anest) roof, rooftop .
29. ' asareyon a small coin; Gk. assarion .
34 . G Fab to make an inCision ; to sacrifice . Gt tataba
pass . Feb sacrifice , sacrificial victim . tebat sacrifice. matbaht
(pI . matii:be ) knife , sword .
323
lita. (38) Wa- za- ' i-nas ' a masqal o wa- za- ' i-ta1awa dexreya 1 yedallu Ii tao (39) Za-rakabi la-n'aisu y gadde , wa-za-s a
gadafa la-nafs u ba' enti ' aya yerakkeba . (40) 'Za-kiyakemu
tawakfa kiyaya tawakfa, wa- za-kiyaya tawakfa tawakfo la- za
fannawani . (41) Za-tawakfa nabiya ba-sema nabiy ' asba nabiy
yenasse ' , wa- za-tawakfa adeqa ba-sema adeq ' asba adeq
yenasse' . (42) Wa- za- 'astaya ' ahada ' em- ";llu ne ' usan ea 'a
'
may qWarir batito ba-sem rad' , ' aHlan ' ebelak'emu : ' I -Yahagwe1
' asbo .
, .
Chapter X I
20. Ba' enta ' ella tafannawu ' em-xaba Yohannes
(1) Wa-kona ' emza sal laa ' Iyasus ' azzezotomu la- ' asartu wa-kel ' etu
' ardii.' ihu, xalafa ' em-heyya kama yemhar wa.- yesbek westa 'ahgurihomu .
(2) Wa-sami ' o Yoannes megbarihu la-Kerestos ba-beta moqeJ:! , fannawa
xabehu kel ' eta ' em- ' arda' ihu . (3) Wa-yebeIo :
'Anta-nu .z a-yema e ' ? ...Wa-oo-nu kale.' a . zan'e sseffo"7 ''''; ' '' :
'
(4) Wa- ' awse ' a ' Iyasus , .wa-yebl'!lomu :
' r.l;Iawirakemu, zl'!newewwo la-Yoa!1nes za-t samme ' u wa-za-t ere ' ' eyu .
(S) ' Ewuran yere " eyu; ankas. yaawweru; ' el la lam yenaeu;
wa-emuman yesamme ' u; mutan yetnasse 'u; wa-naddayan yezzena wu .
(6) Wa-beu' we 'etu za- .' i-ta' aqfa beya .
(7) Wa-soba xalafu ' ellu, ' aiaza ' Iyasus yebalomu la- ' ahzab ba' enta
Yoannes :
Menta waa' kemu gadama ter ' ayu? Ber' a-nu za-yetawwas ' em
nafas? (8) Wa-menta-nu-ma waa' kemu t er'ayu? Be'se-nu zaressuy ba-qatant ' albas ? Nahu ' el la-sa qaanta yelabbesu westa
' abyat a nagast hallawu . (9) Wa-menta-nu-ma wa1a' kemu ter' ayu?
42 . ?ewa ' (pl . -at) cup .
S . Q nkasa to l imp , be lame . ankas lame , crippled .
enkii:se lameness .
7 . ber ' (pl . ' abra ') reed ; arm of a candelabrum. CG ' aosa to
move, shake, agitate . Gt taosa idem intrans . or pass . ; za-yetawwas
reptil es , "creeping things . " husat motion , movement . ewas (p I . -at)
a (physical) sens e . isii: exc1am . of wonder or admi.ration .
qain ( f . qaFiin , pl . qatant) fine, del icate; n . fine
S.
clothes . qetnat fineness, delicacy.
XI
324
325
Nabiya-nu? ' Ewwa ' ebelakemu , wa-fadfada ' em-nabiy. (10) ' Esma
zentu we ' etu za-ba' ent i ' ahu taefa :
Nahu ' ana ' efennu mal ' akeya qedrna gaeka, za-yeayye
fenotaka ba-qedmeka .
(11) ' Arnan ' ebe1akemu : ' I-tanse ' a ' em-tewledda ' anest za
ya ' abbi ' em-Yoannes Mameq, wa-ba-mangesta samayat -sa za
yene" es ya' abbi ' emennehu. ( 1 2) Wa- ' em-mawa ' el a Yoannes
Ma!meq ' eska ye ' ze tetgaffa' mangesta samayat , wa-gefu ' an
yethayyadeww . ( 1 3) ' Esma kWellomu nabiyat wa- ' orit ' eska
Yoannes tanabbayu , (14) wa- ' ernma-sa tefaqqedu t etwakkafewwo ,
we ' etu 'Eleys za-hal 1awo yema' . (15) Za-bo ' a ' zana sami ' a 1a
yesma ' . (16) Ba-mannu ' astamasela la-zati tewledd? Temassel
daqiqa ' ella yenabberu westa mesy! wa-yeewwe 'u biomu wa
yebelewwomu :
(17) ' Anzarna lakemu, wa- ' i -zafankemu; ' asqoqawna 1 akemu,
wa- ' i -bakaykemu.
(18) ' Esma mas ' a Yohannes ' enza ' i-yeball e ' wa- ' i-yesatti , wa
yeb!!lewwo :
Ganena botu.
w
( 1 9 ) Wa-ma ' a walda eg ii 1 a ' ernma-eyaw ' enza yebal le' wa
yesatti , wa-yebelewwo :
Nawa be' si bala' i wa-sataye wayn , ' arka maabbe9an wa
xate 'an . Wa-adqat !ebab ' em-daqiqa .
,
(20) Wa- ' emze ' axaza Iyasus yeison 1a- ' ahgur ' ella ba-westeton
gabra xayla bezuxa, ' esma ' i -nassehu . ( 2 1 ) Wa-yebelon :
' Ale laki KWarazi. ' Ale l aki Beta-Sayeda. ' E sma soba-sa ba1 2 . G heda (yehid) to take by force , violence . Gt tahayda
pas s . and reflex . hayd violence , taking by force ; booty, prey .
hayadi a violent person, plunderer .
17. Q <anzara to pipe , play a musical instrument . <enzir a
musical instrument of any sort . ma <anzer musician, piper, flute
player . G zafana to dance . zafan n. dancing . zaani (f. - t ) dancer.
mezan a place for dancing .
Glt ta Caraka to become friends (with) . <ark ( f . Carekt ;
19 .
pI . ' a <rekt , carkan , carkat) friend .
2 1 . ' aZe Za - Woe unto
saqq (pl . -at , ' asqaq) sack, s ackcloth .
. ....
Tiros wa-ba-Sidona tagabra xay:l a-tagabra ba-westetek en, , em

wadde ' a ba-saqq wa-ba-amad ' eFl-nasseu. ( 2 2 ) Wa-bahtu
' ebe laken : Tiros wa-Sidona sexutata yekawwena 'ama ' e l ata da)
' emenneken . ( 23) Wa- ' anti-ni Qefernahom, la' emma ' eska samay
teUe ' 'al i , ' eska Gahannam tewarredi . (24) ' Esma soba ba-Sadom
hu tagabra xayl za-tagabra. ba-westEitek i , , emh lwat . ' e ka . yom.
(25) Wa-bii9tu ' ebelakemu kama medra Sadom sexeta. t.elawwen b
. a. .
' elata dayn ' emenneki .
Ba-we ' etu mawlt 'el ' awse' a ' Iyasus wa-yebe :
'Esebbeaka 'Aba ' Egzi ' a samay wa-medr, ' esma xabii'ka zanta ' em
!abiban wa- em-m' meran , wa-kasatkon la-e9anat . ' ( 27) ' Ewwa,
'Aba, ' e sma kama-ze kona semrateka ba-qedrneka. ( 2 8) KWellu
tawehbani ' em-xaba ' abuya, wa- 'albo za-ya' arnrnera la-wald
za ' enbala iab , wa-l a- ' ab-ni ' alba za-ya' ammero za' enbala wald,
wa-la-za-faqada wald yekset lotu . ( 29) Ne 'u xabeya kWellekernu
seruan wa-ewuran , wa- ' ana ' a 'arrefakernu . ( 3 0 ) Nese ' u
' ar 'uteya dibekemu, wa- ' a' meru ' emenneya kama ywwah
' ana 'va- - -P.... ..
teut lebbeya, aterakkebu ' erafta: la-nafsekemu' ,' , esa- -
" ar 'uteya sannay, wa-areya qalil we ' etu.
...
( 26)
"'
.
,.
. .
Chapter X I I
....-
(1)
Ba-we' etu mawa ' el xalafa ' Iyasus ba-sanbat ' enta mangala garaweh,
wa- ' arda' ihu-sa rexbu, wa- ' axazu yemawu sawita wa-yebl e 'u . ( 2 ) Wa
re' eyomu Farisaweyan, yebelewwo :
Nahu ' arda' ika yegabberu za- ' i -yekawwen gabira ba-sanbat .
(3) Wa-yebelomu :
' I -yanbabkemu-nu za-gabra Dawit ' ama rexba, we ' etu-ni wa- ' ella
meslehu, zakama bo' a beto la- ' Egzi ' aber, wa-xabaweza qWerban
bal 'a, za- ' i-yekawweno la-bali ' wa- ' i -Ia- ella mes lehu ,
za' enbal a la-kahenat la-batitomu? (6) Wa- ' i -yanbabkemu-nu
westa ' orit kama ba-sanbatat kahenat ba-beta maqdas sanbata
yarakkWesu , wa- ' i-yekawwenomu gegaya? (6) ' Ebelakemu kama za
ya' abbi ' ern-beta maqdas hall o zeyya . (7) Saba-sa ta ' ammeru
ment we ' etu "Me.hrata ' efaqqed wa- ' akko maswa 'ta," ' em- ' i 30 .
' ar Cut
XII 1 . G ma7;zawa
ripen (of grain) .
a yoke .
to pluck . Gt
ear of grain .
(yemaw)
sawit
tamewa
pas s . G
sawaya
to
32 6
kWannankemewwomu la- ' e l l a ' i-ye 'ebbesu. (8) 'Esma ' egzi '
we ' etu la-sanbat walda 'egWla ' emma-eyaw.
21. Ba' enta za-yabsat ' edehu
(9) Wa-faliso ' em-heyya, hora westa mekwrbomu. (10) Wa-nahu be ' si
za- ' edehu yabsat . Wa-tase" elewwo ' enza yebelu :
Yekawwen-nu ba-sanbat fawweso?
kama yastawli.deyewwo . ( 1 1 ) Wa-yeblomu :
Mannu ' em-westetekemu be ' s i ' za-bo ' aatta bag'a, wa- ' emma
wadqat ba-sanbat westa gebb , ' akko-nu ye ' exxeza wa-yanasse ' a?
(12) ' Efo ' enka fadfida yexeyyes sab ' ' em-bag ' . YekaIYwen-ke
ba-sanbatat gabira sannay.
( 13) Wa- ' emze yebelo la-we ' etu be ' s i : Sefa ' edeka. Wa-saa ' edehu,
wa-aywat sobeh, wa-gab ' at kama kale'ta. ( 14) Wa-wai ' omu
Fariswey[n, tamkaru ba' enti ' ahu kama yeqtelewwo . (15) Wa- 'a'miro
' 1yasus , tagel,lsa ' em-heyya. Wa-talawewwo bezuxan sab:. , wa- ' aJ:yawomu
la_kwellou . ( 1 6) Wa-gassaomu kama ' i-yaghedewwo , ( 1 7) kama
yetfassam za-tabehla ba- ' 1sayeyas nabiy ' enza yebel :
Nahu waldeya za-xarayku , fequreya za-samrat nafseya . 'Anabber
manfaseya la ' lehu , wa-kw ennane la- ' azab yenagger. ( 19) ' 1 - o.
yedamme wa- ' i -yearrex, wa- ' albo za-yesamme ' ba-eggw qal
(20) Ber ' a qequa ' i-yesabber, wa-su ' a za-yeayyes ' i-ya!affe '
' eska yagabbe ' fetJ:a la-mawi ' , (21) wa-ba-sema zi 'ahu ' ahzab
yet ' ammanu .
22 . Ba' enta za-ganen 'ewur wa-emum
(22) Wa- ' emze ' am e ' u lotu za-ganen ' ewura wa-emuma, wa-fawwaso
, eska we ' etu 'ewur wa-emum wa-bahham nababa-hi wa-re 'ya-hi. (23)
Wa-yeddammamu kWel lomu ' azab, wa-yebelu :
'Akko-nu ze-we ' etu walda Dawit?
1 0 . CGlt ' astawadaya t o bring charges against , t o accuse .
1 9 . ?eggw (pl . ?egWagW ) street , mark et-p 1 ace .
20 . Q qatqata to grind; to break . qepqup ground , broken .
qepqape vn . grinding, breaking . su e/sue flax, tinder . G tesa (yetis)
to smoke . CG ' atesa caus . tis smoke .
22 . G behma (yebhaJTI) to be mut e . bahham mut e . behmat mut e ness .
_.
..
327
( 24) Wa-Farisaweyan-sa sami ' omu yebelu :

Zentu-sa ' i -yawae ' 'aganenta za' enbala ba-Be' el .Jbul ,
makwanneno"mu' la- ' aganent .
(25) Wa- ' a'miro ' 1yasus xel linnahomu, yebelomu :
KWellu mangest 'enta tetnafaq babaynatiha temasen, IYa-kwellu
hagar wa- ' emma-hi bet ' enta tetnafaq babaynatiha 'i-teqawwem.
(26) Wa- ' emma-sa Saan Sayana yawae' , babaYJ.latih,: tanafaqa.
..
' Efo ' enka teqawwem mangestu? (27) Wa- ' emma-sa ' ana baBe ' el
Zbul 'awae ' omu la- ' aganent , weludekemu ba-ment yawae ' omu?
Ba' enta-ze ' emuntu fatata yekawwenukemu . (28) " Wa- ' emma-sa
' ana ba-manfasa 'Egzi ' aber ' aIYae ' ' aganenta, ' m
i ga baat
la' Hkemu mangesta ' Egzi ' aber . (29) Wa- ' e.fo yekel inaimu-hi
bawi ' a beta xayyl wa-newayo hayeda za' enbala ' emma ' i-qadama
' asiroto la-xayyal ? Wa- 'emze beto yebarabber . (30) Za- ' i -kona
mesleya ' edeweya
we ' etu , wa-za- ' i -yastagabe ' ffi..;lsleya y_zarrewani
.
- - : ':.. - :-;,--; ..:...." ..
(31) Ba' enta-ze ' ebel akemu : Kwellu ..x t werfat
yetxaddag
l a-sab ' , wa- za-sa la-manfas qeddus araa ' i -yetxaddag l otu.
(32) Wa-za-yebe qala la ' la walda ' gWala ' emma-J:eyaw ;etxaddag
lotu, wa-za-sa yebe la' la manfas qeddus ' i -yetxaddag lotu ' i
ba-ze ' alam wa- ' i-ba- za-yemae' . ( 33) . 'Emnia ' akko gebaru t ea
sannaya wa-ferehu-ni sannaya , wa- ' emma ' akko gebaru ' ea ' ekuya
wa-ferehu-ni ' ekuya, 'esma ' em-ferehu ' e yet ' awwaq . (34)
Tewledda ' arawi ta medr, ba- ' ayte tekelu s'annaya tanagero ' enza
' ekuyan ' antemu? ' Esma ' em-tarafa lebb yenabbeb ' af . ( 3 5 ) Xer
be ' si ' em-sanny mazgaba lebbu yaIYae ' sannaya, wa-ma' amme
be' si ' em-mazgaba ' ammaa yawae ' ' amma1t . (36) 'Ane-sa
' ebelakemu : KWel lu nebab eru ' za-yenabbeb sab ' yagabbe 'u
ba' enti 'ahu qal a ba- ' elata' dayn , (37) 'esma ' em-qlHatika
teaddeq wa- ' em-qalatika tetkWennan .
23. Ba' enta 'ella sa' alu te'merta
(38) Wa- ' emze ' awse ' ewwo sab ' ' em-sahaft wa- 'em-Farisaweyan ' enza
yebe lu :
Liq, nefaqqed ' em-xabeka te'merta ner ' ay.
(39) Wa- 'awsi 'o, yebelomu :
Tewledd ' ammadit wa- zammawit te 'merta taxasses, wa-te'mert ' i
yetwahhaba za' enbala t e ' merta Yona.s nab i y .
(40) ' E sma kama
329
328
,_
:-:"",
Yonas nabara westa karsa ' anbari salus a 'elata wa-salusa lelita,
kamu yenabber walda 'egWl a ' emma-eyaw westa lebba la-medr
salusa 'elata wa-salusa lelita. (41) Sab ' a Nanawe yetnasse ' u
' ama kWennan mes la-z tewledd wa-yetfateewwa, ' esma nasseu
ba-sebkata Yonas . Wa-nahu za-ya' abbi ' em-Yonas zeyya. (42)
Negesta ' azeb tetnassa' ' ama 'elata dayn mes la-za tewledd wa
tetfate, ' esma ma ' at ' em- ' a nafa medr tesma ' !ebabo la
Salomon . Wa-nahu za-ya ' abbi ' em-Salomon zeyya . (43) Wa
' emkama wa ' a manfas rekus " em-sab' , ya ' awwed ' enta badw ' enza
yaxasses 'erafta, wa-yaxa!!e ' . (44) Wa- ' emze yebel : ' Egabbe '
westa beteya ' em-xaba waa'ku . Wa-ma i ' o , yerakkebo ' enza
yastarakkeb ' edewa wa-meruga . {45) Wa- ' emze yaJ:lawwer wayamae' mes lehu sab ' ata kale' 1ina manafesta ' el l a ya' akkeyu
' emennehu, wa-bawi ' omu yaxadderu heyya, wa-yekawwen daxaritu
la-we ' etu be ' s i za-ya' akki ' em-qadamitu. Kamahu yekawwena la
zati tewledd ' ekit .
(46) Wa- ' enza yenaggeromu la-' zab , n1ihu ' emmu wa- ' axawihu yeqawwemu
' af' a ' enza yefaqqedu yetnagarewwo . (47) Wa-bo ' em- ' arda' ihu za-.
yebtno :
Nahu ' emmeka wa- ' axawika 'af ' a yeqawwemu wa-yaxassesu
yetnagaruka.
(48) Wa- ' awse ' a wa-yebe la-za-nagaro :
Mannu ye ' eti ' emmeya? Wa- 'ella mannu ' emuntu ' axaweya?
(49) Wa-safJ:Ia ' edehu xaba ' arda' ihu wa-yebe :
Nahu ' emmeya wa- ' axaweya . (50) 'Esma ia-gabra faqado la- ' abuya
za-ba-samayat we ' etu ' exuya wa- ' exteya wa- ' emmeya-ni we ' etu.
F
24 .
a=ba-ye ' eti ' el at wai ' o ' Iyasus ' em-bet , nabara mangala bahr .
Wa-tagabe 'u ' xabhu sab' bezux 'eska saba ya' arreg westa J;1amar wa
yenabber, wa-kw el lu sab ' westa ayq yeqamemu . \) Wa-nagaromu
bezuxa ba-messale ' enza yebel :
N1ihu wa ' a za-yezarre' yezra' . (4) Wa:" ':enza yearre ' , bo za
wadqa westa fenot , wa-ma 'u ' a' w1lfa samay . wa-bal ' ewwo . (5) Wa
bo za-wadqa diba kWakw , xaba ' albo mareta bezuxa; wa-we ' eta
gize saraa, ' esma ' albo ' emaqa la-maretu . ( 6 ) .Wa-sariqo 1aay,
ma lawa; wa- ' esma ' albo serwa, yabsa. ( 7 ) Wa-bo za-wadqa westa
sok, wa-baqWala sok wa-xanaqo . (8) Wa-bo ' za-wadqa westa medr
sannayt , wa-wahaba fere , bo za-me ' ta wa-bo za-sessa wa-bo za
salasa . (9) Za-bo ' ezana sami ' a yesma ' .
( 1 0) Wa-qaribomu ' arda' ihu, yebelewwo ;
Ba' enta ment ba- ' amsal tetnagaromu?
( 1 1) Wa- ' awse " a wayebinornu :
...
.
'Esma l akemu tawhba 'a' mero ewwuratiha l ; -mngestasa.yt ,
wa-lomu-sa ' i-tawehba. ( 1 2. ) ' Esma
la-za-bo
yetwahhalio wa.
.
. - '. " .
. ..,
yefadaffed, \a-la-za-sa 'alba ' ella-hi -bo yahayyedewwo
. ( 1 3)
Wa-ba'enta zentu ba- ' amsal ' etnagaromu, ' esma ' enza yere " eyu
' i -yere " eyu, wa- ' enza yesamrne'u ' i-yesamme ' u wa- ' i -yelebbewu .
( 1 4) Wa-yeteam la ' lehomu tenbita ' Isayeyas za-yebe :
Sami ' a tesamme' u wa- 'i-telebbewu; wa-naero teneeru
wa- ' i-tere " eyu. (15) 'Esma gazfa lebbu la-ze J:l ezb , wa(1)
(2)
(pI . -yCit, -eyat) parable, proverb , similitude .

G 'amaqa (ye 'meq, ye 'maq) to be deep . CG a 'maqa to make
deep , to penetrate deeply. 'emuq deep . 'emaq depth . ma 'meq (pI .
ma 'ameq) the deep , abyss .
6 . Q ma Zawa to wil t , wither . CQ ' ama? Zawa caus . Qt tamallZawa
to become withered; to wrinkle the face . mes lew wilted , withered ,
wrinkled.
W
W
W
7. G baq aZa/baq Za to sprout , grow . CG ' abq aZa caus . baqW Z
(pl . at) plant , herb , vegetation . baqaZt date-palm. G xanaqa
(yewaeq) to choke , throttl e . Gt taxanqa p as s . and re fl ex .
1 5 . G gazfa (yegzefJ t o b e dense , s tup i d , dul l , stout . gez afl
XII I
3.
5.
whale .
the south .
4 3 . badw/bada desert , wasteland, uncultivated area. G badwa
to be desert , etc . CG ' abdawa caus .
44 . CGt ' as tarkaba to be at leisure (for) ; to be ready, oppor
tune , convenient ; to be busy with , involved in . G ' adawa to sweep .
' edew swept . ' edaw sweepings . G maraga to plaster . merug plastered .
marg plaster .
45 . dax (x)arit end . qaaram it beginning.
40.
'anbari
42.
' azeb
Chapter X I I I
Ba' enta messal
messal e
330
331
ba- ' ezanihomu denqewa s am ' u , wa-kadanu ' a 'yentihomu, kama
' i -yer ' ayu b a- ' a 'yentihomu, wa-ba- ' e z anihomu ' i -yesme ' u ,
wa-ba-l ebbomu ' i -yelabbewu, wa- ' i -yetmayau , wa- ' i
Be' s i 1arrawi gabra zanta.

Wa- ' agbertihu-sa yebel ewwo :
Tefaqqed-nu ' enka neur wane ' reyon?
yessahalomu.
(29) Wa-yebelomu :
( 1 6) Wa- 1 akemu-sa be1u' at ' a' yentikemu, ' esma yere " eya; wa
' e zanikemu, ' esma yesamme ' a .
' A lba, kama ' enza t a ' arreyu kerd1ida , ' i , eawu mes lehomu
( 1 7) ' Aman ' ebe l akemu kama
sernaya-ni .
bezuxan nabiyat wa-adeq1in fatawu yer ' ayu za-tere " eyu, wa- ' i
re ' yu; wa-yesme 'u za-tesamme 'u, wa- ' i - s am ' u .
seme 'u messalehu l a - z a-yezarre ' .
( 1 8 ) ' Antemu-ke
fenot .
yesamme ' wa-sobeha ba-fessea yetwekkafo .
mazagebt eya .
(31) Kal e ' t a mes slile ' ame ' a lomu ' enza yebe l :
Temas sel mangesta s amayat xe!!ata s enape ' enta nas ' a be ' s i wa
w
zar ' a we sta garahtu .
( 3 2 ) Wa-ye ' eti t ene ' ' es ' em-k e l l u
w
' azre ' t . Wa-soba l ehqat " t a ' abbi 'em-k e l lu ' amal wa-tekawwen
' e9-a ' abiya ' eska yemae ' u ' a ' wafa s amay wa-yaxadde:r.u.' westa
( 2 1 ) Wa-batu ' alba
serwa l a ' l ehu; l a-gi zeha da ' emu we ' etu, wa-kawino - s a mendabe
wa-seddat ba' enta-ze nagar, ba-gi zeha ya ' al lu .
( 22) Wa- z a - s a
w e s t a s o k tazar ' a z e-we ' etu za-nagara yes amme ' , wa-tekkaza z e
' 1ilam wa-s e f!ata be ' l t axanneqo la-nagar, wa- z a ' enbala fere
yekawwen .
( 2 3) Wa- z a - s a west a medr sannayt tazar ' a ze-we ' etu
' a' uqiha,.

( 33) Kal e ' ta mes sale nagaromu :
.",
Temas sel mangeSta samayat beJ:tu ' a za-nas ' at be" si t wa-xab' ato
za-nagara yes amme ' wa-yelebbu , wa-yefarri wa-yegabber bo za

me ' ta wa-bo za-sess wa-bo za-salas .
Temas s e l mangesta s amayat be ' se za- zar ' a sannaya zar ' a wes t a
( 2 5 ) Wa- ' enza yenawwemu sab ' u, ma ' a ala' ihu wa
zar ' a kerdada ma' kal a sernay, wa-xal afa .
(26) Wa-soba baqWala
sa ' ru wa- faraya fere , ' ameha ' astar ' aya kerdad-ni .
(27) Wa
qaribomu ' arde ' tihu l a-ba ' l a garaht , yebelewwo :

' Egzi ' o , ' akko-hu sannaya zar ' a zara' ka westa garahteka?
' Em- ' ayte ' enka l otu kerdad?
Q danqawa t o be hard of hearing .
21.
la-gizeha da' emu we' etu i t is only for a t ime (i . e . t empo-
22.
CG ' asfapa to persuade , en t i ce , seduc e , deceive .
rary) .
25 .
seftat s eduction , lure , enti cement .
kerdad weed (s ) .
yebe l :
' Ekasset ba-mes sale ' afuya, wa- ' enagger za-xebu ' za- ' em-tekat .
(36) Wa- ' emze xadigo ' azab a , bo ' a westa bet , wa-qarbu xabehu
28.
G ' araya (ye'riJ to p i ck , gather, p luck up/out .
30 .
G <aqada to harvest .
Gt
satapi seducer,
Gt ta <aqaa p as s .
xettat grain, s e e d . senape mustard .

amZ (p l . ' aal ) vegetat ion , shrub (s) .
33.
G be' a t o ferment (intrans . ) .
(trans . ) .
Gt taber' a
fe rmentat i on .
<aqadi harvester .
ke lsest (pl . kaZasest) bund l e , sheaf .
32 .
31 .
denqew hard of hearing ; s low-witted, dens e .
tasaffa p ass .
deceiver .
messale ' i -t anagaromu, (35) kama yetfa am za-tabehla ba-nabiy ' enza
ma<qad s i ckl e .
( 2 8) Wa-yebel omu :
gezf density, dul lnes s , stup idity .
wes t a ari1 za-salastu masal es , wa- ' abJ:te ' a kWe l l o .
(34) Zanta kWe 1 1 0 tanagara, ' Iyasus ba-messale l a - ' aJ:tzab , wa- z a ' enbal a
( 2 4 ) Kal e ' ta messale ' am e ' a 1 0mu ' en z a yebel :

garahtu .
. ."."
andedotomu, wa-sernayo- s a ' astagab e ' u west a
nagara mangesta s amayat wa- ' i -yelebbu, yema e ' ' ekuy wa
We ', etu-ke za-tazar ' a west a

w
( 2 0) Wa- za-sa westa kWak t azar ' a we ' etu- ze za-nagara
' Ereyu qedma kerdada wa-" eserewomu k<irasest a l a
( 1 9) KWel lu za-yes amme '
yemasse za-tazar ' a westa lebbu .
(30) Xedegu yelhaqu xebu a ' _; a rna ' rar , wa-
ba-gize ma' rar ' ebelomu ' 1a:-" a1add :
G.
CG ' abe' a to ferment
behu' fermented; l eaven , yeas t .
G ara4a (yereqJ to grind (flour) .
ari4 flour , dough .
maraq mi l l , mi l l -ston e .
be' at
Gt taarqa p as s .
mas lest (pl . masales )
a kind of measure .
35 .
pri s tine .
' atkata
tekat antiquity , yore .
za- tekat ancient , o l d , primeval ,
' em-tekat from o f o l d , hi therto , once , formerly.

CD ' atakkatd. to (wish) to gain t ime .
CG
332
333
' arda' ihu ' enza yebelewwo :

Fakker lana messale za-kerdada garaht .
(37) Wa- ' awse ' a wa-yebelomu :
Za-ye zarre' sannaya zar 'a walda ' egWala ' emma-eya\ we ' etu; (38)
wa-garahtu-ni 'alam we ' etu; wa-sannay-ni zar ' weluda mangest
' emuntu; wa-kerdad-ni weludu la- ' ekuyj (39) wa-arrawi -ni za
zar 'omu Diyabelos we ' etuj wa-ma' rar-ni xelqata 'alam we ' etuj
wa- ' adadd-ni mala' ekt ' emuntu . (40) Kama-ke ya' arreyewwo la
kerdad wa-ba- essat yawe " eyeWwo , kamahu yekawwen ba-xelqata
'alamo (41) Yeennewomu walda ' egWala ' emma-eyaw la
mala' ektihu, wa-ya' arreyu ' em-mangestu kWel lo ' alaweyana wa
' el l a yegabberu ' abbasa, (42) wa-yewaddeyewwomu westa 'etona
' essat , wa-ba-heyya yekawwen bekay wa-aqiya senan . (43)
'Ameha yebarrehu adeqan kama aay ba-mangesta ' abuhomu . Za
bo ' ezana sami ' a yesma ' . (44) Ka 'eba, temassel mangesta samayat
madfena za-xebu' westa garaht , wa-rakibo be 'si xab ' a , wa- ' em
fessehahu ora, wa-seta kWello za-bo , wa-tasaya!a we' eta
garli.hta . (45) Ka ' eba, temassel mangesta samayat be ' se sayae
za-yaxasses bareya sannaya. (46) Wa-rakibo ' aatta bareya
' enta bezux set, hora
wa-seta
(47)
.
. kWello za-bo wa-tasayata.
.
Ka ' eba, ' temassel mangesta samayat garifa ' enta tawadyat westa
bar , wa- ' em-kwellu zamada ' asa ' astagabe ' at, (48) 'enta mal i ' a
' a 'ragu westa ayq , wa-nabiromu ' arayu sannayo westa muday, wa
' ekuyo-sa gadafewwo ' af' a . (49) Kamahu yekawwen ba-xelqata
' alam : yewae'u mala' ekt wa-yefalle!u ' ekuyana ' em-ma'kal omu
l a-adeqan, (50) wa-yewaddeyewwomu westa ' etona 'essat xaba
bekay wa-aqiya senan .
(51) Wa-yebelomu ' Iyasus :
Labbawkemu-nu ' enka zanta kWello?
.
36 .
fakkara to interpret, expound,

fekkare explanation , interpretation,
D
explain . Dt
exposition .
tafakkara
mafakker in
pas s .
terpreter, expounderj soothsayer, prophet .
42 . ' eton (pl . -at) furnace , oven . G aqaya to grind/grit/
gnash the teeth; to chew. CG ' aqa:ya caus .
44 . G dafana (yedfen) to cover, hide , conceal. madfen treas
ure ; s epul chre .
47 . garif net .
Wa-yebelewwo : 'Ew\a . (52) Wa-yebelomu :

Ba' enta zentu kWellu aafi za-yeammad la-mangesta s amayat
yemassel be'se ba' la oot za-yawae ' ' em-mazgabu addisa wa
beluya.
(53) Wa-faimo ' Iyasus ' ellonta messaleyata, tanse 'a ' em-heyya. (54)
Wa-ora hagaro , wa-maharomu ba-mekwrabomu ' eska soba yeddammamu wa
yebelu :
'Em- ' ayte la- zentu ze-kwellu !ebab .wa-xayl? . (55) 'Akko-nu
zentu we' etu waldu !-aaral:!:i,? 'Akko-nu ' emmu sema" I>l aryam wa
' axawihu Ya' qob wa-Yosef wa-Sem' on wa-Yehuda? (56) Wa- ' axatihu
kWellon xabena h ll wa? ' Em- ' ayte ' enka 10tu zentu kWellu?
(57) Wa-yangWaraggWeru ba ' enti ' ahu . Wa-yebelomu ' Iyasus :
'Albo ba-xaba ' i-yekabber nabiy za' enba1a ba-hagaru wa-ba-betu.
(58) Wa- 'i -gabra ba-heyya xayla bezuxa ba! enta ' i - ' aminotomu .
Chapter XIV
25 . Ba' enta Yoann'es wa-Herode$' :'
(1) Wa-ba-we ' etu mawa ' el sam'a Herodes negus nagaro la- ' Iyasus . (2)
Wa-yebe la- ' agbertihu :
Ze-we ' etu Yoannes Ma.tmeq . We ' etu tanse ' a ', ' em-muj:1in , wa
ba' ent zentu 'yetgabbara xayllit botu.
(3) ' Esma we ' etu Herodes ' axazo la-Yoannes , wa-moqeo ba-beta moqe
ba' enta Herodeyada, be' sita Fileppos ' exuhu , ,(4) ' esma yebelo
Yoannes lotu:
' I -yekawwenaka tawseba laka.
(5) Wa- ' enza yefaqqed yeqtelo, yefarreh 'azaba, ' esma kama nabiy
yere ' ' eyewlVo la-Yoannes . (6) Wa-kalVino 'elata ledatu la-Herodes ,
zafanat walatta la-Herodeyada ba-ma 'kalomu, wa- ' addamato la-Herodes.
(7) Wa-maJ:!ala lati kama yahaba za-sa' alato . (8) Wa- ' aqdamat 'a 'mero
ba-xaba ' emma , wa-tebe lo :
55.
to helV, do carpentry . ,!erbat woodwork , stone

work . f}arabi carpenter, craftsman .
5 7 . Q ' angWargWara' t o be angry, vexed; t o murmur, mutter .
XIV
6. D ' addama to please (someone : 0 . 5 . ) . eDt ' asta' addama to
- pleas
be pleased with ( a . d . o . ) , to find pl easing, pleasant . ' adaam
ing , pleas ant . ma' addem idem.
G
f}arciba
334
335
Habani ba- zeyya ba- l re ' so
l a-Yoannes Ma!me q .
(9) Wa-takkaza negus ba' enta maalahu wa-ba' enta ' e l la yeraffequ
mes lehu, wa- ' azzaza yahabewwa .
Yoannes ba-beta moqe .
( 10) Wa- fanniwo matara re ' so l a
( 1 1) IVa- ' am e ' u r e ' so ba-aJ:1 l , wa-wah bewwa
l a-ye ' eti walatt, wa-wasadat l a- ' emma .
( 1 2 ) Wa-ma ' u ' arda' ihu, wa
nas 'u badno , wa-qabarewwo , wa-mai ' omu zenawewwo l a - ' Iyasus .
26 .
Wa- sami ' omu ' azab , talawewwo ba- ' egr ' em- ' ahgur .
( 1 5 ) IVa-meseta k awino , qarbu xabehu ' arda' ihu ' en z a yebe l u :

Feteomu 1 a- ' a zab
kama yeJ:1uru westa ' ahgur wa-yessayau la-re ' somu mab1 e ' a .
( 1 6) IVa-yebe1omu ' Iyasus :
Habewwomu ' antemu za-yeba1 1 e 'u .
( 1 7 ) Wa-yebel ewwo :
' A1bena zeyya za' enbala xams xebest wa-ke 1 ' e ' as a .
( l 9) . Wa- ' azzazomu l a - s ab ' yerfequ diba sa ' r .
' Emma-sa ' anta-hu, ' Egzi ' o , ' az z e zani ' ems.a' xabeka ' enta diba
may .
(29) Wa-yebe lo :
wa- ' axaza yessa!am.
Wa-nas ' a we ' eta xamsa

(20) IVa-bal 'u
yeqdemewwo xaba ma ' dot ' eska soba yefennewomu l a- ' a z ab .
out .
Gt
(23) Wa
Chapter XV
2B.
porti on , mors e l ; gift .

20 .
21.
fattata to break (bread) ; to distribut e , give
Dt tafattata p as s .
Ba' enta ' el l a yaxaddegu t e ' zaza ' Eg z i ' aber
26.
G matha to be deceptive i n appearance .
phantom, fantasy , spectre .

o
fett (pl . fe tat , -iit) p art ,
fetat (p l . -iit) idem.
mazare ' (pl . only) b askets , containers .

daqq (col I . ) chi ldren and/or servants .
Dt
tagarrama to be terrib l e , threat
gerrwn awesome , terri b l e , fearsome , awe -inspiring .
germa/gerrema terror, awe ; awesome nature .

30 .
tegremt threat s , terrors .
CG ' as tama to submerge , immerse , fl ood .
(intrans . ) .
methat (p l . -iit)
G garama to be awesome , fear- inspiring .
garrama to frighten , terrify.
ening, fearful .
?iiJ:"l dish, bowl , p l atter .
tafatata
(35) Wa- ' a' marewwo
sab ' a w e ' etu beer, wa- fannawu xaba kWe l lu ' adyam , wa- ' ame ' u l otu
.
w
w
k e 1 1 0 emumana .
( 36) Wa- ' astabq e ' ewwo kama yel kafu zafara l ebsu,
w
wa-k e l lomu ' el la 1akafewwo yayyewu .
wa-Farisaweyan ' enza yeb e l u :
' emze fatomu l a - ' ahzab , wa- ' arga westa dabr ' enta batitu ye : al l i .
(33) Wa-
( 1 ) Wa- ' emze qarbu xaba ' Iyasus ' el l a ma ' u ' em- ' I yarusalem sahaft
Ba' enta zakama ora diba baJ:1r
' Eg z i ' o , ' adxenani .
(32) Wa- 'arigomu ' westa J;!amar , ye ' eta g i ze x.fldaa nafas .
(22) Wa- ' agabbaromu sobeha l a - ' arda ' ihu kama ye 'ragu westa amar wa
G fatata
( 30) Wa-soba re' ya nafasa xayya l a , farha,
Wa- ' awyawa ' en z a yebel :
Wexuda haymanot , ba-ment nafaqqa?
( 2 1 ) Wa- ' el la-sa b a l ' u ' emuntu s ab ' kama xamsa me ' t
za' enbala ' anest wa-daqq .
19 .
Wa-warido Pe!ro s ' em-diba J:1amar, J:1ora diba
(31) Wa- sobeha saa ' edehu ' Iyasus , wa- ' 'axazo , wa-yebelo :
kWe l l omu, wa- agbu, wa- ' agJ:1asu za-tarfa fetatata ' asarta wa-ke l ' et a
B.
Na ' a .
may yeba xaba ' Iyasus .
' Aman wal d a ' Egzi ' aber ' anta .
xebesta wa-ke 1 ' e ' asa, wa-na ara xaba samay , wa-baraka, wa-fati to
wahaba 1 a- ' arda' ihu xabaweza, wa- ' arda ' ihu 1 a - ' azab .
( 2 7)
' I -tefrehu .
(34) Wa- ' adiwomu, bau westa medra Genessare! .
' Ame ' ewwon l ita z eyya.
27.
Wil-" emgereahu 'awyalvu .
' e l l a westa amar sagadu lotu ' enza yebe lu : '
( l B) Wa-yebe :
mazare 'a m e lu ' a .
' Ana w e ' etu .
( 2 8) Wa- ' awse ' o Pe1=ros wa-yeb e :
( 1 4 ) Wa
wai ' o , re ' ya be zuxana ' azab a , wa-meromu, wa- ' ayawa dewuyanihomu .
' Akko maftew yeuru .
( 26) IVa-sob a ' re'eWwo ' arda' ihu ' enz.a diba b.1ir yaawwer ,
Ta' amanu .
Ba' enta xams xebest
Gadam we ' etu beer, wa:' s a ' atu-ni xa1afa .
diba bahr.
tahawku ' enza yebe1u : . Methat we ' etu.
Wa-ba-gizeha t anagaromu ' Iyasus ' en z a yebe l :
( 1 3) Wa- s ami ' o ' Iyasus , tagesa ' em-heyya ba-J:1amar westa gadam ' enta
baJ:1titu .
IVa-meseta kawino baJ:1titu hal lo heyya.

(24) Wa-amar - s nahu ma ' kala
bar hal l o , wa-yethawviak ; em-mogadat; .., s-:na ' em-qedinehu' we ' etu nfas .
(25) Wa-ba-rabe ' t s a ' ata l e l it ma ' a xabehomu ' Iyasus ' enza yaawwer
setmat submers ion , s inking .
Gt tasatma to s ink
mastem adj . submerging ,
flooding .
36.
touch.
"lakafa (ye "lkefJ
Gt taZakfa p as s .
to t ou ch .
CG ' a"lkafa to to uch , cause to
2aJar (' azfCi:rJ hem or fringe o f a garment .
336
337
La-ment ' arda ' ika yet 'addawu ser" ata liqanat , ' esma ' i
yetxaabu ' edawihomu soba xebesta yeballe 'u?
(3) Wa- ' awse ' a wa-yebelomu:
La-ment ' antemu-ni tet 'addawu te' zaza 'Egz i ' aber ba' enta
ser 'atekemu? (4) Wa- 'Egzi' aber-sa yebe :
'Akber ' aba wa- ' emma, wa- za-yaammi 'aba wa- ' emma mota
yemut .
(S) Wa- 'antemu-sa tebelu:
Za-yebe la- ' ab wa- la- ' em "Habta za- ' em-xabeya za
baqwa 'kuka" ' i-yakabber ' abahu wa- ' i- ' emmo .
(6) Wa-sa 'arkemu qalo la- ' Egzi ' aber ba' enta ser ' atekemu . (7)
Madlewan, sannaya tanabbaya ' I sayeyas la 'lekemu ' enza yebel :
Ze-hezb ba-kanaferihomu yakabberuni, wa-ba-lebbomu-sa
nawwaxa yereequ ' emenneya; (9) wa-kanto yamal lekuni
' enza yemehheru temherta ser ' atata sab' .
( 1 0) Wa-awwe 'omu la-ezb , wa-yebeIomu :
Seme 'u wa-labbewu ( 1 1 ) kama ' akko za-yebawwe' westa ' af za
yarakkWeso la-sab ' , ' al la za-yewae' ' em-westa ' af we ' etu
yarakkWeso la-sab ' .
( 1 2 ) Wa- ' emze qaribomu ' arda' ihu, yebelewwo :
Ta ' ammer-hu kama Farisaweyan sami ' omu qalaka ' angWargWaru?
(13) Wa- ' awse ' a wa-yebe :
KWellu takl ' enta ' i-takala ' abuya samayawi tesserraw . ( 1 4)
Xedegemomu . ' Ewuran ' emuntu ' amreta ' ewuran . 'Ewur la- 'ewur
la' emma maro , kel ' ehomu yewaddequ westa gebb .
( 1 5) Wa- ' awse' a Peros , wa-yebelo :
Negerana zanta messale .
( 1 6) Wa-yebelomu ' Iyasus :
xv
4.
1amaya (yermiJ
to curse, revile, slander .
emuy
dis-
graceful , shocking . hamet vn .

5 . This i s a difficult sentence . The Eth . appears to mean :
It is a gift on my part that I have been of any profit to you . "
habta is i n construct with the nominali zed za-' em-xabeya . The za- of
W
baq a <kuka may be compared with that of the construction treated on
it may be a simple relative , however : "That by which I have
29 . 3 ;
been a profit to you is a gift on my part . "
8 . kafar (pl . kanafar) l ip , edge, hem .
' Adi-hu ' anteu'-ni ' i-labbaweyan ' antemu? ( 1 7) ' I -ta' ammeru-nu
k'ama kWellu za-yebawwe ' westa ' af westa kar$' yetgammar wa-emma
yetgaddaf? ( 1 8) Wa- za- s'a yewae' ' em-westa ' af ' em-lebb
ye\ae' , wa- ' emuntu yarakkWes ewwo la-sab' . (19) ' Esma ' em
westa lebb yewae ' xel l inna ' ekuy : qatil , maJ:zan, zemmut ,
serq, sem ' ba-J:assat, wa-erfat . (20) , Ellu'-ke za-yarakkwese\o
la-sab ' , wa- za' enbala taxadebo ' eda\-sa balf r"';' r.:-jra'l'llk kw eso la
sab' .
Ba' enta Kananawit ' enta walatta ta' abbed
( 2 1 ) Wa-wai ' 0 ' Iyasus ' em-heyya, tageJ:sa westa dawala Tiros wa
Sidona . (22) Wa-nahu be' sit Kananawit ' em-we 'etu ' adwal wad ' at ' enza
. .!.....
. ;.
tesarrex wa-tebel :
." . . ',
.
"'... ... ."' .
.
Maarani , ' Eg zi ' o , walda ' Dawit . Walatteya ' ekuy ganen ' axaza .
( 2 3 ) Wa- ' i-yawse ' a ' Iyasus qala . Wa-qaribomu ' arda ' ihu,
' astabqWe 'ewwo ' enza yebelu :
F annewa, ' esma tearrex ba-dexrena.
( 24) Wa- ' awse' a; wa-yebe .:
' I -tafannawku za' enbala xaba ' abage ' za-tahagWla za-beta
' Esra' e l .
. .
(25) Wa-qaribo , sagadat lotu ' enza tebel :
' Egzi ' o , rede' ani .
( 26) Wa- ' awse ' a , wa-yebela:
' I -kona sannaya nasi ' a xebesta welud wa-wehiba la-kalabat .
( 2 7) Wa-tebe :
' Ea, 'Egzi' o , ' esma kalabat-ni yeball e 'u ' em-ferfarat za
yewaddeq ' em-ma' eda ' aga'eztihomu .
( 2 8) Wa- ' emze ' awse' a ' Iyasus , wa-yebela:
'O-be' sito, ' abiy haymanoteki . Yekunki bakama tefaqqedi .
Wa-aywat walatta ' em-ye' eti sa ' at .
29.
30 .
. ..
Ba' enta ' ahzab ' e lla tafawwasu ' em-bezux dawehomu
Wa-xalifo ' em-heyya ' Iyasus , baa xaba ayqa baJ:r za-Galila,
wa- ' arigo dabra, nabara heyya . (30) Wa-qarbu xabehu ' azab be zuxan
' en z a bomu mes lehomu J:ankasana, ' e\urana, emumana , ewwusana, wa(29)
cl'umb ,
weak , crippled, maimed .
-iit) t ab l e .
27.
farrar/farfur (pI . -at)
ma' ad (p I .
30 .
dawwus
CD ' acj.a1Jwasa
to weaken,
339
338
ta' anune]'u fakkero , wa t a ' amera mawa ' e-l s a ' i -ta' ammeru?
ba ' e dana be zuxana, wa-gadafewwomu xaba ' egarihu l a - ' Iyasus , wa
Wa-yebelomu :
fawwas omu , ( 3 1 ) ' eska s ob a ' azab yanakkeru ' en z a yere " eyu kama
bahhaman yetnagaru, wa-ankasan yaawweru, wa- ' ewuran yere" eyu.
31 .
Tewledd ' e lut wa- zanuna te"'merta t axasses , wa-te ' mert ' i
yetwahhaba za' enbal a t e ' merta Yonas nab i y .
Wa
s abbeewwo l a- ' Am l aka ' E sra ' el .
Wa-xadagomu, wa-ora .
Ba' enta sab 'u xebest
32 .
(32) Wa- awwe ' omu ' Iyasus l a- ' arda' inu, wa-yebelomu :
Yameteruni ' e l lu ' a zab , ' esma nahu salus a mawa ' ela ye anneu
xabeya, wa- ' albomu za-yebal l e ' u .
Wa- ' i -yefaqqed ' efannewomu
ewumana kama ' i -yema l ewu ba- fenot .

' Em- ' ayte ' enka l ana ba-gadam xebes t za-yaaggeb l a - za-maana
ze ezb?
yebe l omu ' Iyasus - s a :
Xebesta ' i -nas a ' n a .

(8) Wa- ' a' maromu ' Iyasus , wa-yebel omu :
Menta texe l l eyu babaynatikemu, euana haymanot , ' esma xebesta
' albekemu? (9) ' Adihu ' i -t e lebbewu-nu, wa ' i - te zzekkaru za
Mi-matana xabaweza bekemu?
' ama xams xebest ' e l l a l a- xamsa me ' t , wa..:mi-maan? mazare ' a
Sab ' u, wa-xeda ' asa .

Wa- ' az zazomu l a-ezb yerfequ diba medr .
' agaskemu?
'.""."
( 36) Wa-nas ' a s ab ' u xebesta
(37) Wa-bal ' u kWel lomu wa- agbu, wa- za-tarfa

(38) Wa- ' e l l a- s a bal 'u
fetatata ' agasu sab ' ata ' a s faridata me lu ' a .
' edaw konu ' arbe ' a me ' t za' enbala ' anest wa-daqq .
(39) Wa-fatio
l a-Farisaweyan wa-S aduqaweyan.
xebes t a ' al Ia ' emenna t emherta Farisaweyan wa-Saduqaweyan .
( 1 3) Wa-ba;;io ' Iyasus beera Qis areya za-P i l eppos tas e " e lomu l a
"geryew beryer, ' esma
(3) Wa- ' emkama ;;aba, tebe l :
yezannem, ' esma yaqyaayyery samay denunun a . "
"Yom- s a-k1l
Ga!?!?a samay-nu
cripp l e , maim.
eway the red glow o f the evening sky .
sehew serene .
Note
that in speaking o f the weather Eth . wi l l use beep (the l and) as the
subj e ct where Eng l i sh has the impersonal " i t . "
Q ' aqyayea to grow
redd i s h .
D dammana to cl oud over, obscure; to become cloudy .
demmun cloudy .
Manna-hi yebe 1ewwo yekun s ab ' l a -walda ' egWli l a ' emma-eyliw?
( 2 ) Wa- ' awse ' a , wa-yebelomu :
' Emkama masya wa-kona awaya, tebelu :
' adammana i dem .
Ba' enta za-tas e " elomu ba-Qis"areya
' ard' ihu ' enza yebel :
( 1 ) Wa-ma? ' u F arisaweyan wa-S aduqaweyan ' en z a yamekkerewwo , wa
3.
T a ' aqapu ' emenna be ' atomu
( 1 2 ) Wa- ' emze l abbawu kama ' akko za-yebe yet ' aqabu ' emenna be ' ata
33.
Chapter XVI
( 1 1 ) ' Efo za- ' i -t elebbewu kama
' akko ba' enta xebest za- ' ebe 1 aku?
' azaba, ' arga westa amar, wa-ora westa dawala Magdal .
s a ' a l ewwo t e ' merta ' em-samay yar' eyomu .
( 1 0 ) Wa- s ab 'u xebest ' e l l a la"arbe ' a ' t , wa-mi
maana ' as f'aridata ' agJ:taskemu?
wa- ' asa-ni , wa-ye ' et a gi ze ' a' kWito , fatata wa-wahaba la- ' arda ' ihu ,
2.
( 6 ) Wa
' Uqu wa-ta' aqabu ' em-beu' omu la-Farisaweyan "wa-Saduqaweyan .
Wa-yebe1 u :
XVI
(5) Wa-baiomu ' arda ' ihu ma' do t a , ras ' u xebes t a nasi ' a ;
(34) Wa-yebe l omu ' Iyasus :
yaqyaayye s amay . "
Ba' enta beu' a Farisaweyan
(7) Wa-xall ayu babaynatihomu ' en z a yebel u :
(33) Wa-yebel ewwo ' arda ' ihu :
wa- ' arda' ihu l a-ezb .
(4)
damanmin rather cloudy .
CD
5.
G pas 'a (yepsa 'J to forget ; to be negl i gent ; to err; to be
impious , wi cked .
CG ' apse 'a caus .
Gt taPas 'a p as s . ; to fal l into
error/s i n .
rasi ' impious , sin
ful .
pase ' forgetful , negl i gent , imp i ous .

res 'at forgetfulnes s , neg l i gence , imp i ety .
res 'an, pes 'enna
idem .
13.
behla with direct obj e ct and obj ect complement means "to
call someone something . "

comp l i cated analys i s :
The yekun , however, nece s sitates a more
the obj e ct suffix of yebe Zewwo is anti cipatory,
and yekun belongs to a k i n d of result c l aus e .
Ther i s undoubt edly
mixing of tHO constructions her e , resul ting from a s l avish rendering
340
341
.
,
_, r
(14) Wa-yebe ll :
yegaddefi, wa'- z a- s a . gadafi l a-nafsu ba' enti . ' aya yerakkeba .
Bo - ' e l l a Yoannes -ha Ma!meqa, w-kale ' an ' E l eyas-ha, wa
( 2 6) Wa-menta-nu yebaqqWe 'o la-sab ' la' ea kWellb 'alama rabha
manfaqomu ' Eremeyas -ha, wa- ' emma ' akko ' ahada ' em-nabiyat .
wa-nafso hagW l a?
( 1 5) Wa-yebelomu :
( 2 7) ' Esma hal 1 awo l a-walda ',egWala ' ' emma-eyaw yem;;a' ba
w
s ebhata
' abuhu mesla mala' ektihu, wa- ' ameha ya ' asseyo l a-k e l 1u
.
' Antemu-ke manna tebeluni kawina?

