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Leadership
and Management
Objectives
Leadership
is the ability to
influence other people
The
Definition
Leadership and
Management
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A Leadership Story:
A Leadership Story:
Management
LEADERSHIP
nursing leader
inspires others to work
toward a goal.
According to Covey,
managers
Effective
are able
to elicit from each employee his or her
deepest commitment, continued loyalty,
finest creativity, consistent excellent
productivity, and maximum potential
contribution toward continuous
improvement of process, product, and
service.
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Planning
Organizing
Commanding
Coordinating
Controlling the work of a given set of
employees
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management
Mitzberg (1989) said Fayols lists did not really
describe what managers do..
They do whatever is necessary to make sure
that employees do their work and do it well.
This includes interpersonal, informational and
decisional actions.
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Differences Between:
Leadership Management
An informal role
An achieved position
Part of every nurses
responsibility
Independent of
management
What Makes a
Person a
Leader?
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Leadership
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Is a lack of leadership
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Authoritarian
Democratic
Laissez-Faire
Degree of
freedom
Little freedom
Moderate
freedom
Much freedom
Degree of
control
High control
Moderate
control
Little control
Decision
making
By the leader
Leader and
group together
By the group or
by no one
Leader activity
level
High
High
Minimal
Assumption of
responsibility
Leader
Shared
Abdicated
Output of the
group
High quantity,
good quality
Creative, high
quality
Variable, may
be poor
Efficiency
Very efficient
Less efficient
than
quality
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Change Leadership
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Change Leadership
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Change Leadership
Self-esteem
2. Minimisation: As the
change becomes clearer,
people try to fit in the
change with their own
personal position and may
try to believe that it will
not affect them.
3. Depression: as reality
begins to dawn staff may
feel alienated and angry,
feelings of a lack of control
of events overtake people
and they feel depressed as
they try to reconcile what
is happening with their
own personal situation.
3
1
1. Immobilisation
as rumours of the
change circulate, the
individual feels some
sense of shock and
possible disbelief
so much so that they
deem it worthy of
doing nothing.
4. Acceptance/letting go:
The lowest point in selfesteem finally sees people
starting to accept the
inevitable. Fear of the
Time
future is a feature of this
stage.
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Change Leadership
Self-esteem
2
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3
1
5
7. Internalisation:
the change is
understood and
adopted within the
individuals own
understanding they
now know how to
work with it and feel a
renewed sense of
confidence and self
esteem.
5. Testing out:
Individuals begin to
interact with the change,
they start to ask questions
Time
to see how they might
work with the change.
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Leadership
Theories
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Theories of Leadership
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Leadership Theories
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Theories of Leadership
Type of staff
History of the business
Culture of the business
Quality of the relationships
Nature of the changes needed
Accepted norms within the institution
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Theories of Leadership
Trait Theories
(concerned with what a leader is)
Leaders are born, not made.
Intelligence
Initiative
Excellent interpersonal skills
High self-esteem
Creativity
Willingness to take risks
Ability to tolerate the consequences of
taking risks
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Theories of Leadership
Trait Theories
Personality?
Dominance and personal presence?
Charisma?
Self confidence?
Achievement?
Ability to formulate a clear vision?
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Theories of Leadership
Trait Theories
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Theories of Leadership
Behavioural Theories
(concerned with hat the leader does)
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Theories of Leadership
Behavioural Theories
Type of Leadership Style used by the person
Authoritarian
Democratic
Laissex-faire
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Theories of Leadership
Contingency (Situational)
Theories
These
Theories of Leadership
Contingency (Situational)
Theories
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Theories of Leadership
Contingency (Situational)
Theories
suggest managers adapt their leadership
styles in relation to changing situations
May range from authoritarian to
permissive and vary in relation to current
needs and future probabilities
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Contemporary
Theories
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Theories of Leadership
Charismatic Leadership
Leadership
based on valued
personal characteristics and
beliefs
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Theories of Leadership
Transformational
Recognized process as very complex
Something was missing:
Recognized inspiration and vision as
outstanding features
People need a sense of mission that goes
beyond good interpersonal relationships
or the appropriate reward for a job well
done
Goals should become fused, creating
unity, wholeness, and a collective purpose
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Theories of Leadership
Transformational
Widespread changes
to a business or organisation
Requires:
Theories of Leadership
Transactional Theories
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Theories of Leadership
Transactional Theories
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Theories of Leadership
Connective Theories
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Theories of Leadership
Invitational Theories
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Qualities of Effective
Leaders
Integrity
Courage
Initiative
Energy
Optimism
Perseverance
Balance
Ability to Handle
Stress
Self-Awareness
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Qualities of Effective
Leaders
Integrity.
Integrity is expected of healthcare professionals. Our
clients, colleagues, and employers all expect nurses
to be honest, law-abiding, and trustworthy.
Adherence to both a code of personal ethics and a
code of professional ethics (see the American Nurses
Association Code for Nurses in Appendix 1) is
expected of every nurse. Would-be leaders who do
not exhibit these characteristics cannot expect them
of their followers either.
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Qualities of Effective
Leaders
Qualities of Effective
Leaders
A whiner says . . .
Do I have to?
Thats great!
We can do it.
Impossible. It cant be
Yes!
done.
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Qualities of Effective
Leaders
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Qualities of Effective
Leaders
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What Makes a
Person a
Manager?
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Scientific Management
Scientific Management
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Scientific Management
Human Relations-Oriented
Management
McGregors X,
Y Theory
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Human Relations-Oriented
Management
McGregors (Theory X)
Human Relations-Oriented
Management
McGregors (Theory Y)
Managers believe the work itself can be
motivating and people will work hard if their
managers provide an atmosphere in which
they are supported and encouraged to do
so
Emphasizes guidance rather than control,
development rather than close supervision,
and reward rather than punishment
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Work is something to be
avoided
People want to do as
little as possible
Use control-supervision
punishment
87
Qualities of An Effective
Manager
The effective nurse manager possesses a
combination of qualities:
Leadership
Clinical Expertise
Business Sense
None of these alone is enough; it is the
combination that prepares an individual for the
complex task of managing a group or team of
healthcare providers.
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Expertise.
Business
Sense.
Behaviors of An
Effective Manager
Mintzberg (1989) divides the managers activities
into three categories
Interpersonal
Informational
Decisional
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Informational
Interpersonal
Decisional
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Behaviors of An Effective
Manager Interpersonal
Behaviors of An Effective
Manager Interpersonal
Decisional
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Effective
leadership is
defined as the
accomplishment of the
goals shared by leaders
and followers.inspiring
commitment
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Effective
managers should be
leaders
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