A COMMENTARY ON HOMER’S ODYSSEY VOLUMEI INTRODUCTION AND BOOKS I-VIIL & ALFRED HEUBECK STEPHANIE WEST J.B, HAINSWORTHE CLARENDON PRESS - OXFORDoP Wa Sn On o82 6 ag om Safe Be Tb fet Uy Pn sy ot ty ee ak Pes pid ot enn enn Pato A te rt pe pi oy ed "ind epg ng Sp pct oe Cy Th at ie i a a si ta lt ss ad hen ad seed oe 1 tae et a ham 0 fe an aes on Act ory nit Oe Se ass cont Be 18 Ch in Ha On Tse Mtge io tm ‘508 e-em fo ' PREFACE “Tus volume is the firs of theee that aim to provide an introduction ind commentary to the Ode, [is a revised version, without text Sha eramslation, of the first two paris of che six-volume edition 2emmvoned by the Fondasione Lnrengo Valla and published by Mondadori. In keeping with the Odyiy's wide geographical range this undertaking has invalved Homerists of five nationalities, from Soimsides ofthe Atlante Ocean, and iis hardly surprising we have Jpproached ovr task in different ways. Inevitably there is diversity of “pinion and variation in emphasis; we do not think that, in principle, {his lack of uniformity calls oe apology, and, though we realize that Si fimt it may seent disconcerting, we believe that multifarious “pproach will in the end prove more simulating than confusing, There has been no complete comuentaryin English onthe Ody since W.8, Stanford's compendious edien, fise published forty years ago; a filler ceatment seems itrnsically desirable, and the Inervening. years have, in any cas, seen major developments in Homeric scholarship on many fonts, The Valla commentary was lccompanied by the luxury of our own text, but economy and the Convenience of the user, we decided, would be becter served ifthe feader were to have the text of the Géysy before him in a separate Soluate) the lemmata of the commentary have accordingly been {ken from T.W. Allen's Oxford Clawical Text (second edition, 117), but this should not prevent any difcuty for anyone using & Aiterent edition. For the spelling of Greek proper names we have generally adopted he mos air form tt Becrepa nan Gorn Bes oofsireps, In revising our manuscript we have been abe to take» vantage of the comments of reviewers and fiends and we weleom: this opportunity to thank them, we are ‘ipeialy indebted to Poor J. Bremer, Dr T-de Jong, Profesor GPS. Kirk, Profsor H. van Thiel, and Profesor MM. Willeock ‘Our thanks a also due to the Delegates ofthe Pres for accepting work which, owing 19 ts unconventional genesis, might be expected {ercause peculiar problems. We should like wo record our admiration foe the unfailing courtesy and eficency with which the staf of the Pres have metal difficulties tsa pardcular pleasure co thank Joho (Condy and John Was, whose patient guidance has piloted our Odvsyfiom Rome to Oxford, and Daphne Nash, the Pres’s vigilant and forbearing copy editor ‘We deeply reget that Allied Heubeck, the leader of exe Bizao, did tat live to ace the publication of this volume Oxford JB Auge 1987 SRW. CONTENTS BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION TO HOMER'S ODYSSEY ‘General Introduction (A.H. “The Bic Dialect (J.B. The Transmission ofthe Text (S.W.) COMMENTARY Books FIV (SW Books V-VITE J.B. INDEX 4 3BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS, “The abbreviations wed fr ancient authors