( 1 6) Wa- ' awse ' a Sem ' on Pe!ro s , wa-yebe :
bakama megbaru .
' Anta we ' etu masi waldu la- ' Egzi ' aber eyaw .
Chapter XV I I
laka , ' al 1 a ' abuya za-ba-samayat .

( 1 8) Wa- ' ane - s a ' ebelak a
w
kama ' anta kWak\ , wa-diba zati kWak ' anne!1a l a-beta
' ehubaka maraxuta mangesta s amayat .
fetu ba- s amayat .
( 2 1 ) Wa- ' em- ' ameha ' Iyasus ' axaza yengeromu
l a- ' arda. ' ihu kama hal lawo yeur ' {yarusalem , wa-bezuxa yaammemewwo
rabbanat wa- liqana kahenat wa-aaft , wa-yetqattal , wa-ba-salest
asa l aka ' Egzi ' o .
ur ' em-dexreya Say!an .
Jj
' albasihu-ni kona ;; a ' ada kama berhan .
Za-yefaqqed yetlewani , ye l a. ' nafso , wa-ya!be ' , wa-yensa'

( 2 5 ) Wa- za-yefaqqed yadxena l a-nafsu
wa
negbar ba- zeyya salasta saqale\ a, ' aatta l aka wa- ' al)atta la,. , '....
Muse wa- ' aatta la- ' tl l eyas .
Ze-we ' etu waldeya za- ' afaqqer, za-botu samarku, wa-lotu
s eme ' ewwo .
21.
rabban (pl . -at , rabbanat) teacher, leader (an Aramai c
22.
Gt tasatwa to accep t , receive, take ; to respond (to : 0 . 5 .) .
24.
CG
' a'be <a to do something wi l 1 ingly (with fo I l . coordinated verb ; to

persevere , be constan t , firm, undeterred; caus . of preceding meanings.
( 7) Wa
qarba ' Iyasus wa- lakafomu, wa-yebe :

Tanse ' u , wa- ' i - tefrehu.
(8) Wa- ' anse ' u ' a 'yentihomu, wa- ' albo za-re ' yu wa- ' i -manna-hi
za' enbala ' Iyasus bai:tito .
of the Greek .
(9) Wa- ' en z a yewarredu ' em-dabr, ' azzazomu
' Iyasus ' enza yebe l :

' I - tengeru wa- ' i - l a-mannu-hi za-ra ' ya ' eska ' ama walda ' egWala
' emma-Deyaw ' em-mutan yetnassa. ' .
( 1 0) Wa-tas e " e l ewwo ' arda' ihu ' enza yebelu :
Wa- ' efo yebelu ;; al}aft :
" ' El eyas hal l awo yema' qedma?"
(11) Wa- ' awse' a ' I yasus \-Ia-yebel omu :
' E leyas yeqaddem ma i ' a wa-yastarate ' kW e l l o .
wi l l in g , qui ck , e ager , ready , undet erre d , b o l d , p e rsevering ,
wa-yapbe < wa-yensa' " and let him be wil 1ing to take up . "
e Pe!ros
(6) Wa-sami 'omu ' arda' ihu, wadqu ba-gaomu, wafarhu eqqa .
( 24) Wa- ' emze yebelomu ' Iyasus la- ' arda ' ihu :
pab <a to be wi l l in g , ready (to do something) .
(4) wa- '
yebelo l a- ' Iyasus :

' Egzi ' o , s'annay we ' etu l ana h'a I 1 wci' zyy "' ' a:-S ;!"efaqqed,
Ma ' qafeya lita ' anta, ' esma ' i -texe l l i
masqala motu wa-yetlewani .
(3) Wa-nahu ' astar' ayewwomu
Muse wa- ' E l eyas ' enza yetnagaru meslehu .
westa dammana ' enta tebe l :
za- ' E gzi ' aber z a ' enbala za- s ab ' .
tebu <
( 2 ) Wa-tawa l 1 ara ra ' yu ba-qedmhomu , wa- " abreha ga;;u kama aJ:ay , wa
(5) Wa- ' enza yetnagar, nahu dammana beruh ;;al lalomu, wa-nahu qal ' em
' I -yekun la' leka zentu .
(23) Wa- t amaye!o , yebelo la-Pe!ros :
word) .
wa- la-Yoannes ' exuhu, wa- ' a 'ragomu westa dabr nawwax ' enta bal)titomu .
( 2 2 ) Wa-tasa!wo Pe!ros , wa- ' axaza yegasseo ' en z a
yebe l :
Ba ' en t a zakama t awal la!a ba-qedmehomu ' Iyasus
(1) Wa- ' emdexra sessu mawa ' e l nas ' omu ' Iyasus l a-Perros wa- la-Ya'qob
Wa- za ' as arka ba-medr
( 20) Wa- ' emze gassa!1omu l a- ' arda' ihu kama ' albo l a - z a yengeru kama
' e l at yetnassa. ' .
34 .
( 1 9) Wa
yekawwen ' esura ba- samayat , wa- za fataka ba-medr yekawwen
we ' etu ' Iyasus Kerestos .
' e l 1 a yeqawwemu zeyya ' el l a ' i -ye!e "emewWo la-mo,t . eska ' ama
' E s ma sega wa-dam ' i -kasata
Keresteyan , wa- ' anaqea S i ' o l ' i -yexeyye lewwa .
- -
." .
(28) ' Arnan ' ebelakemu ; bo ' e l la hal - l awu ' em-
yere " eyewwo l a-walda ' egW ala ' emm-i:eyaw ba- sebhata ' abuhu .
( 1 7 ) Wa- ' awse ' a ' Iyasus , wa-yebe lo :

Bedu ' ' anta, Sem'on walda Yona .
Wa-menta ' em-wahaba sab ' bezaha la-nafsu?
XV I I
4.
saqaZa
(p l .
saqaZew)
t abernac l e , tent .
( 1 2 ) Wa-
342
kama ' E l eyas wadde ' a ma ' a, wa- ' i -ya' marewwo ,
'. ebelakemu bahtu
.
e u kWe 1 1 0 zakama faqadu, wa-kamllhu la-walda
wa-batu gabru la ' l-h
' egWala ' emma-eyaw-ni hal l awo ymemewwo .
( 1 3) Wa- ' emze ' a ' maru ' arda ' ihu kama ba' enta Yoannes Matmeq yebelomu:
35.
B a ' enta za-nagargar
( 14) Wa-ba il;lOmu xaba ' azab , qarba xabehu be ' s i , wa- sagada lotu
' enza yetmaal l e l wa-yebe l :

( 1 5 ) ' E g z i ' o , tasahal l i ta w.a ldeya, ' esma ' ekuy ganen ' axazo ,
wa-yangaraggero, wa-mabzexto yewaddeq westa ' es sat wa-bo ' ama

westa may .
34 3
Liqek emu - s a , ' i -yehub-nu s abaht a?

.
.
' Ewwa. Wa-bawi ' o westa bet , " aq'daf
mi. ' Iyasus behi loto :
Menta tebe l , Sem ' on? Nagas ta medr
' em-xaba mannu yenasse ' u
sabaht a wa-gada? ' Em-xa ba weludomu-n
u wa-mi -ma ' em- xaba nakir?
(26) Ia-yebe :
' Em-xaba nakir . Wa-ye belo ' Iyasu s
:
' Enga ' ag ' a zeylln-nu ' emunt u welud
omu? ( 2 7) wa-batii . kama ' i
yangWargWeru, J:!ur westa bar , waday maqat ena, \a- za-qadfune
' asgarka 'asa nesa' wa-ke set ' afahu
, 'wa- t er kkeb din ira
setet iri L Kiyah u nesa' , wa-habomu
l ita-h i wa- l aka.
( 2 5 ) Wa-yebe :
'
( 16) Wa- ' ama' kewwo xaba ' arda' ika, wa-se' newwo
Chap t er lCVI I I
fawwes o .
37.
( 1 7 ) Wa- ' emze ' awse ' a ' Iyasus , wa-yeb e :
' O - tewl e dd ' i- ' amanit wa- e lut , ' e ska mll ' ze-nu ' ehl'H lu
mes lekemu?
' Eska ma ' ze-nu
et eggasak emu?.
, -
' Ams e ' ewwo ! i t a
zeyy a .
( 1 8) Wa-gassao ' Iyasus , wa-wa ' a ganenu ' em- la ' lehu, wa-aywa ean
( 1 9) Wa- ' emze qaribomu ' arda' ihu ' enta bah. titomu ,
ba-ye ' et i s a ' at .
yebelewwo l a - ' Iyasus :
B a ' enta ment nena s e ' enna ' awe ' oto?
haymllnot
a ana xettat
'Amlln ' ebelakemu :
' Emma bekemu
s enape , tebelewwo la- ze dabr "Peles ' em
z eyya xaba kaa , " wa-yefal les , wa- ' albo za-ye s s a " anakemu .
( 2 1 ) Wa- za-kama-ze ' i -yewae ' za' enbal a ba-om wa-ba-alot .

( 2 2 ) Wa- ' enza yansos ewu westa G al i la , yebelomu ' Iyasus :
Hal lawo l a-walda ' egWal a ' emma-eyaw yagbe ' eo westa ' eda sab' ,
wa-yeqatt e 1 e"0 , wa- ' ama sal e s t ' e l at yetnassa ' .
Wa- t akkazu teqq a .

36.
Ba ' enta ' e l l a yes e " elu abata
( 2 4) Wa-ba iomu Qefernah om, ma " u
Petros , wa-yebelewwo :
e l l a s. abah. ta dinar yenasse ' u xaba
14.
Qt tamatata to b es eech, suppl i cate .
15.
mabzexto adv . often, frequently.
20 .
ka , kaQa, kaaka , kaka , kak thither, t o that p l ac e ;
further on .
( 1 ) Wa-ba -ye ' et i s a ' at qarbu xabeh

u ' arda ' ihu l a - ' Iyasu s ' en z a yebel u:
Mannu ' enga ya 'abbi ba-mangest a s amllya
t?
( 2 ) Wa- awwe ' a eana wa- ' aqamo ma' kalom
u, (3) wa-ye be :
' Aman ' ebela kemu :

' Emma ' i -tamayatkemu wa- ' i -konkemu kama
eanat , ' i - tebawwe ' u wes ta mangesta
samllYl! t : (4) Wa- za
' atat a re ' so kama- ze ec;Ian ze-we ' etu
za-ya ' abbi ba-ma ngest a
s amayat .
( 5 ) Wa- za-hi tawak fa ' ahada hedana
za-kam a- z e ba, .
semey a, - kiyaya tawakfa : (6) Wa-za -hi
' asJ:tatomu l a- ' ahadu ' em
' e l lu n e ' usan ' e l l a ya ' ammenu beya, yexey
yes o kama ye ' seru ba
kesadu maJ:tra a ' adg wa-ya stemewwo westa
l eggWa ta bllJ:!r.
( 7)
' Ale-I o l a - ' alam ' em-mansut , ' e sma gebr
yema e ' mansu t , wa
bllhtu ' al e - l o l a-we ' etu b e ' s i za-bot u
yema e ' mansut .
( 8) Wa
' emma ' edeka ' aw ' egreka tllse etak a,
metera wa-ge def ' em
lll ' leka . Yexey yes aka tebll ' westa eywa
t anka seka wa-ewwuseka
' em- ' enza beka kel ' e ' eda wa-ke l ' e ' egra
tetwa day westa ' es sat
za- l a- 'alam o
(9) Wa- ' emma-h i 'ayneka tase etak a, mel
exa wa
gedef ' em- I a ' l eka . Yexeyyesaka naqqWareka
tebll' westa eywat
"
(2 0) Wa-yebe lomu ' Iyasus :

Ba ' enta hesas a hllymanotekemu.
Ba ' enta ' e l l a yebel u mannu ya 'a?bi
.,. .
25 .
gada g i ft ( for a sup erior) .
27.
maqaten (pl . only) hooks , fi sh-hooks .
( co i n ) .
XVI I I 6 .
' adg ( f .
of the sea, abyss .

7.
certainly .
9.
gebr
'
adegt ; p I . ' a' dug) ass .
sete tira . s t ater
W
tegg at (pI . -at) depth
ba-gebr adv . out of nece s s i t y , neces sari l y , sure l y ,
W
naqq ar one - eyed , b l ind .
344
345
' em- ' enza kel 'e ' ayna be)<.a tetwaday wes'ta Gahannama ' e s sat .
( 1 0) 'Uqu ' i -tstaqerewwomu l a- ' aadu ' em - ' el lu ne ' usan .

' Ebel akemu kama mal a ' ektihomu ba-samayat watra yere " eyu gao
' ame ' u lotu ' aada za-yefaddi ' e lfa ,makaiey a . ( 25) Wa-xai ' o
za-yefaddi , ' az zaza ' egzi ' l1 yesiew\'Q mesla b e ' s itu wa-me s l a
w
we ludu wa-k e l l o za-bo ' eska y.efaddi .
( 2 6) Wa-wadqa ' enka
eyaw yexses wa-yadxen za-tahagW l a .
we' etu gabr, wa-s agada ' en z a yebe l :

w
' E g zi ' o , t a ' aggasani , . wa-J, e l l o ; efaddeyak a .
la- ' abuya za-ba- samayat .
38.
( 1 2 ) Ment tebelu?
(11) ' Esma ma ' a walda ' egWala ' emma
(27) wa-maaro ' egzi ' u l a-we ' etu gabr, wafato, wa- ' edahu-ni
Ba' enta me' t ' abage '
xadaga lotu .
( 2 8) Wa-wai ' o we ' etu gabr, rakaba ' aada gabra
,
- ' h u za-yefaddeyo me ' ta dinara , wii:," axazo yexneqo
' emenna abya
' Emma-bo be ' si za-botu me ' ta ' agabe ' a , wa
' emma t agadfa ' aadu ' em-westetomu , ' akko-hu yaxaddeg tas 'a wa
tas 'ata wes ta ' adbar, wa-yaawwer yexses za-tagadfo? ( 1 3) Wa
' enza yebe l :

Hab, s e l e za-tefaddi .
.,
,
Wa-wadqa
w e ' etu gabra egz u, wa- ' as t ab qwe '0 ' enza yebe l :
(29)
w
Ta ' aggasani , wa-k e l l o ' efaddeyaka.
' emkama rakabll., ' amll.n ' eb e l akemu kama yetSSll. ba' enti ' aha
fadfida ' em-tas 'a wa-t as ' atu ' el l a ' i - t agadfu .
(14) Kamahu-ke
' i-yetfaqqad ba-qedma ' abuya za-ba-s amayat kama yethagWal
' ahadu ' em- ' e l lu n e ' usan .
(30) Wa- ' abayo , wa-ora wa- ' amoqeJ:lo ' eska yefaddeyo .
( 1 5 ) Wa- ' emma-ni ' abbasa laka ' exuka,
ur wa-gasseo ba-batitekemu, ' anta wa-we ' etu, wa- emma
sam ' aka, rabaka ' exwaka.

( 1 6) Wa- ' emma- sa ' i - s am ' aka, nesa '
mes leka ba- dagem ' aada ' aw kel ' e kama ba- ' afa ke l ' e wa- sal astu
s ama ' t yequm kWel lu qal .
( 1 7 ) Wa- ' emma-sa ' i - s am ' omu l omu-hi ,
I .-
re ' eyomu ' abya ihu z.akama ras s ayo ; takkazu eqqa, wa-awiromu
nagarewwo l a- ' egzi ' omu kWel lo z akama kon a . - ' (32) Wa- ' emze '
- '.
s. awwe 'o ' eg z i ' u, wa-yebiH o : '
w
- xa
- daggu 1. k a ' esma ' as t abqWa 'kani.
G abr ' ekuy, k e l lo ' eda
rru:;ar' -bika bakama
(33) ' Akko -hu maftew ' anta-hi te
neger ba-beta Kerestiyan, wa- ' emma-sa la-beta Keresti yan ' i s am 'a, yekunka kama ' arami wa-maabbeawi .
' ebelakemu :
Za- ' as arkemu ba-medr yekawwen ' esura ba- samayat ,
' adi ' ebelakemu :
' ama yesalle kWel lo z a-yefaddeyo .
( 1 9) Wa
l ebbekemu .
medr ba' enta kWe l l u gebr za-sa ' alu , yetgabbar l omu ba-xaba
(20) ' E sma xaba hal l awu kel ' etu wa
Chap ter X I X
salas tu gubu ' an ba- s emeya, heyya hal l awku ' ana ma' kalomu .
40.
( 2 1 ) Wa- ' emze qarba xabehu Pero s , wa-yebe lo :

' Eg z i ' o , s e fna ' emma ' abbasa la ' leya ' exuya ' exdeg lotu?
' Eska
seb ' -nu?
( 2 2 ) Wa-yebe ' Iyasus :

' I -yebel aka '' ' Eska s eb ' " ' al I a " ' adi ' eska sab ' a ba-ba-seb ' . "
39 .
Ba ' enta za-yefaddi ' elfa makaleya
( 2 3) Ba' enta- ze temas s e l mangesta s amayat be ' se negusa za

faqada yegbar asaba mes l a ' agbertihu.
21 .
23.
..
(35) Kamahu-ke ' abuya-ni
samayawi yegabber l akemu ' emma ' i -xadaggemu la-biekemu ' em-
La' emma xabru kel ' etu ' emennekemu ba-westa
' abuya za-ba- samayat .
' ana
maJ:larkuka?
.. .
w_
,
(34) Wa-tam ' e 'a ' egzi ' u , wa-ma!!awo la'- ' el 1 a :"k-1TIenu ' eska
( 1 8 ) ' Aman
wa- za- fatakemu ba-medr fetua yekawwen ba-samayat .
( 3 1 ) Wa
(24) Wa- ' enza yet0asab ,
setna interrogative adv . hOI, many time s ? how many?

G hasaba to compute , reckon ; to think , bel ieve , impute .
Ba' enta ' e l l a tase' ' e lu ' emma yekawwenadiga be ' sit
(1) Wa-kona ' emza fa ama ' Iyasus zanta nagara, tanse ' a ' em-Gal i la,
( 2 ) Wa-talawewwo
wa-basha westa behera Yehuda rna' dot a Yordanos .
'
(3') Wa-ma!? ' u xabehu
' aJ:l z a be zuxan , w - fawwasomu ba-heyy a .
F arisaweyan ' en z a yamekkerewwo wa-yebelu :
w
Yekawwen-hu la-be ' si xadiga be ' s it ba.-,k e l lu z a- ' abbasat?
G t tahasaba p ass .
Glt taasaba to t ake up accounts with .
asab com
putation , reckoning, account ; quantity, pri ce ; portion , share .
gabra
saba to settle accounts .

24.
' e Zf (p I . ' a' Zaf) myriad, 1 0000 .
vas t nLbe r .
27.
te' !,efi t , me' Zefit a
makZit (p l . maka ley ) talent (wt . ) .
r ecTa debt , gui l t .
. .
346
347
(4) Wa- ' awse ' a, wa-yebelomu :

' I -yanbabkemu-nu kama za- faaromu ' em-tekat be ' se wa-be ' si t a
gabromu?
( 5 ) Wa-yeb :
Ba' enta-ze yaxaddeg be ' s-i ' abahu wa
' emma , wa-yetal l ewa la-be ' situ, wa-yekawwenu ke l ' ehomu ' aada
sega .
(6) ' Enka-sa-ke ' i -konu k e l ' e z a ' enbala ' aadu sega
v
' emuntu.
Za- ' Eg z i ' aber-ke amara, sab ' ' i -yefl e .
(7) Wa-yebelewwo :
' E fo ' enka ' azzaza Muse yahabu maafa fel tan wa-yexdegewwa .
( 8) Wa-yebelomu :
Mus e - s a bakama ' ekaya lebbekemu daxarakemu texdegu ' anesteyakemu ,
wa- ' em-t ekat- s a ' akko kama- ze za-tagabra .
(9) Wa- ' ebelakemu
bahtu kama ' emma-bo za-xadaga b e ' sito za' enbala ba-zemmut , wa
' aw s aba kale ' ta, zammawa .
Wa- ' enta daarewwa z a- ' awsaba
zammawa .
' Emma kama- ze we ' etu ser ' ata be ' si mesl a be ' situ, ' akko sanay
' awsebo?
' Akko kWe l l u za-yagammero la- zentu qal , z a ' enbala la- ' e l l a
( 1 2 ) ' Esma-bo xeewana ' el l a kamahu tawaldu ' em-karsa
' emmomu, wa-bo xeewan ' e l l a xa awomu s ab ' , wa-bo xe ewan ' e l la
xa awu re ' somu b a ' enta mangesta s amayat .
Wa- z a - s a yekel
fa emo la-yefa em .
( 1 3) Wa- ' emze ' al1le ' u lotu daqqa kama yanber ' edehu la_ ' lehomu wa
yeal l i , wa- gasseewwomu ' arda ' ihu .
Xedegu daqiqa, wa- ' i -tekl e ' ewwomu ma i ' a xabeya, ' esma l a- ' el l a
kama- ze ye ' et i mangesta s amayat .
( 1 5) Wa- ' anbara ' edehu l a ' l ehomu, wa-xal afa ' em-heyya .
Ba' enta ba ' e l za-tas e " elo la- ' Egzi ' ena
( 16) Wa-nahu ma ' a ' aadu , wa-yebelo :

XIX
6.
8.
12.
Menta t e s s e " alani ba' enta xer?
G daxara t o sanct ion, al l ow .
madxar s ancti on, b l e s s ing .
G daara (yedQar) t o divo rce, repudi ate .

G xa?awa t o castrate .
' Aadu we ' etu xer , wa- ' emma-sa
t e faqqed teba ' westa _eywat, ' eqab t e ' zazata .

( 1 8) Wa-yebe lo :
' Ayyat a?
Wa-yebelo ' Iyasus :
' I -qat i l a nafs , ' i -tamaJ:1ezo , ' i -sar iq ,- ' i -J:1asse;6 s em ' .
(19)
' Akbero ' abuka wa- ' emmeka, wa- ' afqero bi"eka kama or e ' s eka .
( 20) Wa-yebel o we ' etu wareza :
Zanta kWello ' aqabku ' em-n e ' seya .
Ment ' enka za-tarfani?
( 2 1 ) Wa-yebelo ' Iyasus :

' Emma - s a t efaqqed- fe uma tekun, ur , si eritaka, wa-hab la
meskin, wa-ta!arri mazgaba ba-samayat .
bezuxa terit a .
Wa-n a ' a , t e lewani .
( 2 3) Wa-yebelomu ' Iyasus l a- ' arda ' ihu :
' Arnan ' ebelakemu kama ba ' e l:- ' em- ' e-ub ba ' at u mangesta s amayat .
xe?ew castrated; n . eunuch .
Yeqa l l e l ba' ata gamal ' enta
seqWrata marfe ; ' em-ba ' el bawi: a mangesta ':Egi {' er .

(25) Wa- s ami ' omu ' arda ' ihu, ' ankaru feqqa _ : en,za yebelu:
Mannu ' enga yekel dexina?
(26) Wa-na aromu ' Iyasus , wa-yebelomu :
Ba-xaba sab ' ' i -yetkahha l - z e , wa-ba-xaba ' E gz i ' aber - s a kW e l l u
yetkahhal .
( 2 7) Wa- ' emz e ' awse ' a Pero s , wa-yebe lo :
Nahu nena xadagna kWe l l o wa-talonaka .
Menta ' enga nerakkeb?

' Arnan ' ebelakemu, ' antemu ' e l l a talokemuni , ' ama dagem l edat ,
' ama yenabber walda ' egWala ' emma-eyaw diba manbara sebatihu,
' antemu-ni tenabber diba ' asartu wa-kel ' etu manabert ' enza
18.
G amara
0 1ammara to j oin, affix , connect , attach.
Glt
.
t
h
(
other)
d
.
emrat
J
o
ining
,
connection.
taamara t o as s oclate
l
one
an
.
W
ma1Qmer ( f . -t) p artner, mat e , companion, spous e .
9.
( 1 7) Wa-yebelo :
( 24) Wa-ka' eba ' ebelakemu :
( 1 1 ) Wa-yebe lomu :
41 .
. .
( 2 2 ) Wa- s ami ' o wareza zanta nagara, xalafa ' enza yetekkez, ' esma-bo
( 1 0) Wa-yebelewwo ' arda' ihu:
tawehba .
Liq, ment-nu xer za- ' em-gabarku, eyata za - l a- ' alam ba-za
,
ewarre s ?
maaz (pl .
Glt tcul/aezo t o fal l/be in love ; t o commit adul tery .

-
an ) l over ( m . or f . ) .
lover (m. or f . ) .
23.
ma1aza (pl . -t) youth, a youth;
mazen i l l icit affairs .
' em- re?ub adv . hardl y , s carcely .

W
W
seqWrat apertur e , openin g . G saq ara (yesq er) to pierce ,
W
dig out/through . Gt tasaq ra pas s . sequr perforat ed , excavat ed,
breached . G rai' a t o s ew . Gt tarai' a pas s . ref' at suture , s ewing .
mfG.' i tai lor . ref' 0 s elYD wOl.k . . marfe' (pl . marafe' t) needl e .
24.
)I , , :'!o>
,
348
..
w
( 2 9) Wa-k el lu
tekWnnenu ' asarta wa-kel ' eta hezba ' Esra ' e l .
( 1 2 ) ' E llu daxart ' aatt'a s a ' ata taqanyU , wa-
' asta ' arraykomu mes l ena lar " e l la orp.a k ebada wa-lahba
za-xadaga ' abyata wa- ' axawa wa- ' axata wa- ' aba wa- ' emma wa
b e ' s i t a wa-weluda wa-garaweha ba ' enta s emeya me ' ta mek ' ebi t a
yenass e ' , wa-eywata z a - l a- ' alam yewarres .
(30) Wa-be zuxan
l a - 'e lat .
( 1 3) Wa- ' awsi ' o , yebelo l a- ' ahadu ' emennehQmu : ,

Kal e ' eya, ' i -gafa ' kuka.
yekawwenu qadamt dexra, wa-daxart qedma .
Ba ' enta za-ta ' asaba gaba ' ta
( 1 ) ' Esma temassel mangesta s aayat be ' se ba ' l a bet z a-wad ' a
ba-nagh yet ' asab gaba ' ta l a - ' aada waynu .
( 2) Wa-takahala
mes l a gaba't ba-ba -dinar h..l e l at , wa- fannawomu westa ' aada waynu.
(3) Wa-wai ' o gize salas s a ' at , re ' ya kal e ' ana ' en z a yeqawwemu
wes t a mesya eru 'ana .
(4) Wa- l omu-ni yebe :
uru ' antemu-ni westa ' a ada wayneya , wa- za-b a-retu '
' ehubakemu.
Wa- ' emuntu-hi oru.
(S) Wa-ka ' eba wai ' o gize s e s s u wa-tas ' u
s a 't , gabra kamlihu kema .
(6) Wa-gi ze ' asru wa- ' aatti wadi ' o
rakaba kal e ' ana ' enza yeqawwemu, wa-yebelomu :

Ment ' aqamakemu z eyya kWel l o ' elata eru 'anikemu?
( l S ) ' I -ye.kawwe.n ani -'hu ' egbar
z a- faqadku ba-newayeya?
' Ayneka-nu !)amami we ' etu ' esma
' ana x(\r ' ana?

( 1 6) Kamlihu-ke yekawwenu daxart qedma wa-qadamt dexra , ' esma
be zuxan ' emuntu ewwu 'an , wa-xedalin xeruyan .
( 1 7) Wa- ' en z a ya ' arreg ' Iyasus ' Iyarusalem, nas ' omu la- ' asartu wa
ke l ' tu ' arda' ihu ' enta batitomu, wa- ' agasomu ' em- fenot , wa
yebe1omu:
( 1 8) Nahu na ' arreg ' Iyarusalem, wa-ye ' exxe z ewwo l a-walda
' egWala ' emma-eyaw, wa-yagabbe ' .ewwo xab
O l a"ezb ,
WW
wa-yessalaqu l a ' l ehu, wa-yeqassefewwo; wa-yesaqqel ewwo , wa-ba
salest ' e l at yetnassa' .
' ehubakemu .
(8) Wa- ' emza masya, yebe ba ' l a ' a ada wayn la-maggabihu :
$ awwe 'omu la- gaba ' t , wa-habomu ' asbomu, wa- ' axaz qedma
' em-daxart ' eska qadamt .
(9) Wa-ma ' u ' el l a ' asru wa- ' aatti s a ' at , wa-nas ' u ba-ba dinar.
( 1 0 ) Wa-ma ' u qadamt , wa-mas alomu z a-yafadaffedu nasi ' a , wa
( 1 1) Wa-nasi ' omu, ' angWargWaru
la ' lehu l a-ba ' l a bet ' enza yebelu :
mek ' ebit n . doub l e , the doubl e amount .
word :
mek 'ebita adv .
1.
me' ta mek 'ebita a hundredfo l d .

gaba!i (p I . gabCi' t) hireling, wage -worker .
2.
G l t takahata mesta t o come to an agreement with .
5.
kema a p o s tpo s i t i v e part i c l e emphas i z ing the preceding
" a l s o , even, too . "
... :-:
wa-s agadat lotu ' enza t e s e " el ' em-xabehu .

tefaqqedi ?
( 2 1 ) Wa-yebe H l :
Ment
( 2 2 ) Wa- tebe lo :
Ras si l i t a kama yenbaru ' e l lu daqiqeya kel ' ehomu ' ahadu ba
yamaneka wa- ' atadu ba-agameka ba-mangestek a .
( 2 2 ) Wa- ' awse ' a ' Iyasus wa-yebe :
' I - ta' ammeru za-tes e " e l u .
Tekelu-ni s ateya ' z a- ' ana' hal l awku
ewa ' a ' e s t ay?

Wa-yebe lewwo :
Nekel .
ewa ' eya- s a t e s atteyu, wa-nabira ba-yamaneya- s a wa-ba-agameya
' akko ' ana za- ' ehub , z a ' enbala la- ' el l a ' ast adalawa l omu ' abuya.
twofold, doub l y .
xx
Ba' enta daqiqa Zabedewos
(20) Wa- ' emze rna;; ' at xabehu ', emmomu la-daqiqa Zabedwos mes l a daqiqll.,
uru ' antemu-ni westa ' asada wayneya, wa- za-rat ' ani
29.
l iqana kahenat wa
a!)aft , wa-yekWennenewwo ba-mot , ' ( 1 .9'. wa-yeme!!ewe
43 .
(7) Wa-yebe Iomu :
nas ' u ba-ba dinar ' emuntu-hi .
F aqadku ' an a l a - z e
daxari ' ahabo kama l aka .
Wa-yebH ewwo :
' Esma ' albo z a - t a ' asabana .
".
' Akko-nu ba-dinar 'takahalkuka?
(14) Nesa ' z a-yerakkebaka, wa-ur .
Chapter XX
42.
349
( 2 4) Wa- s ami ' omu ' asartu hazanu ba' enta kel ' ehomu ' axaw .
( 2 S ) Wa
awwe ' omu ' Iyasus wa-yebelomu :

w
Ta' ammeru-nu kama mak anentihomu l a - ' azab ye ' e z z e zew\;omu, wa
' abaytomu yesse l l a!u l a ' lehomu.
( 2 6 ) ' Akko-ke kama - z e za-yekun
ba-xabekemu-sa, batu z a-yefaqqed ' em-I,e stet ekemu ' ab i y a ye kun

yekunkemu l' ka; ( 2 7 ) wa-za-hi-yefaqqed ' emennkemu yekun l iqa
; '.
350
351
yekunkemu gabra .
( 2 S ) , Bakama ' i -ma ' a walda ' egWal a ' emma
eyaw yet la' akewwo , za' enbala yet l a ' ak wa-yahab nafso beza
be zuxan .
44 .
' Ams e ' u ' edegta wa- 'ewala, wa-rahanu ' albasihomu l a 'lehon, wa
westa fenot,.
B a ' enta kel ' ' eWuran
( 2 9 ) Wa- ' enza yewae' u ' em- ' Iyario , talawewwo sab ' be zuxan .
( 3 0)
Wa-nahu kel ' tu ' ewuran yenabberu eqqa mangad, wa- s ami 'omu kama
' Iyasus yaxal l e f , arxu ' enza yeb e lu :
( 9 ) Wa-ezb-sa ' el l a yaawweru qedmeh wa- ' e l l a-hi

yet a l l ewu ye arrexu ' enza yebe lu :
,
Hosa 'na l a - walda Dawit . Buruk za-yema e ' ba-s ema ' E gz i ' aber .
Hosii 'na ba- ' aryam.

( 1 0) Wa-bawi ' o ' Iyasus ' Iyarusalem , tahawkat kWe l la hagar ' en z a tebel:
Tasahalana ' E g z i ' o , wal d a Dawit .

( 3 1 ) Wa- s ab ' - s a yegesseewwomu kama yarmemu, wa- ' a ' bayu sarixa ' enza
yebelu :
Mannu we' etu zentu?

( 1 1 ) Wa-yebe lu ' azab :
Ze-we' etu ' Iyasus nabiy za- ' em-Nazeret za-Gal i la .
Tasahalana ' E gz i ' o , walda Dawit .
( 1 2 ) Wa-bo ' a ' Iyasus bta maqdas , wa-sadada kWe l l omu ' el la yesayyetu
( 3 2 ) Wa-qoma ' Iyasus , wa- awwe ' omu, wa-yebe :
wa-yessayatu ba-beta maqdas , wa-gaft e ' a , ma' edatihomu la-mawal l ean
Menta tefaqqedu ' egbar l akemu?
wa-manabertihomu l a - ' e l la yesayyeu regb a .
( 3 3) Wa-yebel ewwo :
Sehuf:
' E gz i ' o , kama yetkasata ' a ' yentina .

naaru wa- talawewwo .
Wa- ' emze
fannawa ' Iyasus ke l ' et a ' em- ' arda' ihu, (2) wa-yebelomu :
uru hagara za-qedmekemu, wa-ye ' et a gize t erakkebu ' edegta
Feteu wa- ' am e ' u l it a .
( 3 ) Wa
' emma-bo za-yebel akemu menta tegabberu, balu, '' ' E gz i ' omu
yefaqqedomu , " wa-ba-gi zeha yefennewomu .
( 5 ) Bal ewwa l a-walatta eyon :
Niihu neguseki yema e ' xabeki ,

- la
"
enza ye e an d 1' b a ' e d egt wa-dl'ba ' ew-al ' egWa
( 6 ) Wa-awiromu ' arda ' ihu, gabru bakama ' az zazomu ' Iyasus .
30.
teqqa/ba-teqqa prep . near, beside .
hi gh\ay ; trip , j ourney, p i l grimage .

travel o n busines s .
stranger, guest .
XXI
2.
(7)
mangad pub l i c road ,
G nagada to make a j ourney', t o
negd trave l , trade .
nagd (pl . -an) a travel e r ,
nagadi trave l er , merchant .
: t
wa- ' ayawomu.
C f . ' engeaa.
' ewal young of an animal , esp . the foal of an as s .
daqiqa-ni ' en z a yearrexu ba-beta 1naqdaS wayebe l u :

walda Dawi t , " ' i -awwazomu .
"Hosa 'na la
(16) Wa-yebe l ewwo :
Tesamme ' -nu za-yebelu ' e l lu?

Wa-yebelomu ' Iyasus :
' Ewwa.
' Albo -hu ' ama ' anbabkemu kama ' em- ' afa daqiq wa-eanat
" astadalawka sebata?

( 1 7) Wa-xadagomu, wa-wa' a ' af ' a ' em-hagar Bityaneya -ha, wa- ' as lala
(4) Wa- ze-kona kama yetfa am ba-nabiy za-tabehl a :
' edegt .
Ba' enta 'ewuran wa-seburan
( 1 5 ) Wa- ' emza re ' yu liqana kahenat wa-aaft mankera za-gabra, wa
B a ' enta ' ewal
' es erta wa- ' ewala mes l eha .
( 1 4 ) Wa-ma ' u xaMhu ' ewuran wa-ankasan ba-b mq
Chapter XX I
( 1 ) Wa-qaribo ' IyarusAlem, baa Beta Fage xaba Dabra Zayt .
yawwah,
. . .
46 .
45 .
beteya beta a l o t yessammy.l I'!,a- ' ant.e,Tu-sa teres s eyu
ba ' ata--saraqt .
( 34 ) Wa- ' amarewwo l a- ' Iyasus , wa-l akafomu ' a ' yentihomu, wa-ba-gi zeha
(S) a- za- e a z zex eb n afu: ' albasihomu westa

.
fenot , wa-kal e ' an-hi yematt eru ' a ' uqa ' em-weta 'eaw wa-yenaefu
ta " ena ' Iyasus .
heyya .
7.
G raana to spread (as a s addle) , to s addle .
S.
G na4afa/na?afa to spread, l ay out .
ne?uf spread.
9.
man?af anything l ai d out :
rug , covering.
Hosanna!
hosa 'na (Hebrew) Save us !

gafte' a to overturn .
G t tanafa p as s .
Qt tagafte' a pass .
12.
15.
D awwaza to p l eas e , de l i ght , b e p l easing t o .
' astaawaza to be p l eased.
CDt
a cceptable; to p l ease , de l i ght .
-at) pl easure , dlj:t .
CGt
' astaawwaza to regard ' as p l easing,

CGlt
' as taawaza idem .
awwez (p l .
awwaz p l e asant , d e l i ghtfu l , agree ab l e .
.,
352
47.
Ba' enta balas ' enta yabsat
( 1 8) Wa- abiJ:!o ' enza ya 'arreg
Iyasus hagara, rexb a .
49.
( 1 9) Wa-re 'ya
za' enbala qWa l batitu.
yebelo l a -qadlimawi :'
Wa-yebel li :
( 2 9) Wa- ' awse ' a, wa-yebe ' ' 'Enbeya . ''
( 2 0 ) Wa-re ' eyomu ' ardli' ihu,
Wa- ' emdexra- ze t anas s eha ,

( 30) Wa-l a-klil e ' u-ni yebel o kamahu , wa-" al,, ;e ' a wa
" ' Oho ' eg zi ' eya . " Wa- ' i -ora. ' ( 3 1 ) Mannu ' enka ' em
wa-ora .
' ankaru wa-yebe lu :
yebe :
kel ' ehomu za- gabra faqlida ' abuhu?
' E fo ba- gi zehli yabsat balas? "

( 2 1 ) Wa- ' awse ' a ' Iyasus , wa-yebelomu :
' Aman ' ebe lakemu , ' emma bekemu haymanota wa- ' i -tenafequ, ' akko
kema za-balas za-tegabberu , 'adi l a- z entu dabr ' emma t eb e l ewwo
w
( 2 2 ) Wa-k e l l o z a
"Tanse' wa-tawaraw westa baJ:!r , " yetgabbar .
Wa-yebel eli o : "Qadamawi . " Wa-yebelomu ' Iyasus :

W
' Aman ' eb e lakemu kama ma abbeliweyan wa- zammaweyat yeqaddem
ukenu
westa mangesta ' Egzi ' abhr, ( 3 2 ) ' esma ma ' a xabekemu YoJ;tannes
ba- fenota ,?edq, wa- ' i - ' amankemewwo , wa-ma!?abb eliweyan- sa wa
zammaweyat ' amnewwo . Wa- ' antemu-sa re' eyakemu-h i , ' i
s a ' alkemu ba- alot ' enza t a ' ammenu tenasse ' u .
48.
nasslihkemu !eqqa ' emdexra la- ' amin bot u .
Ba' enta ' el la tase" e l ewwo " kahenat wa-rabbanat l a - ' Iyasus
ba-mabata mannu tegabber zanta
50.
( 2 3) Wa-bawi ' o bt a maqdas , qarbu xabehu ' enza yemehher l i qana

Ba-mabaJ;tta mannu zanta tegabber, wa-mannu wahabaka zanta
baa gize ferehu, fannawa ' agbertihu xaba arast kama yense ' u
ferehu.
(35) Wa'-nas ' ewwomu arast la- ' agbertihu , wa-bo . za
zaba!u, wa-bo za-qatalu, wa-bo za-wagaru .
(36) Wa- ' emze
sel!ana?
(24) Wa- ' awse ' a ' Iyasus wa-yebelomu :
' Es s e " alakemu ' ana-hi ' aJ:!atta qal a za- ' emkama nagarkemuni
' ana-hi ' ayadde ' akemu ba- ' ayy sel!lin ' egabber zanta .
(25)
fannawa kal e ' ana ' agberta ' e l l a yebazzexu ' em-qadamt , , wa
kiyahomu-n i kamahu rass ayewwomu .
(37) Wa-dexra fannawa
' Em - s amay-nu wa-mima
' em-sab ' -nu?
xabehomu waldo , ' enza yeb e l :
Wa-xal l ayu babaynatihomu, wa-yebe lu :
Yaxafferewwo la-waldeya- s a .
' Emma nebe za- ' em- samay, yebelana " Ba- ' efo-ke za- ' i
' amankemewwo?"
( 3 8 ) Wa-soba re ' yewwo J;tarast la-waldu, yebelu babaynatihomu :
(26) Wa- ' emma-hi nebe za- ' em-sab ' , nefarrehomu
Nawli ze-we ' etu ware s .
l a-ezb , ' esma kama nabiy ba-xabehomu YoJ;tannes .

( 2 7 ) Wa- ' a,.is e ' ewwo la- ' Iyasus , wa-yebe 1 u :
' I -na' ammer .
( 39 ) Wa-nas ' ewwo , wa- ' awe ' ewwo ' af' a ' em- ' as ada wayn, wa-
' Ana-hi ' i - yayadde' akemu ba- ' ayy s e l tan zanta ' egabber .
24 .
25 .
CG ' ayde <a to inform, t e l l ( s o me one : o . s . ) .
Gt tayad <a
mima interrogative p art i c l e , here introducing the s econd
part of a doub l e quest ion :
Is it x or is it y?
Ne ' u , neqtelo wa-yekunana l ana
restu .
Wa-yebel omu
we ' etu-hi :
p as s .
Ba' enta ' aada yn messae
( 3'3) Kal e ' ta mes sale seme ' u . -8'e ' si b[ ' l a bt , wa-takal a ' aada
'
wayn, wa- gabra:- I O tu aqWana wa-karaya wttu mkyada , wa
J;tanaa maxfada , wa-wahabo l a-J:!arst , wa-nagada . ( 34) Wa- ' ama
kahenat wa-malaheqta ezb ' en z a yebelu :
Temqatu l a-YoJ;tannes ' em- ' ayte we ' etu?
B e ' s i boto. kel ' et a we luda ' axawa, wa
Waldeya, J;tur taqanay yom westa 'aada wayneya.
' I -yekun ' enka fere ' em-westeteki l a- 'lilam .

Wa-yabsat ba-gi zeha ye ' eti balas .
Ba ' enta kel ' e ' axaw messale
( 2 8) Wa-lI\enta t.ebelu?
'ea balas ba-mangad, wa-ora xabeha, wa- ' albo za-rakaba westeta
353
29.
' enbeya excl amation :
30.
' oho exc l amation o f assent :
, 33 .
wal l .
No !
refuse l
Very we l l , I wi l l (do so) .
W
qaq ana t o surround with a fence o r wal l .
maxfad tower .
G arasa (yeres) to p l OW .
34 .
.arast) p l oHman , farmer, tenant farmer .
Gt
taarsa p a s s .
W
ijaq an fenc e ,
arasi (pl .
mal;zras (p l . mares ) p l ow .
355
354
' as t adal awku, wa-tabahku magaz e ' t eya - 'aswareya, wa
(40) ' Emkama ' enka ma-? ' a ' egzi ' a ' a-?ada wayn, menta
qat a l ewwo .
kWe l lu delew ; ne ' u wasta kabkabeya .
yere s seyomu la- ' el l ekWtu harast?
( 5 ) Wa- ' emuntu-sa tahayyayu wa-xalafu.
(41) Wa-yebelewwo :
garahtu , wa-bo za-hora westa t agbaru .
Ba-esum l a- ' ekuyan yeqattelomu, wa-wayno-hi yehub l a-ka l e ' an
' axazu ' agbertihu wa-qatal ewwomu, wa-kiyahu-ni a ' al ewwo .
' aqab t , l a- ' e l l a yehubewwo ferehu ba-ba gi zehu .
(7)
Wa-tam ' e ' a negus, wa- fannawa arrahu yeqte rewwom, la- ' el l ektu
qat a l t ; wa-qatal ewwomu, wa'-hagaromu-ni ' aw ' ayu ; ' (8) Wa- ' emze

' Albo-hu ' ama ' anbabkemu westa masaheft :
yebelomu l a - ' agbertihu :
' bn ' enta mannanewwa nadaqt ye ' et i konat westa re ' s a
Ba ' a l eya-sa delew we' etu, wa-batu la- ' e l l a ' assarnahomu
' Em-xaba ' Egzi ' abhr konat zati , wa-manker
m ' zent .
sa ' i -kafalomu.
(9) uru-ke ' enka westa marahebt wa.
'
w
' anaqe , wa-k e l l o za-rakabkemu awwe ' u westa kabkab .
ye ' eti la- ' a ' yentina .

(43) Ba' enta zentu ' eb e l akemu kama yethayyad ' em-xabekemu
( 10) Wa-wagi ' omu ' emuntu ' agbert westa fenaw , ' astagabe ' u
mangesta ' Egzi ' abhr! wa-tetwahhab la-ezb za-yegabber fereha .
kWel l o za-rakabu ' ekuyna wa-xerana, wa-ma l ' a beta ba ' al ' em
(44) Wa- za- s a wadqa diba ye ' et i ' ebn yetqaaqqa , wa- la-za-hi
' e l la yeraffequ .
wadqa dibehu yedammeqo .
Wa-yebHo :
(46) Wa- ' enza yefaqqedu ye ' xazewwo , farhu
anafi elmat westa bekay wa-aqiya s nan,

( 14) ' esma bezuxan ' emuntu ewwu ' an , wa-xedaan xeruyan .
( 1) Wa- ' awse ' a ' Iyasus dagema, wa-nagara ba-messale ' enza yeb e l :
( 2 ) Temass e l mangesta samayat be ' se negusa za-gabra kabkaba l a
(3) Wa-fannawa ' agbertihu yeawwe ' ewwomu l a- ' e l l a
t a ' assaru westa kabkab , wa- ' i -faqadu yem e ' u.
(4) Wa-dagema
fannawa kale ' ana ' agberta ' enza yebel :

Balewwomu l a - ' e l la ' assarnahomu :
ba-esum adv . phras e :
42 .
Nahu mesaeya
mannana to rej e c t , repudiat e , despise .
D t tamannana
mennun rej ected, desp i s e d ; unsuitable, worth l es s , vile .

mennane repudiation , rej ection ; worthl essnes s , wickednes s .
Q qa pqa pa to crush , grind up .
crushed , groun d .
damaqa to grind
XX I I
3.
qe pqape
up,
vn .
Qt taqa pqata pas s .
crushing, grinding, dest ruction .
crush .
'assara to call a meeting , to invite .
'asur/ 'assur feas t , banque t .

4 . G mas to dine , sup .
ner; banquet , feast .
52.
CG ' amsea caus .
Dt ta 'assara p as s .
mesa meal , din
magze' (p l . magaze' t) fattened cat t l e , fatlings.
Ba' enta ' e l l a t as e " e l u ba ' enta dinar
( 1 5 ) Wa- ' emze oru F arisaweyan wa-tamakaru kama yasetewwo ba-qalu.

( 1 6) Wa- fannawu xabehu ' arda ' ihomu mesl a sab ' a Herodes , wa-yebel ewwo :
5.
sor (p l . ' aswar) ox , steer .

tagbar bus ines s , activity, t as k , j ob .
8.
G kafaZa (yekfeZ) to divide (up) ; to apportion, dis tribut e ;
CQ ' amazge' a to fat t en .
vi l e l y , wretchedly, without p i t y .
pas s .
44 .
( 1 3) Wa- ' emze ' azzaza negus l a-gaza ' t :
Ye ' serewwo ' edawihu wa- ' egarihu wa-yawe ' ewwo westa
Ba' enta ' el la taawwe ' u westa kabkab
41 .
,-
Wa-tafama we ' etu ,
Chapter XX I I
wal du .
(12)
KiH e ' eya , ' efo bo ' ka zeyya z a ' enbala t elbas leb'sa mar ' a?
' azaba, ' esma kama nabiy we ' etu ba-xabehomu .
51 .
( 1 1 ) Wa-bawi ' o negus yer ' ayomu la- ' e l l a
yeraffequ, rakaba ba-heyya be ' s e za- ' i -Iabsa I-ebsa mar ' a .
(45) Wa- sami 'omu l iqana kahenat wa-Farisaweyan ' ams al atihu, ' a ' maru
' kama ba ' ent i ' ahomu yeb e l .
B o - za-hora westa
(6) Wa- ' e l la-sa tarfu
to make someone a parti c ipant/partaker in; impersonal l y :
to be one ' s
portion (' i-kafa Zomu i t was not their portion ; they were not worthy
of i t ) .
Gt takafZa pass . ; to divide up among (ones e l ves ) ; to hes i
tat e , b e o f divided mind .
kefuZ divided .
tion, share; section , category; chapter .

12.
kefZ (pl . -at) part , por

makfaZt part , port ion , share .
G faqama ; D faqgama to s top up , Obstruct , make speechless.
tafaqa pass . ; to be speechl es s .

