Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Examination in
animals
Prepared by
Dr.Sherzad Ibrahim
Blood
Blood is a tissue consisting of cells within a fluid matrix. Blood creates an internal
environment which directly or indirectly baths all cells of the body and protects it from the
external environment.
Blood contains red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets
(thrombocytes). Figure 2.3 on page 10 of Voigt illustrates the cellular components of
blood. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and are responsible for carrying oxygen from the
lungs to the cells throughout the body, as well as carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
for excretion. White blood cells are either granulocytes (contain granules in the cytoplasm)
or agranulocytes (do not contain granules in the cytoplasm.) Granular leukocytes include
neutrophils, eosinophil's and basophils. Agranulocytes include lymphocytes and
monocytes. WBCs are a critical component of the immune system. Platelets are cell fragments
from large multinucleated cells (megakaryocytes). Platelets are important in blood clotting or
hemostasis.
The clear to pale-yellow fluid portion of blood is called plasma. Five to ten percent of the
plasma consists of proteins. The majority of the proteins are albumin, globulins and
fibrinogen. Albumins transport numerous substances in the blood and are the main
determinant of the osmotic pressure. Globulins (alpha, beta and gamma) are important in
transport and immunity. Fibrinogen is important in blood clotting and the inflammatory
cascade. If blood is allowed to clot, the clotting factors are removed from the plasma and
the remaining fluid portion of the blood is called serum.
blood collection
The blood is collected from animal through puncture
of jugular vein in horse ,cattle,camel,sheep and goat
&from cephalic vein (recurrent tarsal vein)in dog and
cat
And from ear vein for isolation of blood parasite
with exception of tryponosoma(from J.V)
Functions of blood
The three main functions of blood are transportation, regulation and defense.
Many of these functions will be covered in detail in other units.
Oxygen and nutrients to cells in the body
Transports
Regulates
Water balance
pH
Electrolytes
Phagocytosis of foreign invaders
Defense
Heart:
Lungs:
Liver:
Spleen:
Blood storage
Removal of dead and damaged RBCs
WBC production in the lymphoid tissues of the
spleen
Bone
marrow:
Blood Examination
A-Whole blood sample:
The blood sample is mixed with anticoagulant such as:heparine or E.D.T.A
It is used for hematological examination such as:
1. R.B.Cs parameter consist of : Red blood cell (erythrocyte)count ( RBC )
Packed Cell Volume ( P.C.V ) is the percentage of packed red cells in whole blood
Hematocrit (HCt) it is calculated from the RBC and MCV
Hemoglobin (Hb)
Mean Cell Volume (MCV) This is a measure of RBC size it represents the average volume of a red
cell and is expressed in femtolitres (fl). (10-15l).
Normal MCV = normocytosis means normal size
Increased MCV = macrocytosis indicates larger size and is usually caused by vit B12 and folic acid deficiencies
Decreased MCV = microcytosis i indicates smaller size due to iron deficiency etc and thus lower hemoglobin
concentration which may result from chronic haemorrhage or less commonly from dietary deficiency in young animals
Blood Examination
2. W.B.Cs (leukocytic )count
3. differential leukocytic count
4. blood film
B-Serum sample:
The blood sample is collected without addition of anticoagulant
and then left to clot
Then centrifuged at 3000 r.p.m for 20 minutes
Take the clear serum and separate it in a clean plastic container
for biochemical examination
C. Blood film
a drop of fresh blood is placed in one corner end of slide and
spreader as smear with the help of another slide using it is thin
edger are an angle of 45(thin blood film)
b-dry the smear in air
c-fix the smear in methanol for 4-5 minutes or absolute methyl
alcohol for 1-2 minutes the process know fixation
d-dry in air
e-stain the smear with gimsa stain diluted (1:10)in distilled water
for 5 minutes
f-wash the slide with water
g-dry in air
h-examine under oil immersion lens
After staining, the structure and colour of red cells is enhanced
and the white cells and platelets to be recognized.
N.B:
*in case of trypanosomamake a thick blood film
***indication of blood film:
For detection of the presence of blood parasite such
as:babesia,thileria,anaplasma,tryponosoma and
filaria
For differential leukocytic count
RBC Erythrocytes
Erythrocytes from all mammals are anucleated, and most are in the shape of biconcave discs
called discocytes," The biconcave shape results in the central
pallor of erythrocytes observed in stained blood films.
Red cells are produced in the bone marrow and usually lose their nuclei when they are released
into the blood stream.
Color of RBC The presence of bluish-red erythrocytes in stained blood films is called
polychromasia. Polychromatophilic erythrocytes are reticulocytes that stain bluish red due to the
combined presence of hemoglobin (red staining) and individual ribosomes and polyribosomes
(blue staining).
WBC Leukocytes
Neutrophils (PMNs)
Causes of Eosinophilia
Hypersensitivity (allergy) e.g.. Flea bite hypersensitivity, asthma, pulmonary
infiltration with eosinophilia (PIE)
Parasitism (doesnt consistently cause an eosinophilia) for example intestinal
parasitism, aelurostrongylus, protozoa
Idiopathic eosinophilic diseases e.g. eosinophilic gastroenteritis, eosinophilic
myositis, idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome of cats, panosteitis
Infectious diseases e.g.. FIP
Neoplasia mast cell tumours, paraneoplastic eosinophilia, eosinophilic
leukaemia (rare)
Hypoadrenocortcism*
Eosinopenia
the eosinophil count falls within the normal range
Causes of Eosinopenia
Infection/inflammation
Adrenaline response acute stress, pain, excitement , exercise
Steroid response- chronic stress/illness, glucocorticoid administration
Basophils
Have histamine-containing granules
allergic and inflammatory responses and in the control of parasitic infections
Monocytes
Causes of Monocytosis
Inflammation especially chronic or pyogranulomatous inflammation (TB/FIP)
Steroid response- chronic stress/illness, glucocorticoid administration,
hyperadrenocorticism
Monocytic or myelomonocytic leukaemia (monocytosis likely to be extreme)
Lymphocytes
Causes of Lymphocytosis
Causes of Lymphopenia
Platelets
Lack nuclei.
Have amoeboid movement.
Important in blood clotting:
Constitute most of the mass of the clot.
Serum Examination
Tests Included in a Basic Test Panel
Test
Total Protein
Albumin
Globulin
Urea
Creatinine
Glucose