eorreapon to those employed in the ltr citi of Tell an Seo, Greg sin LSP aa in she ‘Osjed Lain Dit, or pid to that of L's psi Edltions of the Ody referred wo in the Commentary Alles TW, Allen, Hane Opes, i, (Oxford Glass! Tent), Oxford, 161, 986 Amit Hente-Caver Hower Oj’ £ den Schulgebrauch elie tom KF. Amis uC, Henze, bearbeite von Power's 28, 42% 2 Leip, 1020, og, 1938, sos, Houbeck® Oras Od, fib icity scenic Idee rein #sonmants a cara ds Alfred Heaeck, Fomatone Lorena Valle, Rome, 195 987 Hoekarat mere Od, lit si Intact Comme 3 cra di Avie Hock, Fondione Terese Vala Rome, 1984 ‘Mery Riddell WW, Meir and. Riddell, Homer's Od yey Doss Ono 886 Rano nea, Oey ir tat fata, ta € Trenan Vall, Rowe, 2985 Stanton Wo B. Stanford, ‘The Odysey of Hime’, Macnilan, London, 1958, son der Mant P'von der Mab, Home Odes, Basel, 16 (Suutgar 1984 Works mentioned by abbreviated tide Apthor, Bide MJ. Apthorp, The Mampi side for Inulin i Home, Heeler, 1080. Arca Arcana Howence: Die Dialer dos Jpgrelicte por od. FMate an HG. Bache, Goingen. 1967 Arend, Sen Ws Arend, Die ppcen Sem bt Horr, Belin, as +The pce vole theo theo he Kala eo dco ae commen ony te cand (ak bea oa id Boos an) le oe RIDLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS Austin, Ace Beshel, Hesilge Bech, Sager ete, Home —— Oe Fling, Bece Burkert, lig Chantaine, Denise —- Grease ay, Wak Compson Dadebecgue, Tééne Densison, Petes Dindor, Sota. Ebeling, Lien Benberger, Ser rine, Bage Febtiog, Widebasien Fen, Studie Flaley, Wind Fre, Home Fooke, Ode Frankel, Chi 1. Austin, Ace ate Dak of the Moon: Pt Pron it Home’s Odes, Beteley os Angie, 1975, Bere, Lavi en Hamer, Halle, 914 S. Best, Sceign-Vereliger Chea Die Dering aes Unigene dr Ode Heidelberg, 1966. Bethe, Homer Duknag and Sage, i, Leipig-Bein 1, 2922, 1930 wok bof the above, GoM. Bolling, ‘The External side for Ibieltion in Homer, Onto, 1925, We Butkrs, ie Ragin Aca end Clas, teams John Ralfan, Ontord, 1085, P.Ghantrane, Ditineie Smale de te lone gre Pai Grammaire homens, i, Pac, 1958, 106, JS Clay, The at of Shea Gad ond Meni le Odyacy, Princeton, 1085 AJB Wace and FH Stubhings (ods), Conpia tome, London, 1963, En'Delebecque, Tdlimapue ef le siwere de ost, Anais de To Facute des Lewes #Ascen-Provence 28 0 45 J.D. Denniston, The Grek Paice’, Oxon 1954 GDindost Schte Grace in Hamer Odom, ator, Enel, Losin Meera, Up, 880-5 HL Ehenberge, Sdn tr Oban, Wenaden, ton Hi Enis, Benge um Festadis dr Ody, erin: New York 197, De Fehling, Dis Widehehagferes a. tr utr be dm Grice rg, Belin, 109, Bi Fes, Studs inte Odyssey, Homes Ehackehrifen, x Wiesbaden, 1974 MUL Bntyy The Mo of Ospr (end revised en), Harmondsworth, 1079 Finer, Homer ba, hy Lepig, 1988, F Fock, Die Ope, Stutgar Belin, 294, BH. Franke, Die hiner Glin, Giingen, s9.Tri, GH Germain, Gon. (Gein, Hane Life ad ‘Death ainoworth, Reh Heubeck, Dir Hoekstra, Modifies Hote, Unleschnge Kirchhoff, Osher irk, Comment — sings ‘Rahner Gerth Kor, Pada Lest, Had esky, Homers evmann, Wie Tie Lond, Singer Lorimer, Manele adc, a ‘Marlo, Prete Mates, Ofsns Moder, Kasur Merhetbach, Verhagen Monroy Homes iar BLIOGRAFHICAL ABUREVIATIONS HL Fis, Grccker moles Watch, Hodelbers 1954-7. 1G: Germain, Grmer Se Pde, Pa, 1954. 