1 3 . G gaz' a to s erve a t a feast , gez' /gaz' feas t , banquet .
gazza! ; gaz i (p l . gaza' t) wai ter, attendant (at feast) .
Gt
tafama
Dt
356
35 7
' AmI aka eya.wa.n-ke. we' etu, wa- ' akko ' amI aka !Dew_u"':.n ;
Liq, na' ammer kama rate ' ' anta wa-ba-edq temehher fenota
s ami 'omu e zb , ' ankaru mehlroto .
' Egzi ' aber, wa- ' i - taass eb manna-hi , wa- ' i -tadal lu l a-ga a
sab ' .
( 1 7) Negerana-ke ' enka za-yeratte ' aka yekawwen-hu wehiba
abata dinar l a-negus , wa-mima ' i -yekawwen-nu.
( I S) Wa- ' a ' maromu ' Iyasus ' ekayomu, wa-yebelomu :

Menta tamekkerun i , madl ewan?
Wa- ' amse ' u lotu dinar a .
Liq , ' ayy-nu te ' za z ya ' abbi ba-westa 'orit? .
.. .
(37) Wa-yebelo ' Iyasus :
Wa-yebe lomu :
w
w
' Afqer ' Egzi ' abl}er ' amlakaka ba-k e l lu l ebbeka wa-ba-k e l lu
w
w
nafseka wa-ba-k e l lu xayleka wa-ba-k e l lu x e l l innaka .
(3S)
Habu za-nagsi la-nags i , wa- za- 'Egzi ' aber la- ' Egzi ' abe r .
( 2 2 ) Wa- s ami ' omu, ' ankaru wa-xadagewwo wa-xalafu .
53.
Zati t e ' zaz ' abay wa-qadamit .
Ba' enta Saduqweyan ' e l l a yebelu ' albo tens a ' e mewutan
' Afqer bi aka kama nafseka .
Wa-tas e " e lewwo ' enza yebel u :
Liq, Muse yebe :
55.
' Emma-bo za-mota ' exuhu ' enza ' albo weluda ,
yawseb be ' s i ta ' exuhu wa-yaqem weluda l a- ' exuhu .
( 2 5 ) Hal l awu
' enka xabena s ab ' at u ' axaw, wa- za-yel ehheq ' awsaba wa-mo t a , wa
' esma ' albo \'/e luda, xadaga be ' sito l a - ' exuhu .
kale ' u-ni wa-salesu-hi ' eska s ab ' at ihomu .
kWe l l omu motat ye' eti be ' si t .
(26) Wa-kamahu
( 2 7) Wa-dexra
mannu w e ' etu Kerestos

(41) Wa- ' enza gubu ' an Farisaweyan , t as e " elomu ' Iyasus . (42f ' enza- .
yebel :
Menta tebelu ba' enta Kerestos?
Teseetu ba- ' i -ya' mero maaeft wa- ' i -xayla ' Egzi ' aber .
( 30)
' Ama-s a yaayyewu mewutan , ' i -yawassebu wa- ' i -yetwasabu , ' al Ia
kama mal a ' ekta ' Egzi ' aber ba-samayat ' emuntu.
( 3 1 ) Wa-ba ' enta
t ensa ' e mewutan-sa, ' i -yanbabkemu-hu z a - t abeh l a lakemu ' em-xaba
(45) Za-lalihu ' enka Dawit ' egzi ' eya yeb e l o , ' efo ' enka
yekawweno waldo?
(46) Wa- ' albo za-kehla ' awse ' oto qiila, wa - ' albo za-ab ' a ' em-ye ' et i
'elat tase " eloto menta-ni .
' Egzi ' aber, za-yebe :

' Ana ' E gzi ' aber , ' amlaka ' Abreham wa- ' amlaka Yesaq wa
' amlaka Ya ' qob .
"You take no account
' aZad coin .

2 0 . G Zak' a to impre s s (a seal) , to ins crib e . Gt taZak' a
pass . ; to be affixed . Zeku' impressed, ins cribed, affi xed . ma Zke'
seal impress i on , l ikenes s , figure .
Chapter XXI I I '

( 1 ) Wa- ' emz e nagaromu ' I yasus l a-ezb wa- la- ' arda ' ihu ' enza yeb e l :
( 2 ) Diba manbara Muse nabaru aaft wa-Farisiiweyan .
of p erson , i . e . are impart i a l . "

19.
Nebar ba-yamiineya ' eska
' iigabb e ' omu la-al ii ' teka tiita makayyada ' egarika .
(29) Wa- ' awse ' a ' Iyasus , wa-yebelomu :
"you regard/consider no one"
(44) Yebelo ' eg z i ' l a- ' egzi ' eya :
kWe l l omu ' awsabewwa?
l it . :
Za-Diiwi t .
Walda mannu we ' etu?
' E fo ' enka l a l ihu Dawit ba-manfas qeddus yeba :
mewutan , l a-mannu ' em-s ab ' atihomu tekawwen be ' s i t a , ' esma
16.
(40) Ba- ' el lantu kel ' e t e ' zaz
Ba' enta Farisaw eyan zakama t as e " elomu Kerestos walda
Wa-yebiil ewwo :
(2S) ' Ama yetnasse ' u ' enka
( 39) Wa-kal e ' ta-hi temassela :
tasaqlu kWe l l u ' orit wa-nabiyat .
(23) Wa-ba-ye ' et i ' e lat mas ' u xabehu Saduqaweyan ' e l l a yebe lu ' albo
tensa ' e mewutan .
(35) Wa-t as e ' ' e lo ' ahadu ' em-westetomu .;; al}a:t;e" hagar ' enza
yl'lkkero :
Za-nags i .
Ba' enta aafi za-tas e " elo ' ayy t e ' zaz ya ' abbi
(34) Wa-s ami ' omu F ari s aweyan kama faamomu la-Saduqaweyan , t agabe ' u
xabehu .
( 1 9) ' Ar ' eyuni ' al ada dinar .
Za-mannu zentu malke ' u wa-mashafu?

( 2 1 ) Wa-yebe 1ewwo :
54 .
(33) Wa-
maharukemu gebaru wa- ' eqabu .
KWe l lo za
( 3) Wa-bakama yegabberu - s a ' i
tegbaru, ' esma za-yemehheru ' i -yegabberu .
( 4) Wa-ya' as s eru
ora ' abiya wa-kebuda, wa-yas akkemewwo l a- sab ' diba matiikeftu,
XXI I I 4 .
tasakma
G sakama to carry on the shoulders .

=
G.
CG
matkaf(tJ (p l . matakeft) shoulder .
' askama caus .
Gt
359
358
wa- lal ihomu-s a ' i -ye l akkefewwo ba- ' aba 'tomu .
w
(5) Wa-k e l lo
megbaromu za-yegabberu l a - ' ayna s ab ' yegabberu, wa-ya ' abbeyu

' az frihomu , (6) wa-yafaqqeru re ' s a merfaqat ba-westa mesaat ,
w
wa-nabira fe uma ba-westa ' a ' wada t , (7) wa-t a ' amex a ba-westa
me5ya'at , wa-yebelomu s ab ' "Rabbi . "
(8) ' Antemu- s a-ke ' i
tess amayu rabbi , ' esma ' aadu we ' etu mamehherekemu , wa- ' antemu
sa ' axaw kWe l l ekemu . (9) Wa- ' i -terasseyu ' aba ba-diba medr ,
' esrna ' aadu we ' etu ' abukemu samayawi .
(10) Wa- ' i -tessamayu
mamehherana , ' esrna ' ahadu mamehherekemu we ' etu Kerestos .
(11)
Wa-batu za-yelehheqakemu yekunkemu l a ' ka , ( 1 2 ) - ' esma za- ' a 'baya

re' so yaxasser, wa- za- ' atata re ' so yekabber.
56 .
haymanota .
tebal l e 'u ' abyta mabal l atat wa-tamakanneyu wa-tabaz zexu alota.
Ba' enta zantu terakkebu fadfada kWennane . ' Ale l akemu aaft
wa-Farisaweyan , madl ewan, ' esrna ta ' a ewu mangesta samayat
'Antemu-hi ' i -tebawwe ' u wa- l a- ' el l a-hi
tewexxe!u .
(25) ' Ale lakemu aaft wa-Faris aweyan-, madl ewan ,

' e ll a t axaebu ewa 'a wa-ala ' enta ' af ' ahu, wa-wesu-sa
melu' hayda wa- 'ammaa wa-te 'gelta .
la-Gahannam .
( 1 5 ) 'Ale lakemu s ahaft wa
Wa- taamiqo , teress eyewwo ka 'batakemu
(16) ' A l e l akemu aaft wa-Farisaweyan , ' amreta
' ewuran , ' e l l a tebelu:
Z a-maala ba-beta maqdas daxen w e ' etu,
wa- za- sa maala ba-warqa beta maqdas yegegi .

' ewuran .
' Ayy ya ' abbi :
(17) ' Abdan wa
warq-nu wa-mima beta maqdas-nu za
(18) Wa- z a-maJ:!al a ba-maswa ' t daxen t ebelu,

wa- za- s a maala eno yegegi t ebelu . ( 1 9) ' Abdan wa- ' ewuran .
' Ayy ya ' abbi : senhah-nu wa-mima meswa ' za-yeqeddeso l a-we ' etu
yeqeddeso l a-warq?
ena? (20) Za-ke maala ba-meswa' maala botu wa-maala

w
( 2 1 ) Wa- z a-hi maala ba-beta maqdas
ba-k e l l u za-dibehu .
XXI I I 4 .
tasakma
sakama to carry on the shoulders .
G
=
13.
G.
CG ' askama caus .
' af' akemu t eeddaqu la- 'ayna s ab ' , wa- ' enta westekemu-s a
melu ' an ' antemu ' amma1a wa-hayda"w- ' adlewo :
(29) ' Ale lak emu

,
aft wa-F arisaweyan , madl ewan , ' e l l a tenaddequ maqaberihomu
l a-nabiya t , wa-tastasaneyu z exrou l a-adeqan , (30) wa-tebelu:
Soba-s a hal l awna- ba-rnawa 'el a ' abawina,. ' emma ' i -xabarna
Gt
CQ ' amaknaya to preten d ,
double for Gehenna (i . e . , twi ce as l iab l e to Gehenna as yourselves) .
?ena s acrifice , offering .
mes lehomu neqtel nabiyata .

(30) Nahu-ke lal ikemu ta' ammenu ' kama daqiqomu ' antemu l a-qatalta
nabiyat .
(32) ' Anternu-hi fa emu masfarta ' abawikemu .
(33)
'Af 'ot , tewl edda ' arawita medr, ' efo tekelu ' amse!o ' em
kWennane Gahannam?
( 34) Ba ' enta-ze nahu ' ana ' e fennu xabekemu
nabiyata wa-tababta wa- aafta, wa-teqattelu ba-westetornu, wa

w
tesaqqelu, wa-teqassefu ' ernwestetomu ba-mak arebtihomu , wa
tes addu ' em-hagar westa hagar, (35) kama yeba l a ' l ekemu darna
23 .
make excus es . mekneyat (fal se) excus e , pretext ; reason , caus e .

1 5 . teresseyewwo ka <batakemu Za-Gahannam You make him your
18.
(27) ' Al e l akernu aaft wa-Farisaweyan , madlewan,
yastare " eyu sannayana, wa- ' enta westomu- s a me lu'ana ' a 'semta
.
,
w
w
wa- abd enta wa-k e l l 0 rek s a . (28) Kamahu-ke ' antemu-ni ' enta
se Zan di l l .
matkaf(t) (p l . matakeft) shoulder .
maba ZZat (p l . -at) widow; nun .
(26) F arisawi 'ewur , qedma
xeebo l a- ewa ' wa- la-al ' enta wes!u, kama yekun neua ' enta
Faris aweyan, madl ewan , ' esma t a ' awwedu bara wa-yabsa kama
ta!mequ ' aada falas e .
Ze -ni maftew tegbaru, wa-kiyahu-ni ' i -txdegu.
(24) ' Amreta ' ewuran , ' el l a sadota tena! efu wa-gamala-sa
' el l a t emas selu maqabera gebsusana, ' e l l a ' enta .' af' ahomu
( 1 3 ) ' Ale l akemu aaft wa-Farisaweyan , madl ewan , ' esma
yebawwe ' u tekal l e ' ewwomu bawi ' a .
(23) ' Al e l akemu aJ:!aft wa-Farisaweyan , madl ewan ,- ' e l l a
tabawwe ' u 'l1serata ' edehu la- ' azab wa- Ia-selan- wa-.la-karnin, wa
xadaggemu z a-ya ' abbi t e ' zazata ' orit : edq a , wa-mewata , wa
' af' ahu-ni .
Ba' enta ' ale-lomu la-aaft wa-Farisaweyan
west a gau l a - s ab ' .
mahala botu wa-ba- z a-yenabber westetu .... (22J'Wa- za-hi maa l a

samaya maala manbara ' Egzi ' aber wa-ba- za-yenabber dibehu .
24 .
<aserata ' ed a tithe .
' azab/' azab/' azob hyssop , mint .
kamin cummin .
?agot/?a?ot gnat , fl e a .
strained, pure .
G natfa to strain out .
manaft strainer , s i eve .
neuf
wexta/waxata (yaxat) to
swal low.
27.
gebses gypsum, p l aster.
33 .
' at' o t vipers .
' a <demt) bon e .
gebsus pl ast ered .
<aqm (p l .
361
360
kWel lu adeqan za-take ' wa diba medr ' em-dama ' Abel adeq ' eska
dama Zakareyas walda Barakeyu , za-qatalkemu ba-ma ' ka l a beta
maqdas .
kWe l lu .
(36) ' Aman ' eb e l akemu :
Yeba eha la- zati tewledd ze
(37) ' Iyaruslilem, ' Iyarusalem, ' enta teqat t e l omu l a
nabiyat wa- ' enta teweggeromu l a-awareyat la- ' e l l a tafannawu

xabeha, mi-matana faqadku ' astagab e ' omu l a-weludeki kama ' enta
tastagab e ' doreho ' afrextiha tata kenafiha , wa- ' abaykemu .
Nahu yetxaddag l akemu betekemu badwa.
(38)
(39) ' Aman ' ebelakemu :
' I - tere " eyuni ' em-ye ' ze ' eska soba tebel u :
Buruk za-yema e '
ba- s ema ' Eg z i ' aber .
' Aman ' eb e l akemu, ' i -yetxaddag
zeyya ' ebn diba ' ebn za- ' i -yetnassat .
(3) Wa- ' enza yenabber ba-Dabra Z ayt , qarbu ' arda' ihu xabehu ' enza
yebelu ' enta bahtitomu :
Negerana ma' ze yekawwen - z e , wa-ment t e ' mertu l a-me s ' ateka wal a- xe l qata ' alamo
(5) ' e sma bezuxan yema e ' u ba- s ema
z i ' aya ' enza yebelu, '' ' Ana we' etu mas i, 1 1 wa-be zuxana yaseetu.
(6) Wa-hal l awakemu t e sme 'u qatl a wa-dema aba ' it .
' Uqu ' i
t e dangeu, ' esma gebr yekawwen kamahu, wa- ' akko ba- gizeha za
( 7 ) Wa-yetnassa' ezb diba ezb wa-nagast diba
nagast , wa-yema e ' raxab wa-bedbed wa-hakak ba-ba baawert ihu .

w
( 8 ) Wa- ze-k e l lu qadami mamam .
(9) ' Ameha yemeewukemu la
mendabe , wa-yeqassefukemu wa-yeqatte lukemu wa-ye al l e ' ukemu
kWe l lu hezb ba' enta semeya .
37.
( 1 0 ) Wa- ' ameha ya ' a l l ewu bezuxan ,
doreho (p l . daware h) m . f . chi cken , hen , rooster .
' afrext/
' afxert ( co l I . ) chicks .

XXIV
2.
G nasata (yen set) to destroy, overturn .
nesut destroyed.
6.
7.
nestat destruction .
aba' it/?aba' i t b at t l e , fighting.

hakak tumul t , chaos .
l a-mus ena za-tabeh l a ba-Dane ' e l nab'iy ' enza yeq;\",;e westa
makan qeddus ' (za-yanabbeb yelabbu) , (1'6 ) ' runeha ' el l a esta
Yehuda yegWayyu wes t a ' adba r , ( 1 7) wa- za.-west a naJ:s ' i -yerad
yens1i.' z a-westa betu, ( 1 8 ) wa- za-westa garaht ' i -yetmaya
( 1 9 ) ' Ale Ion baJ:tu l a -en.usa.t wa- l a
(20) , Wa-al l eyu btu kama
ye ' eta ' amira ' abiy J:emam wa-mendabe za- ' i -kona ' em-qedma ' a l am
wa- ' eska yom, wa- ' i -yekawwen-hi .
Gt tanasta p as s .
( 2 2 ) Wa- soba ' akko-hu za
xaara ' emantu mawi i< e 1 , ' albo za-! em-exna mannu-hi za-sega,
wa-batu b a ' enta .xeruyan- yaxa era ' mantu mawa'< e l .
(23) '
....
' Ameha ' emrna-bo . za-yebe l akemu "Nawa zeyya 'haUo Keresto s , w.a "
'
nawa kaak , " ' i - t e ' manu , (24) ' esma yema e ' u assaweyana masih
wa-assaweyana nabiyat , wa-yegabberu t aamera ' abayta wa
mankera l a - ' aseto , s oba-sa yetkahha1 omu , l a-xeruyan-hi .
Nahu qadamku nagirotakemu.
(4) Wa- ' awse ' a ' Iyasus wa-yebelomu :
yaxal l eq .
mangest wes ta kWel lu ' [lam kama' yekun S em' a Hi. ' l a kWe l lu ' aJ:zab,
wa-ye ' eta ' amira yeblle xelqat .
( 1 5 ) Wa- ' ma :re/ikemu xasaro
' i -yekun gWeyyakeu ba-keramt wa-ba-sanbat , ( 2 1 ) ' esma yekawwen
( 1 ) Wa-wai ' o ' Iyasus ' em-beta maqdas , ora, wa-qarbu ' arda ' ihu, wa
w
(2) Wa- ' awse ' a, wa-yebelomu :
' ar' ayewwo enahu l a-mek rab .
'Uqu ' albo za-yasetkemu,
(14) Wa-yessabbak z e-wangel a
' e l l a yaJ:aena ba-we ' etu mawa ' e l .
Ba' enta xelqata ' a l am
Tere " eyu-nu zant a kWe l l o ?
;)
' azlafa te ' gesto we ' etu yedexxen .
dexrehu yensa' l ebso .
Chapter XXIV
57.
wa-ye all e ' u babaynatihomu wa-yetqatalu . ' ( 1 1 ) Wa-bezuxan

J:assaweyana nabiyat ' yema e ' u, wa-bezuxana yasehbetu.
(12) Wa
' em.- bezxa la- ' ekay tesekkwe s feqra bezuxan . ' (1
Wa- z a-sa
(25)
(26) ' Emrna-ke yebelukemu "Nawa
gadruna hal l o , " ' i -tea ' u ; wa-"N awa westa ' abyat , " ' i - t e ' manu ,
(27) ' esma kama ' enta mabraq yewae ' ' em - ebaJ: , wa-yast are" i
' eska ' arab , kamahu mes ' atu l a-walda ' egWa l a ' emrna-eyaw .
Xaba hal l awa gadala , heyya yetgabe ' u ' ansert .
(28)
(29) Wa-ba
gi zeha ' em-dexra emamon l a - ' emantu mawa' e l , ay-ni yeal l em,
wa-warx-ni ' i -yehub berhano , wa-kawakebt yewaddequ ' em-samay ,
wa-yanqal aqqel xayla s amayat .
(30) Wa-ye ' eta ' amira yastare " i
t a' amerihu l a-walda " egWal ' ernrna-heyaw ba-samay .
' Ameha
yebakkeyu kWe l lu ' azaba medr, wa- ere " eyewwo l a-walda ' egWala
' emma-eyaw ba-dammanata s amay yema e ' mes l a xayl wa-s ebat
bezux.
( 3 1 ) Wa-yeennewomu l a-mala ' ektihu mes l a qal a qarn
12.
D sakk asa to ceas e , come to an end , die out .
28.
gadaZa corpse (s) , cadaver (s} .
29.
CQ ' aqalqala intrans . : to move , shak e , quake ; t rans . :
mov e , shak e , agitate .
naqalqal mot ion , shaking , agitation .
to
362
363
' abiy, wa-yastagabe ' omu l a -xeruyanihu ' em- ' arba ' tu makan ' em
' anfa s amy ' eska ' anafa s amay.
yemattero wa-yiigabbe' .makfal to mes l a madl.ewan xaba bekay wa
' amsal ihu :
(32) Wa- ' em-balas ' a' meru
' emkama kona ' aqa dekuma wa-qWala l amlama,
ta' ammeru kama qarba ma ' raru .
i - taaz z aba wa-ba-gize ' i-ya' mara, (5l ).wa-yekWenneno a
aqiya san . ,
(33) Kamahu-ke " antemu-hi
Chap'ter' XXV
' emkama re ' ikemu zanta kWe l l o , ' a ' meru kama qarb a wa-hal l o xaba
59.
xoxt . (34) ' Aman ' ebelak emu kama ' i -taxal lef za-tewl edd ' e ska
w
z e-k e l lu yetgabbar . (35) Samay wa-medr yaxallef wa-qal eya-sa
( 1 ) ' Ameha temassel mangesta samayat ' asru dgela ' e l l a nas ' a
' i-yaxal l e f .
maxatewihon wa-wa ' a westa qabbala mar ' awi .

58.
westeton ' abdat ' emantu , wa-xams !ababat .
Ba' enta s a ' at wa- ' elat
(36) Wa-b a ' enta ye' eti-sa ' elat wa-ye ' eti s a ' at ' albo za
mar' awi daqqasa kWe l l on wa-noma .
Nahu mar 'awi ma ' a . 9a ' u westa qabbalahu .

(7) Wa- ' emz e tanse ' a ' e l i eku danagel kWel lon , wa- ' asannaya .
yetwasabu, ' eska ' ama bo ' a Nox westa tabot , (39) wa- ' i -ya ' maru
maxatewihon .
' eska soba mas. ' a maya ' axy wa- ' a!fe ' a kWe l l o , kamahu- ke
,
w
- . (40) ' Ameha
yekawwen me atu la-wal d a ' eg _ala ' emma- h. eyaw
kel ' yehel l ewu westa garaht :
' aadu ' arat :
Wa-ke l ' e yesakkebu westa

(42)
Tegehu ' enka, ' e sma ' i -ta' ammeru ba- ' ayy s a ' at yema e '
. ' eg z i ' ekemu .
(43) Wa- z anta batu ' a ' meru :
soba ya' ammer-hu
ba ' l a 'bet g i ze yema e ' s araqi , ' em-tagha wa- ' em- ' i - xadaga
yetkaray betu . (44) Ba' ent a - ze ' antemu-hi del ewanikemu hal lewu,
' esma ba-gi ze ' i -ta ' ammeru yema e ' walda ' egWala ' emma-eyaw .
(45) Mannu ' enga gabr ma ' man wa-abib za-yesayyemo ' egzi ' u
westa betu kama yahabomu s i sita ba-gi zehu?
(46) Beu' we ' etu
gabr za-mai ' o ' egz i ' u yerakkebo ' enza zanta yegabber .
' Aman ' ebelakemu kama diba kWel lu !eritu yesayyemo .
(47)
(48) Wa
' emma-sa yebe we' etu gabr ' ekuy ba- l ebbu, "YegWanaddi ' at iwa
' egzi ' eya, " (49) wa-yezabbe! ' abyaihu, wa-yebal l e ' wa-yesatti
mes la sakart , (50) wa-yema e ' ' egzi ' u l a-we ' etu gabr ba- ' e l at
49 .
caus .
tion .
G sakra (yesker , yeskar) to be intoxicate d .
sekv inebriated, drunk .

sekrat intoxication .
CG ' askara
sakar intoxicating drink; intoxica
sakG:r>i (p l . s.akart) drunkard .
...
' aada yenasse ' u wa-kal e ' o
' aada yenasse ' u wa- ' aada yaxaddegu .
(8) Wa- ' el l eku ' abdat yebe lahon l a-tababat

:
.
Habana ' em-qeb ' ek'en , ' esrii'a nixat'ewina -!af' "
(9) Wa- ' aws e ' lihn, t ababli_ ' e z yebla :
'
;
-ya' akkelana lana w"a,:"l aken . l;Iura
' Emma bo ,
( 4 1 ) Wa-kel ' et i yarrea ba- ' aadu mara : ' aatta
yenasse ' u wa-kal e ' ta yaxaddegu .
(5) Wa- gWandeyo
(6) Wa-ma' kala lelit w ewwe ' a
kona:
(38) Bakama y e ' eta
' amira ' em-qedma ' ayx yeba l l e 'u wa-yesatteyu wa-yawas s ebu wa
yaxaddegu .
(3) Wa- ' abdat -sa
nas ' a qeb ' a ba-gama ' eyehon mes l a maxatewihon .
(37) Wa-bakama kona ba-mawa ' e l a Nox kamahu yekawwen
mes ' atu l a-walda ' egWala ' emma-eyaw .
(2) Wa-xams ' em
nasi ' on maxatewihon ' i -nas ' a qeb ' a meslehon, (4) wa-!ababat -sa
ya' ammer, wa- ' i -mala' ekta samy wa- ' i -wald za' enbala ' ab
bahtitu .
Ba' enta ' asru danage l
xabehomu l a- ' el l a yesayyeu wa-tasaya! l aken .
(10) Wa-hawiton yessayata , baa mar 'awi , wa-bo ' a mes lehu
' el leku del ewat westa kabkab , wa-ta ' awa xoxt .
ma ' ' el l ektu-hi danagel , wa-yebela :
' arxewan a .
( 1 2) Wa- ' awse ' on , wa-yebe :
' Amlin ' ebelaken kama ' i -ya ' ammeraken .

( 1 3) Tegehu-ke , ' esma ' i -ta ' ammeru ' elata wa- sa 'ata .
( 1 1 ) Wa-dexra
Egzi ' o , ' egzi ' o ,
60 .
Ba ' enta ' el l a nas ' u makleya berur
( 14) ' Esma kama be' s i za-yenagged, wa- s awwe ' a ' agbertihu,
G . azaba to think , believe , suppos e .
SO .
taazzaba
cerned .
XXV
1.
phras e :
G ; also :
Gt tzba
Dt
to exp ect ; to fear, avoid; to care, be con
tezebt opinion , belief, expectation , fear .

qabaZa/qabbaZa a meeting, encounter; westa qabbaZa prep .
out to meet .
4.
gem 'e (p l . gama 'ey) flask , container for oil .
6.
D wawwe 'a to shout .
9.
) el7U7la-bo kama perhap s.
wewwe 'a a shout , cry .
365
364
wa-wahabomu newayo yetgabbaru .
Wa-nagada ba-gi zehli .
( 1 9) Wa- ' emdexra be zux mawa' el. ' atawa ' egzi ' omu
(20) Wa-qarba za
xamsa makal eya nas ' a, wa- ' ame" a kale ' t a xamsa makaIeya ' enza
yebe l :
' Egzi ' o , xamsa makaleya wahabkani , wa-nahu xamsa kal e ' t a
rabku.
61.
bezux ' esayyemak a .
' atal i .
ama ' ku wa- ' astaykemuni , wa-nagda konku wa-tawakafkemuni .

( 36) ' Araqqu wa- ' al baskemun i , dawayku 'wa-awwa!i'kemun i ,
Niihu
(37) ' Ameha yawasse ' u adeqan; -wa-yeb lu :
' Egzi ' o , ma ' ze re' inaka rexubaka wa"::"'ab\<i1aka, wa-
( 2 3) Wa-yebel o ' egzi ' u :
Ba-e1at konka me ' mana .
emu ' aka wa- ' astaynaka?
Westa
Ta' arrer
Wa- fariheya orku wa-xaba' ku maklitaka westa medr .
(40) Wa-yawasse ' negus, wa-yebelomu :
' Aman ' ebelakemu :
(25)
gabarkemu ..
(41) Wa- ' emz e yebelomu la- ' el l a ba-1agiim :
( 26) Wa- ' awse ' o ' egzi ' u , wa-yebe lo :
uru regumlin westa ' essat za- Ia- ' alam za-de l ew l a - s ayan
Ta' ammerani kama ' a' arrer xaba
' i - zara ' ku wa- ' astglibe ' ' em-xaba ' i - zarawku .
wa- I a-malli' ektihu.
(42) ' Esma rexebku wa- ' i -yab l a ' kemuni,

amli ' ku wa- ' i -yastaykemuni , (43) ' wa-nagda konku wa- ' i
(27) ' Em
nasa ' ka warqeya , wa- ' em- ' agba ' ka westa ma' ed , wa-mai ' eya
' em- ' astagabbarkewwo l aliya ba-rede .
t awakafkemuni , ' araqqu wa- ' i -yalbaskemuni , dawayku wa- ' i
(28) Nese ' u ' em
xabehu maklita, wa-habewwo la-za-botu ' asarta maklita .

14.
awwakemuni , tamoqliku wa- ' i -nababkemuni.

(44) ' Ameha yawasse ' u ' el l a ba-aglim ' enza yebel u :
' E gzi ' o , ma ' ze re ' inaka rexubaka wa-semu' aka wa- ' engedlika
Note Dt tagabbara in the sense "to invest , " and COt (vs .
27 belDly) "to recover one ' s investment . "

24 .
deruk harsh , savage .
27.
rede interes t ( finan c i al ) .
est , to receive intere s t .
wa- ' eraqaka wa-dewuyaka wa-tamoqi aka wa- ' i -tal e ' eknaka?
(45) Wa- ' emze yawasse ' omu negus ' enza yebe l :
Gt taradya to l end at inter
G l t taradaya i dem .
kWe l l o za-gabarkemu l a- ' ahadu ' em
' e llu ne ' usan ' axaweya ' el l a ya' ammenu beya, lita
Nahu
' enka makl iteka.

' Ekuy gabr wa-hakkay .
(39) Wa
dewuyaka-ni wa-.awwanak a , wa-muqaka wa-nababnaka?
(24) Wa-ma ' a za- ' aatta-ni maklita nas ' a, wa-yebe :
xaba ' i - z ara ' ka, wa-tastagab e ' ' em-xaba ' i - z arawk a .
'(38) Wa-m_e re ' inaka ' engediika
wa-tawakafnaka, wa- ' eraqaka' wa- ' ' i basnaka?
Ba' west a fesseahu l a- ' egz i ' ek a .
' Egzi ' o , ' a' ammeraka kama deruk b e ' si ' anta .
Terasu mangesta z a- ' as tadiilawa
' Esma rexebku wa- ' abla' kemun i ,
t amoqku wa-nababkemuni .
ke l ' eta klile ' ta makaleya ' el l a rabahku .

' O - gabr xer wa-me ' man .
'
( 33) Wa-yaqawwem ' abage' a ba-yamiin wa-" ataIe ba-agam .
l akemu ' em-qedma ' alam o
Westa
Ba' westa tefseta ' egzi ' eka .
' E g z i ' o , ' akko-hu kel ' eta makaleya wahabkani?
( 34) ' Ameha yebel negus la- ' e l l a ba-yam :
N e ' u burukiinihu la- ' abuya.

Ba-eda konka me 'mana .
: b- s ebatihu,
w
wa-k e l l omu mala' ektihu mes i ehu, ' ' ameha yenabber westa manbara
sebatihu . (32) Wa-yetgabe ' u kWe ll omu ' azab ' qedmehu, wa
yefa l l e!omu za-za z i ' ahomu kama no lawi yefal le! ' abage ' a ' em
( 2 2 ) Wa-ma ' a za-ke l ' eta-ni maklita nas ' a, wa-yebe :
bezux ' esayyemaka .
Ba' enta me ' atu la-Kerestos
( 3 1 ) Wa- ' ama yemae' walda ' egWala ' en:ma-eya
(21) Wa-yebelo ' egzi ' u :
' O - gabr xer wa-me ' man .
(30) Wa- I a
wa-aqiya s enan .
(17) Wa-kamahu za-hi kel ' eta raba kaI e ' t a kel ' et a .
la- ' e l leku ' agbert , wa- taasaba meslehomu .
. '
gabr-sa ' ekuy " aw1e ' ewwo westa 'anfi !ielmat xaba bekay
( 1 8 ) Wa- za- ' atta-sa nas ' a xal afa wa-karaya medra wa-xab ' a
warqa ' egzi ' u.
wa- Ia-za-sa ' albo ' l l a-hi -bo Yahayyxaewwo .
l a- I a ' aadu
( 1 6) Wa-ora zeku za
xamsa maklita nas ' a, wa-tagabbara bontu, wa-raba kal e ' t a xamsa
makl ita.
( 2 9) ' Esma l a-k e l l u" l a za-Db Y.e'h.uhewwC! wa-yewes sekewwo ,
( 1 5 ) Wa-bo la-za wahabo xamesta
maklita, wa-bo l a - z a ke l ' e , wa-bo l a - za ' aada :

bakama yekel u .
'"
32 .
taZi ( f . - t ; pl . ' aa Zi) goat .
366
367
' Arnan ' ebelakemu :
za- ' i - gabarkemu l a- ' ahadu ' em- ' el l u
n e ' us an , l i t a ' i -gabarkemu .
( 1 7) Wa-ba-qadamit 'e l at a F esQ. . ,qar.b.u ' arda ' ihu la- ' Iyasus wa
(46) Wa-yaawweru ' e l l a-hi westa kWennane za-la- 'alam , wa
yebel ewwo :
adeqan - s a west a eywat z a - l a- ' a l am .
Ba- ' ayte te 'faq'qed nas tadalu l aka t ebla ' Fesa?
( 1 8 ) Wa-yebelomu ' Iyasus :
Chapter XXVI
l;Iuru xaba ' egale wa-bal ewwo :
( 1 ) Wa-kona ' emza fas sama ' Iyasus zanta kWe l l o nagara , yebelomu la
( 2) Ta' ammeru kama ' eska kel ' e ' mawa ' el yekawwen Fas i k , wa
Fe5a .
( 2 2 ) Wa-takkazu !eqqa wa- ' axazu yebalu ba-ba ' ahadu :
Bahtu ' akko-ke ba-ba 'al ,
' Ana-hu ' ena ' Egz i ' o ?
kama hakaka ' i -yekun westa ezb .
( 2 3) Wa- ' awse ' a , wa-yebe :
Ba' enta ' enta qab ' at o la- ' Egzi ' ena ' e frata
(6) Wa-ba io ' Iyasus Bitany[ beta Sem ' on za- l am , (7) ma ' at xabehu
be ' si t ' en z a bat,i berale za-me l u ' ' e frata westetu za-bezux setu, wa
so!at diba re ' su l a- ' Iyasus ' en z a yeraffeq .
(8) Wa-re ' eyomu
' ard[' ihu, tame " u wa-yebe lu :
La-ment-nu matana-ze ' ahgWa l at ?
(9) Za- ' em-t asay!a ba-bezux
wa-yahabewwo mewata la-naddayan .

La-ment tasarreewwa l a-be ' s it?
.
"
,
"
Za- s abxa mes leya ' edehu westa mabex we' etu yagabbe ' ani .
wa-bahtu ' ale lotu l a-we ' etu b e ' s i za-ba- Hl 'l hu yetmeHawewwo
,
' Em-xayyaso soba ' i -tawalda , l awe ' etu be ' s i .
(25) Wa- ' awse ' a Yehuda za-yagahbe ' o , wa:"yebe :
' Ana-hu , en'ga- rabbi?
Wa-yebe 1o :
64 .
annaya gebra gabrat la ' leya .
( 1 1 ) Wa-naddayan - s a zalfa t erakkebewwomu, wa-kiyaya-sa ' akko

( 1 2) Wa- zanta-sa ' e frata za-sotat diba
( 1 3) ' Arnan ' ebel akemu :
Ba-xaba
tasabka z e-wangel ba-westa kWe l lu 'alam yanabbebu za-gabrat za
ni wa-yezakkerewwa .
B a ' enta ser ' at a mes!ir
( 26) Wa- ' enza yebal l e 'u, nas ' a xebesta ' Iyasus , wa-baraka, wa-fatata,
wa-wahaba la- ' arda ' ihu , wa-yebe :
' Enkemu bel e ' u .
Ze-we ' etu segaya.
(27) Wa-nas ' a ewa ' a, wa- ' a' kW ata, wa-wahabomu ' en za yebe l :
S et ayu ' em-westetu kW e l l ekemu . ( 2 8 ) Ze-we ' etu dameya z a-haddis
(14) Wa- ' emze ora ' ahadu ' em- ' asartu wa-kel ' etu ' arda ' ihu za-semu
ser ' at z a-yetka" aw ba' enta bezuxin kama yetxadag xati ' at .
Yehuda ' Asqorotawi xaba l iqana k1'lhenat , ( 1 5) wa-yebelomu :
(29) Wa- ' ebel akemu :
Mi -matana tehubuni wa- ' ana l akemu ' agabbe ' o?

Wa-wahabewwo salas a berura .
( 24)
Wa-walda ' egWala ' emma-eyaw yaawwer bakama eQ.uf ba' enti ' ahu,
' Anta tebe .
( 1 0) Wa- ' a' mara ' Iyasus , wa-yebelomu :
zalfa za-terakkebuni .
( 2 1 ) Wa- ' enza yebal l e 'u , yebe :
' Arnan ' ebelakemu kama ' ahadu ' emennekemu yagabbe ' ani .
l iqa kahenat za-s emu Qayafa, (4) wa-tamakaru kama ' Iyasus-ha ba-ebl
re' s eya la-qabareya gabrat .
I I G i ze' y."a ' qara, wa
(20) Wa-meseta kawino , rafaqa mes la ' asartu wa-ke l ' etu
' arda' ihu.
(3) Wa- ' emze tagabe ' u l iqana kahenat wa- l iqanat a ezb westa ' aada
62 .
."
( 1 9) Wa- gabru ' arda' ihu bakama ' az zazomu ' Iyasus , wa- ' astadalawu
ye ' exxezewwo la-walda ' egWala ' emma-eyaw wa-yesaqqe l ewwo .
( 5 ) Wa-yebe l u :
Yebe liq :
xabeka ' egabber Fasika mes l a ' arda ' eya . "
' arda' ihu :
ya' axazewwo wa-yeqtelewwo .
Ba' enta z akama tase " ' el ewWo ba-xaba' yasiimal ewu ,-lotu F e sha
63.
( 1 6 ) Wa- ' em- ' ameha yefaqqed yerkab saxta
' I -yesatti ' enka ' emze fere wayn ' eska
' entakti ' e lat ' ama ' es att eyo addisa mes lekemu ba-mangesta
' abuya.
kama yagb e ' o .
berale/birale beryl , crystal ; here

an alabas ter vessel .
'efrat un gu en t . G sota (yesu) to pour . Gt tasCiJ.J}ta p as s . and reflex.
sewut poured . sutat vn . pouring , emptying .
XXVI
7.
17.
Fes Passover .
23.
26.
' enkemu
Fasika
abxa t o dip .
pose d of an e l ement
' enka .
' en-
i d em .
abx sauc e , gravy .
mabex
dish, bowl .
This p art i c l e i s thus s e en t o b e com-
p lus a s e cond p erson pronominal e l ement .
... -
368
(30) Wa- ' anbibomu , wac;l ' u westa Dabra Zayt .
(31) Wa- ' emze yebelomu
' Iyasus :
KWe l lekemu ta' a l l ewuni ba- zati l e l i t , ' esma yebe maaf :
' Eqattelo l a-nolawi , wa-ye z z arraw ' abage ' a mar' etu .
(32) Wa- ' emkama tansa ' ku , ' eqaddemakemu Gal i l a .
369
wa-yebelomu :
Numu ' enka- sa, wa- ' a 'refu. Nahu bal)a gi zehu, wa-yagabbe ' ewwo
la-walda ' egWala ' emma-heyaw westa ' eda xate ' an . (46) Tanse ' u ,
nel)ur .
Niihu qarba z a-yagabb e ' ani .
(33) Wa- ' awse ' a Pe!ro s , wa-yebe lo :
65.
' Emma-hi kW e l l omu ' alawuka, ' i -ya' allewaka gemura .

' Arnan >ebe l aka kama ba-zati l e l i t selsa tekel)edani za' enbala
yenqu doreho .
' Emma-hi motku mes l eka, ' i -Yekeedak a .
Wa-kamahu yebelu kWe l l omu ' arda ' ihu . (36) Wa- ' emze I)ora mes lehomu
' a ada wayn za-semu Geteseman , wa-yebe lomu l a- ' arda' ihu :
(37) Wa-nas ' o la-Pe!ros wa- l a - ke l ' ehomu daqiqa Zabdewos , wa- ' axaz a
(38) Wa- ' emze yebelomu :
Takkazat nafseya ' eska l a-mawit .
Nebaru z eyya, wa-tegehu
mes l eya .
( 39) Wa- t a ' atata Qeqqa ' em-heyya, wa-s agada ba-ga u , wa-al laya, wa
yebe :
' Abuya, ' emma- s a yetkahhal , yexlef ' emenneya z e - ewa ' .
Wa
batu faqadaka yekun , wa- ' akko faqadeya .

(40} Wa-I)ora xaba ' arda ' ihu, wa-rakabomu ' enza yenawwemu, wa-yebe lo
la-Pe!ros :
Kama- ze-nu s e ' enkemu tagiha ' atta sa' ata mes leya?
Tegehu wa- alleyu kama ' i -teba' u westa mansut .
(41)
Manfas - s a
yefattu, wa-sega dekum .

' Abuya, ' emma ' i -yetkahhal z e -xal i fa z a ' enbala ' esteyo , yekun
faqadaka.
(43) Wa- gab ' a ka ' eba xaba ' arda ' ihu, wa-rakabomu ' enza yenawwemu,
(44) Wa-I)ora ka ' eba ba-sales , wa-? al l aya
(45) Wa-gab ' a ka' eba xaba ' arda ' ihu ,
eqqa adv. a little , a little whi l e , a short distance .
ba-eqqa suffi cient ly, enough ; very much , altogether .

44.
Note the emphat i c use of kiHa- kema :
Kiyahu ' axazu .
(49) Wa-qarba xaba ' Iyasus , wa-s a 'arno , wa-yebelo .:
Bal)a Rabbi .
( 5 0)
Wa-yebelo ' Iyasus :

Wa- ' anse ' u ' edawihomu , wa- ' axazwwo la- ' Iyasus . ( 5 1 ) Wa-niihu ' al)adu
' em- ' el l a mes l ehu l a- ' Iyasus s afl)a : e dehu wa-malxa ma!bato , _ wa
z ba!o la-gabra liqa kahenat , wa-mataro ' e zno-.
' Tyasus :
- .c5 iji-yebelo
' Agbe ' ma!bal)taka wes ta betu, ' esma kW e l l omu ' e l l a ma!bal)ta
yanasse ' u ba-ma!bal)t yemawwetu. -(5 3) Yema:;sel akemu-nu za- ' i

yekel ' astabqWe ' oto l a- ' abuya wa-yaqem l ita fadfada ' ern- ' asartu
wa-kel ' etu s arawit a mala' ekt?
(54) 'Efo ' enka yet fa am qala
mal)af z a-yebe kama- ze hal l awo yekun?

(55) Wa-yebelomu la-I)ezb ' Iyasus s obeha :
Kama za- s araqi tedegenu rnaa' kemu ba- ' e9aw wa-ba-maabel)
w
ta' axazuni? Wa- z alfa ' enabber mes lekemu ba-rnek rab wa- ' emehher,
wa- ' i - ' axazkemuni .
w
( 5 6 ) Wa- ze-k e l lu za-kona kama yeba qala nabiyat .
(42) Wa- ka' eba hora dagema , wa- al l aya , wa-yebe :
39 .
Za-sa 'amku we' etu.
Kale' eya, ma a ' ka-nu?
Nebaru z eyya ' es ka soba ' awwer kaa wa- ' eall i .
kiyiihu kema qal a ' enza yebe l .
' aadu ma ' a, wa-mes lehu bezux s ab ' mes l a maabe wa- 'e aw ' em
1
xabehomu la-l iqana kahenat wa- liqanata ezb . (48) Wa- za-yagabbe ' o
wahabomu t e ' merta ' enza yebe l :
(35) Wa-yebelo Petros :
' esma ' a ' yentihomu kebudat .
(47) Wa- ' enz a zanta yetnagar, nahu Yehuda ' em:: <asartu 'a-kel ' e
yetakke z wa-yezen .
Ba' enta geb ' atu la-Kerestos -
the very s ame words .
kWellomu ' arda' ihu xadagewwo wa_gW ayyu .
Wa- ' emze
(57) Wa ' e l l a ' axazewwo la
' Iyasus wasadewwo xaba Qayafa liqa kahenat xaba tagabe 'u' al)aft wa
l iqanat . (58) Wa-talawo Pe!ros ' em- reuq ' eska ' aada liqa kiihenat ,
wa-bo ' a westa, wa-nabara mes la wa 'ali yer ' ay rnaxlaqto la-nagar . ( 5 9 )
wa-yaxasses l iqana kahenat wa- al)aft wa-l iqanat wa-kw ellu ' awd
sarna 'ta hassat ba- z a yeqte l ewwo la- ' Iyasus , wa- ' i - rakabu . (60) Wa-
47.
red i n the s ense " c lub . "
52.
bet in the sense " s h eath . "
55 .
kama za- l ike , as though, as it were .
371
370
ma ' u be zuxan s ama 'ta as s at , wa- s e ' nu .
Wa-dexra ma ' u ke l ' etu, ( 6 1 )
wa-yebeI u :
Yebe - z e :
e l s a tekeedani za' enbala yenqu doreho .

Wa-wa1' a ' af ' a , wa-bakaya marira .
' Ekelo nasitoto l a-bet a ' Egzi ' aber wa-ba-salest
.Chapter; X :v I I .
' e l at ' anse ' oto .
( 1 ) Wa- abio t amakaru kWe l lomu l iqana kahenat wa- liqanata ezb
(62) Wa-tanse ' a l iqa kahenat , wa-yebe l o :
yeqtel ewwo l a- ' Iyasus .
' I -tesamme ' -nu z a-maana- z e yastawadeyuka?

(63) Wa- ' i -yawse ' o ' Iyasus .
Wa-yebelo l iqa kahenat :
'Amal kuka ba- ' Egzi ' aber eyaw kama tengerani ' emma ' anta-hu
Kerestos waldu l a- ' Egzi ' aber..
' Anta tebe , wa-batu ' ebelakemu : ' Em-ye ' ze-sa tere " eyewwo la
walda ' e gWa l a ' emma-eyaw ' enza yenabber ba-yamana xayl wa
' enza yema e ' ba-dammanata s amay.
(66)
Nahu arfa, wa-sama 'kemu
Menta ' enka tebelu?
Wa- ' awse ' u , wa-yebe l u : Yeqt e l ewwo . (67) Wa- ' emze taf'u westa ga u,
w
wa-k ar ' ewwo , wa- a f ' ewwo ' en z a yebe lu :
Tanabbay l ana Kerestos .
66.
Mannu we ' etu za-af ' aka?
wa- ' agbe ' a salasa berura la- liqana kahenat wa- l a- l iqawenta ezb , (4)
' enza yebel :
' Abbasku za- ' agba ' ku dama adeq .
Mi - l a ' l ena?
(5) Wa-gadafa we' eta berura westa mekwrab , wa-ora, wa-taxanqa .
Wa-nas' u l iqana kahenat we ' eta"\erura', wa-yebeiu : .... . ..: ). . .. , .
' I -yekawwen nedayo west a qWerban , ' esa seta dam we ' etu.
baa qal a ' Eremeyas nabiy z a-yebe :
. .
(9) Wa-ye '.ta ' amira
Wa-nas ' u salasa berura seo l a-kebur za- ' akbaru ' em-daqiqa
' Es ra ' e l , (O) wa-wahabewwon l a-garahta labawi bakama ' a zzazani
tebelo :
' Egzi ' aber .
'Anta-hi mes l a ' Iyasus Galilawi hal l awka .

w
( 70) Wa-keda ba- gaa k e l l u ' enza yebe l :
( 1 1 ) Wa-qoma ' Iyasus qedmehu l a-mal ' aka ' zab , wa-tas e " elo mal ' aka
' azab , wa-yebe lo :
' I -ya' ammero za-tebe l i .
' Anta-hu negusomu l a - ' Ayhud?
( 7 1 ) Wa-wa1i ' o xoxta, re ' yato kale ' t , wa-tebel omu l a- ' e l l a heyya
( 1 2 ) Wa-yebe ' Iyasus :
yeqawwemu :
' Anta tebe .
Wa- ' enza yast awadeyevo l iqana
kahenat wa- l iqawenta ezb , ' albo za-yawasse ' omu wa- > -ment a-hi .
Z e -ni hal lo mes l a ' Iyasus Nazerawi .
( 7 2 ) Wa-kehda ka 'eba, wa-mahala kama '' ' I -ya' ammero l a-we ' etu be ' s i . "
(73) Wa-eqqa behilo , ma? ' u ' e l l a yeqawwemu wa-yebel ewwo l a-Petros :
'Aman ' anta-hi ' em-xabehomu ' anta, wa-nagareka ya ' amveqaka .
ba-gi zeha naqawa doreho .
(6)
( 7 ) Wa-tamakiromu , t asayatu botu medra l abawi l a-'mqabera ' engeda.
Wa-mas ' at wal att , wa
( 7 4 ) Wa-mal a, wa-taragma kama ' ' ' I -ya ' ammero l a-we ' etu b e ' s i . "
' Anta ' a' mer.
(8) Wa-tas amya we ' etu medr medra dam ' ska yom .
Ba' enta z ak1bna keda Petros
(69) Wa-Peros yenabber ' af ' a westa 'aad .
Ba ' enta zakama n as s ea Yehuda .."
Wa-yeblH ewwo :
(65) Wa-saata ' albasihu l iqa kahenat ' en z a yebe l :
1erfato .
67.
(3) Wa- ' emze soba re ' ya Yehuda za- ' agbe ' o kama ' arseewwo , nas s eha
Menta ' enka tefaqqedu l otu s ama 'ta?
( 2 ) Wa- ' asiromu, was adewwo wa:!1faHawewwo l a
P i latos P ananawi l a-mal ' aka ' ilh zab .
Wa
( 7 5 ) Wa-tazakkara Peros qalo la- ' Iyasus
ze-yebe I o :
W
W
6 7 . G taf' a t o spi t . tef' at s p i t . G k ar' a o r D k arre 'a
W
strike s omeone ' s head with one ' s fists . Gt tak ar 'a p as s .
' I - tes amme ' -nu rnaana yast awadeyuka?

(14) Wa- ' i -yawse ' o wa- ' i - ' aatta qal a ' eska yanakker mal ' ak .
(15)
Wa-ba-ba' al yal ammed mal ' aka ' zab ' ayewo ' aada la-hezb ' em-westa
muquan za- faqadu .
XXV I I
to
( 1 3)
Wa- ' emze yebelo P i l aos :
7.
labQawi
( 1 6 ) Wa-bo ' ameha muqu z a - s emu Barban , s emu ' ,

pot t e r .
lamada (ye lmadJ to b e accustomed ( t o do : inf . ) .

