Skeletal & Muscular System

Eric Cheng, Sally Jung, Bella Bergmark

Components
~~~~~~~~~~~~~Skeletal
System~~~~~~~~~~~
Spine/Vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum
~~~~~~~~~~~ Muscular System~~~~~~~~~~~
Skeletal Muscle: Intercostal Muscle
Smooth Muscle: Diaphragm

Function
Skeletal

Muscular

Assists Movement
Protection of Organs
Supports the body
stores minerals
provides a site for blood cell formation
Supports the central axis of the body

Pull the body inward

Movement of the bones
Maintains blood pressure
moves food through digestive system
All movement

Function
Skeletal

Muscular

Sternum: connect ribs together,

protect heart

Skeletal Muscle:
Allow voluntary movement
Intercostal: inhalation, elevation of the
ribs

Spine/Vertebrae: Provide
structural support and balance to
maintain an upright posture
Ribcage: Protects vital organs
and blood vessels. Expands and
contract along with the lungs

Smooth Muscle:
allow us to breath
Helps expanding the lungs
Cardiac Muscle:
Heart

Function of Our Model

PVC Pipe represent spine(vertebrae) Balloons represent heart
Support the body
Red exercise bands represent
tendons
intercostal muscle
Stretches and relaxes
ligaments
Plastic tubing represents rib cage
Protect internal organs

Cardiac muscle
Yellow exercise bands represent
Connects muscle to bone
Blue exercise bands represent
Connects bone to bone
Wire to hold the project together

SKELETAL
SYSTEM

Structure- How is it organized

Skeletal System
Major feature= Bones
Bones are a solid network of living cells and
protein fibers that are surrounded by
deposits of calcium salts
Consist of cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and
other structures that hold the bones
together and stabilize them
Joints- a place where one bone attaches to
another bone

Structure of Individual Bones/ How does it

Haversian Canals- contain blood vessels and nerves
work?
Bone
Marrow- Contain soft tissue, makes blood cells
Compact bone forms the hard part of the bone and
supports our body.
Spongy bone has a sponge-like appearance and
contains the red marrow cells.
Periosteum: a layer of connective tissue outside the
compact bone where nutrients can pass through
carrying oxygen and nutrients to the bone
Red bone marrow creates new red blood cells for our
body
Yellow bone marrow: aged bone marrow
Blood vessels circulate through the bones and bring the
newly produced blood into the circulatory system

Muscular System

Structure- How is it organized?

Muscular System
Muscles consist of:
Muscle tissue (skeletal, smooth, and cardiac)
Connective tissue
Nerve tissue
Blood or vascular tissue.
Muscles vary in size, shape and arrangement of
fibers

Structure of Muscular System/ How does it

work?
Perimysium- Fibrous sheath that surrounds each
bundle of single muscle fibers.

Tendon- Attach muscle to bone

Endomysium- Fine sheath of connective tissue
layer of reticular fibers that surrounds each single
muscle fibers
Epimysium- Fibrous elastic tissue that surrounds
each muscle\
Fascicle- Refers to abundle(bundle of muscle
fibres or a bundle of nerve fibres

Structure of Muscular System/ How does it

Muscle contract when the thin filaments in muscle fiber slide
work?
over the thick filaments.
ATP supplies the energy for Muscle contraction

Muscle contraction: Motor Neurons connect the central nervous

system to skeletal muscles cells and release acetylcholine.
Acetylcholine diffuse across the synapse producing an impulse in
the muscle fibers. Impulses control the contraction of skeletal
muscle fibers and release calcium ions within the fiber. Calcium

Ions produce proteins that allow actin and myosin

filaments to interact. Then a nerve impulse reaches a
muscle cell (only a few milliseconds before the event
occurs)
A muscle cell remain contracted until the release of
acetylcholine stops and an enzyme destroys acetylcholine.

Construction Process
1.Brainstorming/Research phase.
2.Selecting several ideas for our project.
3.Choosing the most feasible option.
4.List of materials for construction.
5.Initial construction phase, some adjustments were made.
6.Built spine w/ vertebrae, then we added ribs.
7.Addition of ligaments and muscles between the ribs.
8.Final adjustments of our project, fixed some loose parts (ribs)

Problems we faced
During the brainstorming process, we originally planned to build a spine
and ribs out of pipe and tubing, however we were given the idea to
make the spine out of vertebrae and use wire to make it bend in
different directions. We used plastic tubing for the ribs, and pvc pipe for
the other bone structures in our model, such as the sternum and the
vertebrae. We also didnt know what we should use to represent the
muscles in our model, so we eventually decided to use exercise bands
due to their elasticity.

Thank
You!!:)))))))))