1} Gain, Hameo Lif and Death, Otis, "8. J.B Hainer, The Fei of te Homer Fama Ost Abeer Odum Dicr ed i Tan Esanges A Mectica Hone Maiti of Foal Pres Arteta, 10h Uc, Cesc Fi de Od, Leip 89 ATR, Die Homeric Ofer en toe Pasty Bein 7 COSI, Ta nd Ome, Bs Comte CT Ste ar, Cambie, Kine faut Grama gtk Spt Sate’, hoor 9 Get, ctor ec, aby Kon, Smtr Pda ei Hom, ‘Songs. son WUE Theat, Landon, goa A. Kah, Hans, RE Supplonenand xi Sitges 16 MM Leuran, Hamrick Ware, Bad, 90 ston fires Epo cB See aod HTS Gortngen, 9550 A.B tidy TA Sage of Tal, Cambridge, Sas-Lando, so HT Toner Hn aed te Momma London, 30 Ladi tack Home Tei 5 Leip 1 ESL tema ei’, ian Naples, pe. W tates, Oda edn Phen, Wurabu tos8 Ke Meister, Die neice Keasrace, Leip, oat sep Darmatc, 1055. Ro Merhelbach, Uxiahiger eur Ode, Teves, 8, Mich, 1955. DB Monro, A rarer be Homeric Dial, Oxford, 189 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS Monin, Simi ickaw, Unters ion, Grice Ovians, Og an Page, Od Paes, mepreaion any, Blots Aegtas = Hei Base ne ich, Wecting Sinton lh i a Svat Boece Scr, Hane Sir, Saic Tromp, Mii nd arn Pal Moulton, Sime: ete Hamre Poms, Hypormcaa, afi, Gaiogen 1977 KO Nika Umarchage tert aod der Zadts e Epes, Bedi 197 MUP. Niwon, Gch dr grin Rigo, P Mach 198 RB. Oniany, The Origins of Eero Tho, ambrge,193 RUA, Pack, The Grok and Lain Lise Teas fom Gre Raan Faye, Ar Arbo 185 DL Page, The Homer: One, Oxo, 1055 LR, Palmer, The Tegra sf Metre Gin Tot, Oxtord 1985, 1968 ‘Anne Amary Parry, Blends eps, Teiden 1093. ‘Adam M. Parry (cd), The Maing of Homeric Tres The Called Papers of Sinan Pay, Oster, 1971 Pay "hasnt der cschen Aleman, ed. G. Wisowa, W-Keal, K Mines, and Zig Ste, Risch, Wb devhomerchn Spat, Bern 1673 WI, Reshes-K. Zigler, Antti Lahn (ghia ricer Mle, Lp, "B097 Ko Rater Odenton: Crterachnger ‘hm Back sur Pit, Hypommersts, Sn Gatingen, CY. Rug der eve pie? Beds Us rite sree, Arteria 197 {Bioeth deff, Ate, ‘957 AW Sehadewai, Vow Homer Wel and Wak Stuart, as, W Schulze, Onesies apie, Guten, 18a2 Schwan, Due Oars Meni, 1924 E. 'Sthwyeer, Grech Grates ii, Munich, 1999-53 AcSeveryns, Hon, i, iy Brawls, (944, pra s GW Shipp, Satie te Language of Hamer’, Cambrige, v9. Sth Thompson, Mf Ider of Pale Litman, Copenhagen, 1455-8. A Thornton, Pre and Thee Hons (Odyssey, Landen, 1970.AIMLIOORAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS ‘Touchetew Meynier, , Toucfew-Meynier, Thimer adn dans "Tame Pat antiga, Pare, 1968 ander Vath, Tosa Mewar det" Valhy Tes! Critcioe of the INTRODUCTION TO ‘atom Gives, Leen, 1a, van Teor, End Ltn, indi tn i HOMER'S ODYSSEY. ‘Ventris- Chadwick, ‘M. Vensrb-J. Chadwick, Doewmans in Mjcmaran Dasma Gt, Cambri, 1975 von der Mull, “Odysie’ Pon ders Mud, “Odysee’, RE; ‘Supplementhand i 696768, Stuzigar, po. ‘om Kampte, Hyon Kamps, Homers Pesos, “Prine Gassngen at 7 Watherageh, ackemnage, Spreblihe Cntrmcange Urtrchge “Homer Gottingen, 2986 ; Wathele, Tote Watley Tras lis dons Ung de} pepe grec Rome, 1970 i Weber, Myenae Tee Te Weiner Pom Myamae 0 Homer, | London, 938 Werner, Hn evs RL Wenter Hx 10 Veta ba Home, Febours, 12 Wiamonite Meena, De Heir {Oop Bein, 15 ek adage, Bt, Wonthoue: Calin We Woutioues Th Coe of Hoss aie, Ont tay ep Onn ya Lagthng Woke What jn, Mel Langage, Rom. 1Alfied Heubeck’s Yneroduction was translated for this eolame by Yana Spence. GENERAL INTRODUCTION