' almada i dem . lerrrud accustomed , usual . lemad custom, h ab i t .
15.
CG
373
372
wa-ya'ammero kWellu. ( 1 7 ) Wa- ' enza gubu' an ' emuntu, yebelomu Pila!os
la-hezb?
Manna tefaqqedu ' ayu lakemu, Barbanha-nu wa-mima ' Iyasusha-nu
za-semu Kerestos?
' Esma ya' ammer kama la-qen' atomu ' agbe' ewwo . ( 1 9 ) Wa- ' enza yenabber
'awda, la' akat xabehu be'situ ' enza tebel :
'Uq ' i-ta' abbes la ' la we' etu adeq , ' esma bezuxa amamku yom
ba-elm ba' enti ' ahu.
( 20) Wa-liqana kahenat wa-liqawent . ' aha ' abalu J:tezba kama Barbanha
yes ' alu wa- ' Iyasusha yeqtelu. ( 2 1 ) Wa- ' awse ' a mal ' aka ' ahzab ' enza
yebelomu:
Manna tefaqqedu ' em-kel ' ehomu ' yu l akemu?
Wa-yebelu : Barbanha . ( 2 2 ) Wa-yebelomu Pila!os :
Menta ' enka ' erasseyo l a- ' Iyasus za-semu Kerestos?
Wa-yebelu kWellomu : Seqelo . ( 2 3) Wa-yebelomu mal ' ak :
Menta ' ekuya gabra?
Wa- 'afadfadu arixa ' enza yebelu: Seqelo, seqelo . (24) Wa- ' emza
re 'ya Pilaos kama ' alba za-yebaqqWe ' za' enbala kama 'adi hakaka za
yekawwen, nas ' a maya, wa-taxaba ' edehu ba-qedmehomu la-ezb ' enza
yebe l :
Neu ' ana ' em-damu la-ze adeq . ' Antemu 'a'meru .
( 2 6 ) Wa
( 2 5) Wa-yebelu kWellu ezb : Damu la ' lena wa- la ' la weludena.
' emze fatha lomu Barbanha , wa-qasafo la-' Iyasus , wa-ma!awomu
yesqelewwo . ( 2 7 ) Wa- ' emze mastarate 'ata J:tarra nas ' ewwo la- ' Iyasus
' em-mekw ennan, wa- ' astagabe' u maxbaromu. ( 2 8 ) Wa- ' albasewwo kalameda
za- layy . (29) Wa-dafaru ' aklila za-sok, wa- ' astaqa alewwo \esta
re' su, wa-xel lata westa yamanu . Wa- ' astabraku qedmehu, wa-yessalaqu
la 'lehu, wa-yebelewwo : Baa, negusa ' Ayhud . ( 30) Wa-yewarrequ
la 'lehu, wa-yekWarre 'ewwo ba-xellat re' so . ( 3 1 ) Wa-tasal iqomu
la ' lehu, salabewwo we ' eta kalameda , wa- ' albasewwo ' albasihu, waa guard, so 1 di er .
2 8 . kaZameda za- Zayy robe of purple.
2 9 . G fa:r>a (yeqfer) to weave, p lait . Gt ta4afra pass .
4efur woven, p laited . q.efro p laited work . q.efrot vn . weaving , j oin
ing, plaiting . COt ' astaqa??aZa to crown (someone : 0 . 5 . ) with (a . d .
0 . ) . qa??aZa crown, diadem . xel Zat reed, cane . CGt ' astabl'aka to
kneel . berk (pl . ' abrak) knee .
27 .
mas ta:r>ate <
wasadewwo yesqelewwo . (32) Wa- ' enza yewae ' u, rakabu be'se Qarenaw,
za-semu Sem'on , wa- ' abba!ewwo. ,y eur masqalo . (33) Wa-baomu beera
za-semu Golgol ta, za-ba-tergWeu qaranyu, ( 34 ) " wa.-wahabewwo yestay
wayna wa-J:tamota 'demmura, wa-e ' imo ' abaya s ateya . ( 3,5.) Wa-' emze" .
saqalewwo , "!a-'t akafalu ' albasihu ' enza yet 'aawu. (36) Wa-nabaru
ya' aqqebewwo heyya. (37) Wa- ' anbaru mal 'elta re'su eifomu z a-kona
' enza yebelu: Ze-we ' etu negusomu la- 'Ayhud ' Iyasus . (38) Wa- ' emze
tasaqlu meslehu kel ' etu fayyat , ' al}adu ba-yam'an wa:'" aadu ba-agam.
(39) Wa- ' ella yaxal lefu yearrefu la 'lehu ' enza yaamesu re ' somu,
(40) wa-yebelu :
Za-yenasseto la-mekw rab wa-yaJ:tanneo ba-salest " ' elat , ' adxen
re' saka . ' Emma-sa walda 'Egzi ' abJ:ter ' anta, rad ' em-masqaleka .
(41) Wa-kamahu l iqana kahenat-hi yes salaqu mesla aaft wa-l iqanat
' enza yebelu:
(42) Ba ' eda ' adxanl! wa-re ' o" iyekel 'ad3ceno . ' Emma negusa
'Esra'el we' etu; " yerad ; em-masqal , wa-ne'man
botu . (4 3) Za,...
.
..
' . -.
.
ta'amna ba- Egzi ' aber, Iiahu ye'-ze yadxeno ' emma yefilqqedo,
' esma yebel : Walda ' Egzi ' abJ:ter ' ana .
(44) Wa-kamahu faat-ni ' ella tasaqlu meslehu yezanaggWegWewwo .
w
(46)
(45) Wa- ' em-sessu saat lma 'k ellu a-lam- ' esk'a: ' ta5 U sa' at .
Wa-gize sa 'at tasu 'at arxa ' Iyasus ba-qal 'abiy ' enza yebel .
' Elohi , ' Elohi , lama sabaqtani?
Ze-we ' etu behil : ' Amlakeya, ' Amlakeya, la-ment xadaggani? (47) Wa
sami ' omu ' ella yeqawwemu heyya, yebelu : ' E leyas-ha yeewwe ' ze-sa.
(48) Wa-we' eta gi ze roa ' ahadu ' em-xabehomu, wa-nas' a sefnega wa
mal ' o behi ' a , wa- ' asara westa xellat , wa- ' ahzazo . (49) Wa-bo ' ella
yebeIu :
Xedeg ner' ay ' emma yemae" -nu ' Eleyas yadxeno .
(50) Wa-arxa ka ' eba ' Iyasus ba- ' abiy qal , wa-wa' at manfasu . ( 5 1 )
.
# .-
31 . G saZaba (yes Zeb) to take (a . d . o . ) away (from : 0 . 5 . ) , de

prive of, strip off. Gt tasalba reflex. and pass . seZbat vn .
34 . 7;zamot gal l .
35 . ta <aq.(]J;}a t o cast lots .
<eq.a a lot . <e14Ji:ll;e/ <uCjJiwe vn .
casting lots .
3 8 . fayyat thieves ; fayytawi a thief.
48.
sefneg , sefnag sponge . bei' vinegar . The meaning of the
verb ' azaza is not clear .
375
374
wa-kel ' et a
Wa-tasa' na mano l a ' t a beta niaqdas ' em- H l ' lu ' eska tatu,
w
( 5 2 ) Wa- t akastu
kon a . Wa- ' adlaqlaqat rnedr, wa-naq ' a kWak .
an , (53) wa-wa1 ' u
la-adeq
omu
abdentih
'
rnaqaberat , wa-t anse ' u be zuxan
e ' u , wa
' em-maqab erihomu, wa-bo ' u hagara qeddesta ' em-dexra tans
w
(54) Wa-mak annena me ' t wa- ' el la mes l ehu
' ast ar ' ayewwomu l a-be zuxan .
zakama yekawwen ,
ya ' aqqebewwo l a- ' Iyasus re ' eyomu we ' et a deleqle qa waze . ( 5 5 ) Wafarhu t. eqqa, wa-yebe lu : ' Aman walda ' Eg z i ' aber w e etuw
k e l l o za-kon
hal l awa heyya be zuxat ' anest ' e l l a yere " eya ' em-reuq
(56) Marya
"
:
akahu
a
l
yet
' e l l a talawahu la- ' Iyasus ' ern-Gali la, ' e l la
wa- ' emmornu l a
Magdalawit wa-Marya ' enta Ya ' qob wa- ' emmu la-Yo sef
' ebn mes l a sagarat .
kale ' ta-ni Marya yer ' aya maqabera . ( 2 ) Wa-nahu kona deleql eq . ' abiy ,
.. . .
,
. w
w
' e sm a ma I ' a ka ' E gZl. abh. er wara d a ' em- samay, wa-qarba, \a- 'ank ark ara
l a- ' ebn , wa-nabara dibeha.
(3) Wa-ra'yu kama za'inabr q , ' wa- lebsu
a' da. kama za-barad .
' el l a ya ' aqqebu.
P i la!o s , (63) wa-yeb e lewwo :

ama eyaw we ' et u :
Tazakkarna , ' egzi ' o , za-yeb e zeku giguy '
(64) ' Az z e z ' enka ye ' qabu
' Ama sal e s t ' e l at ' etnassa' .
e ' u ' arda' ihu wa
maqaberihu ' eska s alus rnawa ' el , kama ' i -yern
zb : Tanse ' a ' em-mewutan.
' i -yesre qewwo lelita wa- ' i -yebal u l a-he
' em-qadami t .
Wa-tek awwen daxari ta gegayu ' enta t a' akki
(65) Wa-ye belomu Pi la!os :
a ta' arnmeru .
Nese ' u sagarata , wa-uru, ' ane ' u bakam
, wa-xatamewwa l a-ye ' et i
u
ane
'
'
(66) Wa-o ru, wa-qa ttaru maqab ero , waing .
5 1 . manpo Za <t (pl . manpawaZe C) vei l , cover
5 9 . sendun/sendon fine l inen .
CG ' awqara to dig , excavate . N
0 waqqara
60 . G waqara
W W
nakWarkwar n . rol l ing .
' ank ark ara to ro l l (trans . and intrans . ) .
w
w
mank arak er whee l .
65 . sagar at (pl . ) guard s .
r l o cked, s ealed .
6 6 . 0 qattara to s eal , l o ck . qettu
=
(4) Wa- ' em-ferhatu tahawku wa-konu kama ' abdent
(5) Wa- ' awse ' a mal ' ak , wa-yebelon' la- ' anes t :
' I -tefreha ' anten-sa, ' esma ' a' ammer kama ' Iyasusha t axasses3.
za-taqat l a .
(6) ' I -hal lo zeyya .
re ' eya xaba taqabra .
Ba' enta zakama s a ' al a segahu la- ' Egzi ' ena Yosef
emu Yosef, wa
(57) Wa-maseyo ma ' a be ' s i ba ' e l ' em- ' Armatey as za-s
(58) Wa-ora xaba Pi laos , wa- s a ' a l a
we ' etu-hi t adamdo l a- ' Iyasus .
(59) Wa-nasi ' o badno
.
badno l a- ' IY sUS , wa- ' azzaza P i l aos yahabewwo
maqaber addis
westa
aro
Yosef, ganazo ba-sendun neu , (60) wa-qab
w
w
w
abiya diba xoxta
za- ' awqara westa kWak , wa_ ' ank ark ara ' ebna '
( 6 1 ) Wa-hal lawa heyya Marya Magdal awit wa
rnaqabe r, wa-xal afa .
( 6 2 ) Wa-ba- sanit a , ' enta
kal e ' ta-hi Marya yenabbera qedma maqabe r .
isaweyan xaba
ye ' et i ' emdexra ' arb , tagabe ' u liqana kahenat wa-Far
( 1 ) Wa- sarka sanbat l a - abia ' eud , ma ' at Marya agdalwit wa
daqiqa Z abdewo s .
68.
'
Chapter XXV I I I
Tanse ' a bakama yebe .
( 7 ) Wa-fe!una ura , negerahomu l a
Na'a
' arda ' ihu kama tanse ' a ' em-mewutan , wa-nahu yeqaddemakemu
Gal ila, wa-ba-heyya tere " eyewwo .
N1lhu ' ayd.a : kuken .

(8) Wa-xa1 afa fe!una ' em-xaba maqab,er ba-ferhat a-ba- fessea ' abiy,
''
wa-roa yengera l a- ' arda ' ihu : ' ,' ( 9 ) Wa-nahu ' r.Y'us.. lil.raKii.pOn J a
yebe :
Baeken .
Wa-qarba ; wa- ' axaza ' egarihu; wasagaaa l btil: ( 1 0)
Wa- ' emze yebelon ' Iyasus :

' I - tefreha
!;Iura , negerahomu la- ' axaweya kama yehuru Gal i la ,
wa-ba-heyya yere " eyuni
(1 1 ) Wa-xalifon ' emantu , ' atawu sagarat hagara wa-nagaru l a - 1iqana

kahenat kWe l lo z akama kon a .
(1 2 ) Wa-tagab e ' u , wa-makaru mes la
1 iqawent , wa-wahabewwomu bezuxa warqa la-sagarat .
( 1 3) Wa
yebel ewwomu :
Bal u :
' arda' ihu l e l i t a ma ' u wa-s araqewwo ' en z a nenawwem .
( 1 4) Wa, ' emkama t as am ' a-ze ba-xaba mal ' aka ' ab , nena
na' arnmeno , wa-kiyakemu -ni ' el l a za' enbala azan . nere s s eyakemu .
( 1 5 ) Wa-nasi ' omu berura , xalafu, wa-gabru bakama maharewwomu .
wa? ' a z e-nagar ' em-xaba ' Ayhud ' eska yom.
Wa
( 1 6 ) Wa-oru Gal i 1 a
' asartu wa- ' adu ' arda' ihu dabra za- ' az zazomu ' Iyasus , ( 1 7 ) wa
re ' yewwo , wa- s agadu lotu, wa-nafaqu .
( 1 8 ) Wa-qarba ' I yasus , wa
tanagaromu ' enza yebel :

Tawehba lita kWe l lu kWennane samay wa-medr .
( 1 9 ) l;Iuru , maharu
kWe l l o ' ahzaba ' enza ta!ammeqewwomu ba-sema ' ab wa-wald wa-
XXV I I I
1.
b e ginning
sark evenin g , twi l i ght . sarka Sanbat S abbath evening

of the next day . 'la- f! abia ' ehud at the dalm (inf . ) of the
first day of the wee k .
- t
377
376
Matthew V , 1 - 24 in Ethiopic Scpt.

.....
(20) Wa-maharewwomu kWe 1 1 0 ye 'qabu za

w
' az zazkukemu, wa-nahu ' ana mes 1ekemu ba-k e11u mawa ' e 1 ' eska
- , ....
manfas qeddus .
xe1qata ' a1 am .
'l"6&-tf! . !
l; ! Oh1.,. ' 1I 0-'}1 " mCh,... J\tin ; OC'l
m-i!.,.
f.1iC ,
:f I
.,.CO- 1 ..,o./Jo 1 J\C"Ih./Jo II mhlP.,. J\4-/Jo 1 mOD UI!ar>: ; "
1H J f.1I &\ II 1I0-'}1 , "I11 1 OOD1&..ll J hllOJ;l 1 iI-- , f.ht , ;.;;,,,
II :
'?P''''
m)o.C'
l:
f.+I..P'tho :: 11&-'}1 , f'l'Y1 , hllOD I hOOo11:
i; I
f.'?o- " 1I0-'}1
11
'}
II
OD- 11 1l&-'},} I h/\
hllOD I "d..11: ,
f.mClltp , 1I'1"
hOOo'} 1: :
f. r ODtho{. :: 1I0-'}
, hOOo11: 1
hliOD
1.ft) , &\11 : hllOD hOOo11:
19 I OD'}'?P''''
Ii!
OD.ftCI1
,}1 . ,QCI) . fII\'I" hliOD
1I 0-'}1 J h/\ f.CiO- ' m.e?'I"h- ' /\111:+ I "lIOD
II
Z1
ft
1I0-,}1 1 hll. , f.l\ihm. J K-MI.
II
1'I"'I1i'
:!i'1
f.&.MWJ . Ilh'?ll.,hllm.C :: 110-
hOOo.11:
m-A- f.
.. h'?lI..J\lIm.C 1 f.n
f.l'lf..c;.. . OA1'" ' 111:. : AliOD I 11-000 . f.kt I
1'1"'11+ " 11&-,}1 I 1t.1+000 . (lfl
""1-'11 000 I mf.)O- ' 'd-II- l 1.hf
f.1'I1:.ibOOo I mf.ti.,
1\61\.'11 000 1 h1H 1 f.m.llm. 1 OA11;
J\f II "'t.P'tho I m,.thlP- ' hllau 1 OllllbOOo , 1I1f"i m-h1: . Of)

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--.p
. ..
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If I J\1+000
...
l:!i I C . "''''lIh . h1r . OD&\/JtI.'"
.. ....
J\1+"... m-h1: ' lICY
II
IlI I f.hf.f. . 1'11Ih
__
...
\"o
i\,}h'l"
_....
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V'l
f.lI C I +)lIC II OJh,;Y'\TOJ; I "'I1.f.
.,. 1 bOD 1111C'I' ;l'ih.,. bt.C I J\I\ -'to "'.'1''''1 ' m;l'OCIJ ,
Ii I h'd-ir>"'" 1 hh
m-ll.,. . 0.+
OD J 1'1lIh hOD f.CJ\-
IX I
000 .
II
h"'l/Jo : f.lI&- U
9""IQtbOOo
lPfjf
lICnbOOo : 0 ....1:
OJf.fllIih? : lIJ\o-b
HOI'I"'l1+ II h.f.'I"U&\bClQ>o 1 HODMl- I "llOC ' ht'" 'm)o.l
.,. 11 h.ODh'n 1 hilOC'OOo
)11\
, h&..1.''/'''''' II J\"'I,} I hllllbou' ,
hilh 1 f"'Atf! . fI"'If. ' m'l"1:C . fm-IlJo' h1.,. 1 J\th1: ' .... CB;I' 1 h.
u: I
"''''&\tf! ' M" ht+ I hllh , (10 I 'd-h- f.T 'l OC II Hb, t.+th 1 J\,h XII 1
.,. 1 A'I"A I\ 1 +A IfIfT h1.,. , 'hh1111 , mf.uC ' hOD1I I hflllA 1
ih? . f.flODf. 1 OOD1'?P'''' (1"'11+ mHI'I . f.lJC I mf.'l llC '

m-A1: I Oo.f 1 f.flODf. 1 OOD '}'?P'''' 1 fI"'Il+ II fj/Jo 1 hll t\ b OOo ' h
OD I hOD , i'..&..1:t.f. : 11.(:.bOOo
t.1:4-f. 1 M" ?th tf!+
/JIB"n , h. +Om-h- , m-/l.,. 1 OD '}'?P'''' I 1'1"'11+
OD, ' "" 11011. ' 1I.,.f.'I"+ I Jl.+ ....+ &\ I )tf!fI . mllfl
M:
t\'d-U,
II
mH'l. ' f.o. 1 A1tp/Jo
1: II mH 'l. f.o. , J\1I.e- 1 l.itth , m-h1:

k.,.h
II
m-
II
'illf. !
mA'I"hoD iff i
.,.Hhch
hODn
, iJf , ODf)hh ip1:OD : 'i"P'tp/J I fIlrb.C '

I iah fIlM"" I 'l1l.J\h hl1h h9"b ::
11:"1
+J':OD ' +\1,)1 ' rllii
fI"'I6bOOo , b il1i I
.,..,.11 : 1.1Ith
MnOD ' hfl+
J\'I":}h I m-/l.,. 'I"P''I'{) mOOf
Hf thf.flh
"
mA'I"t.t
IIl'1"b{) , hitp/Jo : l./I,h !

1 HBC. l.iJth , m-A 1: , 110 m-
OJJ\,}fI , AlII\bOOo 1 'd-A- I
m-A1: , 1I'd-
b, , ;l'Om-h
ill :
378
--
A S e l ected Bibl iography .

A.
Chaine , Marius .
Schneider, R .
Grammars and Dict ionari es
Grammaire e thiopienne.
Nouvel l e edition .
Beirut :
Imprimerie Catho1ique , 1 9 3 8 .
D i 1 1mann, Augus t .
1865.
Lexicon linguae aethiopicae.
D.
Gui d i , 1 .
2nd ed . enl arged and improved by C .
Bezold, trans l ated by J . A . Crichton .
London : Wi l l i ams and
Gramma tica aethiopica.
Paris : Imprimerie
Cohen, M.
Karlsruhe and Leipzi g : H .
III.
Nachrichten von der k. Gesellscha
Die traditione l le Aussprache des Athiopischen.
Ber
l i n : W . de Gruyt er, 1926 .

"Uber den Akzent im Athiopischen , " ZDMG 28 ( 1 874) , 5 1 5 -
561 .
C.
Ethiopian Semitic: Studies in Classification.
nal of Semitic Studies , Monograph No. 2 .
Jour
Manchester : Manchester
Univers ity Pres s , 1972 .

L es 1 au, Wol f .
" South-east S emit i c : Ethiopic and South Arab i c , " JAOS
7 2 ( 1 943) , 4 - 14 .
"Arab i c Loanwords i n Geez , " Journal of Semitic Studies 3
( 1 958) , 146- 1 6 8 .
"Die athiop i s ch e Sprach e , " Handbuch der OrientaUsti k,
vo l . III: Semitistik (Lei den : E . J . Bri l l , 1 954) , pp . 350- 375 .
Littmann , E .
NOldeke , Th .
The Hague : Mouton , 1 96 5 .
3rd ed .
The Ethiopians : An' Introddtion to Country and Peop le.

Oxford : Oxford Univerity, Pres s , 1 9 7 3 .
E.
" L ehnworter in und aus dem Athiopischen , " Neue Bei trage
zur s emitischen Sprachwissenschaft (Stras sburg, 1 9 10) , pp . 31-6n
Some Sources for Pub l i shed_1exts
The hundreds of pub l i shed Ethiopic texts are s c attered among many
j ournal s , series , and individual book s .
samp ling of some maj or sources .
1.
Boyd , J . 0 . , ed .
Mis ce l l aneous Grammatical and Lexi cal Studies
Hetzron, Rob ert .
An Annotated Bibliography of the Semitic Languages of Ethiopia.
U l 1 endorff, E .
der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen , phi1 . -his .' .K1 as s e , 1 9 1 7 , pp .

672- 702 . III, ibid . , 1 9 1 8 , pp . 3 1 8-339 .
Trumpp , E .
....
2 1 E 1 952) , 44- 6 6 ; 209 - 30 .
c 1ass ique) , " Journal Asiatique ( 19 2 1 ) , 2 1 7 - 269 .
Mittwoch , Eugen .
'.
and North gfrica, pp . 467- 5 2 7 . The Hague : Mouton, 1 97 0 .

Geschichte der athiopischen Literatu Leip zi g , 1909 .
Simon, J . "Bib l iographi e ethiopi enne 1 ( 1 946- 5 1 ) , " OrientaZia n . s .
The Traditional Pronunciation o f Ge ' ez
Ge <ez-Studien
Littmann , E .
"La prononciation traditionel l e du gue ze (ethiopien
Littmann , E .
"Eth iopia and South Arab ia , " in Current Trends in Linguis

tics (ed. T . S ebeok) , Vol . 6: Linguis tics in South Wes t Asia
Reuther, 1 8 8 6 .
B.
Breve s toria de lla letteratura etiopica'- RaIne ;' 1 9 3 2 ,

BibZiography of the Semitic Languages of Ethiopia.
.
national e , 1 9 5 2 .
Praetorius , F .
verbe et de nom et la
Bib l iographies and Surveys
New York : New York Pub l i c Library , 1946 .
Supp lement au Lexicon linguae aethiopicae de A . Dil lmann
et edition du Lex-qe de Jus te d ' Urbin.
Les 1 au, Wol f .
Norgat'e , 1 9 0 7 .
Grebaut , S .
L ' expression des complements
379
place de l ' adjective epithete en gueze. Paris , 1 9 5 9 .

U 1 1 endorff, E . The Semi tic Languages of Ethiopia. A Comparative Pho
no logy . London : Taylor ' s Press , 1955 .
Leipzi g : Weigel ,
Reprinted New York : Ungar, 1955 , and Osnabruck , 1970 .
Ethiopic Grammar.
. .. ..... .
Charles , R . H .
The fo l lowing i.s merely a

..
Bib l i cal and Relat ed
The Octateuch in Ethiopic.
Leiden , 1 9 09 - 1 1 .
The Ethiopic Version of the Book of Enoch .
Oxford,
1 89 3 .
The Ethiopic Version o f the Hebrew Book of Jubi lees .

Oxford, 1 8 9 5 .
D i l 1mann , A .
Biblia Veteris Tes tamenti A ethiopica .
P l at t , T. P .
Novum Tes tamentum Domini nostri et servatoris Jesu
Christi aethiopice.
Leip z i g , 1 8 35-94.
London , 1 8 3 0 .
Wange l Qeddus za- ' Egzi' ena wa-Madxenena ' Iyasus Kerestos wa-ma?aef
tihomu la-awareyatu qeddusan .
Leip z i g , 1 8 9 9 .
Reprinted in
1949 and distributed by the Ameri can Bib l e Society .
381
380
2.
Glossary
Non- Bib lical
Kebra Nagast: Die HerrZiohkeit der Konige . AbhandZungen

der k. Bayerisohen Akademie XXI I I , 1 . Munich, 1909 .
Corpus Soriptorum Christianorum OrientaZium. Scriptores aethiopioi .
Bezo l d , C .
This maj or source contains over sixty volumes devoted to Ethiopic texts .
D i l lmann, A. Chres tomathia aethiopica.
Leip z i g , 1 8 6 6 .
Reprinted
Berl in , 1 9 5 0 .
Paris .
Note should also be taken of the many maj or t exts pub lished by A . E .
Patro Zogia OrientaZis .
The words in the G l05sary are arrange;d , according to consonantal

roots in the fol l owing alphabeti c order :.
, < b d cf. f g h 7;L k Z m n p q r s s ? t t w x y z

By standard convention , words not properly derivab l e' !r6 a ' consonan
tal root ,
such as loanwords and certain proper name,s ;', : afe l isted by
consonant structure alone , with , initial Ci-/cean d Cu /Co

-
CY- and CW- respectively .
' aamas
' Orit
W . Budge .
is alphab etically
"
diyaqon
W
The l abiovelars (k ,
t aken as
Thus ,
"
l,
' am' wrdyy-
W
qW , and x ) are not distinguished in
the alphab etical ordering from their p lain counterparts .

The subj unctive form of all G verb s , when knolffi , is given in
parenthes es :
' abaya G (ye' bay) to refus e

The p lural suffixes -at/-t and -an are to be attached ' directly
to the preceding word .
E . g.
te' mert (pl . -at , ta' amer, -at) is to be read as

te' mert (pl . te'mertat, ta' amer , ta' erat) .
Because some words containlng 4 or have not always been nor
mal i zed in the texts , the reader should rememb er to check each pos si
b i l ity in locating a word .
In his Grammar and Lexioon A . D i l lmann uses a numerical system
for i dentifying the various conj ugational types of verb s .
tem corresponds to ours as fo l lows :
1
II
CG
CD
CL
III
Gt
Dt
Lt/Glt
IV
CGt
CDt
CLt/CGlt
designates N verbs (see 5 0 . 3)
Thus 1 1 , 2 des i gnates a CD verb ; 1 1 1 , 1 a Gt verb , e t c .
That sys
382
383
-'a suffix denoting direct quotation .
It i s added to the first few
words of a quotation and to the last , or, more rarely, to every

s ingle word of the text .
' abu- , acc . ' aba- ; p l . ' abaw) father ; fore

father , ancestor; beta ' ab famil y .
' abba an honorific t i t l e applied to venerated men of any station i n
' ab (w . pron . suff. :
rel igious l ife .
' abda G (ye' badJ to be mad , to rage . CG ' a' bada caus .
CGt ' asta' bada
to regard as or treat as a foo l ; to despis e , ridicul e .
' abd ( f .
' abedd; p l . ' abd2in , ' abdat) foo l i s h , stupid, ignorant , imprudent ;
mad, insane; n . foo l . ' ebud idem .
' abat (p l . -at) l imb o r member o f the body; body, self, person .
' ebn (p l . ' eban, ' a' ban) m . f . stone . ' ebna barad hai lstone ( s ) .
' abbasa D to commit a crime or s in (against : ta < ta, la-) . ' ebbus
wicked, criminal .
(pl .
' abbasi
ma'abbes sinner , criminal .
' abbasa
t ) sin, crime , gui l t .
' abaya G (ye' bayJ to refus e , be unwi l l ing (to do :
inf . ) ; to spurn ,
disobey, say no to (a . d . o . ) .
' ed ( w . pron . suff . :
' ede- ; p l . ' edaw) f . m . hand; diba ' edawa
through the agency o f .
' adg ( f . ' adegt ; p I . ' a' dug) ass .

' admas the hardest substance (Gk . adamas ) .
' addama D to p l ease (someone : o . s . ) . CDt ' asta' addama to be p leased
with ( a . d . o . ) , to find p l easing, pl eas ant . ' addam p l easing ,
p leasant .
ma' addem idem .
' adim l eather .

' adawa G to sweep . ' edew s\ept . ' edaw sweepings , refuse .
' af (w . pron . suff . ' afu- , acc . ' aj'a- ; p I . ' afaw) mouth .
' af' a/' af' a adv . outside, on or to the outside; ' af' a ' em- prep . on
or to the outside o f .
' af 'ot vipers .

'Afrenj the Romans .
' efo interro g . adv . how?
in what way?
f . idem.
' ahatta adv . once , .one t ime .
' ehud the first day of the
.week .or month .
' .
' akala G (ye' ka l/ye' ke l) to be suffici ent for , .to s.atis fy ( o . s . or
la- ) ; to be approximately. CG ' a'. ka la Gt ta' akta to be sati s
fi ed, have enough . . ' ekut suffi cien t , enough . ma' kala prep
. (w .
pron . suff . : ma' kale- , but see 1 0 . 1) among , in the midst o

f ; ba
ma' kala idem; ' em-ma' kala from among .
' akal (p l . -at) body, l imb s , statur e ; substanc e , hyposta sis , p erson
.
lehqa ba-' akalu he reached maturity .
W
' a' k ata CG to prai s e . Gt ta' akWta p as s . " ekut praised, lauded .
W
' a' k ati one who renders prai s e or thanks . ' a' kWatet prai s e ,
=
glory, thanksgiv in g .
. ... :: .. .
' akko neg . no , not , it. . is not ( s e e . 29 . 3) . .
' akya G (ye' kay) to. b e evi l , bad , wicked . CG ' a' kaya t o make (some
thing : a . d . o . ) bad ; to act badly (toward : la <la/diba) . ' e kuy (f.
' ekit) evi l , bad, wicked . ' ekay Ip.1 .---at) evi l', wickednes s .
' ekit n . idem; ba-' eki t direly, witnout pity .
' a lbo neg . of bo : there is/ are not (see 28 . 2 , 3 , S) .
'alad a coin .
' elf (pI . ' a' lllf) myri ad, ten thousand .
number .
te' lefi t , me' lefit a vast
' alla conj . but , rather; except , un les s .

' el la reI . pron . c . p l . ( 2S . l ) ; ' e lla mannu pl . of mannu .
' e lla dem o pron . f . p l . these ; ' e l lu idem m . p l . the s e .
' e llantu (acc . ' e l lanta) dem o pron . f . p l . these; ' e l lontu (ac c .
' e l lonta) idem m . p l .
' ale la- exclam . : Woe unto
' em-/' emenna prep . (w. pron . suf f . ' emenne- ) from . ' emze adv . then,
next , thereupon . ' em-kama conj . as soon as . ' emza conj . when .
why?
' em- conditional partic l e .
' agada l arge bone of the leg; tibia, shin-bone .
' egale inde f . pron . /adj . a certain (person) , such - and- such (a person) .
' egw2i l (p I . -at) ca l l . and sing . : the young of any animal or fowl ,
including humans ; ' egWa la ' emma-eyaw mankind,
' egr (pI . ' egar , " a' gar) f , m . foot ;' ' egra if.a;ay ray of sunl ight ;
westa/xaba ' egara at the feet of; ba-' egr on foot .
' Egzi' aber God .
' aadu (acc . ' adaJ m. one , a certain (one) ; ' aatti (acc . ' aatta)
man .
' em-
See S l . 1 , 2 .
' em- conj . either . . . or .
' ama ( 1 ) prep . at the time of (see 2 S . 2 ) ; ( 2 ) conj . "hen; ( 3 ) reI .

adv . when .
' ame hi'i adv . at that time, then , next ;
that t ime onward .
' em-' ameha from
384
385
' emma, Za-' emma conj . if.

hi either . . . o r .
' emma-hi . . .
' emma-bo kama perhaps .
'
emma-
' emma-' akko adv . otherwis e , if that were not so.
' emm (p l . -at) mother; ' emma-eyaw the mother of the l iving (Eve) .
' emmat (pl . -at) cubit ; forearm .
' amna G (ye'man) to be true ; to believe (a . d . o . or Za- , esp . with
persons ) ; to believe in (ba- ) , have faith in .
Gt ta' amna/ta' amana
to be believed; to beli eve in (a . d . o . or ba- ) ; to confess (sins :

CG ' a' mana to convert (a . d . o . , in
a . d . o . ) ; to be confident , sure .
religious s ense) ; to profes s , assert , confirm as a fact .
' emun
faithful , trustworthy, tru e ; ' emuna adv . truly , in truth .

' emnat faith, belief .
one who believes ; adj . faithful .

idem .
' amani
' amin
' aman t ruth ; as adj . (read ? ' amman ) true , faithfu l ; ' amana,
ba-' aman adv . truly, in truth .
ma' man , me'man, ma'men ( f . -t)
adj . faithful , believing; true , trustworthy ; n. a believer .
' a' mara CG to know, understand , comprehend, real i z e , l e arn . . Gt

ta' amra p as s . D ' ammara to t el l , show, indicat e , make known
(somethin g : a . d . o . ; to : o . s . ) . Dt ta' ammara pass . of D ; to give a
CD ' a' ammara
s i gn , to s i gna l .
D.
' emmur known , recogni z ed .
' a' mero know l edge ; ' i-ya' mero ignorance .
ma'mer ski l l ed, knowing ;
te' mert (pl . -at , ta' amer , -at) m . f . sign , omen;
n . soothsaye r .
miracl e .
' amir m . f . day .
Only i n fixed expressions : ' em-/' eska we' etu/ye' e ti
' amir from/until that day (past or future) ; we' eta/ye' eta ' amira
W
on that day ; k e ZZo ' amira a l l day , every day .
' emantu pron . f . p l . they; ' emuntu idem m . p l . they .
' ammexa D to greet , p ay respect to .
other, to k i s s (in greeting) .
Glt ta' amexa to greet one an
' ammexa a greeting, k i s s ; a gift
offered out of respect .
.....
ta' ansasa Qt to become l ike a brut e animal . ' ensesQ: animal s ,

beasts ,
catt l e . ' ensesawi adj ; animal , bestial ."
..
L"":--
' anta pron . you (m. s . ) ; ' anti idem (f. s .') ; ' ahtemu idem (m . p l . ) ;
' anten i dem ( f . pl . ) .
' enta ( 1 ) re I . pron . f . s . (or poetic for m . s . ) , s ee ZS . I ; (2) prep .

via, by way o f .
' enza conj . whil e , when , as ; s e e 31 . 2 , 32 . 3 .
' araft (pl . ' ararat) m . f. wal l , I? artition .
' aragay ( f . - t , ' aragi t ; p I . ' a' rug) old person . ' aragawi ( f . -t)
idem.
, arami (col l . ) pagans , heathens ,
non-Chri stians . " aramawi adj . , idem
' arara G- (ye' rer/ye' rar) . to harvest . ma'rar harv .
' araray a style of church singing for certain feast -days and happy
o ccas i ons . .
' arwe (pl . ' arawi t) m . f. animal , wild beas t ; ' arwe medr snake , s er
pent .
' araya G (ye' ri) to pick, gather, pluck up/ ut .
?
' aafareda (pl . -t) basket .
-.
' asatya m . f . i c e , hail , snow, frost .

' eska prep . up to , unti l , as far as ; conj . until ; to the extent that ,
with the result that ; ' eska soba conj . idem .
clause) .
' em-we' e tu ' eama an examp l e of this is . . . .
' asara G (ye' aer) to tie up , bind ( a . d . o . ) ; to tie s omething (a . d . o . ;
' anbapa (p l . ' anabep) locust ( s ) .

' enbaZa, za-' enbaZa (w. pron . suff . : ' enbaZe-) prep . without , except
' enbeya interj . No .
' eama conj . ( 1 ) because , since , for; ( 2 ) that , the fact that (+ n .
, amekaZa a thorny p l ant .

, ana pron . I .
for, excep ting.
guest .
' enka , ' enkemu part . s o , then, therefor e (see .. .4 ;)o .

' anqa?/' anqa1 (pl . ' anaqe? ) m: f . gate (of city, t emp l e , or other
large s tructure) .
' anest (p I . of be' sit) women ; ' anestiya (co I L ) the women , the women
fo l k .
S ee 2 8 . 5 .
to : ba-/westa) .
stricted .
' esur bound , tied , captive , re
Gt ta' asra p as s .
' esrat n. binding, tying.
ma' sar, ma' ser , ma' sart (pl .
ma' aser , -t) m . f . bond, fetter; vow .
I refuse .
, asareyon a smal l coin .
(Gk . assarion) .
' anada m . skin , hide , leather; ab Za ' anada thong .
' essat m. f . fire .
' enga part . used esp . in questions to mark an inference from a pre
' atata G (ye' tet) to go away , be removed . CG ' a' tata to remove , take
Gt ta' atata
away.
G or pass . of CG . ' e tut reDt ta' attata
mote , distant .
ceding statement , often with a nuance of doubt (see 5 l . 4d) .
ta' angada Qt to be a s tranger/gues t .
' engeda (p l . ' anaged) stranger,
'*"4'
387
386
te' zaz ' (pl . -at;) f . m . command , order; edict , law,

.
commandment ; ba-te' zaza at the command o f .
commanded by .
' atawa G (ye' tu/ye' taw) to go home; to depart (for home) . CG ' a' tawa
to send home , l e t go home ; to bring home/indoors . ' e"f;wat/' etot n .
return (home) ; return, yi eld (of crops) .
me' taw home , p l ace to
- ..
which one returns ; act of returning .
ma 'bal/ma 'bel (pl . -t) m . f . wave , flood .

'Ebrawiycm the Hebrews .
'abbaFa D to comp e l , force , coerce .
'abya G (ye 'bay) to be big , " l arge , great , important .
, eton (p 1 . -Zit) furnac e , oven .

' aw conj . or.
' 0-
voc . part .
O!
Oh !
Usually prefixed, as in 'o-negus , but with
, Egzi' it is regularly suffixed :

press wonder or gri e f .
' Egzi' o
0 Lord !
It may also ex
' ewwa adv . surely, indeed, even; yes .

' oha exclam. of assent : Very wel l , I wil l (do so) .
' Grit the Mosaic Law, the P entateuch .
' exw (acc . ' exwa or ' exwa ; w . pron . suff . : ' exu- , acc . ' exwa_ or
, exwa- ; p l . ' =aw) brother .
, ext (pl . ' =at) s i ster .
' axaza G (ye' xaz/ya' =az 39 . l) to s e i z e , grasp , hol d ( a . d . o . or ba-);
to take captiVe ; to pos s es s , contro l , occupy; to begin (to do :
subj . : kama) .
a . d . o . ) hel d .
Gt ta' exza pas s .
CG ' a' xaza to order (someone : '
G l t ta' Qxaza t o b e involved i n a bat t l e o r s imi l ar
activity (with : mesla) .
' exuz captive , h e l d ; pos s e s s ed by ( e . g .

' exuza ' aganent) ; j oined, continuous . ' =azi owner , pos s es s o r ;
master, lord . ' =az/' Qxz m . fist .
' i- . ne g . not (prefixed direct ly to el ement negated) .
' epis qopos (p l . -at) b ishop .
liqa ' eris qoposat archbishop .

' iyor , ' ayar (pl . -Zit) air , atmosphere (Gk . aer) .
' ayte interr . adv . where? ba-' ayte idem . ' em-' ayte whence? from
where?
' Ityopya E thiop i a .

' ayx the De luge .
' ayy (pl . -at) interr . adj . which?
' azab , ' azah, ' ezob hyssop , mint .
' ezn (p I . ' ezan , ' a' zan) f . ear . ma' zen (t) , ma' zan (t) (p I . ma' azen)
corner .
' azeb the sout h .

' azzaza D to order, command (someone : 0 . 5 . ; to do : subj . ) . Dt .
ta' azzaza p as s . ; to obey ( s omeon e : la- ) . ' ezzuz commanded ,
' ezzuz we' etu kama + subj . : i t has
been commanded that . . . ; ba-kama ' ezzuz ba-xaba . . . as has been
ordered ( o f person or thing) ;
make great , increas e , augment ; to extO l , exalt .

be boastful , arrogant .
'abiy (f. 'abay ; p l . 'abayt) big, great ,
l arge , importan t ; ba- 'abiy qa l in a loud voice .

. boas t ful , ins o lent , haughty .
magn i ficence , maj esty .
CG ' a 'baya to
Dt ta 'abbaya to
'ebbuy arrogant ,
'ebay (p I . -at) greatness , s i ze ;
te 'bit arrogance , ins o l ence .
'ed (p I . -aw) col I . men , mal e s ; the menfolk (of a given commun i ty) ;
a l so used as the p l . of be' si .
'Zidi adv . sti l l , yet , again, moreovr, s t i l l more . With pron . suff .
'
to s t i l l b e , as In "l enza ;adif7.a zeyya h i l e we- are .s ti l l here ;
'
'adiya J:!eyaw I am s t i l l alive . With fol r. ' ii:e-"wo ;d:" o;;,- a5 in
=
'adi xamus five days more .
'edew (pI . -an) enemy .

. ..._-:,..-'adawa G (ye 'du/ye 'daw) to cross ( a . d . o . or acc . o i goal or prep';
phrase) . Gt ta 'adawa to transgre s s (a law : ' em- ; against a person:
lZi < la) ; also
G . CG ' a 'dawa t o bring/ l ead/t ake across . ma <dot
(pI . ma <adew) the opposite side (of river, mountain et c. . ) ; ma <dota
=
prep . across , to the oppos i te s ide of, beyond .

debt , guilt .
See 43 . l ( e).
<edZi
<eq. (p I . -aw) m . f . t re e ; grove , woods ; wood (mat erial ) ; a club .

'a<j.ada G (ye <ed) to harvest . G t ta <a1da pas s . <acpidi harvester .
ma 'q.ad s i ckl e .
'aifm (p I . ' a <q.emt) bone .
ta 'aq.awa to cast lots . 'ecpi a lot . 'eq.q.awe/ 'uq:awe n . casting lots .
<a<j.aya/ <aq.ya G to putrify, get wormy . <eifE (p I . -yat , <eq.ayat) worm,
caterp i l l e r .
<efrat unguent , ointment .

ta <aggala D t to cheat , defraud ; t o oppre s s , treat unj ust l y ,
te <ge lt fraud , defrauding , robbing ; inj ury , damage .
ta 'aggasa Dt
nence .
rob .
to be p a t i ent , persever e ; to pract i c e res t raint , ab s t i
C D t ' asta 'aggasa caus . o f Dt ; to bear p ati.ent l y .
ta <aggasi
388
te 'gest temperance, continence, patience ,
patient , perseverin g .
to lerance .
masta 'agges temperant , patient , long-sufferin g .
'alam (p l . -at) m . f. world, this world, the s e cular world ; the uni
vers e , a l l creation ; eternity; a l l time p as t , present , and future .

la- ',Ham forever .
' eska la- calam, la- 'alama c1i.lam idem.
'alamawi
( f . -t) adj . wor l dly, of this worl d .

'alawa G (ye 'lu) t o pervert ; t o act pervers ely, t o transgress ( l aws
e tc . ) ; to be rebel lious , evi l , refractory, apostate , heretical .

CG ' a c lawa c aus . ; to trans late ( from 'one l anguage into another) ;
to copy or trans cribe . ceZew (f. 'eZut) crooked, perverse , evi l ;
rebel lious , heretical .
'eZwat disaster; p erversity, heresy, apo s
t acy; copy , trans cription .
calawi wicked, p ervers e ; infide l ,
'amat (pl . camatat) f . m . year; la- la- camu adv . yearly , every
'a <qafa to impede , pres ent an obstac l e to (o . s . ).-: , ceqeft (p I .

' a cqala C G to co l l ect water in . a basin o r res ervoir .
'amd (p l . ' a cmad) column , p i l l ar .
c amma D t o sin , act unj ustly o r wickedly; t o harm, injure .
unj ust , wi cked, criminal .

ma 'ammed.
Caqqama D to define , s et l imi ts to .
c aqm (or Caqqem) ' measure , degree,
caqma werz awe maturity, manhood .
determined .
'emuq deep .
CG ' a 'maqa to make deep , to
cemaq depth .
'eqqame det ermina tion , de finit-ion ; .
'araba/ 'arba (ye C rab/ye C reb) to s et (of heavenly bodies ) .

to
cause to set .
rarb <elat idem .
ranzara Q t o pipe , p l ay a mus ical instrument .
s trument of any sort .
ma 'meq (pl . ma rameq)
renzira a musi cal in
ma ranzer musi ci an , piper, flute-p layer .
caqaba G (ye rqab) to guard , keep watch on ; to take care o f , preserve ,
keep s afe ; to observe , keep (e . g . the law) .
Gt ta raqaba p as s . of
G; to guard one ' s s e l f (against : ' emenna or o . s . ) .
CG ' a rqaba to
hand (a. d . o . ) over to ( someone : o . s . or xaba) for safekeeping .

<equb ( 1 ) under guard, in custody; ( 2 ) set as i de , res erved (for :
la-) ;
<arb Friday ; re lata <arb ,
re rbat n . settin g .
'arabi western; Arabian .
me r rab the west ; me < raba qaay idem .
' a 'rafa CG ( 1 ) intrans . : to re's t , ' find rest , come to res't ; "t'o" dle'; (2) trans . : to give rest (to : o . s . ; from : ' emenna) .
me r ra! (pl . -at) a quiet p l ac " resting-p l ace ; one ' s final
'
resting-p lace; a measure of length ; a s't ad e; h apter of.. a, book .
'
'arga G (ye rreg/ye rrag) to !is cend, come/go up , c imb:' f'C G ',ex r:.aga to
<-
'e rgat as cent ,
ma 'reg (p I . ma 'areg, -at) m . f .
(pl ace of) ascent ; grade , degre e ,
l eve l , c l as s ; stairs , l adde r .
me 'rag idem.
'ark (f.
'al'ek t ; p I . 'a 'rekt,
'a rqa/ 'araqa to be naked , empty; to be orphaned .
CG ' a r raqa to strip
'arkan/ 'arkat) friend .
bare ; to empty out .
Gt ta ' arqa to be stripped, denuded, emptied .
'e ruq naked, empty .
'e raq (appositional pron . suff . ob li gatory)
naked, empty, alone .
'e rqan nakednes s ; shame (the s exual parts ) .
Carat (pl . -at) bed .

'array a D (rarely G 'araya, ye c ri) to be l eve l , smooth ; to be equal
(to : la-, mes la , kama) ; to make equal , l eve l ; to share (a . d . o . )

mes la) .
one in charge of the win e ; Caqabe re' s/sega body-guard; caqabe
Za-, mes Za) , the s ame (as ) ; 'erZ'Uya
nabi b speaker, spokesman ;

doctor, physi ci an .
'aqabe gannat gardener ; 'aqabe s e ray
'eqbat n . guardin g , observing, keeping;
ma cqab (p I . ma 'aqeb , -t) guard ,
be
re ru! adj .
<e raft (pl . -at) f . m . rest , peace , quiet ;
(3) cautious , guarded ; c eqebt (pl . <equbat) concubine , harem

woman . Caqabi (p l . 'aqabt) guard ; Caqabe a?ada) wayn vintner,
to
CG ' a 'l'aba
< arab wes t ; Arab i
ta 'araka Glt to become friends (with) .
<anbari \hal e .
ta 'aqfa
Ceqqum l imi ted, defined,
bring/ l e ad/take up ; to offer up ( a s acrifi ce) .
the deep , abys s .
v i gi l .
- Caqm ' moder
extent; moderatio n ; end, comp letion, maturation ;

ately.
as cension; assumption (into heaven) ; e l eation (of, the Host) .
<ammadi.
.
<amaqa G (ye 'meq/y e 'maq) to be deep .
penetrate deep l y .
camma4i
'amma inj ustice , wickedness .
me rqal (pl .
-at) basin, reservo i r .
death.
' am Cam mud, s l ime .
maCqaf/ma Cqef idem .
-at) impedimen t , obstacl e , hindrance .
restin g , stil l ; dead .
year .
389
.. ...
'arabawi idem .
hereti cal .
'am,
hindered ,
imp e ded ;
gua r d - p o s t
to stumb l e ,
knock
against .
w at ch ,
equal ly.
the
s ame
C D ' a Ca rraya t o make (s omething : a . d . o . ) equal (to :

Dt ta'arraya p as s . of C D .
extent .
casaba G (ye CsebJ
'e rrit) equal (to:
ba- <erruy adv . equally, to
<erl'eyenna/ 'el'l'inna equality.

c ara z (or
'arraza D to prepare or furnish clothing .

-at) clothing ,
CG
c e rZ'Uy ( fern .
'arraz) (pl .
vestment s .
to hire for wage s .
'asb
wages ,
hire , p ay ,
reward .
1
3 I
390
<assab hireling, m rc n lry .
<asaya G (ye <si) to repay .

r eset payment , reward .
rasa (p I . -t) fis h .
<asru (ac e . idem) f . t en .
-t) adj . t enth .
un
fnml l i
repai d , accept p ayment .
'aoar tu (
ee.
rasarta ) m . t en .
( f . - t) idem .
raser ( f .
raseriiy ( f . rasent) idem.
rassara D to cal l a meeting; to invite (a . d . o . ) . Dt ta rassara p as s .

<asur/ rassur feast , banquet .
<a?aba/ ca?ba G (ye <?eb/ye c?ab) t o b e hard, harsh , difficult (for : o .
+
Cora G (y. r ur)
be b l ind .
CG ' a rora to .blind .
ce?ub harsh, diffi cul t , onerous ; diffi cul t
inf. ) ; ba- ce?ub , ' em- < e?ub adv . with diffi cult y .
ta rayen) army , ho s t ; camp , encampmen t ; tent ( s ) ; gatherg ; congre

gation.
r ezl a mode of church s inging used during Lent and for funerals and
certain feast-days .
razaqt (pl . -at, razaqat) f . m . wel l , c i s t ern .

B
<a?ad (pl . ' a r?ad, -at) m . f . any circumscribed area : courtyard ,

atrium; pen , s t al l ; fie l d , farm; vi l l age ; <a?ada wayn vine a:Td .
<a?f (p I . -at , ' a c?eft) m . tuni c , cloak , mantl e .

raawa/ raa (ye r?ew) to c l o s e , shut , lock , b o l t . Gt ta 'a?wa pass .
<e?ew locked, c l os e d , bol t e d . ra?awi doorkeepe r . ma <?o (pl .
ma ca1;lut) door , gat e ; l o ck , 'b o l t .
re t incens e .
cawd (p l . ' a "Wad) en
virons , neighborhood , vicinity; area in general ; a court of l aw ; a

circuit , period of time ; threshing-fl oor .
Wi th pron . suff . : 28 . 1 .
Express ing .existence : 28 . 3.
cawda prep . around,
surrounding (suffixes added as to an acc . noun) .
:
... ._=: .. .' :;: __ . .. .
ba' enta (w. pron . suff . ; ba' enti' a-) prep . about , concerning; because
of, on account of; for the s ak e o f .
thus , therefore .
ba' enta ment why?
ba' enta-ze
ba' enta za- becaus e .
ba rada G to change , alter .
be' s{t (pI . ' anest) woman ,
Gt taba rada
G l t tabii rada to move away ,
emigrate ; to be change d , altered, a l i en , unfami l iar .

ferent, al i en , s trange .
strange , alien .
be rud dif
ba red (f. ba <edd) other, different ;
be rdenna change , di fferenc e .
be r la G (yeb ralJ t o be rich , wealthy .
CG ' ab rala t o make rich .
be rul (f.
be reU) rich , wealthy .
weal thy .
ba r l (f. ba reZt; p I . ' ab reZt) owner, possessor, master .
ba r ra Z i dem .
ba re Z ( f . - t ; p I . ' ab re Zt) rich,
ba riil (pl . -at) m . f . feas t , festival ; gabra ba raZa
o hold/c lebrate a festival ; ba riil teke Zt a fixed festival ; ba ral
cof (pI . ' a cwaf) bird ; fow l .

rewal young o f an animal , esp . the foal o f an as s .
'f
com (p I . ' a "Wiim, -at) tree ( s ) , dens e grove , woods .
t.k. Z t n movab le festiva l .
badh,d(!
coqa G (ye <uq) to beware o f , t ake care for , be cautious of ( l a 'l a ,
Za- , or acc . ) ; esp . common in the imperative with a neg . su j unc

t ive : take care not t o , b e careful not to ( Cuq kama ' i . . . J . CG
' a roqa to make known , show ( a . d . o . ; to : o . s . ) .
bo
wife .
cudat circ l e , ci rcuit ,
cawadi mes s enger, heral d , preacher .
E xpressing possession : 28 . 2 .
be' si (pI . sab' ) man , husband, person .
ma Cpant (p l .
roda G (ye Cud) trans . : to go around, surround; to avo i d , circumvent

( a . d . o . ) ; intrans . : to go around, circul a t e , tour . CG ' a coda to
lead/take around , cause to circulate .
ba- prep . in , into ; by , with (o f agent) .

za- as inde f . pron ; : 2 8 . 4 .
ra?q (p I . ' a r?Uq , --at) m . f . branch, palm-branch .
catana G (ye cten) to burn incen s e .

ma rapen) cen s e r , thuribl e .
r ewU!' b l ind .
rawyawa Q to wai l in mourning . c awyiit n . wai l in g .

tarayyana D t to s e t up camp , to camp ; with Za r Za : to bes ieg . rayn
(pI . ' a ryent) f. eye ; sab' a <ayn spi es , scout s .
teryent (p I . -at ,
re?ab , ra?iib harshnes s , di ffi culty; need, want .
orbi t .
D t tacawwara to
rurat b l indne s s .
rasU!' the tenth day (of the month) ; ten days . rasr/ <esr f . ten ;
resra adv . t en times . resra twenty. <aserat a tenth , t i the .
(to do : la-
w l l - known .
negl CL , overlook , let pass unnot i ced; t o despi s e .
riiB6rawi
s . ) ; to be necess ary .
r,
Gt ta rawqa to be
noticed, pel ceived , recogn i z ed ; to be made known , reveal e d .
'Qww/
(p l .
/ ' (, III
die .
' abdni )
be rl wealth, riches .
bedbed p l ague , fatal i l lnes s .

III.
corpse .
/' 11, 1/',1 r, (1/ bd '1") to hurry , precede , arrive

II ,.
I,.
t ,
first .
CG ' abdara to
choo e , s e l e c t , favor ; with fo l l . inf . : to do something
, I y, w I l l ingly, with undivided attention .
Gt tabadY'a pass . of
[ , I t taMdazoa t o compete with (in running) , t o race .
badr
392
393
(pro fess ional ) .
contest , race .
badwa G to be desert , wasteland.
CG ' abdawa caus .
badw , bada des er4
erator, pro tector .
wasteland, uncultivated area.
ba4 <a/ba? <a G (yeb4a <) to vow .
CG ' ab4e <a to make or declare blesse
be4u </be?u < fortunate ,
to obtain a vow; to become happy, blessed.

b l e s s ed; vowed, dedicated.
b l e s s ed .
beq <at vow .
be qu <awi ' beat i fi c ,
beq <an beatifi cation, bless edness .
bag < (pl o ' abage < ) sheep .

behIa G (imperf . yebe l , subj . yebal; speci al preterite yebe - I ; see
3 9 . 2 ) to s ay , speak ; to cal l (someone : o . s . ; something: a . d . o . ) .
Gt tabehIa to be spoken , s ai d ; to be mentioned, named , spoken o f .
Glt tabahala to speak (debate , discus s , argue) with o n e another
(mesIa, babaynat- , acc . ) .

behma G (yebham) to be mut e .
bahham mut e .
behmat mutenes s .
ba/baa (w. or without pron . suff . of the 2nd p ers . ) exc l am . Greet
ings l
baa beZa to greet .
be' a G to ferment (intrans . ) .

tabe' a
G.
baIera L to res cue , save , l iberate .
CG ' abQe' a to ferment (trans . ) .
beru' fermented ; leaven, yeast .
Gt
bei' vinegar .
Lt tabaZera p s s .
baZahi lib-
mabaZZat (pl o -at) widow , wi dowhood ; nun .

baZas/baZasa (p l . -t, ' ab Zas) fig (s ) , fig-tre e .
baZya G (yebZi) t o be O l d , worn out , ecrepit , obso let e . , C G '
ablaya
caus . ,be luy (f. be Ut) o l d , et c . ; ljegg BeUt the O l d Tstamen
t.
baZayi o l d , wearing out .
ba Ixa G (yebIax) to be sharp . CG ' ab Zexa to sharp en . baZix sharp
.
beZx sharp point or edge .
baqW <a G (yebqWa <) to be useful , of benefit , profitab l e , SUitab l e
,
appropria te ( t o a person : o . s . or Ia-) ; beqWe <ani, P l eas
e . CGt
'
, as tabqWe <a to p l ead , beseech, praY (with, t o : 0 . 5 . ) . baqWe <
useful , benefic ial . baqWa <i idem; als o : ,benefac tor . baqw 'et use
,
usefulnes s ; baqW < idem.
.'
w "
baq aaIbaqWZa G (yebqwe, Z/ye.bqW aZ) to sprout, grow . , CG ' abqWaZa
aus . baqW Z (pI -at) plflTlt : .'herb . e:f;et: tiC:) ;
a > te -palm.
.
her r (pl . .J abpQ: t") reed arm o f -a cande i b;um .
.
-
;: :2QaQ ii a
','
beer (p l . ba?awert) m . region , province , district .
barbara Q to p i l l age , s bai'bar -barbar ians , plunder

ers .
:
barad m. hai l .
ba (pl . ' abQert) f . m. sea, o cean .
barha G (yebrah) to shin e , be bright , be light .
be' at fermentation .
baey (p l . -at) pearl .
batit- adj . /adv . alone, s o l e , only; used appo s i tional ly, always with
a pron . suff . , e . g . ' ana baQtiteya I alon e ; rakabkewwo batito I
found him alone ( o r : him only) .
' enta bartit- by one ' s s e l f ,
alone; e . g . nabara ' enta batitu he s at by hims e l f .

but , however .
bartu adv .
May occur first in the claus e as wa-batu or be
placed after the first main e l ement of the claus e , esp . i f this i s
an
e l ement preposed for emphasis .
betew adj . alone, sol i
tabatawa Qt to take up a l ife of solitude .

tary .
baQtawi anchorite, one who l ives i n solitude .
betewenna
anchori tism.
w
tabak ra Gt to b e the firstborn ; to give birth for the first time .
w
bak r firstborn ; the usual construction of this word is with a
w
pronominal suffi x , as in wa Z da za-bak ra her firstborn son ( l i t .
w
her son which was her firstborn) . bek renna status of firstborn .
bakaya G (yebki) to weep , mourn (ove r : diba , Za < Za , ba' enta) .
tabakaya to weep together , mourn mutually .
tears .
bekay m. weeping , l amentation .
G lt
CG ' abkaya to move to
mabkey mourner
CG ' abreha to i l lu
minat e , cause to b e bright ; to emit light . beruh bright , shining;
,
cheerful , happy . berhan (pl . -at) m. light ( l i t . and fig . ) .
berhanawi ( f . -t) of o r pertainin g to l i ght , esp . in hea.venly or
spiritual sens e .
' astabraka CGt t o knee l : berk (pl . j abrak) knee .

baraka L to bless (a. d'. o . or la <Za) . Lt tabaraka pass . buruk ( f .
burekt) blessed; fortun ate, happy; excel lent, outstandin g.
barakat (pl . -at) m . f . blessing . burake (pl . -yat) idem.
beraZe/biraZe beryl , crystal ; alabaster ves sel . '
baraqa G (yebreq) to lightning, flash l ike lightning.

caus . mabraq (p l . mabareqt) m . lightning .
CG ' abraqa
berur (pl . -at) m. silver .

bert m. copper .
tabaraya Glt to fo l low success ively, to do by turns .
' ebret alt erna

tion, success ive turn (s ) ; round or tour of duty or offi ce . ba
' e bre ta during the admin i s trat i on o f ; ba-ba-' ebre tomu each in h i s
own turn .
9..2
394
395
besrat/besserat good news , gosp'e l .

ba G (yeba) to arrive ; to happen (to : O . s . or Za <Za , diba) .
' ab?e caus .
j udge .
CG
G l t tabaea t o bring ( s omeon e : a . d . o . ) before a
.chre .
Gt tabatka to break (intrans . ) .
betkat fractur e , rupture , breakin g .
batr (p l . ' abter) s t aff , branch .
vited (into , among : acc . ) .
ba' at
(p l . -at) entry, entran c e ,
muba' /mebwa' (pl . -at) p lace of
entering; cave , l ai r , den, c e l l .
maba' (pl . -at) offerin g .
entry; act o f entering .
' abe C G to a l l ow , permit (o . s . of person + subj . o f verb) .

tabawa pass . ; to have power over ( Za < Za, diba, ba-) .
astabaw t o ask for permi s s i on .
( Za- : someone) t o do (subj . ) .
CGt
be Za- i t is permitted for

CD ' abayyana to make
ba-baynati- (pron . suff . required) prep . amon g ,
between (used mainly with verbs denoting r eciprocal act ivity .
See
Vo c . 24)
bayya a D to s eparate , dis tinguis h , discern . Glt tabaya?a to be come

companions . bi? ( sing . or co l I . ; p l . ' abya?) friend , comrade ,
companion; neighbor; s ingle individual .
s e l f ; to be redeemed .
mabezawi idem .
bazxa G (yebzax) to be many, much, numerous , abundant .
CG ' abzexa t o
multiply, make numerous ; t o produce a l o t o f , have a l o t o f .
bezux ( f . bezext) many , much , numerous , abundant .

l arge number or amount .
bezx mul t i tude ,
mabzext maj or part , maj ority; most o f ;
mabzexto adv . often , frequen t l y .
' adkama caus .
dekum
(f. dekemt) ti red , etc .
CG
dekam wearines s ,
infirmit y , weakne s s .
deZeqZeq vio l ent motion , s t orm, temp e s t ; earthquake .

daZawa G (yedZu) to weigh ( a . d . o . ; out to : o . s . ) ; to be useful , sui t
abl e , proper , correct ( for someone : O . S , ; to do something : subj . :
kama) .
CG ' adZawa to, p.l ease , . s ati.;sfy (someone : a . d . o . or Za- ) ; to

r __
.
: . ... . .#.
,"
'Dt 'tadaZlgu;a t o' prepare OIle ' s s e l f ,

,
g e t ready; to l ive in luxury . CDt ' astcida'Uawa t prepare. ,. make
ready (trans . ) . CGlt ' astadaZawa idem . deZew ( f . de Zut) adj. .

adulat e , falffl over; fl atter ,
.,
worthy (to d o : subj , ) , desJ

rvin g ; ,proper ; weighed... '''''' Zwat weight ,
worthines s , propriety . madZew (pI . -an) hypocrite',' fawner ; an
unj ust offi cial or j udge . . madaZew (p l . ) s cales , balance .
tadZa
dam (p l . -at) m . f . blood .

dam G (yedme/yedma4) to sound .
CG ' adma?a caus .
demd soun d ,
noise .
' admama CG (rare) t o astonis h , s tupi fy .

be astoni shed, amazed, s tup i fi ed .
G t tadamma
D t tadammama to
madmem marvelous , astonishing ;
n . miracl e , marve l .
dammana 0 to c l oud over , obscure ; to become c l oudy .

demmun cloudy.
CO ' adammana
dammana. (p l . -t) m . f . c l oud ( s) .
damanmin
rather cloudy.
adv . j us t , mere l y , only ; furthermore , moreover ; rather, but ,
on the contrary .
tadbab roof , top , summit , pinnac l e .
dakma (yedkem/yedkam) to be t ired, weary, weak , feeb l e , i l l .
idem.
o
da' emu
. . ..
ence .
Qt tabezawa to redeem for one's
beza ransom; as prep . : in exchange for .
bezawi redeeme r , s avior .
....
preparation ; propriety, appropri atenes s , worthiness ; luxury , afflu-
bet (pl . ' abyat) m . f . hous e ; room; s heath .

CQ ' abezawa caus .
daara G (yedQar) to divorce, repudiate .
' adZaq Zaqa Q to shake , quke , tremb le ; also caus . of the same .
Gt
mabat power, authority, permi s sion.
bayyana D to di s c e rn , distinguis h , make out .
bezawa Q to redeem .
dagama G (yedgem) with inf o or coordinated verb ; to do again . , . dagem

( f . -t) adj . second , other , further ; dagema adv . again , ' a e col1d
time ; further , moreover .
bo' a G (yeba' ) to enter (westa, ba-) . CG ' abe' a to bring/ l e ad/t ake
in ; to introduc e , insert . G l t tabawe' a to intrude , s l ip in unin
c l ear , evident .
dabe ZCi (p l . -t) male o f any animal , esp . ram, h e goat .

adien treasure ; s epul
dafana G (yedfen) to cover , hide , conceal .
bet arrival .
bataka G (yebtek) to break (trans . ) .

betuk broken .
dabtara (pl . dabater) t en t , t abernacl e .
dabub the nort h .
dabl' (pl . ' adbal') m . mountain ; monastery.
damaq a G to grind up , crush .

dammara 0 to ins ert , mi x i n , j oin together, uni t e .
pass . ; to be marr i e d .
Ot tadammara
demmur mixe d , united , j o ined .
uni on , j o ining , uni t in g ,
demmare
tedmel't union , marri age .
dangaqa Q to be astoni shed, stup i fi e d , amazed , disturbed in mind ,
-. '""
396
terrified.
CQ > adangaga t o astonish e t c .
denga astoni shment, e t c .
dengu astonished, etc .
denge Z (pl . danage Z) virgin; as applied to men : monk , celibate .

dengeZenna virginity.
danqawa Q to be hard of hearing .
denqew hard of hearing; s l ow-witted,
dense .
daqiq (co l I . ) chi l dren; offspring , progeny; Daqiqa > Esra> e Z the I srae lites .
daqq (co l I . ) chi l dren and/or servants .
daqqasa D to s l eep .
deqqas s l e ep .
qefro p l aited work .
ing .
dase t (pl . dasayat) i s land .

dexna G (yedxan) to es cape s afe ly (from: > emenna) ; to be s afe , un
harmed; to be s aved (in the religious s en s e) .
k eep s a fe , res cue ; t 0 s ave (reI . s ense) .
CG > adxana to s ave ,
dexun s a fe , unharmed ;
s aved (re I . s ens e) ; immune t o , free of (> emenna) .
who l e , sound, unharmed .

=
daxen s afe ,
daxn s afety, wel l -bein g , s ecurity .
madxani s avior, redeeme r .
a:axnal
madxanit m . f .
s alvation , safety, redemption .
dexra adv . afterward .
' aara/' a?bara ?ebura to work c l ay .

<J.e mo th , worm.
p l ai ted .
deruk harsh, savage .
madxen
qab> a/?ab> a G (yea to figh , make war. (with : a . d . o ..) .. G l t

ta?abe> a to fight one another ( a . d . o . cir es ia) . sab' (p I . ' a?ba' ,
- t) m. f . war, battl e ; hora ?ab' a to go out to batt l e . ?aba> i
warrior, so ldier . ?aba> it f . m . army , troop s ; bat t l e , fighting .
fara G (yefer) to weave , p l ait .
derge,a a patch.
dexna idem.
'
madange adj . astonishin g , etc .
dexra (w. pron . suf. : dexre-) prep . behin d , in
back of; ba-dexra idem; > em-dexra from behin d , after (of time) ;
> em-dexra-ze after thi s , afterwards ; > em-dexra conj . aft e r .
Dt tadawwaya to feign i l lnes s .
dewuy/dewey ( f . deweyt) s ick , i l l .
dawe
(pl . -yat) f . m . s i ckness , i l lnes s , diseas e .
diba (w . pron . suff . : dibe-) prep . on, upon , onto, again s t ; ba-diba
idem; > em-diba from on , from upon .
degana Q/L to pursue , chas e ( a . d . o . or dexra , > em-dexra) .

> adyam (pl . ; p l . -at) are a, region, environs , neighborhood , adj acent
di strict .
Dt tadayyana
Gt tadayna pass .
dayn j udgment , punishment , condemnation , esp . of the Last Jud'gment.

diyaqon (pI , -at) deacon .
eg < , 4ega < p i l l ow,
<j.agam the left hand o r side ; <j.egm idem .

q.aay/<j.ay (pl . -at) m . f . sun .
Hagara qaay He l i opolis .
> ae> a CG to l i sten t o , to hear .

<j.amada G (yeed) to j oin, bind to gether, . yoke .
dedicate one ' s s e l f t o , . pursue as s i duoUS I
minis ter to .
Gt .t_alj.aJnda p ass . ; to
:.. Ubmit
one ' s s eif to ,
<j.emud j oined, connected; zealous , assiduous ; as' n . :

devote, discip l e , s ervant . <j.emd yoke , pai r . gammad s ectari an ,
zealot, devo t e . ma<j.mad rop e , thong .
_
damara G
<j.ammara D to j oin , affix, connect , attach .
G lt taq.amara
<J.emrat n . j oining, connecting .
meq.nega < rai l ing, rai l ed enclosur e ; a p lace where one l e ans or re
doreho (pl . dawareh) m . f . chicken , hen, rooster .
dayyana D to j udge , condemn, punis h .
' astage <a C Lt t o p l ace o n a bed o r l itter.

W
mattres s . mag e < a paralyt i c .
q.amr m . f . wool .
dawaZ (pl . > adwaZ) region, district , territory.
C G > adwaya to make i l l .
. .'
Gt taq.afra p as s r' q.efur woven ,
ma<j.mer/ma<j.mar (p l . maq.-amer , -t) partner, mat e , companion , spous e .
madxar s anction , bles sing .
dawaya G (yedway) to be s i ck , i l l .
ebur/?ebur clay , mud .
q.efrat n ; weaving j oining , . plai t -
to associate with (one another) .
dax (x)arit end .

daxara G to allow, s anction .
397
diquna di aconat e , office of deacon .
c l ines .
q.ansa G (ye<j.nes/yecfna s) to be come pregnant (by : > em-) ; to conceive (a

chi l d : a . d . o . ) . Gt taansa to be conceived . q.enest ( f . ) pregnant.
<j.ens pregnancy.
w
daq ana G (yeq.qwen) to surround with a fence or wal l . aqwan/.daqwn
fence , wal l .
> alj:Pe <a CG (in trans . ) to ceas e , stop , be at res t ; (trans . ) to bring
to a s top .
to a
s top .
Gt ta<j.ar <a
CG intrans .
q.eru < inert , at rest , brought
q.er <at ces s ation, res t ; za' enbaZa q.er <at without ceas
ing , without interrupt ions .
arfa/<j.arafa G (ye<J.ref) to bl aspheme (against : Za<Za, Za- , or acc . ) .
eruf
blasphemous , wicked , impious .
q.erfat bl asphemy.
arafi bI asphemer .
.
- .
398
(pl . ' a4reqt) patch, tatter . za-q patched, threadbare .

-rara to act hostilely toward , be
' arara CG to be hostile. Glt taqa
an enemy of. arr (pl . ' arar) enemy, adversary . 4arrawi adj .
enemy, hostil e .
10ga G t o b e savage , wild, perverse, evil , mal ignant . 1ewug
1awwag savage, etc . 1ug perverseness etc .
' adawwasa CD to weaken , cripple, maim. 1ewwus weak, crippled , maimed.
1ewawa Q/L to take captive , lead away captive , deport, exile. Qt
ta1ewawa pass . 1ewew/1iwew captive, exiled . ewa , wawe , 1iwawe
captivity, exil e .
1arq
Q to become numerous " abundant , to increas e; to surpass , be

superior; wa-za-yefadaffed ' em-zentu and what ' s more . CG
' afadfada caus . ; to surpass (someone in: two acc . ) . fadjada adv .
exceedingly, very much, ' greatly.
fadaya G (yefdi) to pay back, to pay a debt'. Gt tafadya to exact
paymeI:lt or punishment; to receive payment or punishme'Qt, to be
paid back . feda repayment , retribution; punishment, revenge .
fadQy (i) one who pays back. mafde money; reward, payment .
faa G ; fa4a D to stop up , obstruct . Gt tafaqrna ; Dt tafa1a
pass . ; to be speechles s .
fana G t o have a fever . fa4ant fever .
feJ:un (pI . ' afl:Zun) carbon, coal .
fakkara D to interpret , expound, explain . Dt tafakkara pass .
fekkare exp lanation , interpretation, exposition . mafakker inter
preter, expounder; soothsayer, prophet .
faZag (pI . ' afZag) . river .
faZasa G (yefZes) to separate, go away, depart , emigrate; to secede ,
split off (from: ' emenna) ; faZasa xaba to go over to the side of;
falasa ' em-zentu 'alam to die . CG ' afZasa to send away, deport ,
exile, remove . Glt taja Zasa to wander as exiles from one place to
another; to pass from one generation to another . fe lus exiled, in
exil e . fe Zsat wandering , travel ; exile; death ; assumption (into
heaven) . Felsata Babi lon the Babylonian Exi l e . falasi an exi le,
alien , pi lgrim .
falapa G (yeflep) to separate, divide, segregate, put into a separate
group or category; to d i s t ingu i s h , dis cern . Gt tafal pa pass . CG
fadfada
399
to speak distinct ly, to make a d-istinc,t ion. Glt tajaZapa

to separate from one another . fe Zup separat e, distinct . fe Zpat
separation , division , distinc tion .
fannawa D to send . Dt tafannawa pas s . Glt taanawa to bid farewell
to (0 . 5 . ) . fennew sent . fenot/fennot (pl . fenaw/fennaw , -e) f.m.
road, way, path . fenna ( 1 ) ; fenot; , (2) fenn sark early 'evening .
faqada G (yefqed) to want, wish, desire , require ; .req . ith
subj . :
kama . Gt tafaqda pas s . faqad (pI . -at) m . f. desire, wish , wi
ll;
ba-faqadu of his own accord; maswa 'ta faqad voluntary offerin
g;
za' enbaZa faqad involun tarily. faqadi one who activel y seeks
something (e. g. mercy, revenge ) ; (pI . faqadd) necromancer .
' afqara CG to love . Gt tafaqra pas s . Glt tajaqara to love one
an
other; to love (someone : mesZa) . fequr (f. feqert) beloved , loved.
feqr love .
ferar, ferfur (pl . -at) crumb .
farha G (yefrah) to be afraid; to fear (a . d . o . or ' em-) . '.' q:s. ,t farha
.
a,
to be feared . CG ' afreha to, fri ght'e . farahi fearful , reverent .
farrah fearful , timi4. ferhat (pl . -at) fear, dad, awe; fear
fulness , timidity . mafreh fear-ins piring, dreadful .
faras (pI . ' afras ) m. f. horse. sabj a ' afras horsemen .
' afrext/' afxert (colI . ) chicks .
faraya G (yefray) to bear fruit , be fruitful . CG ' afraya caus . ; also
; G. fere (pl . -yat, fereyat) m. fruit (lit . and fig . ) , blossom,
bud; gabra/wahaba fere to produce fruit . mafrey fruitful .
tafasse;a Dt to rej oice (in : ba- , ba' enta , Za ' Za , diba) . fessu
happy, j oyous , rej oicing. fessea j oy, happiness . tefset (pl .
-at) idem.
Fes Passover.
fa??ama D to complete , finish, end; to fulfi l l , accompl ish; with foIl.
inf . : to finish doing something . Dt tafa??ama pas s . fe??um done ,
accomplished, completed , fulfilled, cons'UJnmated ; perfect , whole,
compl ete . fe??ame consummation, end, completion , perfection .
taf?amet idem.
fata G (yefta) to untie, loosen , open; to let loose, set free; to
forgive (sins : a . d . o . ) ; to pass j udgment . Gt tafata pass . CG
' aftea to bring to j udgment . Glt tatate to engage in a legal
case (with : mesZa or acc . ) . fe tu open ; forgiven (persons or
s ins ) . fatai (pl . fat a t ) j udge . fe t j udgment (act or fact) .
' aflapa
....
400
fata G (yefte Z) t o twis t , spin .
twi s ted .
Gt tafatZa pas s .
'Je tuZ spun ,
fat Z (p l . J afta Z , J afte Zt) thread, cord .
fe tZo twi s t ed
work .
fatana G (yeften) to investigat e , explore; to examine , test .
Gt tafatna pass . of G .
fetun inves t i gated , examined , tested .
fatani examiner, tester .
tafatata
fattata D to break (bread) ; to distribute , give out .

=
Dt tafattata pas s .
morsel ; gift .
Gt
fett (p l . fetat) part , portion ,
fe tat (pl . -at) i dem .

CG J aftawa caus . ; to
' bad s ense : to lust for, be greedy for) .
fe tew desired , desirabl e , p leasing, p l easant .
fetwat (pl . -at) desire, lust , craving; the thing desired, p l ea s

ure .
maftew it
fe twatawi libidinou given to excessive desires .
i s neces sary, fitting, proper, obligatory (fo I l . by subj . kama) .

CG J afpana to hurry, hasten;
.
freq . with info or coord . verb : to hurry to do, to do qUlckly.
fapana G (yeften) to be quick , swift .

fe tun swift , quick .
fa ara G (yeft. er ) t 0 cr eate , produce,' to devi s e , fabricate .

taJa.tra pass .
'-' creat e d .
. ","
fe
Gt
. rat the act of creation; what is

J'et
fatari cre
created, creatures ; nature , character ; kind, species .

ator (always refers to God) .
fawwasa D to cur e , heal ( a . d . o . of person or diseas e ; a . d . o . of p erson , from :
em- ) .
Dt ta
J Uww
" 'asa pas s .
healing; medicine, medication .
'
Jaww
es (p I . -at) cure ,
fexert fiancee .
Gt
faxari fiance .
ge <za G (yeg <az) to migrat e; to be free (i . e . not ens l aved) .
CG
ge <z (1) (pl . -at) mode of l i fe , manner; nature ,
qual ity, e s s ential nature; ba-ge za prep . in accord with the view
<
of; (2) ordinary mode of church singing; ( 3 ) Ge <z/J Ag <azi the

Ethiopian s ; beera Ge <z/' Ag razi Ethiopia .
gabJ a G (yegbaJ ) t o come/ go back, t o return .
CG
J agbeJ a
to bring/
lead/take back; to turn back , defl ect ; to hand over , betray (a . d .

0 . ; to : westa J eda) .
gebb (pl . gebab , J agbab ) ho l e , cave, l ai r .

gabra G (yegbar) t o act , work, function; to maker-creat e ,. 'fashion,
produce; to do, perform, enact , carry out. . ,G t tagabra pas s . , CG
J agbara to make or orqer (someone : a . 'd : o . Y to do or make (s omething : a . d . o . ) . Dt tagabbara to work" do work ; to work something ,
esp . i n agri cultural sens e : t o work l and; t o transact bus iness

(with : mesZa) ; to inves t . CD J agabbara
CG ., CDt J astagabbara t o
recover one ' s investme'nt , gabr (p I . J agbert) servant . gebr (p I .
=
-at, gebar) m . f . deed , act; work, task, busines s ; religious s erv

ice, liturgy; product , artifact , cre"ation; as ,acLv . : neces s ar i ly,
out of neces si ty ; ba-gebr idem. gabari {p I . gabart) maker,
fashioner , craftsman ; this word ares may " o'f''' t e idioms. a s s oci
ated with G gabra . . gabMr (col I . ) worke s ; l b-ore s ; ' Uqa: gabbar
:r:
foreman . megbq:r. Cpl . -at) action, practice; bhavior, custom (sj';
busines s , activity .
tagber.r busine!15, .actj,v.ity, task; j ob . ,

gebses gypsum, p l aster . gebsus p l astered .
Gabaza JAksum Guardian of Aksum, epithet of the Mother Church at
Aksum.
gaaafa G (yegdef) to throw , cas t ; to throw away, dis card; to l o s e by
waste or negl ect .
Gt tagadfa p as s .
geduf thrown , cas t ; dis carde
l o s t , rej ected .
gWaagWada Q to knock (on a door) ,
fayyat (col I . ) thieves ; fayyatawi a thief.
J ag <aza caus .
megbaJ refuge, p l ace to
gada gift (for a sup erior) .
mafawwes phys ici an .
faxara G (yefxar) to espouse , become engaged t o (a . d . o . woman) .

tafaxara/tafexra pas s .
return to .
gabaJ i (pl . gabaF t) mercenary ,
gubuJ gathered, co l l ected .
fatawa G (yeftaw) to desire strongly (often , but not necessari ly, in

p l ea s e , s at i s fy .
hired worker .
J aftana to hand over for examination .

fatata G
CGlt J astagabeJ a to' gather , assembl e (i:rari$ ) , i:u.tagabeJ a miixbara

Za <Za to convene an ecclesia stica( 'couhcil" against . gebJ a t return;
conversio n (to : westa) ; betrayal .
CG
401
G l t tagabe' a t o gather , a s s embl e (intran s . ) .
tagadaZa Glt to struggl e , contend , esp . in rel igious s ense of strug

gl ing against temptation . gadZ (p l . -at) a strugg l e , contest , esp.
of saints and martyrs ; .t itle of works dealing with the l ives of

saints and ascetics . mastagade Z a contender , " s o ldier of Christ . "
gaaaZa corpse ( s ) , cadaver ( s ) .
gadam (pl . -at) wildernes s ; any remote , ' uninhabited area .
gedm Cp l ,
gedam) width , breadth ,

gaf <a G (yegfCi. <) t o harm, inj ure , oppres s .
inj ured,
h arm e d ;
vio l ent .
gafCi. <i oppressor, tyran t .
gef' harm,
Gt tagaf<a pas s .
gefu <
inj ury ; vio l ence ; oppre s s i on.
..
" ,
"" . '
. ,.,
Jt.t'<
402
403
gafte' a Q to overturn .
Qt tagafte' a pas s .
' aghada CG to make pub l i c , show openly, make manifest ; to act or speak
openly.
Gt tagehda pas s .
open, obvious .
pub l icly.
gehud (f. gehedd) clear , manifest ,
gahhad idem . ; gahhada adv . openly , manifest ly,
gehdat opennes s .
' agsa CG t o t ake aside , divert ; to remove , t ake away .
G t tagesa
to depar t , withdraw .
gaZ e (pl . -at, ' agZe 't) a pot .

gem' e (pl . gama 'ey) flas k , container for oi l .
' agmara CG to perfe c t , finis h , consummate ; to include comp l etely, to
Gt tagamPa pas s .
gemura adv . always , altogether ,
completely; common with neg . : (not) at al l .
Za-gemura adv . for-
ever, always .
Genbot Eth . month name : May 9 - June 7 .

W
W
g end (p l . -at , ' ag nad) trunk o f a tre e ; a restraining devi c e , stock.
W
g andaya Q to l ast , remain ; to delay , tarry, be' s iow in coming ; with
inf. : t o be t ardy or late in doing, to be too long in doing . C Q
W
W
' ag andaya to put off, delay , defer. Qlt tag anadaya to de l ay in
doing (Za 'Za , za ' za
inf. , or inf o alone) .
ganen (pl . ' aganent) demon , evil spirit ; za-gCinen (pl . ' e Z Za ' aganent)
one possessed by an evil spirit .
gannat (pl . -at) f. garden ; the G arden of Eden .

ganaya G (yegnayJ to bow down; to submit , be s ubmiss ive ; to render
humbl e thanks .
CG ' agnaya to subj ect .
one ' s sins , to s eek pardon .
G l t taganaya to confe s s
genZiy humb l e thanks .
ganaza G (yegnezJ to prepare (a body) for burial .

CG ' agnaza caus .
genuz prepared for burial .
Gt taganza pass .
genzat preparation
for burial . magnaz materials used in preparing a body for burial .

W
W '
W
tag ar aya to strangle (or hang) one ' s s e l f . g er'e (p l . g ara' it)
throat , neck .
garama G to be awesome , fear- inspiring.
D garrama to frighten , ter
Dt tagarrama to be terrib l e , threatening, fe ar fu l .
gerum awesome , terribl e , fearsome, awe- inspi ring .

terror, awe ; awesome nature .
gerrema/germa
tegremt threats , terror s .
G t tagassa p as s .
gerrum/
gessat touch , t ouc h in g,
o-
W
g ayya G (yegWyay/yegWyiJ to flee . CG ' agWyaya t o put to flight
.
W
g ayay (iJ fugitive . gWeyya flight ', megWyay refuge, asylum.
gize (pl . -yat) m . f . time : (1) the specific tie of or for an event
;
( 2 ) time in a more general , durative sens e . Frequent i n set
phras es : we' eta/ye' eta' gize at that time ; (ba-J gize ?eba/me set
etc. in the morning/ evening; ba-gizehu at its/the proper t ime
; ba
gizeha immediat ely, s traight\ay; ba-kwe Z Zu gize always . Gize i s
also equivalen t to a conjunct ion before verBal clauses: when ,
whenever , e . g . gize ?ClhJWa 'kani when you summoned me . The s ame i
s
,true of the compounds ba-gize , ' em-gize , and ' eska gize .
gaz ' a G to serve at a feas t . gez' /gaz' feast , banquet . ffI!zzZi'
M _ .,\
gaza' i (pI . gazi'J:' t) waiter, attendant (at feast) .

' egzi' (pl . ' aga' ezt , ' aga' est) lord , master, leader , chi e f .
' Egzi' ena Our Lord .
' egze' t l ady, mistres s .
' Egze' tena Our Lady
(Mary) . ' Egzi' aber God .

gazfa G (yegzefJ to be dense , stupid, dul l , stout . gezf, gezaf dens ' ..- .
ity, dul lness , stupidity .
gazama G (yegzemJ to cut down (a tree) ; to fe l l ; to cut , hew (wood) .

Gt tagazma pass .
H
make tranqui l .
garaht (pl . garaweh) field, arab l e land.
gasasa G (yegsesJ t o touch .
:>;iqu
' angegaya to wander back and forth, l1ither' ruid' y n :

y lost ,
erring; sinfu l , wicked . gegay (pI , -at), error, ' Sin , crime
, gui l t .
gesa G (yegisJ to do somethi ng early in the day:: gesain"raJ
dv . t
had' a G (yehda' J to be qui e t , tranqui l .
garif net .
ri fy .
tagsa? (pl . -at) rebuke , reproac h, admonit i n , instruction

.
ga?? (pI . -at) face; aspect , appearanc ;, type : ' SCiFt-.
:
gegaya Q/L to err, go astray, get lost; to' sin;' cpmmi t error.
morrow .
gamaZ (pl . -at, ' agmaZ) m . f . c ame l .

comprehend.
gassa?a D to rebuke , reproac h; to instruct . Dt tagaSsaa pass

.
gessu? wel l instruc ted, lea ned .
aB.ai
teacher
, instruc tor .
C G ' ahde'a to paci fy , calm,
hedu' quiet , tranqui l , p l acid.
hed' at peace ,
tranqui l l i ty.
W
W
W
W
hag Za/hag aZa G (yehg aZ/yehg eZJ to perish , d i e ; to l o s e , suffer a
W
W
loss (of : a . d . o . ) . CG ' ahg aZa to des tro y . Gt tahag Za to pe ri s h,
W
die, be destroyed . heguZ lost, destroyed . hag Z destruction , en
W
W
mahg e Z
mahg aZi destroyer ; dj . destructive .
=
hagar (p l . ' ahgur) f . m . city; sometimes used vague l y for regio n ,
405
404
d i s trict ; Xams ' ahgu:r Pentapol i s .
hagari t town, city .
hakak tumu l t , chaos .

tahakaya Gt to be i d l e , lazy, negligent , remi s s ; to cease , stop, b e
inactive . CG ' ahkaya caus . hakkay lazy, i d l e , etc . haket l a z i
nes s , idlenes s , etc .
haZ Zawa D to exi s t , b e ; see 44 . 2 for deta i l s on meaning and construc

tions .
he Z Zawe b e ing, e s s ence, nature, substance .
tamayta xaba
heZ UZwehu he r eturned to his normal stat e .

-hu interrog . part i c l e ; s e e 8 . 3 .
hoka G (yehuk) to move , agitate , disturb .
Gt tahawka pass .
hawk
hukat idem.
hosa <na (Heb . ) Save us . Hosanna .
-hi encl . part . even , the very ( s ee 5 1 . 4b) ; added to interrog . pron .
to form indef . pron . (see 29 . 2) .
for one ' s s e l f) .
Gt , tahayda pas s . and refl ex.
(i . e .
hayd vio l ence, taking by force; booty, prey.
hayadi a vio l ent person, p l underer .

haymanot m . f. faith (esp . Chris t i an) .
mahaymen ( f . -t) adj . /n .
fai thful (in the religious s ens e) ; a bel iever .
' ahyaya CG to caus e to forget , to induce amnes i a .

neglect, skip , b e unconcerned about .
Dt tahayyaya t o
heyyat negligence , forge t
fulnes s , amne s i a .
heyyci adv . ther e , i n that p l ac e ; ba-heyya idem; ' em-heyya from there,
thence .
ma/ma7;e axe .
egg (pl . 7;egag) m . f . l aw; the Law (s criptural sens e ) ; gabra 7;egga t o
perform/c arry out the law; ba-egg l egal ly , l awful ly. " ,
.
; .<".
agay summe r .
.,'
Q.C!-Zaba G (yeZeb) to mi l k . r;aZib mi l k , j uice .
haZama G to dream.
motion , movement , agitation , disturbance ; mob , crowd, tumult .
heda G (yehid) to take by force .
,....
embrace . 1e<j.nat n . nourishin g, nursing . 7;e (pl . -at) infant
,
very young chi l d . maqn (pI . -at, maa4en) womb ; ba westa

...
maq.ana she is pregnant .
heyyanta (w. pron . suff . : heyyante-) prep . in p l ace of,
instead of.
Dt taZ Zama to dream dreams , s ee visions .
(p l . e Zam, ' a7;Zam) dream, vision .
7;e Zm
Zaya G (yeZi) to s ing, make mus i c ; to s ing about (a . d . o . ) . 7;aZayi

( f . - t ; p I . layt) s inger . ma7;Zet (p I . -at., ma7;aZey) song, sing
ing , mus i c . ma7;Zetay musician , Singer .
da G
Gt tada to be burned to ashes . 7;amad ash (es ) .
=
Z (pl . ' aaZ) vegetation, shrubs .

ljamle Eth. 'month name , July 8 - Aug . i . ..
J
f:amma/mama (yeam/yeem) to be ii I , suffer i l lne s s ; 'pain or d i s
tre s s . CG ' aama to affl i ct w i t h i l lness , ' pain , distr s s . G l t
taQiimama to hate one another . CG l t ' astaJjamama t t ke ' p i s ,;i th;';'
give careful attention t o ; devote one ' s s e l f 'to .
affli cted, distre s s e d .

affli ction.
7;emmat soot .
eQn i l l ,
7;emam (pl . -at) i l lnes s , pain , disease,
maem grievous , affl icting with grief or pain .

maya 7;emmat ink .
7;amar (pl . ' aar) f . m . boat , ship .

taQiimawa Glt to acquire an in- l aw .
- ;
am (w . pron . suff . : _ , acc .
pl . ' aaw) father-in - l aw , son-in- l aw .
l aw , daughter- in- law .
at mother-in
taa in- l aw relationship .
ot gal l .
abZ (p l . ' abaZ) m . f . rop e , cord.
' abara CG to c l ean , pol i s h . ebr (pl . -at, ebar) color .
aya G (ye7;mi) t o curs e , revi l e , s l ander.

hebur
variegated .
taaya Gt to assume resF ons i b i l ity for (o . s . ) , stand as guarantor

for (o . s . ) to (a third party : ' emenna) .
habi (p l . ayt) prefect,
governor , procurator; be me' t centurion .
ddasa D to renew , renovate , restore . Dt taddasa pas s . ddis

( f . addas , p I . 7;addast) new . Ifegg Haddis the NT .
7;aqana G (yeqen) to nurs e , nourish , foster , cu ltivate ; to take care
of (one '
5' young) .
Gt ta1La(j:na pas s .
7;e<j.n (p l o 7;e<j.an) bosom,
ing .
emuy disgraceful , shock
et n . cursing, revi l ing, s l ander .
ankasa Q to l i mp , be lame . kas l ame , cripp l ed . enkase l ameness.

a?a G (yene) to bui l d , construct . Gt ta?a pass . CG ' ana?a
caus .
7;enu? bui l t , construct e d .
7;ana?i archi tect , bui l der .
en?,
en?at , 7;en?a bui lding, construct ion .

aq Z (p l . ' aqu l , ' a7;qa Z , ' aeZt ) f i e l d ; any vast and empty tract .
7;aqqa Z farmer .
' as taara/' astalaqara CGt to revi l e , ridicul e .
ab l e .
7;equr vi l e , desp i c
,I
406
407
eqqa adv . a l i t t l e , a l i t t l e whi l e , a short distance .
ba-eqqu s uf-
ficiently, enough; very much , altogether .
qaya G to grind/gnash the teeth . CG ' aaya caus .

aqWe (p l . -yat) l o ins .
Qara1a G (yee1) to grind ( fl our) . Gt taQar1a pas s . ri1 flour ,
dough . mara1 mi l l , mi l l - stone .
rama G to set aside as sacred , to dedicate ( a . d . o . ) to a deity; to
regard as taboo . D Qarrama to anathemat i ze . CG ' arama = G ; al so:
to make or decl are as taboo . Dt taQarrama to be taboo , prohibited;
to abstain from for reasons of taboo ; to be supers t it ious . rum/
errum sacred , forbidden , tabo o , anathemati ze d ; abst inen t . ermat
(p l . -at) anything sacred ; ritual , ceremony . meQm (pl . -at)
sacred precinct , temp l e . teemt abstinen c e , devotion .
ra/rara G (year/yeer) to burn (intrans . ) , be ablaz e . CG
' ahrara to burn (trans . ) . rur heat , fervor , passion , ardor .
arra (col I . ) army, troop s , s o l di er s .
tarsa pas s . rasi (pl . ast )

p lowman , farmer , tenant farmer . maas (pl . mares) a plow .
rasa G (yees) to plow .
Gt
Qaraweya (pl . ' arew ) p i g , sow, swine .

sa interj . Heaven forb i d ! Let it not be so !
.
w'a to accuse o f
ssawa D t o 1 1 e , b e dece1' tfu 1 , fa I s e . CD ' ahass
fal s ehood . Dt ta88awa t o be accused of fal s ehood , be found out
a l i ar . ssat a l i e . essew fal s e , deceitful . assawi a l i ar .
sama G t o b e bad, fou l , evi l . CG ' asama to act wickedly; to make
foul , evi l ; to harm, damage . e8wn bad , foul , evi l , harmful .
e8am (pI . -at) wickednes's , evi l ; crime, harm. ba-heswn adv .
vi l ely, wretchedly, without pity.
sar chaff, piece of straw .

ta8aya/taa8ya Gt to rej o i ce (in , at : ba- , ba' enta) .
haset happ i
nes s , j oy .
asaba G to comput e , reckon ; t o think , b e l i eve , impute .

pas s .
G l t taasaba t o take up accounts with .
Gt
taasaba
asab computat ion,
reckoning , account ; quantity , pri ce; portion , shar e .
gabra asaba
to s ett l e accounts .
G (yehses) to decrease (in quantity) , become inferior
hasasa/hassa
. .
U ity) , b d ficient ;
( n
'
to be subtract e d .
CG
' aaa t o '
dimin i s h , make l es s , wors e , inferior; t o be defi c i ent ( i n doing :

inf . ; in : acc . or
' emenna) ; to subtract , cause a loss of ( a . d . o .
w i t h O . S . of pers on so affe cted

) . eu mino r, Tes s , sma l l ,
in7
feri or, defi C i ent , l ackin g.
e a , e??at" de crea se , dimin ution ,
defi cienc y, l ac k .
'
. (p I . ' aa , - t) arro\., .
ratata G (yet et) to inve stig at e , exam
in e , s crut ini z e ; to ques t ion,
inte rrog at e . Gt taatata pas
s . tata inve stig atio n, inte
rr.oga
.
. tion . 'mii tat test imon y; a
witn es s , test ifi e r .
'
ora G (yeor. yelur) to go . ura t
(p l . -at)
n . go ing, manner of go
ing; departur e , j ourney; way
of l i fe , mann ers , cust oms .
areya
(p l . - t) apos t l e . mewar (pl
. -at) the dist ance one may
trav el in
a give n time (e . g . me l;zwiira sa
Zus a thre e-da y ' S j our ey) ; cours e
,
orbit .
' aosa CG to move , shak e , agit ate (tran

s . ) . Gt taaw8a idem intr
ans .
or pass . ; za-yetO:wa
w s repti l es , " cree ping thin gs . "
usat moti on,
movement . eWa8 (p l . -at) a
phys i cal s ens e . awisa excl
am . of
wonder or admirati on .
a?a D to insp ect , look at (a . d

. o . ) ; to look in on, vi s.it (
a. d . o . );
to look afte r {goo d and bad
sens es) . Dt tawa
w ? pass . ewwa?e
Vi s i t , ViSi tati on, attention
_
.
eway the red glow of the evening

sky .
awwa za D t o plea s e , del i ght ,

be p l e as ing to . CGt ' as taaw
aza t o be
pl eased . CDt ' asta awa
w za. to regard as p l easi ng , acceptab
l e ; to
p l ea s e , deli ght . CGlt ' a8 taaw
aza idem . wwez (pl . -at) pl eas
ure , d e l i ght . awa
w z pl eas ant , d e l i ghtful , agre eab l e .
yq (pl . -at) shor e ( o f s ea or l ake)
.
esa G (yei s) to S C O l d , repr
ove . G taaysa pas s . is repr
oach ,
s co l ding .
ywa G (yeyaw) to l i v e , be alive ;

to revi ve , corne back to l i fe ;
to
reco ver, get wel l . CG ' ayaw
a to rest ore to l i fe ; to heal , cure
;
to l e t l ive . eyaw ( f . -t) aliv
e, l ivin g ; ' emma-eyaw Moth er
of
the Livi ng (i . e . Eve) . eywat
m. f . l i fe , l i feti me . may ew
,
mayawi l i fe-gi ving , s alvi f i c .
zaba G t o think , beli eve , Supp os e .
Gt tabazba
D t tazzaba = G ;
also : to expec t ; to fear , avo
i d ; to care , be conc erne d . tez
ebt
opin ion , belie f; fear , expec tatio
n.
bezb (p l . ' azab , ezab) peop l e , natio
n ; crow d; NT the Gent il e s .
zana G (yez en/ye zan) to be s ad . CG
' azana to make sad; ofte n
used impe rson al ly : ' azano he
was s addene d . azan sadn ess ,
gri e f .
=
408
hezun (f ' h. ezen t) s ad . ma

- h.zen, mah.zani saddenin g , provoking s admabzan cause of sadnes s . See a l so mazen sub mz .
nes s ; also
k(i < eb ( f . -t) adj . s econd, other; ka < eba adv . again , a s econd t ime ;
further, moreover . mek < ebit n . doub l e , the doub l e amount;
mek < ebi ta adv . twofo l d , doub l y ; me' ta mek<ebita a hundredfold .
ka <awa (yek 'aw) to pour out , spew out (trans . ) .

trans .
kabda G to be heavy , s erl0US .

densome .
Gt take ' wa idem in
CG ' akbada to make heavy,' to be bur-
kabd the
kebad heavine ss .
kebud ( f. kebedd) heavy.
l iver ; the s tomach.
kabkab wedding, wedding feast .

kabra G (yekbar) to be glorious , magn i ficen t , great , famous , i l lu s
CG ' akbara to make of regard as glorious , et c .
trious .
kebert) glorious , etc .
kebr gl ory , honor ; spl endor, magnificence .
kadana G (yekden) to cover, prote c t ; to padon (sins ) .

pas s .
kedun covered, protece'd .
Gt takadna
kediin (pl . -at) covering; esp .
kednat protection .
tun i c , garment .
kebur ( f .
kadiini protector .
kafaZa G (yekfe Z) to divide (up ) ; to apportion , distribut e ; to make

someone a part i cipant/partaker in/of; impersonal l y : to be one ' s
portion ( e . g . ' i-kafa Zomu i t was not their portion
worthy of it) .
they were not
Gt takafZ a pas s . ; to dl' vl' de up among ones elves ; to
hesitate , be of divided mind . kefuZ divi de d . kefl (pl . -at) part,

,
portion , share ; s ectl0n , cat egory; chapter . mak+'
< Zt part , portion,
Ja
share .
ar) container for measuring, a bushe l .

kafar (pl . ' ak,kehZa G (imperf. yeke Z , subj . yekhaZ) to be abl e (to do : inf. ) ; to
prevail against (0 . 5 . or mes Za) .
Gt
takehZa ( 1 )
kehZa , esp .
when used, by attraction , with a foI l . inf o of a Gt verb ; ( 2 ) im

personal : to be possible (for someone : o . s . ; t o do : inf. ) .
CG
' akhaZa to enab l e , make ab le . kahaZi powerful , s trong , capab l e ;

W
kahaZe k e Z Zu omnipotent; kaha Zi Za- + info or v . n . : capab l e of
(doing) .
G l t takahala mes la to come to an agreement with .
kahen (pl . -at) pri e s t ; Ziqa kahenat chief priest .
kehnat priesthood.
kaha, kaJ:aka, kaak, kaa (kaJ adv . thither, to that pl ace ; further 'on.
ke da G (yekJ:adJ to deny, repudiate ; intrans . : to l ack faith , be an

unbeliever .
Glt
takaada to argue with, contradict (s omeone : 0 . 5 . ;
409
concern ing : ba' enta) .
CG ' akda to contradict , not b e l i eve

(some
one : a . d . o . ) ; to l ead (someon e : a . d . o . )
from the fai th . ka!:Cidi
infidel , unbel ieve; rebe l . ka l ack o f
faith, i mpiety , heresy ;
disobe dience , rebe l l ion ; za' enbaZa kCid withou
t doubt , . without
fear of contradictio n . kedat denial ,
aposta cy, rebe l l ion .
W w
k ak b rock (s ) , stone (s ) .
ka l' a G (yek.Za' ) to prevent (someone : 0 . 5 . ; from doing
: in'f. ) ; to
withho l d (somet hing : a . d . o . ; from : ' emenna
) . Gt takaZ' a pass . ; to
abstai n (from : ' emenna ) . keZ' at prohib ition,
prevention .
kale' ( f . -t) adj '. other , anothe r , s econd; n . compan
ion . keZ' e m . f .
two . ke Z' etu (acc . kel' e ta) m . two; ke Z' e ti (acc
. keZ' e ta) f . two.
kalb (pl . kaZabat, ' aklebt, ' akZab) dog .
kaZ ZeJ:a D to cry out , shout . kelZa a cry, shout .
kalZaZa D to crown, to surround like a crown . Dt

taka Z Zala to be
'crowned' (loiith : acc" e . g . taka ZZaZa kebra he,
wa"'. owned with
gldry; .or ba-) . ke ZZuZ ' CTowned (witl'1 : . ba-)
:
e itz ze n . crowni
coronat ion.
' akZiZ (pl . -at) crown , diadem
ki
ng,
W
k e ZZ_ quantif ier : al l , each , ' every (see 1 0 . 3) . kWe
Z lanta_ (w. pron:
.
suff . ) a l l of, the who l e o f . kWe Z Zo adv . altoget
her, complet ely;
(not) a t al l . kWeZ Zahi/kW e Z Zehi adv . everywh ere
; . wherv er; ba
W
k e Z Zahi idem.
...
kaZameda rob e , vestment .

ke Zsest (p l . kaZasest) bundl e , sheaf.
maklit (pl . maka Zey) talent (wt . ) .
kama (w . pron . suff . : kama- ) ( 1 ) prep . l i k e , as ; kama-ze
like thi s ,
thus , i n thi s way; kamahu idem; (2) conj . hat (introd
ucing a noun
c l ause) ; so that , in order that (+ subj . ) ; kama
' i- so that not ,
l est (+ subj . ) . ba-kama ( 1 ) prep . accordi ng to , in
accorda nce
wi th; ( 2 ) conj . accordi ng as , as . za-kama cOl1j .
how . ' em-kama
conj . as soon as , when .
kema postpositive part . : a l s o , even, too .

kamin cummin .
kanfar (p l . kanafer) lip ; edge , hem .
W
k annana D to j udge , condemn , punish ; to rul e , have power (over : acc .
w
CD ' ak annana to put ( s omeon e : 0 . 5 . ) in charge of (acc .
or ba- ) .
W
W
Dt tak annana pas s . of D . G l t tak anana to become
or Za 'Za) .
W
reconci l ed (with : mesZa) . k ennun j udge d , condemn ed, subj e c t to
W
(p l . -yat) j udgment , condemnat ion ,
punis hment . k ennane
411
410
W
w
mak annen (p l . mak anent) j udge , administrator, high
punishment .
o fficial .
kantu vanity, emptine ss ; freq . in constr. phrases , e . g . xe llinna

kanto adv . in vain ; fortuitou s l y ,
kantu vain thoughts . ba-kantu
takayada kidana mes la/xaba to make a treaty , e t c . with .

,
without purp o s e , without reward or resul t .

W
W
0 k arre <a t o strike someone ' s head with one ' s fist s .
k ar <a G
=
'
Gt
tak ar <a pas s .

karabo baske t .
kirube l cherub , cherubim . kirub i dem . kirubawi adj . cherubic.
karbe myrrh.
w
mek rab (pl . -at) temp l e , shrine , synagogue .
kerdad weed ( s ) .
karama/karma G to spend the winter ; to belong to the previous year .
keramt winter; rainy season; year . karami o f o r p ertaining t o the
previous year .
Kerestiyan Chri s t i an ; beta Kerestiyan (pl . -at, ' abyata Kerestiyanat)

church; the Church . Kerestiyanawi ( f . -t) a Chri stian ; adj .
Chri s t i an .
Kerestenna Christia nity .
kars (p I . -at) b e l ly , s,tomach .

kertas ' parchment , p aper.
(yekri) to dig ( e . g . a well) , dig in (the ' ground) , dig

karaye
through ( a wal l ) . Gt takarya p as s . karayi (pl . karayt) in
karaya
maqaber grave-d i gger .

kesad/kesad (p l . - a t , kesawed, kasawed) m. f. neck .
kasata G (yekset) to reveal , uncover, lay bare ; to open (esp . l ips ,
mouth, eyes ) ; to reveal , make mani fes t . Gt takasta p ass . kesut
uncovered , bare ; open (esp . of the eyes ) .
kokab (pl . kawakebt) m. star; kokaba meset/?eba evening/morning star.

kona G (yekun) t o b e , become . See Voc . 8 . wa-kona soba and when,
and whi l e . makan (pl . -at) m. f . p l ace, l ocal e .
-ke ( ! ' enka) encl . part . therefore ( s ee S l . 4c) .
keda G (yekid) to tread, tramp l e (on : a . d . o . ) ; to thresh (by tread
ing) . CG ' akeda to cause to tread ; to thresh . Gt takayda p as s .
of G . mekyad s o l e of the foot , footprint ; bas e ; threshing floor .
makayyad/makyad idem; foo t s to o l .
takayada G lt to make a treaty , pact , covenant (with : mesla or o '. s . ) ;
to promi s e .
kidan (p I . -at) m . f . ( 1 ) pact , treaty , covenant ; (2)
wi l l , tes tamen t .
Kidan Be li t
OT ;
Kidan ijaddis NT .
gabra/sema/
Kidan is
also used o f the benefit promised by God to those who celebrate

the commemoration of a particular s aint .
L
la- prep . to , for (dative) ; for forms with suffixes ', ' see 2 0 . I ; cf.
also 1 0 . 2 .
la'aka G (ye l' ak) t o s end (message/me s s enger : ' a . d . o . ; to : la- , xaba) .
Gt tale' ka to s erve , adminis ter to (a . a . o . ) . le' uk s ent ; n . apo s
t I e , mes s enger . L a' k (p I . -an) s ervant . ma l' ak (pI . malO:' ekt)
angel , mes s enger. maZ' ekt (p l . -at) epi s t l e , l etter; l egate ,
l egation ; ministry , s ervice , offi ce, functi on .
la-' emma-nu con j . whether .

la <ala G to be high, sup erior .
up , e l evat e , exa l t .
CG ' a Z <ala
CO
"
aZa "aia to rai s e
Ot tala "aZa/tale "ela p ass . of CD ; t o be,
higher ,(than : ' erilenna) .
le :ul/ee < <:<l higl,"\, toity, slJperio r ,

la C"Za prep . (w . pron . , s fi . : l < le-) 'on', t;pon ; (motion)
'
down onto ; ,over , ab ve ; about', co cern1ng .
?a < lu ;tdv . above ;
,
freq . in the adj . phrase za-Za <lu upper, esp . in the s ense "celes
tial , heaven ly" ; ' e'!1-X wa-la <lu ' emennehu from X onward (in enu
merations) ; bala <lu above , o i i ;: : em-Za < lu from above , from on
high. mal <e U upper part or surface' (If anything; mal <e Ua prep .
exal ted .
above .
lebb (pl . ' albab) m . f . heart ; mind, inte l l ect .

lab/;l?J.lui potte r .
labsa G (yelbas) to dress (intrans . ) ; to don ( a garment : a . d . o . ) . CG
' a lbasa to clothe , dress (trans . ) , with acc . of person and acc. of
garment . Gt talabsa pas s . and reflex. lebus dres sed , clothed .
lebs (p l . ' a lbas) m. clothes , clothtng ; ' a garment .
lebsat v . n .
dre S S ing, clothing , donning . , malbas (t! (p l . maZ4bes) garment ,

tunic .
labbawa D to ' comprehend, unders tand ; to be intel l i gent ; to be aware ,

cons cious (o f : ' emenna) . CD ' a Zabbawa caus . Dt talabbawa to be
comprehended, unders tood .
labbawi idem .
lebbew inte l l igent , comprehending .
lebbawe mind, intel l ect .
Zebbunna idem; ski l l ,
cl everness .
Zare wa- lare adv . thi s way and that , back and forth . mangala lare
wa- Zate idem . ma <dota late on the other s i de , oppos ite .
413
412
W
Zegg at (p l . -at) depth of t h e sea, abyss .
Zahaba G to flame , burn .
CG ' aZhaba to burn, i gnite (tran s . ) .
Zahb
flame , heat .
Zehqa G (ye Zhaq) to grow up ; to grow o l d ; (rarely) to increase in

Zehqat o ld age .
o l d , e l dest .
Zehqenna i dem .
Zehiq ( f . Zeheqt) grown up , adult;
Ziq (p l . -an, Ziqawent, Ziqanat) e lder , chief.
or age) .
Zaa L to mourn , grieve .
tama <e <a to g e t mad a t one another .
ma <ar honey.
laJ;!osas whispering; a style of s inging .
affixed .
CG ' aZkafa to touch, caus e to touch .
distr i ct , country.
Gt
C G ' aZmada idem .
l emad custom, hab i t .
LamZama Q to bloom, grow green ; to be tender .
lemLame verdure , ten-
derness .
Ot taLaqqeJ;!a to borrow.
leqqaJ;! a loan .
ZasJ;!a G (yeZsaJ;!) to be uns e asoned , insip i d , tast e l es s , fatuous .

lesuJ;! ins ip i d , dc .
Lesan (p I . -at) m. f. tongue, l anguag e .
lesana Yonanawiyan Greek ;
Zesana <Ebrayesp Hebrew ; Zesana ' Afrenj Latin ; Lesana <Arabi

Arab i c ; Zesana Ce cz G e ' e z .
' aZ?aqa C G to b e near , approach ; with Za- + inf . ; t o be about to .

G l t taLa?aqa to s t i ck together , be connect e d .
glue together, j oin, connect .
continuous .
maZtaJ;!t (pl . malateJ;!) j aw , cheek .

Zelit (p l . ZayaZey) m . f . night .
Zayy purp l e cloth .
medra' irebah. eastern country; ' "arwe. /'Iledr (p I .
' arawita medr) snake .
'
medrCiwi ( -t) .g*ldly., o the world .
maggaba 0 to administrat e , be in ' charge of (a. d . o : ) ; to surround and .

protect (with : ba-) . co ' amaggaba to p lace ( s omeone : a . d . o . ) in
charge of ( a . d . o . or Za..c Za , diba', oa-)':
Ot tamaggaba to be . p l aced
meggeb/megb offi c e , pos t , duty , mini y . maggabi

(pl . -yan, maggabt) administrator , guardian; a general des i gnation
in charge of.
for various types of rulers : prefect , proconsul , sat rap , governo r .
lam? ' l eprosy; za-Zam? l eper.

LaqqeJ;!a 0 to lend .
me <uz fragrant , sweet .
medr (pl . -at , ' amdar) f . m . the earth; earth , ' ground , so i l ; land,
malke' a seal
impres sion, l ikeness , figure .
taZakfa pas s .
lamada G (yelmad) t o b e accustomed (to do : inf . ) .
CG ' am <aza to scent , p e rfume .
ma caza (pI . -t) fragrance . .
G t taZak' a p ass . ; to be
Zeku' impressed, inscribed , affixed .
Lemud accustomed, usual .
CQ ' ama <rara to . sweeten .
Ot tame eza to be s cente d , fragrant .
ZaJ;!ey ( f . -t) beautifu l .
Zakafa G (ye Zkef) to touch.
ma <ar fir sweet .
me <za G to sme l l goo d , be fragrant .
Zak' a G to impress ( a seal ) , t o inscrib e .
Glt
ma c Cat
me <ra adv. once, one time .
ZaJ;! grief,
mourning .
ZaJ;!aya G to be beaut i ful .
CG ' am ie <a t o enrage .
m . f . wrath.
<aada ' aZhemt stockyard .
ZuJ;!ew/ZeJ;!ew adj . grievin g .
me' t (p 1. ' am' at) hundred .

ma' ze interr . adv. when?
tam Ce <a/tame Ha/tam <a Gt t o b e come an'gr , enrig ( s ee . s21 . 1 ) .
maZheqt ( co l I . ; p l . -at, maZaheqt , -at) elders , s eniors (in rank

Zahm (pl . ' aZhemt) m . f . bul l , cow .
See S I . 4f .
ma' s/mCi <s (p I . ' wn' est , ' am <est) m. f . skin, hide , l eather.
CG ' aZhaqa to rai s e , rear (e . g . chi l d , p l ants ) .
s i ze/quantity.
-ma enc l . part :
ma' ed (pl . -at) tab l e .
CGlt ' astaZCi?aqa to
le?uq j oined, adherin g ; connected,
Maggabit Eth . month name : Mar . 1 0 - Apr . 8 .

' amagze' a CQ to fatten (catt l e ) .
magze' (pl . magaze ' t ) fattened
catt l e , fat lings .
mahara G (yemhar) or mahhara 0 to teach (s omeone : o . s . ;, something :

a . d . o . or ba- , ba'enta) .
Ot tamahhara/tamehhera to be t aught
(subj ect is either p erson t aught or matter taught) ; to l earn (a . d .
0. ) .
mehur/mehhur l e arned, expert (in : ace . o r ba- o r constr . ) .
mamehher/mamher ( f . -t) teacher .
temhert (p l . -at) what i s taught,
doctrine , teaching; study, l earning .
mahraka Q to take captive , take as boo ty .

maha La G (yemJ;!aZ) to swear (an oath) .
mehreka bo oty , spoi l s .
CG ' amJ;!aZa to beswear , adj ure .
G lt tamahala to take a mutual oath, to conspire .
maJ;!aZa oath ,
treaty.
tamaJ;!ZaZa Qt to beseech, s upp licat e .
meJ;!Zela supp l i cation ( s ) .
414
415
mea G (yem) t o have mercy , p ity (on : la- o r o . s . ) .

to move' to pity.
C G ' amara
G t tamea to be shown p ity/mercy.
' as tamra to be merciful ; to move to p i ty .
matakot lordsh ip , deity , divini ty .
CGt
merat (pl . -at)
malxa G (yemtax) to tear out , uproot , draw out

.
me lux uproot ed, torn out .
mercy , pity; gabra meata la-/mes la/la <la to have pity on , show
mercy toward.
maari (one who i s ) merciful .
maa G (yem) to p luck ,
Gt tamebwa p as s .
tamaQaza G l t t o fal l /be i n love ; t o commit adultery .

lover (m . or f . ) .
f. ) .
maaz (pl .
temket idem .
of.
to orphan .
barren .
D makkana
CG ' amkana
makan ( f . of unattested *makin) steri l e , chi ldless ,
meknat chi ldles snes s .
' amaknaya CQ to pretend , make excus es .
mekneyat (fal s e) excuse , pre-
text; reason , cause .
makara G (yemker) to p l an , prop o s e , decide on ( a . d . o . or subj . ) ; to

take counsel (with : mes la) ; to tes t , choose by testing .
' amkara to advis e , give coun s e l to (o . s . ) .
CG
G l t tamakara to take
coun s e l together (with : mesla) ; to deliberate and decide (to do :

Dt tamakkara to be tested , tempted , tried .
subj . ) .
t o t es t , try, t empt , examine .
CD ' amakkara
mekr p lan, couns el , advi c e ; con-
s i deration , deliberation ; prudence , wisdom; opinion , point of view.
mak"G:ri counse l Or , advi sor.

tempted, tried .
mamker (pI . mamakert) i dem,
mekkur
makkara (pl . - t) temptation , testing , trying ,
examination .
mal' a G (yemla' ) ( 1 ) trans . : to fi l l (x with y : two acc . or acc .
la <ra/westa/ba-) ; (2) intrans . : to be ful l , fi l l ed (of/with : acc .

or ' emenna) ; to be fulfi l le d , comp l eted; to aboun d , be abundant .
Gt tamal' a to be fi l l ed (with : acc . or ba-) .
me lu' ful l (of : ' em
or acc . ) ; abundant , copious ; fi l l ing (ace . ) .
mel' what fi l ls ( e . g.
mel' a ' ed a handful) ; ba-me l' u (or w . other suff . ) in toto , comp l etely.
malaka G (yemlek) to take pos s es sion 0 f , o ccupy , rule .
Gt tamalka
p ass .
CG ' amlaka to worship God , to worship as a god ( a . d . o . or
la- ) .
Gt tamalka to be made lord or divine .
sessed, subj ect ; p i ous .
meluk occupied , po s -
malaki owner , rul e r , hei r .
dominion , power , authorl' t y .
' Am"a
" - k the Lord .
me lkenna
' amtakawi divine .
ba-mangala idem .
part o f .
makka
boastful .
makana G (yemken) to be steri l e , chi ldles s .
Gt tamatxa pass ,
"
an )
mahzen i l l i cit affairs .

mekke n . boastin g .
mamlaki
' amandaba CQ to aff l i ct , oppres s (a . d . o . ) .

Qt tamandaba pas $ .
mendabe m . f. affl i ction, torment .
mangala prep . (1'1 . pron . suff . manga le-) to ; toward
,
maza (pI . -.t ) youth , a youth ; lover .(m. or
tamakke Dt to boas t .
malakotawi divine .
one who Imrship s God or gods .
I
I
\
\
\
1
I
1
I
I
i
' in the 'direc tion
' em-mangala from the direc tion o f ; on the
.mankwasa Q t o become a monk , l ive a monas tic

l i fe . manakos (pl . -at)
monk , nun . manakosayt nun . menkwesenna

monast icis m .
mannana D t o rej e ct , repudi ate , despis e . Dt
tamannana p ass . mennun
rej ected, despis ed; unsui tab l e , worth l es
s , vile . mennane repudi a
tion, rej ection ; worth l e s sness , wickedness
.
' amansawa CQ to l ead to destru ction/ temptation

. Qt tamansawa pass .
mensew l iabl e to tempta tion/punishment . . . mansl{t
(pl . manasew)
tempta
tion , danger ; calami ty ,- divine punishment .

menawe idem .
ment (acc'- menta) inter-ro g . pron. - what? ta:men
t , ba' enta ment why?
'
ment-hi/ni anything, n't-hing Jsee 29 . 2) .
.
mannu (acc . manna) interr og . pron . who?

(see 2 9 . 2) .
mannu- hi/ni anyone , no one
tamar <awa Qt to get marrie d (to a woman : o . s . )

. mar <a weddin g, mar
riage . mar <awi groom, son-in - law . mar <at
(p l . mara <ew)
bride ,
daughte r-in - l aw .
maraga G t o p l as ter. merug p l astered . marg p l aster .

W
W
tamarg aza Qt to l ean upon . merg ez s t aff.
marha G (yemra) to l ead , guide ; to show (the way
: a. d . o .
Gt tamar p ass .
; to : o . s . ) .
marai l eader. mar (pl . ' amret) l eader, guide

.
marra/marara G (yemrar/yemrer) to be bitter ( l it . and
fi g . ) . CG
' amrara to be bitter ; to make bitt e r , exacerbate ,
behave bitter ly or sharp ly.
aggravate ; to
marir ( f . marar) bitter .
merar (pl .
-at) bittern es s . merrat i dem .
maret dirt , dust . mare tawi adj . dust , of dust .
tamarraya Dt
G l t tamaraya to divin e , practi ce divinat i on ,
s oothsay
ing . mari (p l . mareya n, mareya t , marayt ) heathe
n pries t
=
, sooth
sayer .
masha G to dine , sup .

feast .
CG J ClT'Iseh.a caus .
mesa meal , dinner; banquet ,
416
'
.
. - i adJ' . Christian .
masi the AnOl-nte d , the Mess; ah ', masihaw
meskin p auper, poor p erson . meskinat poverty .
also fo I l .
(ac c . of pred . n . or adj . ; o . s . of person perceiv in g ;
al ly :
imperson
used
often
;
by kama and n . c lause ; exx . in V o c . 35)
it s eems (o . s . of p erson ; + kama/za- and n . c l ause) .
CG ' amsaZa
. "
417
matara G (yemterJ to cut , cut off ( l i't : and' fi g " ; to decre

e. Gt
tamatra pass . 0 mattara

G . Ot' tamattara ' 'Gt . metur cut off,
amput ated; decided, decreed . metrat n : cutting (off)
. metar frag.
Maskaram Eth. month name : Sept . I I -O ct . 10 .

, appear as
masaZa G (yemsaZJ to resemb l e , be l ike (a . d . o . ) ; to seem
ment , s egment .
mapana prep . during, forito the extent o f .

, amtCina conj . as long as .
ba-mi-matan for how much?

.
matpawa 0 to surrend er, hand over ( a . d . 0'. ; to :, ' 0 . or

Za- J . 01:
'
tamapt;awa pass . ; to accep t , receive ( 2 2 . 1) . mept;ew . h
art ded over,
deliv ere d .
idem.
l ikenes s , form, image; proverb . ' amsaZ (p l . -at)
. messaZe
mesZe-)
,:
.
suff
.
obj
prep . with , in the company of (w .
(p I . -yat) p ar ab l e , proverb , s imi l itude .

corrupt , rot
masana L to be ruined, destroy ed; to peris h ; to become
tamasana p ass.
tt
.
out
wipe
,
t en . CL ' amasana to corrup t , destroy
cal , moral) ,
of CL . musun corrup t( ed) . musena corrupt ion (physi
destruction . mas ani perishab l e , corrupt ib l e .
mes pir (p l . -at) m . f . mystery ; the Euchari s t .

meset (p l . -at) evenin g, twi l i ght .
vio l ent .
f by
mamsat hand l e , l ever .
S . : to happen to , to
ma?' a G (yem?a' ) to come ; with diba/Za ( la or o .
; to cause to hap
occur to , come upon . CG ' ams. e' a to bring , offer
.
. mem?a' p l ace
g
comin
,
n g about . me?' at arriva l , advent
p en , brl-
of origin .
. Qt tama? Zawa to be, mas Zawa Q to wi lt , withe r . CQ ' ama? Zawa caus
wi lted , wither ed ,
come wither ed; to wrinkl e the face . mes lew
wrink l e d .
ma?aw/ma1aW sprin g (season) .
tamawata to recei ve
ma?wata Q to give alms , practi c e charit y . Qt
.
alms . me?wat act of charit y , benefa ction
met (pl . ' amtat) husba nd.
matha G to be de cep t ive in appe ar ance .

fantasy , spect re .
victor ious .
moqa G (yemuqJ to grow hot ; to become inte'nse ( o f the heat)

. CG
, amoqa caus . CGlt ' as tamawaq
a to cause to become hot . moq heat .
muqat he'!. . mewuq hot ,.
< {i
moqe Q t o put into chains/bonds , cast into pr :t s6ii . Q t
tamoqe
pass . CQ" amoqea caus .
moqe (pl ., mawaqe t) bonds , fetter s ,
chains . J asara/wadaya westa moqe.h t9 cast .into bonds/pr
ison .
.
. '
b eta.;,moqe prison .
' '
-_.
carry o f
masapa G (yemsep J to snatch , snatch away , se; z e and
. and reflex .
pass
force . CG ' amsapa to flee, escap e . Gt tamaspa
) rap acious ,
of G . mesut s e i zed, snatche d . masapi (pl . masapp
_
mo' a G (yema' J to conquer , defeat , subdue . G t tamaw'

a pass . C G
' amo' a/' ame' a to make ( someone : a . d . o . ) victor ious (over
: Za ( la/
ba- ) . mu' at victory (for s e l f) ; defeat (for another).
.. ... mawa' i
methat (p l . -at) phanto m ,
mota G (yemutJ to die . ' CG ' amota/' amata to let die ; to put
to death;
to' have kil l e d . mot m . f . death . mewut/mewet (f . mewett;
pl .
ewutan , mewetan , mutan) dead . mawati mortal . maweta corp s
e ; the
W
dead; ' eg ala maweta orphan (s ) .
may (p I . -at) m . wat e r ; l iqui d .
mima coordina ting part . e i ther, or, whether ( s e e 5 1 . 4f) .

meta G (yemipJ trans . : to turn away , divert ; to turn , direct (e .
g.
face; toward : xaba) ; to return ( a . d . o . ) to its o ri ginal p
lace ; to
convert , trans form (a . d . o . ; into : la- , westa) . Gt tamayta
p as s . ;
intrans . : to turn aroun d , return , come back; to be converte
d
(re l i g . s ense) . miat (p l . -at) a turning (to or from) ; return
;
change .
Miyazya Eth . month name : Apr . 9
May 8 .
N
na- introd . part . used to prepose and emphas i ze a pronomi na l e l emen t ;
infl ected : naya as for me , nayo
him , naya . . . her , nay ana . , .
us , nayomu . . . them (m . ) , nayon
them (f . ) .
418
419
ne' sa G (yen' as) to be smal l , l i t t l e ( in s i z e or importance) ; t o b e

youn g . ' CG ' an' asa caus . ne' us ( f . ne' est) small , l it tl e , young .
na' as a young girl . ne' s chi l dhoo d , infancy. nestit a l i ttl e , a
sma l l amount ; used in construct ( e . g . nestita xebest) or appo s i
tionally as an adj . (e . g . hagar nestit) ; nestita adv . a l i tt l e ,
destitut e ; n . poor person .
naq.afa/nafafa G to spread, l ay out . - Gt ' tanO.?fa .pas ; .$ojrelfuf

spread .
.
manl!af anythin g l ai d out : rug, cove.ring , narjza G (yen"q.ax) to stri k. e , beat.;<;i<ri'eck down , t ramp 1 e .
Gt tana-'
_ ._ . , . __
"'"
. -a
pas s .
for a l i t t l e whi l e ; ba-ba-nestit l i t t l e by l i tt l e .
ne <- Imptv. bas e : come .
Inflected : m . s . na <Q:, f . s . ne <i , m . p I . ne <u ,
f . p I . na <a .
na <awa G (yen <aw) t o hunt ; to catch hirds . na 'Clwi hunter .

na 'We hunting .
' anbe <a CG to weep . ' anbe < (p l . ' anabe <) tear ( s ) .
nababa G (yenbeb) to speak, t e l l ( a . d . o . ; to Za- or o . s . ) .
na <awe/
doub t ful . nafq compart men t , box. nefq hal f ,

one o f two part s .
nuj7Lqe divisio n, d i s s ention , skept i cism . manfaq hal f ,
one o f two
Gt
G l t tanababa to speak with (mes Za ,
tanabba to be read , recited .

xaba , or acc . ) . CG ' anbaba to read, recit e ; to study , meditat e .
nebab speech; what one s ays , manner o f speaking . nababi garrulou s ,
talkative , boas t ful ; capab l e o f speech , rational .
' anbaZbaZa Q/N to flame .
nabaZbaZ flame .
nabara G (yenbar) to s i t , sit down; to s tay , remain; to continue ; t o

live ; dwe l l . CG ' anbara t o s e t , p l ac e , deposit ; to settle , caus e
nebur s itting , s eated, s ituated; residin g ; n . resident .
to dwe l l .
nebrat n . s i tting down; s e s s i on ; position; condition , stat e ; man

ner or mode of l i fe ; dwel ling , abode . manbar (pl . manabert) m . f .
thlon e , seat , chair .
manbart stat e , condition , mode of l i fe .
menbar p l ace where something i s put ; place o f res idenc e ; bas e ,

Dt tanabbaya to prophesy (to : Za- ; again s t :
Za < Za) . tenbit prophecy .

nad' a G (yenda' ) to drive (as cat t l e) .
Gt tanad' a pas s .
nada' i one
who drives , e xpel s .
nadda G (yended/yendad) to burn ( subj e ct is fire , fl ame , anger , e tc . ) .

CG ' andada t o s e t afire , ignite (a . d . o . ) .
with a mutual passion .
burning .
neddat flame,
nadadi adj . burning ,
mendad furnac e , oven , firep l ace .
b l azing (of fire , wrath, lust ) .
nadaqa G (yendeq) t o bui ld, erect .

structure, wal l .
G l t tanCidada t o burn
nedud adj . burning , f l aming .
nadd m. flame; nadda ' essat idem.
Gt tanadqa pas s .
nedq bui lding,
nadaqi bui l der .
nadya G (yendi) to be poor , d e s t itute ; to be deficient (in : ba-) .

' andaya to reduce to poverty.
nedet/nedyat poverty .
parts ; faction , s e c t , spl inter-group ; the half-wa

y point .
nafsa G , to blow (o f the wind) . , CG ' anfasa to breathe (someth
'
ing : a .
d . o . ) out ; t o res t , t ake a breathe r, find r e l i e
f ( from : ' emenna) ;
to give rest or r e l i e f to .
nafs (pl . -at) m . f . soul , spiri t ,

breath, vit al l i f e - fo r c e ; a person ; , s e l : naj7Ls
(pl . -at) m . f .
wind . manfas (p I . -at , manafes t) m . r ; spirW';
the' Spirit o f God ;
a spirit or demon (good or bad) ; Manfas Qeddus the
Holy Spi ri t .
manfasawi ( f . -t) spiritua l , o f the spirit ._

nafa?a G (yenfelf) to fl ee , escape . CG ianfafa to' put ''to fl ight .
naj7Lfi fugitive . naja?it remnan t , what survive s .
nafxa G (yenfax) to blow , breath; to b l ow into , inflate ; nafxa
ba
qarn to blow a horn . Gt tanafxa to b e inflate d, to swel l .
nefxat
inflation, b l owing.
foundation .
nabiy (pl . -at) p rophet .
L nafaqa to d fvide '(usuall y

in hal f , into two parts or faction s ) ; to be , hait
ant , , doubtful ,
skeptic al . Lt tanafaqa to divide (intrans '. i,
break tip\ into fac
tion s . Gt tanafqa idem. nefuq divi ded, split
. : nufuq hesit ant,
nafaqa G (yenfeq) to divi d e , separat e .
CG
nadday poo r ,
nagada G (yenged) to make a j ourney, to travel on busine s s . negd

trave l , trade . nagd (p l . -an) a trav e l er, strange r,
guest .
nagadi t raveler, merchant . mangad pub l i c road , highway; t rip ,
j ourney, p i l grimage . C f . ' engeda .

W W
nag adg Cid (p l . -at) thunder .
nagafa G (yengef) to knock off, shake off, dispel . CG ' angafa idem.
G t tanagfa pass . ; to l o s e leaves . neguf deciduous .
nagha G to dawn, grow l i ght .

the day .
CG ' angeha to do something early in
nagh early morning .
nagara G (yenger) to s ay , t e l l ( a . d . o . ; t o : dat . suff . or Za- ) .

tanagra to be tOld, spoken .
Gt
G l t tanCigara to speak with (mes Za,
xaba, or acc . ; about : ba-/ba' enta or ac c . ) ; to speak ( a l anguage :
ba- ) .
naga2' (p I . -at) speech , accoun t , narrative ; thing , affair,
situat i on .
420
421
' angargara Q/N to ro l l , spin (trans . and intrans . ) .
nagargar a type
of epi l epsy; ro l l ing , spinning .

W
W
' ang arg ara Q/N to be angry , vexed; to murmur , mutter .
nags a G (yenges/yengas) to become king, rul er ; to rule (over : a/

a 'a/diba) .
cta) .
CG ' angasa to make someone (a . d . o . ) king (over : a/
negs reign, rul e .
negest (p l . -at) queen .
negus (p l . nagast) king , ruler .
nagasi (p l . nagast) king , rul er.
mangest
(p l . -at) m . f . kingdom; kingship , maj esty; mangesta samayat the

Kingdom of Heaven ; zamada/we tuda mangest the royal fami ly.
nZihu introductory part i c l e , usua l ly rendered as "beho l d . "
I t cal l s
attention to t h e immediacy (spat ial o r temporal ) of what fol lows .

I f used alone with a fo l l owing noun, it may be taken as a ful l
predication : " Here , now, i s x . "
Usually, however , i t introduces
and emphas izes a prepo sed noun , e . g . nZihu ma' ak ma' a xabeya ,
where it may be omitted in English or rendered by such express ions
as " suddenly, to my surpris e , of all things" or as " I t was/ i s X
who . . . "
C laus es introduced by nahu may sometimes be trans l ated
as subordinate in English: "now that
"
nena w e .
' ankara C G t o wonder , marvel . b e amazed (at : a . d . o . or ' emenna/

ba' enta/ba-) ; to regard as s trange or marvelous .
Gt tanakra p as s .
G l t tanakara to repudiate . be alienated from (o . s . ) .
nakir (f .
nakar ; p l . nakart) adj . strange , al i en , foreign ; other . di fferent ;

manker (p l . -at) mirac l e , marvel , wonder;
adj . (f. -t) marvelous , wondrous .

W
W
' ank ark ara Q/N to ro l l (trans . and intrans . ) .
w
w
ing . mank arak er wheel .
W
W
nak ark ar n . rol l -
naq ca G (yenqa C) trans . and intrans . : to sp lit , burst , rupture .

' anqe C a
G trans .
nequ" sp l i t , ruptured. cracked .
' anqe C t) fountain , source , spring.
CG
naq C (pl .
neq Cat spl i t , crack , fissure .
manqe r t thigh .
naqha G (yenqah) to wake up , be awak e , be al ert .
aI'iaken , revive .
nequh awak e , watchful , alert .
CG ' anqeha to
neqhat watchfu l -
ness , alertnes s .
' anqalqala Q/N intran s . : t o move , shak e , quake ; trans . : t o shake ,

agitat e .
naqalqal motion , shaking , agitation .
, ansosawa Q/N to wal k , stro l l,.

nas' a G (yensa' ) to rai s e , l i ft , p i ck up
; to t ake , recei ve, accep t ;
to captur e ; to take as a wi fe . Gt tanas
' a p as s '. ; tanse' a to arise,
get up ; to ris e ( from the dead) ; to ris
e up again st ( la C la) . CG
' anse' a to rai s e , cause .to rise ( from a s
eated ' or lying pos it i on) .
tensa' e resurrecti on; Ba 'ala Tensa' e Feast
of the Resurrecti on
(Easte r) .
nasata G (yenset) to destr oy, overturn . G
t tanasta pas s . nesut de
I
stroye d . nestat des truct i on .
naa G (yena) to be pur e , clean . CGi ' ane
a caus . ne?u pure ,
c lean ; innoc ent, uncorrupte d, s incer e .
ne purif icatio n , e t c .
ne?enna purit y, chast ity, innoc ence .. , man'ie
.i on who purif i es .
, an?afafa Q(N to oo z e , drip ; trans . : " to " ; fu
"na ?af?af
aein
j ui ce , drop s . ?aff}af i dem.
na??ara D to look , look at ( a . d . o . or westa
, xaba) . Glt tanaara to
look at one another . CG ' an?ara to look (manga
ta : t oward) .
ne??are look , glanc e , vi ewing ; s ight ( abil
ity to see) .
' an te 'a CG to tear o ff/apart .
.
natafa G to strain out . ne tuf strai ned, pure
. mantaft strai ne r ,
sieve .
d'!bp .
nas (p l . ' anest) roof, rooftop .

Nase/Nase Eth . month name : Aug. 7 - Sept . 5 .
marvelous , wonderful .
W
naqq ar one-eyed, blind .
naqawa G
D naqqawa t o emit its appropri ate sound
( subj t n;ay be
bird or anima l) . neqaw animal sounds .
nasse D to repent (o f : , ' emenna/ba' enta)
. . bt tanasse _ idem . CD
' anasse caus . nessu (z repentant . nassa
i one who"'i s repen tant .
nesse.(za repentance , regre t , penit ence .
..c:nesr (p l . ' anser t) eagl , vul tre .
mantoZa 't (p l . mantawaZe ') vei l , coverin g .

-nu interro g . part .
See 8 . 3 .
nawa intro d . part . equival ent to nZihu ( q . v . above) .

tano Zawa Qt to function as a ' shepherd, to tend flocks .
no lQwi (p l .
nolot) shepherd .
noma G (yenum) t o s l eep .
CG ' anoma/' anama t o put to s l eep .
newam m .
s l eep .
neway (pl . -at) m . ves s e l , utensi l , inst rument ; property , p o s s e s s i ons ,

wealth .
xa G (yenux) to be h i gh , loft y ; to be t al l , l on g ; to be d i s t ant ,

far off.
CG ' anoxa/' anexa to extend , put forth (e . g . one ' s hand) ;
422
423
to l engthen, make long (er) ; t o rais e high, e levate , exa l t ; ' anexa
manfasa Za ' Za he was patient
about .
nawwax idem .
adj . high, etc .
nawix ( f . nawax; nawaxt)
nux m . l ength (of time , space) ;
height .
n. : :. . ;g'
. .
"
first or b e s t o f anything ; (p l . qadamt) the ancient s , men o f o l d ,
those who came before ; nob l e s , prince s ; as adv . at firs t , i n the
nexZa G (yenxaZ) to c o l l apse , fal l into ruin , be dest royed .
CG
' anxaZa to knock down , dest roy, devast ate , topp l e .

to form indef . pron .
naya s e e na- above .

nazaza L to cons o l e .
beginning, previous l y .
beginning .
-ni enc l . part . even , the very ( s e e S l . 4b) ; added to interro g . pron .
(see 29 . 2) .
Lt tanazaza p as s .
nazazi cons o l e r .
nuzaze
qaa:am e , qaa:amihu adv . idem.
qaa:amit n .
qedma prep . before (of p l ace) , in the. presence o f ; . ba

-
qedma ider,l; ' em-qedma from before , from the pre s ence of; . berore
. ' ':- ',
(of time) , prior t o ; as conj . (with subj . ) before . qedma . adv .
previous l y , beforehand .
'
qadimu adv . firs t , at firs t , previous l y ,
before thi s ; ' em-qadimu idem; a l s o us ed a s a noun i n a few fixed

expressions : mawa 'ela qadimu days of o l d ; za-qadimu things of o l d .
cons o l ation .
maqdem n . beginnin g ; maqdema adv . first , beforehand
W
Fag emen Eth . month name : Sept . 6 - Sept . 1 0 .
pappas (pl . -at) b i s hop , archbi shop , metrop o l i t an ; Ziqa pappas at
peppesenna the office of pappas : epi s -
p at r i arch (of the Church) .
. ...
copacy, see .
qWa ' (p I . -at) raven, crow .

qab' a G (yeqba' ) to smear, anoint .
qebu' smeared, ano inted .
offices .
Dt taqaddasa pass .
qeddus ( f . qeddest) holy, s acred; as
n . : saint , esp . in t i t les , e . g . Qeddus Marqos . . Saint Mark .

qeddesat ho l ines s , s anctity, s acredness ; frequen't .in const r .
phrases , e . g . hagara qeddesat holy city . . qeddesenna idem.
maqdas t emp l e , sanctuary ; Beta Maqdas the Temp l e
i ce or l iturgy.
in J erus alem.
Gt taqab' a pas s . and reflex.
qe ( o l ive) o i l , ointment , but t e r .
qal (pl . -at) m . f . voi ce, sound, word , s aying .

qWe l 'e ( f . - t ; p l . -yat) s ervant , dome s t i c .
qalala G to be l ight , easy, swift , s l ight .
qeb' at ano inting .

taqabbaZa Dt to go out to mee t ; to wel come , accept , receive .
qabala/
qabbala a meeting , encounter; westa qabbala prep . out to meet .

qabara G (yeqber/yeqbar) to bury , int e r .
qebur buried .
Gt taqabra pas s .
qabar buri al , funeral .
maqaber, -at) m . grave , tomb , s epul chre ; p l . also
CG
maqbart (p l .
s ing .
qab?a G (yeqbe?/yeqba?) to be dis couraged, be in distre s s ; qaba?a

tas[a to l o s e hop e , to despair ; to abandon, give up on .
' aqba?a to cause to despai r .
CG
qebu? dis couraged, despairing .
qeb,!at despair.
Gt taqada pass .
qadai drawer of
maqdet water-j ar .
qadama G (yeqdem) to go before , precede (o . s . or la-/' emenna) ; with

info or coord . verb : to do b e forehand, to do first . CG ' aqdama
to put or p l ace fir s t ; to happen/exi st first/previous ly/before
hand; with info or coord . verb
G in s ame usage .
Gt taqadma to
CG ' aq ZaZa to l i ghten ,
diminish a burden ; to make swi ft , agi l e ; to s corn , disdain , make

l i ght o f . CD ' aqaZ ZaZa to consider l i ght , to l i ghten . CGlt
' as taqaZaZa to l ighten; to s corn , disdain , despi s e , revi l e . qalil
(f. qaZaZ) l i ght , etc. maq Zali one who l i ghtens or a l l eviates .
qan' a G (yeqna' ) to be zealous , eager; to envy , be j ealous o f (per
son : Za- ; thin g : ' emenna) ; to emu l at e , imitate (a . d . o . ) .
, aqne' a to incite to zeal or imit at i on .

ous o f one another .
envious .
qadra G (yeqda) t o draw water.

wat e r ; cupbeare r .
qaddasa D to sanctify , make or regard as ho ly; to perform s acred
qeddase (pl . -yat) s anct i f cation , consecration ; the s acred s erv -
' aqbara caus .
Glt taqadama to go/ come ' out to meet .

'
'ting ,
qadami adj . : firs
. t , previous , prior, ant ecedent ;
occur first/beforehand .
love .
qan'
CG
G l t taqane'.a to be j eal
CGI t ' astaqane' a to cause to b e mutual ly
qen'at j ealousy ; zeal ; emu l at i on , intense hate or
qana' i (one who is) j e alous , zealous .
qWenqWene moth, worm.

W
q en?eZ (pl . qWanae l) wo l f , fox .
qenat (pl . -at , qenawet) m. b e l t , cincture .

qaaya G (yeqni) to reduce to servitude , to subj e ct , rul e ; to force
to work .
CG ' aqnaya idem .
Gt taqanya pas s . o f G; t o s erve ,
425
424
min i s t er to (a person) ; to work (e . g . a field) .

s ervant , s l ave .
function .
qenuy sub j ect ,
qene s ervitude; s ervi ce , ministry; t as k , offi ce ,
qattara
0 to seal , lock .
qettur locked ; s ea l ed ..
qatp noo n , midday; gize qatr idem .

(co l i . ) servants , dome s t i c s .
qarba G (yeqrab) to draw near , approach (xaba, westa, Za-) . Glt

taqaraba to approach one another , come c l o s e together ; to have
(p l . only) hooks , fish-hooks .
near , to o ffer.
CG ' aqraba to cause to approach , to bring
qerub near, nearby , adj acent (to : Za-/xaba) ; at
hand, nigh ( o f time) ; ba-qeruba prep . n e ar (suff . added as to noun

in the acc .
eucharist .
W
q erban (pl . -at) o ffering , s acri fi c e ; spec . the
meqrab neighborhood , vicinity .
qara/qara?a G to inci s e , s culp t . Gt taqar a p as s . qerat/qer?at/

W
q er?at the s troke of a letter; s troke , mark , incis ion .
taqarana G l t to oppos e , res i s t .
qarn (p l . ' aqrent) horn (of animal ) ,
horn (blown in b att l e , e t c . ) ; tip , end .
taqarani contrary , re
s i s ting, opposin g . mastaqaren idem.

W
W
W
q arra/q arara to b e col d , coo l ; to coo l (of anger) . CG ' aq rara
W
W
W
caus . q arir ( f . q arar) cold, coo l . q err co l d , coldness .
qassama 0 to s eason , make tasty .

seasoned, tas ty .
Ot taqassama pas s .
qetnat finenes s , delicacy .
qoma G (yequm) to aris e , stand; to stand, take a po sition ; to come to

a halt , stop . G l t taqawama to oppo s e , \i thstand, t ake a s t and
against (a. d . o . or mes Za/Za ' Za/qedma) ; to s t and up for (Za-) . CG
' aqama to set up , estab l i s h ; to confirm the truth of; to carry out
the terms of; to cause to cease ( e . g . rain) .
hei ght .
qumat nature , state, condition .
n . patron , protector .
meqwam (pl . -at) lo cation, p l ace 'where 'one
tCl;piam pedest al , lamp - s t and .

." .
.
qaye/qayi (i. qaY ar red ,' " q't:at rednes s . Q
' ..
. - ,
stands or stops ; meqwama may po ol ..
qe G to grow red.
_.
...
' aqyaye to make/become reddish.

..
-- .... ....
R'
suff . : s e l f .
re'ya G (yer' ay) to s e e .
Gt tare' ya to appear , seem (pred . n . or
adj . may be in the acc . ) .
see one another (ga a ba-ga?? face to face) .
qasama G (yeqsem) to pick ( frui t ) , gather, co l l ect , harvest .
Gt
qasm harves t , pi cking; the crops harvested (p l .
qasami/qassam a p icker o f fruit .

qa??aZa
crown, diadem.
CGt ' astar' aya to app ear , become visib l e , man i fest (unto : o . s . ) ;
form, aspect .
trans cription .
qe?r/qa?r (p l . ' aq?ar)
ra' y (pl . -at) vision, revel ation ; app e arance ,
re' yat appearance, form , aspect .
' ar' aya image ,
ra' ayi (pI . -yan/-yat ; ra' ayt) obs erver , s eer;
ra' aye xebu' at soothsayer; ra' aye kokab astrologer .

, ar Cut yok e .
wal l , enclosure , fortification wal l .

G t taqatZa pass .
C G ' aqtaZa
G lt taqataZa to fight or k i l l one another ; to fight (with :
qatZ n . ki l l ing , murder; battl e ,
fighting; gabra qaHa mes l.a t o fi ght a bat t l e \'i i th .

ki l ling.
CG ' ar' aya to show
form, likeness , appearanc e ; type, standard , norm, pattern ; copy .
W
W
q a? Z (pl . ' aq ? e Z ) m. f . l eaf, fo l i age .
qetuZ s l ain .
G l t tara' aya to look at one another,
(something : a . d . o . ; to someone : o . s . ) ; to reveal , make mani fest .

to make visib l e .
' astaqa aZa C O t to crown (someone : o . s . ) with (a . d . o . ) .
mesZa or acc . ) .
qom m. stature ,
qawami standing , s t ab l e ;
i s hment .
caus .
maqapen
Qt taqapqapa pass'. qetqirt; 'groun d ,

qe pqape n . grinding, reaking ; destru.ction . -,
. -.' - : :' :" .
qobar (p I . -at) b l ackness , darkn es s .
maqsaft (pl . -at) m . f . pun ishment , beating , whipping; divine pun-
qataZa G (yeqte Z) t o ki l l , murde r .
qapin
re' s (pI . ' ar' est) m . f . head; top , summi t ; ' chi e f , l eader; with pron .
qasafa G (yeqsef) to beat , whip ; to aff l i ct , punish .

qesuf beaten , whipped, affl i cted . qesfat punishment , aff l i ct ion .
qa?ara G to enclose or forti fy with a wal l .
...
broken .
qessum w e l l
Gt taqasfa p as s .
taqasma p as s .
" ..
qatqapa Q to grind; to break .
maqsem (pl . maqasem) highly s easoned foo d .
qasis/qassis (pl . qasawest ) presbyter , e l der .
' aqsam) .
qapin (f. qapan ; pI . qapant) fine ; del icat e ; n . . fine clothes .
qenyat dominat ion , dominion , s ub j ection .
qene church singing , church mus i c .
s exual intercour s e .
:a
qataZi (pl . qataZt) murderer, k i l ler .

.. .:-
qeHat murder,
re Cya G (yer Cay) to pastur e , tend (herd s , flocks ) ; to graze ( subj ect :
f l o cks ) .
Gt tare Cya to graze , be tended.
mara Cey ) catt l e , flock , herd; pasture .
mar Cet (p l . -at ,
mar <ay idem .
mer <ay a
pastur e .
' arba c ( acc . - a ) f . four; ' arba Ctu (ac e . ' arba C ta) m. fou r .
rab e c
427
426
rabe <awi (f. -t) idem .
(f. - t) adj . fourth .
rabe <ay (f. rabe <it)
reb < f . four; reb < a adv . four times .
idem.
rababa G to expand , extend, spread out (trans . ) .

and intrans .
rebbat expan s i on , extension .
finding; acqui s ition . merkab acqui s i tion ; ' p ay', - stip en d .

W
w
rakwsa G (y erk e s/yerk as) to be unclean: impur e , pollut d , con t ami
nated; to be bad (in genera l ) . CG ' rkwasa o po l lut e , defi l e .
W
pekus ( f . rek est) unclean , e t c . rekws p]1cleanness , pollution ;
' arbe <a forty .

Gt tarabba pas s .
marbab net .
mbban (p 1 . at, rabbanat) teacher , leader .
anything unc l ean , vi l e .
rab G (yerba) to gain (as) profit ; to be profitab l e .
CG ' arbe
' armama CG to b e si l ent; t o make s i l ent .
reba/raba, profit ,
to make profi t ab l e , to make ( someone) profit .
over in s i l ence .
interest , gain .
make tranqui1 .
racf a G (yerda' ) to help ( someone : o . s . ) .
Gt tarad' a pass .
Glt
tarade' a t o render mutual aid, to help ( a . d . o . o r mesZa) .

helper, assistant .
rad'
rada' i
rad' et help , assistance ; helper, ass i s t ant .
(p 1 . ' arda' , ' arde' t) helper , assistant ; discip l e , fo l lower .
taradya G t to l end at interest , receive interest .
G l t taradaya idem .
rede intere s t .
raf' a G to s ew .
Gt taraf' a pass .
ref' o sewn work .
tai lor .
ref' at suture, s ewing .
raja' i
marfe' (pl . marafe' t) need l e .
mfaqa G (yerfeq) to reclin e at a meal .
CG ' arfaqa caus .
p l ace to recl ine ; a meal , p arty, sympos ium .
marfaq threshho ld .
regb (p 1 . ' argab) dove .

regum cursed, execrate d .
Gt taragma pas s .
G l t taragama
ragami curser , execrat or .
margam
(p l . -at) cur s e , execration .
reba G (yerb) to be wide , spacious , ample .
reub wide , spacious .

rb , rebat idem .
reib ( f . rab ) idem.
reb widt h , breadth.
mareb (pl . maraebt) a wide place , stree t ,
re a G (yerq) t o b e distant , remo t e , far off (both spatial and

CG ' arqa to remove, put at a distance ; to delay .
G l t taraqa t o s eparate (mutually; from : ' emenna/mes Za/o . s . ) .
reuq far away, remo t e , distant ; re uqa ma at s low to anger .

reuqa
ba-reuq adv . at a distance ; ' em-re,uq from afar . re at
=
period of time or interval o f space .

rakaba G (yerkab) to find , come upon ; to acquire .
Gt tarakba to be
CG ' arkaba
G l t tarakaba to congregat e ; to j oin , associate with (me s Z a
' astarkaba to be at lei sure ( for) ; to be busy

with , invo lved in ; to be ready , conven i en t , opportune . rekbat n .
CGt
pes <at forgetfulnes s , negl igence , impiety .
:res <an , res <enna idem .
ras1;za G to be subj ect or. l i ab l e (to : Za-) , to be in danger o f ; to be

a
defendant; to be 'un c l ean , dirty .
CG
'
ar se to condemn ; to make
resu dirt Y , &t c . ; the accus ed , de
d irty, pol lute, contaminate .
resat (p l . -at) dirt , filt h , pol lution; crime , gui l t . ,

'
mssciya D to put , p lace:; s et ; to:
imp, .c some thing: :

.
. i : d . o . Y "to ( some
one : Uz <la , la- ) ; to make i regard ( ;omethi.J;lg : - a . d .o . ) as/into

.
do something (subjunctive) .
ressuy - prepared, ' made ready, equipped.
tersit adornment , equipment ; adoption .

CG ' arse' a caus .
res' , res' enna ,
res' an o ld age .
rat <a G (yerta < ) to be j us t , righteous , truthful , s incere .
' arte <a to make right , correct , s traight , stab l e .
orthodox; haymano t rete <t the orthodox faith .
righteous , truthful , s incere .
CG
retu <' ( f .
rate r ( f . -t) j u s t ,
re t < j us t i c e , what is right ; trut h .
mas tarate < so ldier, guard.

ro?a G (yeru?) to run .
Glt tarawa?a to run as a group .
cause to run (esp . horses) .
rawa?i swift , running .
CG ' arosa to
merwas di s
t ance run , cours e ; race .
rexba G (yerxab) to be hungry.
found, to be (pred. adj . or n . may be in the acc . ) .

caus .
s in .
rete <t) j us t , righteous ; straight , l eve l , even ; correct , proper,
ra?ana G to spread ( a . d . o . ) as a saddle , to saddl e .
or ace . ) .
CG ' arse <a caus . Gt taras <a pas s . ; to fal l into error/
rase < forgetful , ngl igen t , impious . ras i < impious , s inful .
wicked .
ras' a G (yersa' ) to grow o l d .

CG ' araba caus .
forum, marketp l ace .
temporal ) .
s i l ent , quiet down ,

'
( s omething : a . d . o . or kama/westa/Za- ) ; to make (someqne : a . d. o . )
ragama G (yergem) to cur s e , execrat e .

pass .
ke
armami s ilent , not speaking .
....
ras 'a G (yersa <) to forget ; to be negligent ; to . err; to ' be impious ,
fendant .
merjaq a
CGlt ' astaramama t ;
maY'l11em s i l ent .
Gt" iaramma ' to be. pas s ed
ing.
CG ' arxaba caus .
rexub hungry, st arv
raxab/raxab hunger , famine .
' arxawa CG to open (trans . ) .

opened .
' aryam (p l .
rexew open .
Gt tarexwa t o open ( i ntrans . ) , be
marxo (pl . maraxut) m . f . key .
on ly) h i ghest heaven , the heavenly hei ght s ;
' aryam a mus i cal term .
mahleta
428
429
s
sedsa adv . six times .
-sa enc l . part . but , however , on the other hand .

sa' aZa G
Glt
(yes' aZ) to ask for ( a . d . o . ; from someone : xaba, ' em- , o . s . ) .
tascr aZa to find out by asking around .
(someon e :
0.5.
Dt taseJ J e Za to ask
or ba-xaba ; about something : a . d . o . or
ba' enta) .
seJ Zat reques t , prayer, petit ion .

seJ na G to be unab l e (to do : inf . ) .
+ 0.5.
personal
and inf. ) .
Gt
tase' na to be impo s s i b l e ( im
seJ un impoten t , power l es s .
se' nat
sa 'ama G (yes 'am) to ki s s .

one another .
end .
Gt
tase 'ma pass .
Glt
tasa 'ama to k i s s
se 'mat a ki s s .
sefna interro g . adv . how many?
safara G to measure out .
se 'ra
Gt
tase 'ra pass . of trans . G .
be' si ) j man, mankind .
sab 'u (acc . i dem) f . seven .
s e 'rat destruct i on ,
distribut e .
sabe 'it) i dem .
sab' (pl . ) peop l e , men

.
tesbe' t incarnat i on .
sab 'atu/saba'tu (acc . sab 'ata) m . s even .
sabe ' ( f . -t) adj . s eventh .
sabe 'O,wi ( f . -t) i dem .
sabe 'ay ( f .
sabu' the s eventh day (o f week o r month) ; s even
seb' f. s even ; seb ' a adv . s even time s .
sabbe1;za D to prai s e , l aud , g l orify .

prai s ed , gl ori fied .
Dt
tasabbe p as s .
sebhat
sebbe1;zat idem .
Gt
overcome b y d i s aster.
sabaki
s ebur broken .
tasabra pass . ; to b e
sebr fragment , p iece .
sebar
s ebrat n . breaking.
sadada G (yesded) to pers ecut e ; to drive out , banis h , exp e l ; to ex

sedud ex
communicat e ; to divorce ( a wife) . Gt tasadda pas s .
p e l l e d , exi l ed , excommuni cat ed .
seddat exi l e , expul s ion; persecu
sadadi pers ecutor; exorcis t .
sedestu (acc . sedesta) m . s i x .

adj . s i xth .
Dt
tasaffawa to hope for, expect , l"ook fOl'w<l;rd
cobb l e r .
tasafya p as s .
'(i":"a . 0 . ) .
tasjQ
sar
ayi sewer, t ai l or ,
sagada G (yesged) to bow down ( t o : Za-/qedma) .
s egud prostrate (in a
s egdat prostrat ion , act of adora
mesgad p l ace of worship , shrin e , mosque .
J asgaZa CG to divine , pract ice augury .

sagaZ divinat i on .
CGt
. . . .... -.,
J as tasagaZa idem ; to con
masagge Z (p l . -an) diviner,
magi c i an , soothsayer .
sa a G (yes1;zab) t o pul l , drag, draw ; t o attract (to : xaba) ; to pro

tract (qaZa nagara) .
G t tese1;zba pas s .
J
se1;zta G (yest) t o err , get l o s t ; t o s tray ( from a path o r doctrine).
CG
J asta to lead a s tray; to l e ad into sin or erro r .
ing , l ed into erro r .
se1;zut err
se1;ztat (pl . -at) error, s in ; za' enbaZa
se1;ztat wi thout error .
sessu ( ac c . idem) f . s i x .
sadesawi ( f . -t) i dem .
Gt
to.
masje awl .
sult diviners .
Gt
tasafara to met e out ,
' asta ta CG to persuade , 'enti ce , seduc,e , "deceiV'e . " Gt tasaffa p as s .

sefpat . s educti on , l ure , enticeinen t .
sajQpi seducer, deceiver.
' asaffawa C D t o promls e '( somethin g : a . d . o . ; to someone : o . s . or Za- ) .
tion .
preacher .
-t)
scific amount .
Glt
masfart (p I . masafer) a measure;
pos it ion of worship/ adorat ion ) .
tasabka pas s .
s ebkat n . preaching, proclamation ; a preaching miss ion .

sabara G (yesber) to break (into p i eces) .
tasafra p as s .
sefur measured .
safaya G (yesfi) to s e w .
sebbu1;z
-at) prai s e , glory , maj es ty; Zotu sebQat To Him be prai s e
sabaka G (yesbek) t o preach (a . d . o . o r ba- ) .
Gt
how many time s ?
(p l . -t) m . f . hope , expectation , promi s e .
sab ' a s eventy .
s ebba1;ze prai s e , glori ficat i on , hymn .
(formu l a after divine names ) .
tion .
masfen (p l . masafent) rul er , goVeTIIOr , prfect , high

masfena me' t centurion : mesfena the offi ce or
status of a masfen .
sefneg/sefnag sponge .
(pl . o f
idem .
safana G (yesfen) to become strong , powerful ; t o exerci s e contro l ,

rul e (over : diba/Za 'Za/Za- o r a . d o . ) . sar
ani ru}.e, . contro l l er,
:
(yes 'ar) to destroy, violat e , annul , d i s s o lve , bring to an
tasabbe J a Dt to become man , be incarnate .
(pl .
se eAan s i on ,
extension; width , expan s e ; s incerity; warp (of a lom) .
seat
extension, width, cap acity . masfe": hammer , mallet ; anvi l .
offi ci a l , j udge;
viol ation , annulment ; dismi s s al , removal from office .
days .
cious , amp l e ; open, s incere , gui l e l es s ; generous .
governor .
impotence, inab i l ity.
sa 'at/sa 'at (p l . -at) hour , time .
sa 'ara G
sessa s i xty .
(yesjQ1;z) trans . : to spread ' out , 'ext'end , exp and ; intrans . idem.
saf/:ia
Gt tasaf1;za idem intrans .
sefuQ spread out , extende d; wide , spa
G
sades ( f .
sadesay ( f . sadesit) i dem,
sadus the s i xt h day (of the week or month) ; six days .
seds f . six;
sakaba G (yeskeb/yeskab) to l i e down .

lying dO IVT1 .
CG
J askaba caus .
sekub adj .
meskab (pl . -at) p l ace to l i e down ; bed, couch .
' askaZ (pl . -at) grape ( s ) .

. r
431
430
sakama G t o carry on the shoul ders .
CG ' askama caus .
Gt tasakma
CG ' askara caus .
sakra G (yesker/yeskar) to be intoxicated .
pas s . (pre d . n . in the c c . ) . CG ' asmaya ' o be . well known , famous,

outs t anding . semuy named, cal led; famous , il 1ust:r'i-o-u'. -
sekur
celes t ial .
sekrat intoxi cation . sakari (p l . sakart) drunkard .

w
sakk asa D to ceas e , come to an end , die out .
W
W
sak at/sakot (pl . ' ask at) stre e t , quarter.
tasana' awa Qlt to come to an agreement, be in accord .

' asanbata CQ to obs erve the s abbath or Sunday .
sendon/sendun fine linen .
sa laba (; (yesleb) to take (a. d . o . ) away ( from : o . s . ) , deprive o f ,
G t tasalba reflex . and p as s .
senn (pl . s enan , ' asnan) tooth .
se lbat n . deprivin g ,
tasannana D t
taking away.
wit h .
sa m . f . s afety , p eace ; ba-salam s afe ly, in p eace ; gabra salama

mes la to make peace with ; salam laka Greetings !
La <lehu salam May
mastasaleq mocker, s corner .
salata G ( 1 ) to be who l e , p erfect ; ( 2 ) to accept/bring back (some
thing : a . d . o . ) who l e/ comp l et e/ in its entirety; to pay back; ( 3 ) to

consummate , finish up/off.
D sallata
effective, to accomp l ish results .
G (2) and G (3) ; also : t o be
G t tasalta
D t tasallata to be
sellae comp l etion .
finished, consummated .
listen
obey"
sam <a G (yesma <) t o hear, hear o f , hear about ; t o heed,
. ; t o summon
caus
<a
asme
'
G
C
.
s
as
p
<a
tasam
Gt
to (acc. or la- ) .
G lt tasame <a to hear and understand one

another, each other ' s language . semu < famous , i l lustriou s ; notori
sama <t)
ous . sam2i <i adj . hearing , l i st ening to , obedi ent ; n . (p I .
( a . d . o . ) as a witness .
sem < (pI . -at) m . f . rumor , report ; t' estimony ;
martyrdo m, martyrs .
' asmaka CG to l e an ; to prop up, cause to ' lean .
port .
masmak (t) prop , sup
mesmak idem.
samani (acc . idem) f . eight .
samanitu , samantu (acc . samanta) m .
samenawi ( f . -t) idem.

eighth day (of the month) ;
the
n
sannl
sQmen (f. -t) adj . e i ghth .
samenay (f. samenit ) i dem .
eight days , a week .
samaneya eighty .
night) .
saqala G (yesqe Z) to suspend, hang up ; to crucify .
semn f . eight ; semna adv . eight times .
. 1 6) .
samaya G (yesmi) to name ( for constru ctions s ee Voc
Gt tasamya
'Gt tq.aqZa p a,ss . ;
to depend (on : ba-/:x:aba) ; to. adhere , cl ing (t o : wes ta} .

hanging , suspended, crucified; dependent .
's equZ
seq lat crucifixion .
masqal (pl . masaqel) m. cross .

saqala (pl . saqalew) tent, tabernacl e .
w
w
saq ara (yesq er) to pierce, dig out/through .
' asqoqawa Q to lament , s i n g a dirge .
W
Gt tasaq ra p as s .
W
seq rat ap erture , openin g .
saqoqaw dirge , lamentation .
masqoqew mourner; adj . lamenting, mourning.

' asrab (pl . only) cataracts , downpours .
saragala (pl . - t) cart, wagon, chariot .
' asargawa CQ to adorn , deck out , beautify .
reflex.
Qt tasargawa p as s . and
sergew adorned, decorated, made beautiful .
sargW (pl .
-at) adornment , beauti fi cation .

sara G (yesra) to labor to the point of exhaustion , to be affl i cted
CG ' asrea to t i re , exhaust ; to
with di fficult tasks or dutis .

caus e or impose labor/mi s ery .
samen the south .
eight .
tasnan lawsuit , liti gation , controversy .
sequr p erforated, excavated, breached .
sem (p l . ' asmat) m . name ; fame , reputation .
\vitne s s , martyr .
G lt tasanana to enter into l itigation with , to contend
sanuy ( f . sanit) the s econd day (of week or month) , two days ; sQnit
e Zat) the next day; s anita idem ; ba-sanita on the next day (or
se lan dil l .
tasalaqa G lt to j oke, sport , p l ay ; to mock , make fun o f (la <la) .
senape mus t ard .
peace be upon him !
selaq sport , p l ay , mockery.
sanbat (pI-. -at,
sanabet) s abbath; Sunday (sanbata. Kerestiyan) ; week :: .
maskot (pl . masakew) m . f . window .
strip off.
samayawi ( f . - t ) heaven ly, divin e ,
samay (pl . -at) m . f . heaven , sky .
sakar intoxicating drink; intoxicat ion .
inebriated , drunk .
seru vexed, exhausted .
s erah (pl .
-at) l abor , bother, exhaustion , affl iction.

sark evening, twi l i ght; sarka Sanbat Sabbath evening .
C G ' asraqa caus .
saraqa G (yesreq) to steal .

saraqi (pl . saraqt) thief.
sarara G (yesrer) to fly .
fli ght , flying.
sarari
Gt tasarqa p as s .
serq/sarq stolen obj e c t ; theft .
serur adj . flying , in fl i ght .

=
serur.
..:s . ,.
serrat
432
....
CO ' asaggara to cast net s , fi s h ; cap fre by trapping.

... .:...:, 'v
Gt tasagra to be captuxea, ensnared . , . masaggr ' Cpl . ' ':'an) , fisherman.
sarwe (pl . sarawi t) troops , army , cohorts ; a mi l itary leader .

saraya G (yesray/yesri) to forgive , excus e , p ardon.
CGt
' asgara CG
Gt tasarya p as s .
' astasraya to seek pardon (from : ' emenna) .
satay
CG ' astaya caus .
Gt tasatya pas s .
drinker, one who i s fond of drinkin g .
saaqa/seJ;zqa G (yesaq) to ridi cule ( a . d . o . or Za ' Za) ., ' CG

caus . saJ;zq/sa7;zaq ridicul e . mesq comedy 'the'at er.
mes tay a p l ace for drink
ing, a watering p l ace .

' as tama CG to submerge , immers e , flood .
setmat submersion, s inking.
mastem adj . submerging, flooding .
seZsa adv . thri c e .
tasapwa Gt to accep t , receive , t ake; to comply with; to respond .
saZlata 0 to have power, authority..
ye' eta sobe at that time .
sawwara D to hide , cover over, conceal , protect .
and p ass .
s ewwur hidden, covered, conceal ed.
Dt tasawwara refl e
mesewwc.r hidden
place, hiding p lace .
sor (p I . ' aswar) o x , s teer .

suraje Z s eraph, s eraphim.
sota G (yesut) t o pour .
G t tasawta p ass . and refl ex.
sewut poured .
sayf (pI . ' asyaf, ' asyeft) m . f . sword.

sisay sustenance , food, provi s i ons .
j
,
8upat n . pouring, emptying .

s exin frankincense
sesaya Q/L to nourish, sustain , provide for .
Qt/Lt tasesaya p as s :
saZasa thirty.
masZest (pl . masaZes) a kind
of measure .
sobeha adv . immediately, then, thereupon .
sisit idem .
give power to .
ity; to rul e .
Dt tasaZ lata
CD ' asaZ lata ,:: CG ' asZata to '
Gt 'tasaZPa to acquire power, author
seZut/seZ Zup P9'lerful -h1 p ;;we ;:
power, authority.
' .. _
" S'iFG.rt' (PI .
-at)
-: '
.:
samra G (yesmar) to take delight , be p l eased (with/ in : ba- ) .
' asmara to pl eas e , delight give p l easure to (6 . s ."'or la- ) .
p l easing (to : Za-/ba-xaba/ba-qedma ) , nice , p leasant .

approval , consent; ba-semrata with the consent o f .
pl easing (to : xaba/Za-) .
CG
semur
semrat favor,
masmer/masmari
Sene/Sene Eth . month name : June 8 - July 7 .
sannaya 0 t o b e beaut i fu l , fine , excel l ent , goo d , fitting, appropri
at e .
CD ' asannaya to adorn, deck out , array ; to make ( a . d . o . )
good; t o do (somethin g : inf . ) wel l .

lovely.
say tan (pl . -at) S at an ; a devil , demon, advers ary .
' asaqa
sazas (acc. -a) f . thre e ; saZastu (acc . saZasta) m. thre e . saZes ( f .

-t) adj . third. saZesawi (f. - t ) idem. salesay ( f . saZesit) idem.
saZus the third day (of week or month) ; three , days . seZs f. three;
Gt tasaa to s ink (intrans.).
setetira a stater ( coin) .

soba conj . when; wa-kona soba and when .
sagarat (pi . ) guards .
ness .
sete
satay (i)
tasahaZa G l t to show mercy (to : a . d . o . ) ; to forgi e . sahZ mercy,

.:'
kindness . mastasaheZ m,rciful , l enient, ; s eeking mercy or forgi ve
sutaf/sutare
maste a drink (the act or what i s drunk) .
+.
' asgari hunter, fisherman .
m . f . sing . and c o l I . , companion, associat e , cons ort .

satya G (yestay) to drink .
masgart (pl . masager) snare , net , trap .
tasatafa Lt to as sociate with ( acc . or mesZa) ; to share (something :

ba-) with (someone : acc .) sutuf companion , partner .
mesennay
sennuy adorned, decked out ,
masanney the best (of) , the best part (of) .

masanney .
senn beauty.
sannay (f. -t) beauti ful , fine , excel l ent,
good (both physi cal and moral senses ) .

saqq (p l . -at, ' asqaq) sack, sack-cl oth .
sa' n (p I . ' as' en, ' as' an, ' asa' en) sho e , s andal .
se <ra G to grow green, to grow .
tion , gras s .
sa rr (p I . ' as <ert) herbage , vegeta
se <ur gras sy , covered with vegetation.
se <ert (pl .
' as <ert) hair (of head or body) .

sa <aya G to l'iinnow .
sega (p l .
mas <e winnowing-fork .
t ) m. fl esh , meat (human or animal ) ; body; the flesh as
oppo s ed to the spiri t .

carna l .
segawi of the flesh (not spiritual ) ;
saqaya L to affli ct, vex, torment .
tion , torment .
Lt tasaqaya pass .
seqay vexa
masqe goad; weaver ' s comb .
sar ia G (yesra <) to put into order, arrange ; to establish, set up ,
ordai n .
ordained .
Gt tasar 'a pass .
seru < arranged , ordered, established ,
ser<at (p l . -at) order, arrangement , disposition ;
de cree , edict , command; law , statute ; treaty, pact , testament ;

custom, habit , any fixed pattern .
434
saraba G to drink i n , absorb .
s"axxata . tq put at e as e , a l low to rest
sernay/sernay wheat .
sarara L to found , es t ab l i sh .
e s t ab li shed .
serur/surur founded,
Lt tasarara pass .
surare foundin g , foundation .
sarari founder .
masarrat (pl . -at) foundation , firmament , bottom.

saraqa G (yesreq) to ris e , shine (of the sun) .
CG ' asraqa caus .
sarq (p l . ' asraq) r i s ing (of heavenly bodies ) ; the east ; the new
moon, the calends .
serqat r i sing , appearance .
saraqawi east ern .
mesraq (p l . -at) the east .
sara?a/sar?a G (yesre?/yesra? ) to sprout .
CG ' asra?a caus .
sar? a
v
sprout , sprout ing .

sarawa G
0 sarrawa to eradicat e , ext i rpat e .
tasarrawa pas s .
Gt tasua
serw (p l . -at, seraw, ' asraw) root ; nerve , musc l e ,
seray (pl . -at) medi cine , herbs , e t c . ; incantations , spe l l s , mag ic ;

za-/J a Z Za seray , sab) a seray dealers in . magic and spel l s .
sataqa G (yeseq) t o cut , s p l i t . G t tasatqa p as s . setuq cut , spl i t .
setqat n . cutting , splitting; a cut , spl i t .
satata G (yese) to t e ar (apart ) , r end .
Gt tasatta pas s .
setut
settat n . tearing, rending; the p art torn off, t at te
fragment .
sawa ci (pl . sawa Ct) priest , sacri fi cer .
masawe C) m . s acri fic e ; alt ar .
Gt tasaw ca
maswa Ct (p l . -at,
meswa c (pl . -at) altar .
sawaya G t o ripen ( o f grain) .
comp l . in acc . ) ; to put , p l ace , set .
Gt tasayma pass . (pred. n .
seyum appointed , s e t , p l aced ; n . appointe e , offi c i al ,

simat (p l . -at) m . f . ordinat ion ; offi ce , p os i
masayemt (pl . ) container ( s ) , basket ( s ) .
se a G (yesit) to s e l l (to : xaba, Za-) .

tasayata to buy .
merchant .
CQ ' a?a cdawa caus .
?a cda/?a cada (pl . ?acadew) adj . whi t e .

?acadcid whi t i s h .
a c a ra G (ye? C a Z) t o cur s e , revi l e .
ta?a c ca Za pass .
ing .
? e c dew aj : white .
.
?e cdawe whttenes
. .. .. ... s .
.
0 sac c aZa i d e m .
e c u Z/?e c cu Z desp i sed .
?acaZi curser, revi l er .
O t ta e c ceZa/
? e c Zat n . curs ing , revi l -
Ot ta?e C Cena to moun t ,

r i d e o n (animal o r vehi c l e ) ; a l so o f a demon possessing a p erson .
e c cun laden; riding, mounted . masta?e c cen horseman .
confinemen t , press ; need .
?e 'uq narrow, confined .
aCq
ma? c eq adj . pres.s ing , confinillg .
?e cra 'G to be grteved, paine d , afflcted . . ' G ' a? C

':' C O ' asa c c ara
.
... ' ..-r....... . ."
to infli ct gri ef or pain upon . Ot ta?e C Cera p as s . of CO . ?e cur/
;q.
?e c cur grieved, pained, afflicte d .
?a Cr pain , torment, grief,
sQb' a G .
See b' a.
' a?ba Ct (pl . J a?aDe C ) f . m . finger , toe .
se pri c e , value .
Gt tasayta pas s .
J a?baba caus .
nes s .
?abib ( f . ?abab) narrow, confined .
masbeb a narrow p lace , p as s .
CG
?ebbat narrow
?ab G (ye?ba) to grow l i ght , to dawn ; ?abiQa at dawn .
Glt
?eba (p l . -at) m . f . early
morning; the eas t .
sawit ear of grain .
sema G (yesim) to appo int (to an office) , des i gnate (a . d . o . : obj .
tion .
a cdawa Q to be white .
ta?abea to greet early i n the day .
sok (pl . J aswak) thorn , s t in g .
governor, prefect .
?abba/?ababa G (ye?beb) to be ( too) narrow; to narrow , confine .
saw ca G (yesu C) to s acri fi ce , offer ( a . d . o . ; to : Za- ) .
i n acc . ) .
affl i ction .
su c/su c flax, tinder .

p as s .
t ranquility, rel axat ion , rest .
oCQ . asaxxata
O . Ot
' :
r e l axed , at rest :;. ;): ease . saxt
' a? Caqa CG to press in on , to confine .
sarwe (p l . sarawi t) beam , timber .
torn , rent .
sexut
?ac cana 0 t o load ( an animal o r vehi cl e ) .
Ot
serrawe eradicat i on .
t endon .
tasexxeta p as s . of ' O .
CQ ' amasrata to
Qt tamasrata p ass .
found .
435
?abbat tribute , taxes .
sayati (pl . sayatt) sel l er ,
mesyat (p l . -at) marketp l ac e .

0
C O J a?abbea caus .
ma?abbe tax-co l l ector .
ma?abbei idem .
me?ebba tax offi ce .

?abaZ dus t .
?ebuZ dust .
?abxa G to dip .
?abx s auce, gravy .
ma?bex dish , bowl .
CG J a?dafa caus .
?adfa G to rush, plunge headlon g .
G lt
saxata/sexta G to be a t eas e , a t res t , comfort abl e , I,el l off .
?abbe 0 to exact/ co l l ect taxes o r tribut e .
?adf (pl . J a?daf)
precipitous p l ace, precip i c e , abys s .

adaZa G to shine , be sp l endi d .
gl eam.
C G J a?daZa t o shine , emit l i ght ,
?edu Z shining, sp l endi d .
?adaZ sp l endor, l i ght , g l e am .
?adqa G (ye?deq/ye?daq) to b e righteous , j us t , true, faithful .
Ot
437
436
taaddaqa to give the appearance ( fa l s e ly) o f being righteous .
CG
'1edq (p l . -at) j us t i c e ; rightn es s ,
truth; ba-'1edq l egally, rightful l y .
'1af ra G (ye'1fa r) to strike , s lap , box .
Gt ta'1afa pass .
?efrat a
b l ow , s l ap .
'1efnat pack, wal l et .

ta'1afqa to be dense , crowde d .
f!efuq den s e , thick , cro\ded; fre

CG
f!agba G to be s at e d , fi l led, sat i s fi e d ; to be s i ck o f s omethin g .

' a'lgaba t o satiat e , satisfy .
'1egub s ated, ful l , s at i s fi e d .
'legab
s at i ety , abundance .
w w
w
egg (pl . '1eg ag ) s treet , marke t - p l ace .
dark, obscured, b l inded .
ma? a Z Zat
Ct; ' af! lama caus .
f!aZim ( f . ?a'Zam) black .
?e Zum
f!eZmat m . f .
Dt taaggawa to be shown grace or favor .
'1aga (p l . -t) m . f . grace,
favo r , kindnes s ; gift , payment , reward; ba-aga grat i s , as a gi ft .
?aggawi/agawi liberal , generous .

'leguy adj . flowering, adorned with flowers .
ege (pl . -yat) flower .

'lehqa G (ye?haq) to des ire ; to be eager for , pursue d i l i gently; t o
C G ' a haqa caus .
?ehuq desirous , eager, concerned .
?ahq desire, eagerness .

f!alJafa G (yef!lJaf) to write .
Gt ta'1efa pas s .
CG ' af!lJafa caus .
'1efat writing (act or product) .
'1alJaft) s cribe; l earned person .
?aafi (pl .
maf!lJaf (p l . maaeft) m . f . book ,
document ; wri ting , inscription .
the month Y .
f!aZlaya D to pray (to : xaba/qedma; for : ba' enta/Za r Za/diba) , to pray

for ( something : a . d . o . ) .
f!aZot (pl . '-at) prayer ( s ) .
mef!e Uay
p l ace to pray, chap e l .
? em' thirst .
CG "a.?!!!.e' u ' caus. '

"...:..: .
f!emu'
?amhayaya Q to wither; dry up .

?amma G to be deaf and dumb .
CG ' amama to make deaf, dumb . Gt

'
'
?emum deaf and/or
ta?amama to be made deaf, to feign deafnes s .

dumb .
f!emma , ?emmita, ba-emmit adv . secret ly, in secre t , in
privat e .
f!amawa L (yef!O:mu) to l abor, toi l .
CL ' af!amawa to inf l i ct harsh labor
on; to morti fy (the f l e s h , as an ascetic practice) .
?ama/ama
(pl . -t) m . f . l abor , to i l , work ; devi c e ,. artifi ce .
?an ra G (ye?na r) to b e strong , powerful , firm, sure; lasting, endur

ing ; hard, harsh, s evere .
CG ' asne ra to make strong, etc . ; to
grasp firmly (ba-) ; to learn by heart (ba-Zebb-J .
?ene rt) s trong, e tc .
? enu r ( f .
f!ana ri (p l . sana rt) strong , firm; forti fi ed .
'len ", f!en rat hardn es s , firmnes s ; strengt h , power, forc e ; '1en ra
samay the firmament o f the sky.
f!aZ dish, bow l , p l atter .
mef!na r (p l . -at) firm bas e ; firma
ment .
?eew s er ene .
f!a Z' a G (ye? Za' ) to hate , be host i l e toward (a . d . o . ) .
Gt ta?a Z' a
G l t ta?a Ze' a to behave in a hos t i l e way toward
e Zu' hated, hateful .
'1eZ' /f!aZ' hatred , hos t i rity,
?aZ'8! i (p I . 'laZa' t) enemy , hater , detracter .
{la ZlJawa Q to act treacherous l y .
f!e lmata Y on the X day (using qatuZ form) o f the second hal f of
thirsty .
?agWr hair (human or animal ) ; fur, feathers , plumage .
enmity .
grow b l ind; f!aZma ga??u he b ecame angry .
?am' a G (ye?ma' ) to be thirsty (for :, Za-) .
aggawa D to show grace or favor (to : o . s . or Za- ) ; to bestow gi ft s .
one another .
mef!ZaZ/mef!e Z la l a shady p lace , arbor , pavi l i on .
mawa re la f!e lmat (days of wane) ; note the formul a ' ama X-u Za
Gt
quent .
pas s . and refl ex .
sha'aed, dark .
darknes s ; the days of the month after the 1 5th are known as
' a'1faqa to make dens e ; to do something frequently (+ inf. ) .
?euf written .
ness .
tq!'he
?eZa Zot/f!e Z ZaZot shde , shadow ( s ) , dark
?aZma/?a Zama G (ye? Zam/ye? Zem) to grow dark , b e ' black ; of eyes : to
?aqot/?a?ot gnat , fl ea .
take care o f .
?aZaZo lampbl ack, s oo t .
tabernacl e , t ent ; Ba raZa Ma?aZ Zat Feast o f Tabernacles .
?adiiy autumn .
'1agaya G to flower .
Dt ta?aZZaZa
D ?aZZa Za to shade., cover .
' a daqa to make righteous , j us t ; to declare j ust or inno cent .

?adeq ( f . -t) righteous , etc .
' a? Za Za CG to furnish shade ; to s eek t h e shade ; to s i t , l i v e , dwel l .
?eZew treacherous , gui l eful .
?eZut treachery, gui l e , mal i c e .
enf (pl . ' a?naf, ?enaf) m. edge , margin , hem; shore , bank; end,
l imi t .
' af!nafa medr the ends o f the earth .
?anafi adj . exterior,
extreme , outer .
?ana G (ye?naJ to wai t , awai t , expect; to be imminent (to : o . s . or

Za- ) ; to l i e in wait for .
C G ' a?nea
to set traps or snares for ;
to promis e ( i . e . cause to expect) ; to prepare (something : a . d . o . ;
F'V' ....=-=
...
439
438
la- ) . ?enu; waiting, expectant ; put aside, reserved.

sacrifice , offering.
ta?annasa Dt to be impoverished, reduced to poverty . ?ennus poor,
indigent , wretched . ta?nas poverty, wretchednes s ; lack , defi
ciency.
geT< Greece, the Greeks . ba-$eT< in Greek . $eT <awi adj . Greek .
aTaba G to hew, do carpentry . ?eTbat woodwork, stonework . ?aTQbi
carpenter, craftsman .
eT (pI . ' a?Ta , ' aTe,t) room, chamber , house ; bedroom.
?aTiq copper, small coin . ?aTiqat thin disk, cake .
?aTxa G (yeTClx) to cry out . ?eTClx a cry, shout .
sawwe <a D to cal l , summon; to invite; to proclaim. Dt ta?awwe < a pass.
?8WWU < summoned, invited . ? ewwe <a cal l , summons , invitation .
?ewwa <e i dem.
seula < (p I . -at) cup .
?oZa ' (pl . -at/-t) rock (s ) .
?oma G (ye?um) to fast . ?ewum adj . fasting . ?om (pl . ' aWiim , -at)
fast, fasting.
soma 't (pl . -at) monk ' s cel l .
?OTa G (ye?OT/ye?UT) t o carry , bear (lit . and fig . ) . C G ' a?OTa/
' a?aTa caus . Gt ta?awTa pass . ?ewUT adj . bearing, burdened
(with : ace. ) . ?OT (pl . ' a?WClT) burden . ?aUJWClT carrier es) , por
ter es) . sawiiri (f. - t ; pl . ?awaTt) one who carries, bears (e . g .
for :
?ena
. ., '...
pebab , zena) .
G to rot . eyu' rotten, decayed . ?i'at rot , decay.

G (ye?i,) to make level , to pave (a road) . Gt ta?e,a pass .
?eyu level , even, paved; easy. ma?yat highway .
few salt .
?e' a
?e,a
(pl . -at) ark (of Noah, of the Covenant) .

tab <a to be brave, manly. teb < , teb 'at bravery , courage , virtue .
taba <i (pl . taba <t) adj .
taba < t (pl . ' atbu < ) n . a mal e . tabba <
male, strong . taba < tawi (or -ay) adj . male, mas culine .
taf' a G to spit . tef' at spit , saliva.
tagha G to be wakeful , watchful , vigilant, attentive . teguh wakeful ,
etc . tegah vigi lance , watchfulness .
teta G to be humbl e . CG ' atata to make humble, to subj ect . Dt
tiibot
tate!*eta to humble one ' s s elf, be sbmi!5si ve, : t. act or be infe

rior, lowly. tehhut humble, modest , .obedient ; lowly, ignoble .
te,etenna humi lity, humbleness . tata prep . under , below, beneath; adv. below, from below. matett lower or inferior part ;
mat,etta prep . below, under, beneath .
matkaf(t) (pl . matakeft) shoulder .
takaZa G (yetkeZ) to plant; to fix in , implant . :G-t tatakZa pass . CD
' atakkaZa to push, shove, hit . tekuZ planted; implanted. fixed .
takZ (pl . -at, ' a tke Zt) a plant , tree; <a?ada ' atke Zt orchard,
grove; also fig. : taUa ?edq , takZa haymanot . matka Z {pl . matake l)
stake, peg. matke Z idem.
W
W
tak Za (p l . -t, tak aZut) wolf.
' atkata CG to wish to gain time . CD ' atakkata idem. tekat antiquity,
yore; za-tekat ancient, old, primeval , pristine ; ' em-tekat (u) fro
of old, hitherto , once , formerJY.
takkaza D to be sad, distressed, troubled inmind.,_ t be coricerned .
CD ' atakkaza caus . tekkuz sad, etc . tekkaz (pI . -at) sadnes,s ,
grief, care , concern; business , task.
taZawa G (yeUu) to fol low, accompany (a . d.. o . or Za-J . CG '_aJ;
caus . GI t tatalawa recipr. te Zwat/teZot n . fol lowing; dowFY .
taZawi follower; disciple, pupil ; sectarian, successor. matZew
adj . fol lowing . maUew/mat td that which follows , succession; rest,
remainder . maUewa adv . then , immediately thereafter, in succes
sion .
taTfa/taTafa G (yetTef/yetTaf) to be left over, remain , survive . CG
' atTafa to leave (as a remainder) . teruf left , remaining; abun
dant; excellent , outstanding. tel'eft (pI . terufii t ) virtue , excel
I ence, perfection . tel-af remainder , residue; overflow, abundance;
TeTafiita Nagast the aT book of Chronicles (lit . the remainder or
overflow from Kings) . taTaf/taTf idem . taTiifi survivor .
W
taTg ama Q to trans late (from . . . into : ' emenna . . . xaba/la-) . Qt
W
W
tataTg ama pas s . terg iime (pl . -eyat) m . f. trans lation , interpre
W
tation; za-ba-teTg amehu , ze-we' etu teTgwiimehu the interpretation
of which is . . . mataTgWem translator, interpreter .
tes <u/tas <u (acc . idem) f. nine. tes <atu/tas <atu , tasa <tu (ace . -tal
tase < (f. -t) adj . ninth. tase <awi ( f . - t) idem .
m. nine .
tase <ay ( f . tase <it) idem . tasu < the ninth day ( o f the month) ;
'a/tas <a
nine days . tes < f. nine; tes ta adv . nine times .. .... tes
...
. . . ...
440
441
ninety .
totan (pl . -at) thong , 1 ace; tota-na aa' n shoelace , s andal -thong .
Taxsas E th . month name : Dec . 1 0 Jan . 8 .
-
. : .:",.. -
flavor; sweet taste , p leasant taste ; reason , good s ense .
pe <ya G (yep <ay) to be healthy, wel l . CG ' at <aya to make healthy ,

wel l , cause to recover . pe <uy ( f . pe <it) wel l , healthy (of person
or p l ace) . p e < inna good health .
tab <a G to be wi l l in g , ready (to do something) . CG ' atbe <a to do
something wi l l ingly (with fo I l . coord . verb ) ; to persevere , b e
cons tan t , firm, undeterred; caus . o f same meanings .
tabba G (yePbab/yebeb) to be w i s e , prudent ; to be ski l led, expert .

Dt tatabbaba
to be crafty, cunnin g . CG ' ababa to make wi s e , e t c .
'
pabib ( f . pabab ; p I . tababt) wis e , e t c . tebab (p I . -at) wis dom ,
prudence , ski l l .
tab G to make an incision; to sacrifice . Gt tapab pass . peb

.
' . 1 v; ct; m . ebt s acrifice . mat.bat (p l .
s acrifi c e , s acr f ca
matabe) knife , sword .

par a G (yeya' ) to go out (of a light or fire) ; to perish, vani sh .
.
CG ' a fe' a to extinguish; to d estroy, ann hilate . t.ef' at ext inct i on , destruction , loss .
roo f , cei l ing .

tafara G to roof over, put up a c e ' l ; ng . t.a
J ar
'
taZZa
G to be mois t . CG ' atZaZa to moi sten , b edew . te ZuZ moi s t ,
.
rich , fat , prosperous
ta7 7 d ew . mat7a7
. " adJ' . moi s t ening , re
freshing.
ta li (f. - t ; p I . ' apaZi ) goat .

'apmaqa CG to bap t i z e . Gt tatamqa pas s . pemuq bapt i zed . pemqat
Matmeq
John the Baptis t .
baptism. matmeq b ap t i z e r , esp . Yohannes
.
.
mepmaq p l ace for
b ap t i z in g ; b ap t i s try ; pool .
taqaba G to s ew , at t acI1 by s ew' ng .
;eqemt
Eth . month name : Oct . 1 1
peqm wal l ,
t.eqbat n . s ewing , st itch .

Nov . 9 .
city wal l , fortifi cation
wal l .
propert y, wea l th .
peraz (p l . -at) fragment, fas cicle o f a book .

yaqa D to examin e , observe close ly, s crutin
plore; to ascert ain by examining .
' arafta peqm forti fi cat ion
terit pos s ession ,
i z e , inves tigat e , ex
CD
' apayyaqa to i n form (some

Dt tapayyaqa to s eek certa inty,
one : o . s . ) o f somet hing ( a . d . o . ) .

try to make sure; a l s o pass ive : to be ascer
taine d , found out for
sure . peyyuq preCi s e , accur ate ; certa
in, sure; peyyuqa adv . pre
ci s e l y , accurat e l y , for a certai nty .
pesa G (yePis ) to smoke .
CG
' apesa caus .
tebu < w i l l ing,
quick, eager , ready, undeterred, b o l d , perseverin g .
Terr Eth . 'month name : Jan . 9

Feb 7 .
' apraya CG t o acquir e , posse ss . G t tatarya pass
.
peqqa ,
a <ot (pl . -at) m . heathen idol ( s ) .

te
. <ma/ta <ama G (ye to <am/yeot < em) t 0 t as t e , to experience (e . g . death) ;
to e tasty, d e l icious . CG ' a <ama caus . ; to make sweet , p l easant.
.
te <wn tasty, d e 1 cous

, swe et , p l e asant . t.a <m (p I . -at) m . f .
ast e ,
wal l s ; ' ahgura peqm forti fied cities .

'
peqqa adv . very, extrem ely; exact ly, accurately;
stil l , " even .
ba-teqqa. prep . near , besid e .
tis smoke .
Wa- conj . 'il-n d .

we' etu (acc . we' eta) m . s . pron . he; that one , that
(pron . and adj . ) .
wa <ala/we <la G (ya <aZ ) to pass the day, remain . ,
wa 'Q:i attend ant ,
servan t .
<elat (p l . -at , mawa <e Z) day; time (s e e Vo c . 1 0)
. maCaZt
(p l . mawa <e Z) m . f . day, daytim e; ma <a lta
during the day; p l
=
. also
period, era .
we Cya G (ya <ay) to be burned up , consumed by fire

. CG ' aw Caya to
burn up (trans . ) ; t o burn, scorch . we Cuy
ho burnin g . wa <y fire,
hea t , burnin g . we Cyat n . burning, confl agrati
on .
wadde' a D to finish , comp l et e ; used as an aux i l iary
verb
in the sense
of " a lready" : e . g .
wadde' a yenabber already sits , is already posi

tioned . Dt tawadde' a pas s .
wadqa G (yedaq) to fal l , fal l down , col l apse . CG ' awdaqa
to drop,
l et fal l ; to throw down , cast down ; to fel
l , hew down . weduq
fal l en , lying fal l en . deqat fal l , ruin , col
laps e . denqata adv .
sudden ly, unexpe ctedly .
wadaya G (yeday) to put , place , set .
Gt
tawadya pass .
CGlt
' astawadaya to bring charges agains t , to accus e . wedet charge ,

accus ation . muday (pl . - at ) a container of any s ort ; basket ,
hamper .
waq.' a G (yeq.a' ) to
go/come
fo rth, emerge ; with ' em- : to l eave depart

CG ' awqe' a to bring / l e ad/take
fr om, to spring from , originate in .
442
forth; to exp e l ; to put forth, produc e .
' em-) ;
emerging; l a cking (in :
' em-X a' atu
partur e ;
a l ien (to :
he is a native of
wequ' adj . depart ing ;

' em-) . qa' at exit , de
X . muqa' p l ace of exi t ,
(yewfer, yUfar)
wafr
to go out into the country .
trys ide , fie lds , farms , farml and .
mur-ar
the coun-
farm l and, pasture .
mogad (p l . mawaged) wave .

wagara G (yegar, yewger) to throw, cas t ; to stone (someone : o . s . :
ba-' ebn) . Gt tawagra to be stoned . G l t tawagara to throw stones
at one another .
D waggara
G . Dt tawaggara
G t . wagr (pl .
' awger, -at) h e ap , mound , hi l l . mogart s l ing .
' awgaza CG to excommunicat e , anathemati z e , curs e . Gt tawagza p as s .
G l t tawagaza to a l i enate one ' s s e l f from (a . d . o . ) . weguz excom
municated , curs ed . wegzat/gezat excommunication .
wahaba G (imperf. yehub , subj . yahab) to give ( s omething : a . d . o . ; to :
dat . suff . ) Gt tawehba p as s . habt (p l . -at) gift . wahabi one
=
who gives , donor; adj . generous .
weza
agreeab l e , p l ea s ant .
trus ting, confiding, dependent .
crease or
to bear .
s ingu l ar .
ba-/diba or o . s . ) . wekkul
tewke lt trus t , faith , confidence .
(a chi l d) ; to beget (a chi l d : a . d . o . ; by :
tawalada to procreat e ; to in
flourish by procreation . CG ' aw lada to beget ; to cause
wald (p l . we lud) son , chi l d , boy , l ad ; p l . also used as
walatt
(p l .
p as s .
G lt
' awaled)
daughter, gir l .
we lud
( 1 ) p l . of
wald; (2) syn . o f wald in s ingular ; (3) adj . born , begotten .

ledat birth . wa ladi ( f . - t) p arent . mulad p l ace o f birth , native
land . tewledd (p l . -at) offspring , fami l y ; rac e , trib e , fami l y ,
speci es ; generat ion .
D to change , alter , trans form .
changed, transformed , di fferent .

tran s format ion .
wange l
waqqara
(yerad)
CG
' awqarqt to
.
dig"
excavate .
.-
"
:..
CG ' awrada to bring!
to d e s cend, come down", go down .
redat
s end/ l ead down .
I77l4rad
descent .
p l ace of descent , downward
m . f . gospe l .
warq
m . gol d , money .
waraqa
(yewreq)
to sp i t .
meriiq
spitt l e , s aliva :
warasa G (yeras) to inheri t . CG ' awrasa to make

tawarsa to gain by inheritance . G l t tawarasa
or singly) , gain po s s e s s ion o f .
warasi
s omeone an hei r .
Gt
to inherit (j ointly
rest (p l . -at) inmawares t (pl . ) heirs . Wares heir (very rare) .

warx (p l . ' awrax) m . f . moon , month . warxawi lunat i c .
warwa G (yewru) t o thro, cas t . G t tawarwa p as s . and refl e x .
wareza (p l . warazut) a youth, young 'man . werzawe manhood, maturity .
werzut idem.
' awsaba CG to marry ( subj . man ; obj . woman) . CGlt ' astawiisaba to
he i r .
heritance .
give someone in marriage , to marry o ff .
ssabmaiage .
G (yesad/yesed/yewsed) to l ead, conduct " bring, take (a . d . o . ;

xaba/wes ta/la-J .
wassaka D to add (a . d . a . ; to : diba/la <la) ; to increas e, augment ( a . d .
'
0 . ) . D t tawassaka t o b e add d (to : wetalxdba. 5X: o . s . ) . tawsak
to:
addition .
was sana
D to d e l imi t , mark o ff , define .
Dt
tawas sana
wassan
p as s .
boundary, l imi t .
Dt to trust or have faith (in :
walada G (ye lad) to bear

ba-xaba) . Gt tawalda
wal lata
wasada
(yewz/yaaz) to flow . CG ' awza to cause to f low (esp .

tears ) . weiz (pl . -at , wayezt) river, stream ; flow , current .
wezat flow, flowin g . muza may aqueduct , canal .
tawakfa Gt to accep t , receiv e , t ake unto one ' s s e l f ; also p as s ive o f
same . Dt tawakkafa idem. wekuf/wekkuf accepted, acceptab l e ,
G
tawakkala
G
G
s l op e .
source .
wafara
waqara
warada
443
tawlat
Dt
tawaUapa
we l late change ,
pas s .
weUu,p
alteration ,
change ; exchange , price .
wange lawi (f . -t)
adj . gospe l ; n . evange l i s t .
westa (w. pron . suff . : westet-) prep .

' em-westa from in , from within .
wessape interior, mi dd l e .
' awse' a
in, into , t o ;
ba-westa
CG to respond, answer; to take up a discours e .
Glt
idem;
tawase' a
t o speak against , contradi c t ; t o di sput e , argue (with : 0 . 5 . or
la- ) . sii' sa' e l oquence , refined manner of speaking .

' awtara CG to continue , persevere in , be a s s i duous in ( a . d . o .
in f . ) ; to direct (hands , eyes ) to
(xaba/la <la/la-) .
or
watra
adv .
always , perpetua l l y , continuous l y , assiduous ly .
watana G (yepan/yewpen) to begin (a . d . o . or sub j . or inf . ) . Gt

tawatna pas s . tent n. beginning; ' em-tent from the beginning .
wawwe <a
wexda G
D to shout .
wewwe < ii a shout ,

wexud few ,
to be few , smal l .
s cantiness .
wexta/waxapa
(yaxatJ
to swa l l ow .
cry.
smal l , scanty .
wexdat
p auc i t y ,
444
445
UJayn (pl . " awyan) m . vine , win e .
xedat a smal l amount , a ittle; adj . (p l ! , -at) few . ,
<al!ada UJayn vineyard .
Gt
xa9nba G (yexq.eb) to wash , wash aw<J.Y.
taiaifba to wash one ' s s e l f
( a part o f the body may b e' added a s a . d . o . ) .
xaba (w . pron . suff . : xabe- ) prep . by , with , a t , near ; t o , toward ,
washing, ablut ion .
xe rfub washed .
xedbcrt
mexq.2ib (p l . -at) bth , bathing p l ace .
unt o ; ba-xaba idem; ' em-xaba from with, from the presen ce o f ;
maxfad towe r .
through the agency o f , by means o f .
xafara/xafra G (yexfar) t o be ashamed ( o f :, ' ba nta ; , t6 do something :
A s reI . adv . where, see 2 5 . 2 .
Gt taxab' a reflex. and pass .
xab' a G (yexbct ) to hide " conceal .
xebu' hidden, concealed; s ecret , arcane ; ba-xebu' s e cre t l y , in

s ecret .
mexba' (p l . -at) hiding p l ace , hidden p l ac e ; receptac l e .
xabra/xabara G (yexbar) to be connected or associated (with : mesZa) ;

to j oin , associate (with : mesZa) ; to conspire ( against : la < Za) ; ,to
be in accord with, agree with (mes Za, ba- ; subj ect usua l l y words ,
things , stories ) ; to share something (a . d . o . ) with (mes Za) ; with
inf o or coord . verb : to do j ointly, together .
CG ' axbara to
I
I
'\
'
info or verbal noun or sUbj . ; before ,., in th,e . p resenCe; o f :' gal!?a ,
,
' emenna) ; to fear, revere (someone :' gal!?a, ' emenria) . Gt taxafra
xafrat (pl . -at) s ame, improp ri ety ,
to be ashamed , put to shame .

turpitude .
xefur ashame d .
xaZafa G (yexZef) to pass (by :
xaf2iri ashamed; shameful .

'
enta , ' enta xaba; through : ' enta
UJesta; among : ' enta ma' kaZa ; away from, i . e . to l eave : ' em- , ' em
xaba) ; to peri s h .
G l t taxaZafa to wander to and fro .
to cause to pas s ; to pass {time) .
xeZuf .d?
,
asso ciate (someone : a . d . o . ; with : mesZa) ; to make a conspiracy; to
xaZafi (pI . xaZaft) p ass er-by; adj . tr'ansi tory .
be in agreemen t , accord .
tho s e passing by .
G t taxabara to be associated (wit h :
xebur j oined, associated; xebura adv . together , j o in t l y ,
mesZa) .
at one and the s ame time .

consensus , accord .
xebrat union, j oining , asso ciation ;
maxbar m . f . congregation , gathering; crowd ,
tumu l t ; counci l ; col l eagues , associates ; monastery, convent .
xabaza G (yexbez) to bake .
xabazi baker .
xebest (pl . xabaUJez) m .
bread, piece o f bread .
xadaga G (yexdeg) ( 1 ) to leave , abandon , desert ; ( 2 ) to divorce (a

wife) ;
(3) to forgive (someone : Za- ; of or for sins or debt s : a . d .
0 . ) ; (4) t o negl ect , ignore; ( 5 ) t o renounce , give up; ( 6 ) t o l e t ,

allow, permit ( s omeone :
cease , desi st .
one : mesZa) .
0. 5 .
or Za- ; to do : subj . ) ; ( 7 ) to stop ,
Gt taxadga pas s .
G l t taxadaga to divorce (some
xedug l eft, abandoned , deserted ; divo rced .
remis s i on (of sins or debts ) .
xedgat
xedgat/xedag2it divorce ; ma?afa
xadara G (yexder) to res ide , dwe l l , inhabit (usually with a prep .

phrase , but sometimes with the acc . ) ; xadara Za< Za to res ide i n ,
po ssess (said o f demons o r spirits in a person) .
Gt taxadra to be inhabited .
(with : mesZa) .
dwel l ing .
CG ' axdara caus .
G l t taxadara to l ive together , cohabit
xedur adj . residing , dwe l l ing .
xedrat n . residing,
maxdar (pl . maxader) dwel ling-pl ace , res idenc e ; room ,
Xedar E t h . month name : Nov. 1 0
'," " -
xaZqa G (yexZaq/yexZeq) t o come to an end', ' be fini shed, consummated;

to perish, disappear .
CG ' axZaqa to destroy, finish, consumm a te .
xe Zqat end, consummation , comp l etion; death:
Dec. 9 .
Zt end, comp l e
tion ; consummation , cl imax, death; performance , execution .
UJ
UJ
UJ
UJ
x aZ Zaq a !5 to count , numb,e r, reckon . Dt tax aZ Zaq a p ass .
UJ
UJ
UJ
xUJe Z Zuq ( ) counted, numbered, reckoned . x e Zq /xUJaZqUJ (p l .
UJ
UJ
U
UJ
J
x e Zaq ) number, sum. x e Z Zaq e n . numbering , counting . ' albo
UJ
J
xU e lq a N there i s no l imit to N , N i s boundl ess .
xaZ laya D to think , ponder, meditate (about : a . d . o . or ba' enta) ; to
think up , devis e ; to decide (to do : kama + subj . ).; to t ake thought
of, to take care o f , look after ( s omeone :
0.5.
or ba' enta/la- ) .
CD ' axaZ Zaya to caus e ( someone : o . s . ) to think about or decide to

Dt taxaZ Zaya to be thought of, conceived .
xe Z Zinna (p l . -t)
mind , thought , intel lect ; product o f thought , idea ; proces s o f

thought , thinking , cogitation; propo sal , advice, opinion .
xams (acc . -a) f . fiv e .

-t) adj . fifth .
xamestu (acc . xamesta) m. five .
xQmesaUJi ( f . - t ) idem .
xemsa adv . five t imes .
x2imes ( f .
xQmesay ( f . xamesit) idem.
xamus the fi fth day (of week or month) ; five days .
xems f . five ;
xamsa fifty .
xanaqa G (yexneq) to choke , thrott l e .
cel l .
xaUifi t ( co l l . )
mexZaf p lace fo crossing Or p,as s inK ?rough .
xe ZZat reed, cane .
do .
xedgat divorce do cument .
CG ' axZafa
cro s s in g , p assin g .
xaraya G (yexray) to choos e , s e l ect .
Gt taxanqa pas s . and reflex .

Gt taxarya pass .
xeruy chosen,
446
s e l ected; p l easing, acceptab l e ; an arbiter, mediator;
xeruyan the
E l ect ( i . e . tho s e who wi l l b e s aved at the Last Day) .
xeryat
447
yexeyyesani kama + subj . it is better for me that . . . CD

' axdyyasa to make bett e r , more p easing., .xisan exc e l l ence .
cho i ce , s e l ection .
xasra G (yexsar) to be in bad straits , wretched, mi s erab l e ; to suffer

l o s s , be reduced to poverty; to be dishonored, v i l ified, desp i s ed .
CG
' axsara to cause/inflict/afflict (with) any o f the preceding
unt i l now .
states (a . d . o . of person) .
xesur wretched, impoverished,
afflicted , vi l e , despi s e d .
xasar (p l . -at) m . f . wretchednes s ,
poverty, i gnominy .
yabsa G (yeybas) to be dry , ari d .
xaba/' emenna) ; to study, pursue di l igent l y .

(for one ' s s e l f) .
Glt
Gt
taxassa pas s . and
taxasasa to inquire co l l ectively,
discuss with one another ( something : o . s . ) .
xasasa (p l . -t) wi s h ,
desir e .
' aybasa ca:us .: ' yebus dry, arid .

.
' ayde <a to inform, t e l l ( s omeone : a . d . o . ) .
Gt
tayad <a pas s .
Yakatit Eth . month name : Feb . 8 - Mar . 9 .
yaman the right s i de o r hand .
yemn idem; yemna ' adv . on/to the right .
y emuna adv. r i ght l y , corre ctly.

yogi adv . perhap s , by chance , perchance .
xa?in (p l . xa?awent) m . iron; sword , weapon; too l , imp l ement .

CG
xa?ara G (yex?er) to be short .

tract from.
' ax?ara to shorten , diminish, sub
xesur short , shortened .
xasawa G to castrat e .
xa?ir ( f . xa?ar) idem.
yawha G to be gen t l e , mi l d , modes t " submisfve" innocen t , simp l e ;" to

p l eas e , charm, p ersuade , entice . ,0- y
eha idem . yawhat mi ldness,
.
etc . yawwahat idem. yawwa h adj . mild; gent'l e , etc. yawhenna
aw0.
mildnes !? , et c .
xe?ew castrated; n . eunuch .
xat' a G to lack, not hav e , not find; (rarely) to s i n .
CG
' axte' a to
yom adv . today; o n this day (of the year) .
deprive (someone : a . d . o . or o . s . ; of: a . d . o . ) , t o cause to lack ;
Yonanawiyan the Greeks '.
to cause to sin .
yawpa the Gk. l etter iota .
lackin g .
CG
yabs dry l and, the dry groun d .
xasasa G (yexses) to, s eek , look for ; to demand , require (from: ba

reflex.
ye' e ti (acc . ye' eta ) f . s . she ; that , that one (pron .. or adj . ) .
ye' eze (i niJ adv . now . ' em-ye' eze from now on . " eska . ye' eze up
Gt
taxat' a to withdraw, go away; to be absent ,
xetu' not having, deprived .
xaFQye' ) m . f . sin e s ) .
xati' at (p l . xapawe' ,
za- reI . pron . m . s . 2 S . I ; absolute reI. 2 S . 1 e - f ; prep . of 2 S . l g ;
xe ppat grain, s eed .

xatama G (yextem) to seal , close and seal .
s ea l ed , signed ,
Gt
taxatma p as s .
xatami one who s ea l s , signer .
xatawa G to burn , be alight .

emit l ight .
xate' ( f . -t) s inful , wicked; n . sinner .
CG
xetum
maxtam (tJ a s ea l .
' axtawa to l ight (a lamp ) ; to burn ,
conj . that , the fact that (introducing noun c l ause after verbs o f
speaking , e t c . ) .
ba' enta za- conj . becaus e .
tences 29 . I , 2 9 . 3 .
za- i n c l e ft s en
za- in questions 2 9 . 1 .
za- f . s . this (adj . and pron . ) .
maxtot (p l . maxatew) lamp .
xo?a s an d .
ze- (acc . za-) m . s . this (adj . and pron . ) .
xoxt (pl . xoxat, xawaxew) m . f . door, doorway .
zabata G (yezbet) to b e at , whip ( a . d . o . ; the part o f the body may be
xela G to become wel l , strong .
xayyala to be s t rong , mighty, power
ful ; to prevai l over , be superior to ( a . d . o . ) .

make strong, etc .
Dt
CD
' axayyala t o
taxayyala to b e strengthened , strong; to
preva i l , dominat e ; to act with force (good or bad sense) again s t .
xeyyul strong , e t c .
xayyiil idem .
xay l (p l . -at) strength, power ,
goo d , exc e l l ent .
diba/westa/la < la) .
zabapi ruffian, fight er .
Gt
tazabta p ass .
zebut beaten .
Glt
tazabata
zebpat n . beat
ing, whipp ing .
zafana G to dance .
zafan n . dancing .
za
ani' ( f . -t) dancer .
mez[a
p l ace for dancing .
zafar (p l . ' az
ar) hem or fringe of a garment .
might; army , troops .
xer ( f . - t)
spec i fied with

recipr .
xirut exc e l l ence , goodnes s , virtue .
xayyasa D to be better, more out s tanding .
Often imp ersonal :
zagaba G (yezgeb) to st ore up , accumu l at e , hoard ; to s tore away , hi de.

Gt
tazagba pas s .
mazgab (p I . mazagebt) treasure , wealth ; store-
--
jIo
448
449
room, magazine .
zehna G to be calm, tranqui l .
CG ' azana caus .
zeun calm , tranquil.
za calm, tranqui l ity.

zakara G (yezker) t o remember , mention .
=
G.
Ot tazakkara
G.
tion, memory; commemoration .
0 zakkara
zekr men
tazkar memorial s ervice or holiday ,
commemoration; memory; memorandum, notation; gabra tazkara to

celebrate a commemoration; 'eZata tazkar day of commemoration .
w
W
zeku (acc . zek a) m . S . that (adj . or pron . ) ; zektu , zek tu I dem 8 . 4 .
' azZafa CG to continue (doing) , p ersevere in (doing) , fo l lowed by

acc . verbal noun or acc . info
regularly, frequently , often .
zaZfa adv . idem; always,
' i- . . . zaZfa never .
za-zaZf adj .
perpetual . Za-zaZafu, Za-ze Zafu

Za-ze Zufu.
zaZgasa Q to be afflicted with a dreadful disease ( l eprosy , elephant
=
asis ) .
ze Zgus leprous .
zeZgase l eprosy, e l ephantias i s .
tazamda Gt to be rel ated .
zamad (p l . ' azmad) m . fami ly , kin , rela
tives , clan ; tribe , kind, sort , species .

used interchangeably.
Sing . and p l . forms are
tezmedd fami ly, trib e , race , spe cies .
zammara 0 ( 1 ) to make mus i c ; to p lay instruments , sing; ( 2 ) to state

CG ' azmara
or proclaim authoritative ly, to bear witness to .
zemmur authority, witne s s .
(2) .
PSalmi s t , church s inger .

chorus of singers .
zemmare ps alm, hymn .
mazamme r
mazmur (pl . -at) p s alm, the psalter ;
mezmiir authority, witnes s .
zammawa 0 to commit adultery; t o have i l l i cit intercours e (with :

mesZa or a . d . o . ) .
CO ' azammawa caus .
a whore , adulterer, forn i cator .
zamm
zemmut adul tery, harlotry .
zammawi idem .
Thes e terms
appl i ed to both males and females .
zanma G to rain .
CG ' aznama to bring rain , cause to rain .
zenam
(pl . -at) m . f . rain .
zange 'a Q to be insan e , mad , crazy.
zengu ' mad , raving; stupid,
inep t .
W
W
'lang ag a Q to rldlcul e , hoI d ln s corn .
-
w_ w_
zeng ag e s corn , rl d lCU I e .
-
zentu (ac c . zanta) m . s . this (pron . o r adj . ) .

zenawa L/Q to inform .
Qlt tazeyanawa recipr .
zena (pl . -t) m . f . _
news , report; narrative , story, account; pronouncement .
zeqq (pl . -at) wineskin .

zar' a G t o sow , s catter (s eed) .
Gt tazar' a pas s .
_ . ",
zarawa G (yezru) to s catter , dispers e , distribute .

zerew s cattered, dispersed . zerwat dispers ion .
s catters , dispers e s ; prodgal , extravagant . "
Gt tazarwa pass .
__
zarawi (one) who
zati (acc . 'lata) f . s . this (pr6n . and adj . ) .

tazaxxara/tazexxera Dt to boas t ; to braw l .
quarrelsome .
'leXXU!' boas1:ful , arrogant ;
tezxert n . boasting, inso l enc e ; s trife , brawling .
zexr tomb, monument .
ze Zufa , Za-ze Zufu adv . continu
ous ly, continual ly , p erpetually, forever .
"'
mazare ' (pl . ) baskets , containers .
Gt tazakra p as s .
zekur mentioned, remembered .
s eed; progeny.
zar 'a G alternate spei l ing for the precdin-g :
zar' (p l . J azre' t)
'lema melody , tune , song .
Ze " u Z zema a s tyle of s inging .
zeyya adv . her e ; ba-zeyya idem .
' em-zeyya from ' here , hence .
451
450
The Principal Parts of G Verbs

The numbers in parentheses refer to lessons in the grammar where the
given form and its inflection are discus s e d .
P erfect
I mperfect
we/tza ( 1 2 )
Subjunctive
yewe/trez ( 3 9 )
bo' a ( 1 5 )
yebawwe' (42)
yaltaz (4 1:,-_
yeba! ( 4 2 )
/tora ( 1 5 )
biiJ (42)
yaer (42)
yeor/ye/tur
to enter
r/ur
to go
we 'ya ( 14 )
ya 'ay ( 4 3)
' akya (14)
yewe " i ( 4 3 )
ya' akki ( 4 3 )
ye' kay (43)
wadaya ( 1 4 )
yewaddi (43)
y eday (43)
y e1(aw (43)
Standard Types
a.
Root Type
Imperfect
Subj unct ive
Imperative
S ound
qataZa ( 1 1)
yeqatteZ ( 3 2 )
yeqte Z ( 33)
qeteZ ( 3 4 )
nabara ( 1 1 )
yenabber ( 3 2 )
yenbar ( 33 )
nebar ( 34 )
gabra ( 1 1 )
yegabber {32)
yegbar ( 33)
gebar ( 3 4 ) .
raywa (14)
y eyu ( 4 3)
J asara ( 1 1 )
yaJ asser (38)
yeJ s e r ( 38)
' eser ( 3 8 )
J atawa ( 1 4 )
ya' attu (43)
J arona ( 1 1 )
ya' curunen (38)
yeJ man ( 38)
' eman ( 3 8 )
saJ a Za ( 12 )
yese" eZ (39)
yesJ a Z ( 39)
sa' aZ ( 3 9 )
kelJ.da ( 1 2)
yeke ed ( 39)
yekad ( 3 9 )
kaad ( 3 9 )
mea' (40)
rad ( 4 1 )
I I -Guttural
I I I -Guttural
ma? J a ( 1 3)
yemaeJ (40)
yemsaJ (40)
I -W
warada ( 1 1 )
yewarred ( 4 1 )
yerad ( 4 1 )
wadqa ( 1 1 )
wagara ( 1 1 )
yewaddeq ( 4 1 )
yedaq ( 4 1 )
-
daq ( 4 1,
yewagger ( 4 1 )
yewger/yegar
weger/gar
(41)
I I -W
qoma ( 1 5 )
yeqawwem (42)
ora ( 15)
yeawwer ( 4 2 )
(4 1 )
yequm ( 4 2 )
qum ( 4 2 )
yeor/ye?ur
?or/?ur
(42)
(42)
I I -Y
sema ( 1 5 )
yesayyem ( 4 2 )
yesim ( 4 2 )
sim (42)
I I I -W
fatawa ( 1 4)
yefattu ( 4 3 )
yeftaw ( 4 3 )
fetaw ( 4 3 )
bakaya ( 14)
yebakki ( 43)
yebki ( 4 3)
beki ( 4 3)
satya ( 14)
yesatti ( 4 3)
yestay (43)
setay ( 4 3 )
I I I -Y
b.
Imperative
Meaning
reJ i (43)
to see
yesu ' (42)
su ' (42)
to offer up
ye' xaz/ya' axaz
' axaz (39)
Subjunctive
Imperfect
reJ ya ( 14)
yereJ J i/yereJ J i yerJ ay (43)
saw 'a ( 1 5 )
y esawwe ' (42)
J axaza ( 1 2 )
yeJ exxez ( 39)
( 43)
( 39)
to seize
kehZa ( 1 2 )
yeke Z (39)
yekhaZ (39)
kahaZ ( 39)
to be abl e
behZa (12)
yebe Z (39)
yebaZ (39)
baZ (39)
t o say.
wahaba ( 1 2 )
yehub (41)
yahab ( 4 1 )
hab ( 4 1 )
wadJ a ( 1 3)
yewaq.q.e' (40)
yeq.a' ( 4 1 )
q.a' (41)
to give
to go out
(42)
..
to burn
" ",. '> : . ...to be bad
. to pI ace
q.ag - (43)
: eyc/;,; (43)
to live
ye' tu/yeJ taw
J etu/J e taw
to go home
(4 3 )
V erb
Synopsis o f t h e Sound Tri l itera1
':"
( 43)
umbers refer to the lesso s where detai l s on

a given form a.li.d
l.ts l.nflection may be found. Forms in bracke
ts. :are rare'. . Consonantal
' doubl ing found in the tradit ion, but not adopte
d in our tran s l i t era
'
t i on , is indica ted by parent hes es .
:he
Perfect
G
Imperfect
Subj unctive
. -.'"..,..
qataZa
yeqattel
yeqte l
yegabber
yegbar
gebar
' aqte l (45)
CG
' aqtala ( 2 6 , 27)
y1lqdtte l (45)
yaqte l (45)
taqatla ( 2 1 )
CGt
' astaqtala (49)
yetqattaZ (44)
y1lstaqatte l
yas taqtel
CG l t
(49)
taqatala (24)
yetqa(t) tal
D
Dt
CDt
J astaqataZa (49)
yastaqa.t (t) e l
qattala ( 1 1)
yeqettel (46)
J aqattaZa ( 2 6 , 2 7) yaqette l (48)
taqattala ( 2 2 )
yetqettal
J astaqattala
( 49)
qete l
yetqatal (44) taqataZ (44)

' astaqtel (49)
(49 )
yetqataZ (44) taqatal (44)
(44)
(49)
CD
Imperative
gabra
Gt
Glt
Mixed Types and Irregular Verbs
P erfect
Meanin g
to flow
(42)
Perfect
I -Guttural
Imp.era tive
qataZa ( l l)
degana ( l l )
yastaqa.te l
J astaqate l (49)
(49)
yeqatte l (46) qattel ( 4 6 )

yaqatte Z (48) ' aqatte Z (48)
yetqattal
taqattal (48)
( 48)
( 48)
yastaqe tte l
yo.staqatte l
' astaqattel
(49)
(49)
(49)
yeqat (t) e l (49) yeqate l (49)
qate l ( 4 9 )
yedeg( g) en (49) yedegen (49)
degen (49)
452
P erfect
Imperfect
CL
moqel;!a ( 1 3 )
' aqatala ( 2 6 , 27)
yemoq (qJ e1;t ( 4 9 ) yemoqe1;t ( 4 9 )

yaqa .rt) e l (49) yaqate l (49)
Lt
Like G l t above (49)
CLt
Like CGlt above (49)
Sub j unctive
Imperative
, . - .-.
Infinitive
P e rfective
P art icip l e
( L e s son 3 0)
(Les son 3 1 )
qati Uot-J
moqe1;t (49)
' aqate l (49)
Verbal
Adj ective
Agent Noun
qatil.-
qetul ( 3 5 ) ,
qataZi (34)
qatil. ( 1 8 ) ,
qate l ( 1 7)
[' eqtuZ]
CG
' aqte Zo (t-)
' aqtiZ-
Gt
CG l t
' as taqate lo (t- J
taqatil' astaqatil.taqCJ:ti Z' astaqati Z-
[ teqtul]
[' esteqtul ]
Glt
taqat re no ( t-J
' as taqate lo ( t- J
taqCJ:telo (t-J
maqte l, maqtali,
,
aqtal.i (45)
[ taqatal.i ]
mastaq (aJ tel (49)
[ taqatal.i ]
mastaqatel (49)
qatte lo (t-)
qattil.-
qettul (47) ,
qattiZ ( 1 8)
qattal.i,
maqate Z (AD
CO
COt
' aqatte lo (t-)

taqatte lo (t-J
' astaqatteZo ( t-)
' aqattiltaqattiZ, astaqatti l-
qateZo (t- )
qati Z-
CL
' aqati Z-
CGt
Ot
mastaqattel
qutul (49)
qatal.i, maqate l
( 49)
aqate Zo (t-)
Lt
Like G l t above .
CLt
Like CG1t above .
Verbal Nouns :
G
CG
CGt
o
Ot
L
qetZ, qetZat, qetaZ, qetaZ, qataZ, qatZ, [qataZa], [qata Z ] (36) .

[' aqtaZa L [' eqte Za ] ( 4 5 ) .
[' es teqtaZl
qattel, qettel, qettaZe, qettaZe, qetteZa (47) .
teqte Zt, taqtaZ (48) .
qutaZe, quteZa (49) .
For al l Quadr i l iteral and Quinqui l iteral verbs s e e Les son
SO .
Elementa Linguarum Orientis

ELO
Band 2
AltiithiopiscQ
Grammatik des Ge ' ez
mit Dbungstexten un Glossar
Josef Tropper
'.- '
. ..._....
Herausgeber
Josef Tropper
Reinhard G . Lehmann
..
U garit-Verlag
MUnster 2002
U garit-Verlag
MUnster 2002
-.
258
259
Ubungstexte
Ubungstexte in Original- und Umscbrift

Text
1:
Johanen sevangelium, Kapitel l, Verse
1-1 8
Vorbemerkung: Die Interpunktioszeichen l!mschriftpart wurden y o m Ver

fasser gesetzt und folgen syntakttschen ltenen . ., .,
.
' _ .:: '.
,_
'
wangel za-yohanns: m c'raf 1

'
.
. ,gzl
' ,ab h, er w ,. tu
.' .:
1. qridamih qal w ,t;t, wa- 'tu qal !J.aba
wa- 'gztabher w tu qal.
,
.
' .
2. wa-zntu '-qadimu fJaba 'gztaber w tu.
.
3. kWllu bottu kona,
,.
' . . . : : k, : . .
wa-za- 'nbalehu-ssa 'albo za-kona, wa- l-mntnz ,m-za- ona
4. bottu hywat w 'tu,
,
,
wa-ywat-ssa brhanu la- gWiil m (m) a,w. w 'tu.
5. wa-brhan-ssa za-wsta -rlmat yabarrh wa-yar ,l,
wa-slmat-ni 'i-yrakkbo
.
, adu b 'asi, za-tafannawa. 'mfJaba ,gzl ,aber,
6. wa-hallo 'ah
za-smu yohanns.
.
.
7. waw ,tu m ,a la-sma C, sama Cfa ykun ba ,nta brhan,
.. .
kama kWllu y 'man bottu.
8. wa-Iallihu-ssa 'i-kona brhana, d 'm _ sama Cta- ykun ba- 'nta
.
brhan.
,_.
...
9. za-w 'tu brhana -rdq, za-yabarrh la-it'IIu sab , -...
.
za ymass ' wsta calam.
konal
bottu
calam:ni
wahallo,
calam
10. w-wst'
:va- am-ssa
.
'
,lya
*
'i
'a
maro
[perf.
A1
3.m.sg.;
36.22]).
.
. . 'maro
.
'
.,
,
.
ww
J
'a, wa- "lli ahu-ssa l-tawa"'IrE. 0
.
,
Z; hu mas
17a-ssa twakfwwa, wahabomu sltana, wluda gzl ,aber
kunu la- 'lla 'amnu ba-smu.
, .
.
13 lla 'i:konu 'mnna za-dam, wa- 'i- 'm-faqiida ftwat za-sga,
. ,
wa- ,1- m- s'''''"m"''ata b"""" 'si 'lla 'm- 'gzi 'aber tawaldu.
.
'hu,
14 wa-w 'tu qal sga kona, wa-fJadara la Clena, wa-r:; ,ma bh. atl
wa-mogasa
-ragga
kama sbata 'aadu wad la- 'abihu, za-mlu
wa-sdqa.
samii Ctu ba 'nti 'hu kal w:ybe.
15.yohnns
,
z-w '...'" tu za- 'belakkmu ana ,ba- ntl ahu:
ymp ' 'm-dfJreya zahallo mqdmeya,
, ma w 'tu qadamannz.
.
16 ' ma 'm -tarafa zi 'ahu naSa 'na nl;na kWllna -ragga hyyanta
sagga.
17. " sma 'ont ba-muse taw'bat lana,
ba- iyasus krstos kona.
wa-sagga-ssa wa-sdq
.
,
1 8 la- 'gzi 'abher-ssa 'alba za-r yo gmura,
'alla wald wal;d, za-hallo wsta 1;4na 'abuhu, w ,tu nagaranna.
'
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:
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h : OJh l\.h V- I h.1' tD)J
li!jJJ II w
A 'l.A : "'wh9' I mUflaoo : rA
il) I t-i\o S!. I 'l.'"1rlh1J
th.C I f.h : A'l.r\ I h"' : fllI(Jl)o II 'l.r\ I Ja,.tI
o I 'l.9n : HS!.9" I OJJa,. 'l. "'l.:J"
S!. : 'low:r o I Hr ;J : CDJa,. 'l.r
""'''' 1. 1' : 1J'l. tt : 1. 1\ : 'l.9"
'l.'"1 H.h 1Jdt.
C : "'w A _ I: wm 'hl: I 7A : ""';J
: tI : OJ1 f.1. I 1\6t\ I wCJa,. :
1I1J""1;u- : hOD : 1J1l "", " : flll .,;_

: 'Pihf"o : I\h aouo I H,.. i\o 'l. I ;J
:
W tp'1 I m'f"o.,. :: t'-,1.111 : fI",6 1:
: 1I'l.'} th lJo : hA th : w f.
o. I 11
OJ'l.1: : Hho, A hOD- : h : fI'l. '}t
huo : f.OD1t'l. I 'l.9"1.'1&.f
I HVtto I
h"'+1.'f : 'l. il t7P : m'l.1.: : "'S!. oo
:: 'l.iI(1D I 'l."'''' l l. : H.
hv- I
UfM : 1ih I h'-A : g;J : Ill''}''',: g ;J
, IIJt fl : ;J I: 'l.1Io : 11t'lo
:
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: 1t+ I f1 Ja,. ffl.1I I hCiI .f.iI
I h I:
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I HV
"0 I 0J01I .,. : ihM I 1.a- .,o : OJ-h1:
: 11. :1
c.
: :::
260
Ubungstexte
:: hODlIh.
!l J .
II
f. : mfl9".l!'Ct :: tt r I H
nl
1\1'\ : ,M+ : um I l'- 9" :s m1 .l!'"'1
: ,, : h fl : hOD : "}lh t 1
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.,. : OD'l tl-+ : hl\ : h 1U
: m Xf I
I)Ath : h9" ltl\- r Ml-f. :: "ilOD I
tt.l1 h : f."t : OD ,,}"'IP'+ : 1.eA r
milll .lt+ : "'MOD I 'M9" : h"7."} :1
Text 3: Matthausevangelium, Kapitel

5 (sogenannter "B-Text")
9"/J &-ca: r j'; ;
'i
T
,
Ir
l; f flh 1.,. : 1I0-'}1 II mChl'- :

hihtlfl : OC., : lD-il.,. r f.lI
C:
mfl. .f!" I .,.CO- : fl,o- I hC II;1t.
o- :: (Dh lPT : h4.o- I mOD ve
Ofh I A
"}H I f.lIA -:1 1I0- 'n : 1I;1
1 1 ll oo'lt.iI : AilOD 1 A-Ofh t t
: A : OD")
"'IP' T : 1l"71+ :: 1I0- 'n I h"
: f.l\ih m. I .eMf. , hilOD : Aoo11: I
.eTta I'"m. I: 110- '1 : r'PY1 :
AilOD : A Ofh 'l1: 1 f.mCiI 'P I
A9"Y:
c :1 11 8-'} 1 : hA I f.C1o- : m.e
9" : ,,+ I Ailoo : A 001 1: 1
.eK"1o- :1 1I8- '}1 1 oo.lt CI'l I AilOD
: Aoo- "}"f: I .e+ODM. I: 118'
1 1 1"' : A1I 1 Ail OD 1 Aoo
-,,}1: 1 .e&.A.eJ I "A"1tlhl1th.C
11 118'1 : 11)CI : 1\9" 1 Ail oo 1
AOfh'l1: : lD-1\-1. I A"1tt.l111th.
C , .e
oo II 1I 8-''l : AA : .ellf. I flA'l
T : .l!'+ I Ailoo 1 A-Ofh I .ekt;
:
001 "'11"' + : 11"7 1+ I: 118-'1
: h'l +1JIk : (lfl , .e1lbOfh I
m.eH
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: I\/J/l.boo- : A'l H I .eda.IIm.
, flA'lt
hr :: Tt.P'm. : OJTthlP
' Alloo
Oill1 boo - : 11111 : lD-A"f: : flll

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c : tD'AoolI . ?a.OJo : Ail.., . 119"
'lT). :
.eTt 9" I: hA flb. : 'A'lh : "Hf.
fl",.../J : H'A'l flA : '''-\ If! : hlf!
h:m
f.h.ep.. : 111I'A :1 h'l +OO- : OJoA
1: : 1ICY : " 'A9" II A.. TbA
: V1
C I T111 t. : 'A'lT : OOA /JA
T : 1.1IC : +l1C :I m1...1 1+
lD.. : "'11
"71+
II I
Ii
kama-z;}-ke all;}yii. 'ant;}mu-ssa:

,abuna za-ba-samiiyat, y;}tqaddas s;)m;}ka..
1 O. t;}ma ' mang;}st;}ka, y;}kun fiaqa-daka, b a-kama ba-samiiy wa-bam;}dr;}-ni.
1 1 . sisiiyana za-Ialla c;}lat;}na habanna yom.
.
12 . wa-b;}d;}g lana 'abbasana, kama ndJ;na-nz ":f!b d;} . f,a- a ;abb .sa
i' . c:
lana.
13. wa- 'i-tab;} 'anna w;}sta mansut"
'
'alla 'adh;}nanna wa-biil;}J;anna ;}m-kw;}ilu dkuy.
_
,amen.
,dsma zi ';ahu y;} ,;}ti mang;}st fJayl wa-sdbJ;at la- alama calam.
.
9.
RA : h'F" oo- :: ho- HfM "71

+ : f.+."f.iI r il9" h :: +9"h
I OD
'l"'lP'+h : f.h-'l : t..4"f.h I IIhOD
: flll"7
26 1
Ubungstexe
Text 2: Matthausevangelium, Kapitel

6, Verse 9-13
(Das "Vater-Unser")
::
.,.
.,. I hOD : 1111 C'P : :i"iht' :
ht.C : h l\ : Jtfl : ++'P"'I : m;J
-flCv :
I\ti-A-OO- I "li : ID-lB + : 0.+
:: h"7o- : f.ll .&.U
I -nC Y1b i!l1P- : (It{p
1:
1m : a1Jh : hOD :
f,C llf. : r''''JO t)}cgp.. : LP'i"f I mf.lll1ih
J I t\hll- h
00- I "fI"71+ ::
'
m;} carat 5
"
.
ba- 'dnta bdfu "lin ( = Uberschrift)
1 . wa- 'dYO 'aJ;zaba, . carga W;}Sta dabr. wa-nabiro, qarbu fJabehu
.
'arda 'ihu.
,
3
2. wa-kaSata 'atahu wa-maharomu, ;}nza Ydb l.
.
' can nadday
- an ba-mantas, ';}sma . lomu y;} ,;}tz mang;}sta samayat.
3. b dSU
,
";}hu
bdU can ';}lla YdlaJ;dwu y;} 'ze, ,;}sma dmuntu y;}tfiess
.
_
. bdU
. "lin yawwahan, ';}sma ';}muntu y;}WaTTdSdwwa l-m;}dr.
6. bd4u "an ';}lia YdrdfJdbu wa-y;}ammd ,u la- -.sddq, dsma ,dmuntu
y;}aggdbu.
"
7 bdSU can mahardyan, ;}sma dmuntu YdtmaJ;aru.
8. bdU can ndshana
l;}bb, ';}sma 'dmuntu Ydre ';}YdWWO la- ,:gzz. ,b;}J;er.
. .
.
9. bdfu can gabardyana salam, "dsma muntu w;}luda ;}gzz ab ;}h
. er
y;}ssammayu.
10. bdfu can 'dila y;}ssaddadu ba ';}nta ddq, ,dsma lomu y;} ,dti mang;}sta
samiiyat.
1 1 b;}su can 'antdmu soba y;}sadd;}dudmU wa-YdzanaggWdgukdm u wa.
dabbu kWdUO ';jkaya la clekdmu, dnza y;}J;essdwu a ,dntz ,aya,.
.
_
12 a aSs;}hu wa-tahaSayu, ';}sma "asb;}kmu bdZUfJ Wd ;}tu ba-samayat.
, ma kama-zd 'sadad;}wwomu la-nabiyat ';}ila ';}m-q;}dmek;}mu.
13. 'antdmu W;} ,;}tu ew la-m;}dr wa- ';}mma s(s)a sew
. lasha, ba-m;}nt;}
nu y;}tqessam. ,alboke ';}nka la-za-y;}baqq d " za- ,dnbala la-gadit ,at,a
wa-ydkayydo sab '.
,
14. 'antmu Wd 'tu b;}rhanu la- calam. 'i-tdk'l hagar tabab;} 0 ,;}nta
matlta dabr t;}nabbdr.
_
jar 'alla diba
ka,/',
15. wa- 'i-yahatt;}wu matota kama yabrwwa_ taJ;ta
bet.
W;Jsta
;Jila
la-kw;}ilomu
ta wiima wa-tiibaTT;}h
16 kaiihu y;}brah bdrhan;}k;}mu ba-qddma sab ' kama Ydr ,ay ;}gban
k;}mu sanniiya wa-y;}sabbdJ;;}WWO la- 'abubmu za-ba-samayat.
.
"
262
Obungstexte
1....e"'A))DD- : HooM.. ,
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: m.e DlV C : h00 1l I t\I'I11 }. I
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uP I >.ou I 1... l. l." :
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: m &.&
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: oul'1 F+ : "'117f+ I: 1'1"'1 6))00:h
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IX I
rg I
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g
g;6
I
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HI9"iJ6 : >'1"' 0- : llllh iiI I
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: }.,.,+ :1 w>' hoo iif 1
II. I ;1-0m->. I Jr. h I
m-1I 1' I IJOtv",6 : m O V f I +Hh Ch I
houp :
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+1: 00 +V. 1 : 1I t\ I >' '1-h I m>' l1
: 1R.Jl h Jr.11>' Jr.h ::
b-1 , mR.O : t\ 6 1:m-h I Ij:m-
>'1H Vt\m-h I 9"11"'0- ""11 +
iIi I
-:it , hoo : 1....eoom-h : 61:m-h I t\ou
ho1 1 I moo ba1 1 I t\ "11- :
mm-II+ I 'l"+ih I + ''''w''
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A9" Vf : >. il l
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+119" iX I
tIJ4 I: mJl1 '" I >'11 t\))00- I ti"1 I
\- 1I.e1... I l1>.tt.,. : lD.et.+
", I lDf.' I
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: O.e 1h : A 1+ :
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.e'\.ell h : hOD : .eT
dt1vA , h
uP J
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tD".e tlJ4h1' 1)')9" ::
m>.oo "')+ I f"7') "foh
I ;1-lI ih+ h 9"T
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1\6 eJ 1
A.h II "1100 .e'\.f."'h I
.etdt1vA I htfa", ' ''9'') : AllAh : }.9"ti't\
);1-". I F;lh I tlJ4l1+ I 1Y9" .eTm1.f.
II m+ l1Vt\ : H"'i" 1 ' l1>.tt
!1}J i
f. fUll I oo,."'&. I 1f.';ltV
II mA ') '" I "111\))00- I hoo
I ti'I\- : Hf
!1}I :
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J
"'.... 0 I HDDOI :: m'uUB 1l"'l6hQPo ,
hoo I +l1UA I 1\+1.9"+ I 1...
+SJDthi\e : ada "':" : "'''11h. a flih1:
I AhGl} tf.h l1th.C ODthl\hoo-o
n
th", I
OIA'M
A-IJ hhOlh
h..+9"du\ ' "I""' :1 w1... Il"'lf

: AiIOO : ou ')o 2111 :
tuauc'.UB.3'u1im.c I tJ1)oi\iP = mA., r1:: 1.. :
iad'B.rm I OUill f I i\'MVo J {!j1J J
.e"t a lDA.. fl h.. r ,.,A.9" I " hOD I U 1{" .eA
I
t I t\')1- F : Ofl.e ::
{..
263
264
Ubllngstexte
Ubllngstexte
265
36. wa- 'i-ba-r;J 'as;Jka t;Jmhal

. ';Jsma 'i-t;Jl 'ahatta
. cada
-., . s;J .e;Jrta
. r;J 'as;Jka sa
rasS;Jya wa- 'i- 'asl;Jma.- 37.y;Jkun ba!J(;Jt)tu' nagar;Jk;Jmu 'dmma-h/ 'dwwa ';Jwwa wa- ';Jmma-hi
'alba 'alba wa-fadfiida-ssa 'dm.';Jllu 'dm- 'dkkuy W;J ';Jtu.
38.sama ck;Jmu kama tab;Jhala: eayn beza Cayn wa-Sdnn beza S;Jnn.
39. wa- 'an;J-ssa ';Jb;Jlakk;J:Zu: 'i-t;Jtqawam;Jwwa la- ';Jk(k)uy, wa-Ia-za
hi ara-ka ';Jnta yamiin malta!Jtaka mit Iattu kiil;J 'tii-hi.
40. wa-fa-za-hi Ydfaqq;Jd ydt Caggalka wa-malbasaka YdnSii,' g;Jd;Jg Zattu wa
ldbsaka-ni. - 41. wa-la-za-hi cabbataka md criifa 'a!Jada !Jur mdslehu
kdteta. - 42. la-za YdS;J 'dZakka hab wa-la-za Ydfaqqdd ';Jmgabeka
Ydtlaqqii!J 'i-tdkld 'a.
43. sama cbmu kama tab;JhaZa: 'afqdr bia-ka wa-;Jlii ' afii ';Jka.
44. wa- ' and-ssa 'dbdfakkdmu: sannaya g;Jbaru la- ';Jl/a y;Jalld 'uk;Jmu. wa
alldyu ba- 'dnta ';Jlla Ydsaddddukdmu.
45. kama tdkunu wdluda la- 'abubmu za-ba-samiiyiit. 'dsma fa!Jiiya
yiiSarrdq la efa 'dk(k)uyiin wa-geriin. wa-yiizanndm zdniima fii cIa
iiddqiin wa- cammiifdyiin.
46. wa- 'dmma-ssa tiifaqq;Jru 'za-yiifaqqdrakkdmu mdnta casba biJkdmu.
'akkohu mabbd!Jiiwdyiin-hi kamiihu ygabbd",u. - ' - ''..:.- : > "' ;;- ,
47. wa- 'dmma ta 'amiigkdmu 'agawikdmu kdmma mdnta 'dnka fadfiid;].
tdgabbdru 'akka-nu 'a!Jziibd-ni kiyiihu-ssa y'dgabbdru.
48. kunu-ke 'dntdmu-ssa fdumiina kama 'abukdmu samiiyiiwi fdum
_
_ ,
Text 4: -Das Buch Henoch, Ka

pitel l, Verse
9" b t. tt: li ::
li :Pit (J h T N 't'i tl H h an fl l. h
1 ?- Y w .4' }, It tJlt UJ. .e.
'rr .
1 M It ., 9 '} n.. It '" II fUr' tr It },
'rr
Y '} m t'I.. '} ::
e m }J w-- /,JJl1 'terti w.e n.. I 11 }, 1I.

+ ,,}, r i 11 h"1 H.h l1th. C }, '}
N
h o '} tu" h lJJ ;J" :'-' Wf. h . t-.
}, f
+ II N II II '"!Y :'"
fi t-
tlh Ch r.%
ovl\},
m "' D1l o h H H l.U' OD- 'rtft'"

m h h OD C 'rr h tI }, h. ::
c
1-9
Vorbemerkung: Die Versziihlllngen der Textallsgabe einerseits und der Um

schrift andererseits weichen voneinander ab (letztere folgt M. A. Knibb, The
Ethiopic Book of Enoch, Oxford 1978). Ein Hinweis Zllr Orthographie: Nach
Glltturalen werden /a/ und /ii/ promisclle gebraucht.
md c'riif 1
1 . qiiIa barakat za-henak
za-kama biiraka gdruyiina wa-addqana
,dlla hallawu Ydkunu ba- Cdlata mdndiibe
la- 'asasSdto kWdllu 'dkkuyiin wa-rasi Ciin
2a. wa- 'awsd 'a henak wa-Ydbe
bd " si iiddq za- 'dmgaba 'dgzi 'abd!Jer
,dnza 'a cydntihu kdSUtiit wa-Ydre 'i
ra 'ya qdddusa za-ba-samiiyiil
za- 'ar'ayuni malii 'dkt
wa-sama cku za- 'dmgabehamu kWdlla
wa- 'a 'marku 'ana za- 'dre 'i
266
Ubungstexte
Ubungstexte
m 11 t1 1\ 11 -rQ}-o A : 11.1\ 1\ 1I
.e qo
2b. wa- 'akko la-z twldd

'allii la-za-ym 'u twldd rfJuqiin
'h - :r-m-t\ C' . } : n

1 i' 1 ?
Y 1 IL I m11 m- Uf & n h 1
1; 11 ,rOD
'r h l\ 1I f, m 8 - il mf} IJ
.p. t1'f 1
f.. ? m h r l\ h f}l\ r ::
mY il i' Ch. Il T() f, 1 1: : m Y il

'I'C .
1l ' 1 0 f, I\- 'h lJO fltrlJ f, I
m '( ClJ'
H I\- I my I\ "'A T r Y 1
: mf, p'
1't OD- C y:,- CD l f} .e'Hl .e 'h il h
Jt ?lIJ .( f}1\1JO ::
l;
mf, f. -?8 Jt .e- I1 C
CP i"
mf,
'f;dt 1: h tD--? C: P. 1 1 mf, 'l- qo fl
OJ.
h qo ODf} l -?t. }-. 1JO I\ Utl I
m T fl m
I
m f f} <l' o OD-
:t m lJ rr OD ?i il
In
mY 1 1.. tt.. ou-
1\ t: II. f} 1 : m f, :" CP 4' 1l

H- tr- fffP ;J : 1l }-. 1 1' H- ta- 1I 1
11 ?- OI l
II I\ 01t (1- :} 1' 11 1 ml ll. f} ' ::
:a.
..... __
..,-41. .
5.
wa-yfa"hu kWllu
wa-yiidLaqaZZ<Jqu tguhiin
wa-Y<JnaSs<J 'omu !<Jrhiit wa-ra <iid Ciibiy
.
'<Jska 'nii!a <iiLam
6.
wa-ydanaggfu 'adbiir nawwiifJan ( = ntiwwatza!l)

"
wa-Y<JttelJatu 'awg<Jr nawifJan ( = nawitziin )
wa-Y<Jtmassawu kama ma ciira grii 'm-Lahb
7.
wa-tssat!am mdr
wa-kwllu za-wsta mdr YtfJiiggWaL ( = yathaggWal).
wa-ykaww;;ln !tlJ liicLa kWllu .
wa-Lii cLa iidqan k'"llomu
8.
la-iidqan-ssa saliima y;;lgabbr lomu

wa-ya <iiqq;;lbomu La-fJruyiin
wa-ykawwn siihl lii <lehomu
wa-ykawwnu killllomu za- 'amlak
wa-yse"lJu wa-ytbii"aku
wa-yba"h lomu brhiina 'amliik
9.
wa-niihu m 'a ba-t 'a/fit qddusiin

kama ygbar ftlJa Lii c1ehomu
wa-yiifJgIIIlomu ( = yiihglllalomu) la-rastan
wa-ytwiiqas klllllo za-sgii
ba- ' nta kill llu za-gabru wa-rassayu Lii clehu fJa( 'iin wa-rasi can
11 :'- 'hA 6.. :,. .p_
hOD f. "1 IJ C ldt I\ot\, U"ou- :
...
wa- 'm-hy(y)a ykayyd diba sina dabr

wa-yiista; 'i ba-t <ayntu
wa-yiistar 'i ba-n <a fJiiylu 'm-samiiy .
h m- '
Uf lJ t\ 1\ t\, U" OD- : m.e h m- - 'rI' flu
(ID.
1Ih lJO I\ n I m .e Uf, C ,h. m .e
J :'- () t: n.
m.e, Il C U I\-'OD- l1C Y Jt rl\ n I:
t\ 1 ?- Y '} : m .e
. .
4.
m " ft .e,. ,4 1 H- I\-' OD- ::
. Z ta ,4 '} fI fl I\ qo .e 1 ofl C !tano .
. . :. ""'='"
ba 'nta hruyan 'be

wa- 'awsa 'ku ba 'nttahomu msla283
za-ywaff ' qddus wa- <iibiy ,m-ni.iifJdaru wa- 'amlOka: ealam
9D
m h'- ft- 11m- h i' lr C ,r, :r.

:}70 A : m.e h m- 1 tt::" fh I\()I\
H-ft- :
rC
. '
3.
m r Uf f, h f, -'S. 1l lV , f,.
.tl C
267
283 Andere Textvarianten

.
:::>
bieten statt masla entweder masiile oder masla miJsiile.
Ubungstexte
Ubungstexte
268
Text 5: S31Ul f<J!rat ("Beauty of Creation"), Abschnitte
269
1-7
V rbemerkung: Handschriftliche Wiedergabe des Textes durch Getatchew

Haile _
Mlsrak Amare, Beauty of Creation ' Manchester 1991 (S . 52f.) , vgl . hlerzu
'
d Ie
' unter
'
.
.
24.2 prasenherte Schrifttabelle. Der Wechsel von Gutturalen und der Promiscue
-
Gebrauch von /a/ und /a/ nach Gutturalen wird nicht erlautert.
ciDch /, ; lDlID nt:

V1 'l1 " ( sic ) 7 d, tt: " n'r li!'f'l;J-.t lJ. , h"'f,"l H. 'h
{1(h, c ', Hfl)U4- " n lJ. ', is ()1!'r, ({Oro'cJ/r. :
:f1 hf" fl,t'- 1Jcl1t "-"7 '" h fl tytfl)-. ', "llCfD 'f,/:.
+" ov.ti : 'Tn)!. : '11I7 a1J - t'nt; ', 4 N,r : gtpr
to OJ' l. :J. .f: lJ.: A 14 -t: " In tT} : '(rt/-t. : '1> r ">
'fl: f, !f'1L\l " h((lft OJh.1l -, lIrJlr : '"A n
tfD ', 'nr-k 'f, ', t7h([() : '"f1ru n.tJc, : n ', V r
n-t t,. -f! (llIO ' S!- 'fr'7'T : l.fl ch (J)'fJ(J7) '7 roT:
'fl ll. fT.-t: n "" n ', n-n '"h tJ) LWf) 'f'f1 r : tP 'n ao
f. n fJ:h n' h 6.: -y, ft. . hC1t f. (1() '1o'fJ : 'h tPt.'"f ;:
2 , "'fO 1>g;av: a-, hn'1 r " tp t:(JV " U Itt> " 'X
If') tt"{,.[1,h,c n 1--,.w1111+ : n't} ,.,t lJ.: ({) 0 +'P,'"
+" lroll'p-f: !: tOIlO', tL4> : 11 11 fJ:ht-f! ;6.. 1':
'fllJV f.PlC : l}.tJ;JL:f. + : (llOC : tTD,n..1- : na1J
1;{O n bll + ', YtlJ.,e: ', J: 4'?t7i'L++' mL" i o'll
C ?DCfV' 01 f1'7(l. 1J " i 'i1+(W. : flUClf. : m7D
c " lO"
t.O'1lr h : d)',!,Il!; (l)11av!f.'
(1)lfO I)Yll1 1- ' LV "fJ/)o'1t" "i Q! trL:J. +: mL: n1,
)t -, ri C 'f]: "hVO i O: !J l)r ' ', c1J "f7tf'1l : (1 0 '. htht
"(}hoh: otrOtl.-r : cotf.. 6.. 01L : ''1b(J : 1l'(J'P:
?iro'1 q' 4! (1j1 L t : t,f{'J f1 'hI:! (1 H ct). 'n-F nc 't
'1 "0; Ii -{I . A I{.- 11--,., -{1 C 't :
0 luw '- "Ad) H.n.()clbC
1.
1.
..
"
ba-sma 'gzi 'aber maari wa-mastaSiih1

nf sna ftratiitihu la- 'gzi 'abJ;er
za-maharuna kiyiihu 'abawina, mamhriina qddst beta krstiyiin .
labbiwomu 'm- 'orita muse nabiy.
,sma y 'ti tzenu awiitwa f!ratiiiihu la-zntu jatiire kWllu,
'amliikna,
ytbiirak smu, wa-ytle iii zkru
ba-hirutu
'a ciilama 'm- 'i-hallW
'sma 'ams
.Q ....rlciba hallwo
.
.
...
.
. - - .
.
_. :.:. .....
kama ynunanna rabiia .
wa-kama yt Ciiw(w)aq ( = 01 bzw. 02) khilotu ba-aba sab ' wa
malii 'kt; wa-kama ysbii ba- 'f!-fa 'llu ia- ciilama ciila'!f:_'"'amen.
'.
'
-,
..
'.
.:: "
'.
::
'
..
"
2,
I
I
'm-qdma Ciilamiit, qdma hallo 'gz(aber

ba-tslsta 'akiiliitihu wa-ba-tawiidota malakotu
wa-soba jaqada ba-za-biititu jaqiid
kama yft.r f!ratiita
ba-warii maggiibit 'ama 20-wa-9, ba- Clata 'ud
8 f!ratiita fa!ara : 7 ba- 'armmo wa-l ba-nabib
za-w 'tomu samiiy wa-mdr wa-miiy wa-nafs wa- 'siit wa-lmat wa
malii 'kt.
wa- 'llontu 7 ftratiita fatara ba-gize sark 'm-aba 'albo.
wa- 'm-z soba sata diyiiblos ba-t 'abita r 'asu
fatara kii cba zta siimniiya ftrata 'm-aba 'albo
za-w 'tu brhiin
'nza ybal : la-ylam brhiin.
270
Dbungstexte
Ubungstexte
27 1
...
h lr " 'nao.-F : c}!
'Yl( :" lD 'rllJr.t; ', n 'i b '.
J.
L\'1 lt'h -Oclb C't.:
'-L /;-" , H, , "n 'i /;)
rn LJ.. ,
art
L}t "
( C 1'. 8 7 b )
I "[) L /:) '. (/}''np.
ar-F '
3, '.,llu '.,muntu j.,[ratiita 'gud

wa- '.,ud bghil 1 b.,hil w., '.,tu
/1 [, t-'l.'. vn
:
(0 1) ( 0 1'. 7b ) (([} " f [}, : ro7 f :

h"N1 'h{l cn, C! 0 t a;' C 0 tplljll.t+"
n ch f :
. "ir{]l\ :
O"hoz,-t- '. :q 1 C : ([}....flF ' "-O n crv " 'll"1 Ito-{ulb Q :
'l1 "Ih.', lJ}.'n-F :'- lD'1f1 : O:hb. lOC 'fI, o{J : fi n.
:r L'l1.fl: lJ}t}l-F :'. tOO"'o-t, +ll ' Yl-t, H : JI1b J'.. Lp'
'l1 au 11 tr Jl. !J t ' 'll /;) f 4t " (l :h,p: a1. 1. :
q! l. t :
5,
CO'(,aD : a," r"'tl &nn'r'-" t: f'1 h n 'h
c roqu ' 6.. tl1 L " n + ' 1 'PftO , '"/l..n l) :
fl "f,7+ " fln.u!,w, ', '1t " l1UC]b1oz,':,
6,
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4,
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c: "' -" ', J? -t,r. n : n yo ?; l\UO!I- : f1{1Cj IJ-. : 'Yl'fl'llt : a,!)
fV .e"6 f- Il : rr-, I)I[O : H ov "it: J:tlJI.: ''Il7, H : 'f.. {IfF
6...1l1 L :
n '"A+ : 'tnt : 'fd7+-;c!" : h..nC 17" "hqo%::
'.,gii 'ab.,J:terOJ-ni bghil w., '.,tu
,orit.,-ni b.,hil zenii b.,hil w., '.,tu
4, wa- '.,mma t:Jbe

m.,nt 'aqo la- '.,gzi 'ab.,er y.,ft..,r j.,[ratiita
,.,b.,l : ba- 'gnta 4 nagar w., '.,tu
,.,sma '.,gzi 'ab.,er kahiili w., '.,tu
wa-bii C.,l wa-jatiii wa-r.,kub za-" i-y.,trakkab w., '.,tu
wa-ba, '.,nta-z., 'gnza yii[eyy.,q
kama '.,llu 4 fotii hall.,wiin bottu
.,qa jarira j.,!ratiit.
5. wa- '.,mma t.,be kii C.,ba

ba- '.,nta m.,nt ba- 'armamo ja!ara '.,llonta 7 awiit.,wa..
':Jb.,l : ba- ':Jnta za- 'i-hallawu 'amehii samii C.,yiin.
6. ba-nabib.,-hi ja[irotu b.,rhiina

,.,sma za-hallawu 'amehii samii C.,yiin malii '.,kt
wa-ba- ' .,nta-z., kama yii 'm.,ru '.,muntu 'amliik.,nniihu
ba-nabib ja!ara b:Jrhiin.
7.
"
7. wa- '.,mma t.,be Cadi

ba, '.,nta m.,nt 'astadaiira
( = Astz)
taja[rota b.,rhan 'fJm.,nna '.,llu
'.,b.,l : kama y.,kun 'amsiil mang.,sta samayiit

ba-kama b.,rhiin y:Jeyy:Js '.,m-"lmat
kamiihu '.,m-z.,-ni ciilam y:Jeyy:Js ciilam za-y.,mp ' d.,ra
,.,nza y.,bl ja[iiri.
ba- '.,nta z.,ntu 'astadaiiro la-b.,rhiin ':Jm.,nna 7.
272
Ubungstexte
Text 6: Das Buch der Jubilaen, Kapite1 50, Verse
Schrifttabelle (Vokale gemaB tradioneller Aussprache)
12-13
Vorbemerkung: Der folgende Text, die letzten Verse des Jubilaenbuchs, wird nur in
ath. Schrift prasentiert (nach J. C. Vanderkam, The Book of lubilees [CSCO 510 /
87], Leuven 1989) . Zur leichteren Lesbarkeit des Textes sind - nach Vorbild der
amharischen Orthographie - Konsonantengeminationen durch zwei Punkte fiber
entsprechenden Schriftzeichen markiert. Die Unterscheidung zwischen _ Vokalis
mus und Murmelvokal bei Schriftzeichen der 6. Vokalordnung ist eigenstandig
vorzunehmen.
W'C
50 : 1 2 OJtt fi : ("I11h : IIf.1 11C : "'111 l : OJII'/.

: ffh
Gramti
ma sche Hilfestellungen:
Syntaktische Struktur (Y. 12 bis V. 1 3a)
; k <J/lu sab za- . . . wa-za
-hi .
wa-za-hi . . . wa-za-hi . . . wa-za-hi . . . wa-k
<J/lu sab za- . . . wa-za-hi . . .
wa-za-hi . . . wa-za-hi . . . (V. 13) wa-s
ab ' za-y<Jgabbar kwallo za- 'am-za
ba- 'alata sanbatyamut "Wer auch immer
. . . wer auch immer irgendetwas
von diesen (Dingen) am Sabbat tut, der
soll/muJ3 sterben" (verallgemei
nende Relativsatze mit Apodosis; 65.6 6).
ba-kwallu makin
i "an irgendeinem (anderen) Ort" (5 1.913
).
yae Can < *Y<Jte Can (36. 5 1) tIer reite
t": unregelmaJ3ig (wie Impf. T )
2
gebildetes Impf. Tl zu I cn (44 .631) .
manta-hi (4 1.81) . - wa-za-hi 'agara
"und wer (ein Tier) fangt": Man
beachte den Gebrauch des Perfekts; nach
wa-za-hi steht im Text sonst
Impf. (vgl. 65.6 6). Ein Manuskript biete
t yiisagg<Jr (Impf. Al) statt 'agara.
fab 'a "Kampf' (Akk. ); siehe im Lexikon
unter ab '.
(Y. 13b) yiisanabbatu "sie halten den Sabb
at"; Impf. Al (44. 73).
tallfa "(wie) geschrieben steht ": Perf. Tl
(44.532).
agaga gize wa-gize babba kufole mawii calihu
(56. 6).
..
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18 Introduction To Classical Ethiopic PDF

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abbreviations and Conventions

Missoula, Montana 59806

INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL ETHIOPIC

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Root and Pattern

The Ethiopic Alphabet

Special Phonological Rules

Manuscript Errors and Normalization

Absence of Definite and Indefinite Articles

Third Person Forms of the Verb

Syntax (Verb plus Noun Subject)

Noun Plurals (cont.)

The Construct State

Some Demonstrative Adjectives

The Personal Pronouns

Non-verbal Sentences with a Nominal Predicate

The Plural Demonstratives

The Accusative Case

Word Order in a Verbal Clause

The Accusative of Goal

The Accusative Forms of the Demonstratives

Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives

The Particles -nu and -hu

The Remote Demonstratives

Prepositions with Pronominal Suffixes

The Full Inflection o f the Perfect

The Perfect with Object Suffixes

The Perfect: Roots III-W!Y

The Perfect with Object Suffixes (cont.)

Adjectives as P redi cates

-iilJi and -Ciy

with Pronominal Suffixes

Object suffixes in a Dative or Prepositional Sense

Medio-passive Verbs: Dt,

Relative Pronouns and Relative Clauses

Causative Verbs: CG, CD,

The Meaning of CG Verbs

General Remarks on the Verbal System

with Pronominal Suffixes

as the Equivalent of an Indefinite Pronoun

The Infinitive: Form

The Infinitive: Uses

The Perfective Active Participle

Independent Uses of the Imperfect

G Verbs from Sound Roots

Dependent Uses of the Imperfect

G Verbs from Sound Roots

The Uses o f the Subjunctive

The Agent Noun

The Verbal Adjective

G Verbs from Sound Roots

Further Remarks on Complements

The Verbal Noun (G Verbs)

The Cognate Accusative

Nouns of Place: The Pattern

Nouns of the Pattern

G Verbs from Roots I-Guttural:

G Verbs from Roots II-Guttural: Remaining Forms

G Verbs from Roots III-Guttural: The Remaining Forms

G Verbs from Roots I-W: The Remaining Forms

G Verbs from Roots II-W!Y: The Remaining Forms