Alfred Heubeck “The two epic pocms, the liad and the Odwsey, which the ancient Greeks ascribed to a man named Homer, are the earliest examples of Greek poetry and thought we powes They have shaped and. influenced the whole development of Greek cultural life in all its waried aspects 10 an extent almost impasible to grasp today, The Greeks themselves were awate of th, adopting and. honouring Homer as ther instructor in every conceivable sphere of lie, nd later historians of Greek culture have been abe to do no more hat ilstrate and confirm the fact, That the Homeric epic has alo ight Iheld a position of unturpassed esteem and influence in the history of Western thought can only be noted here in pasing, asthe primary object of this short inteduction is to prepare the way for a understanding of the Ody, and litle can be sad about wider considerations, ‘Any atiempt fo understand a literary phenomenon of the distant pas, that is, to discern behind che fagade of the written word the individuality of the author, (o grasp his intentions, and to identi his place in his own world, has unavoidable Hmitations, ‘They are Inherent in the conditions to which every interpreter ofsuch a work is Subject, namely his own position in space and pestonality. Any statement about the natare and tet, an the importance ofthe Homeric epic ie inluenced by the Point of view of the interpreter, which isin tm conditioned by his hationality and his cultural environment. In view ofall cis it is wot surpisng that in the course of well over ‘oro thousand years of resting with the problem of Homer debate has been continuous since atthe latest the sith century me an is barticulary lively today-—opinions should have differed to a fight. ning extent. Alla commentator can hope to achieve isto touch the Periphery ofthe problem: he cannot seach ix centre, ‘These considerations form the basis of our altempt here to lucidate Homer, and in particular the Odyesey. Some widely differ: ing views will have to be mentioned, but the knowledge that 10 atement made about something which is uldmately impenetrable am avoid subjectivity gives one the right, even lays the uty uponGENERAL INTRODUCTION ne atte the ase openly or on's own px and nt conceal it Beneath ihe varcy ker opiniones therefore wat meey pA ake ews bt wl al put ward my own without shirking ‘Shiroveny where iti unavidable Tis chou patos everything that has ben ai in recent time about the Obs, conaeing the vast amour of traci publsed by cola on toe cet age problem {Dientontheeonution tthe beter undetanding of he poem Sade by linge and compare stdin, by elias yor foie, mytenloga, sod ioral vescareh Tete anaer toc to, whieh compet tobe biel and select: the ose ‘lathp beeen th ie a he Oya. Beets the problems ‘aed bythe ow pete are san fa fo some extent he sane SSehave to lerp the Trojan epic cnsandy io mind and os Kimi nls the Od alone en theefle of mtr scholars o each a proper andes ing the Homeric eps the Ofsiy bow stot conta the Mido ef the a, Tis ape esecaly to ane of scholarship Strat airy summed up tner the term Homeric analy sere tht hs mcreaigly sake the be hat bth pom were the Mork ofone pots bi hich had endured alo ungueston fr ‘Se two thousand yar Homers analyse Hogan with fous Super dealing excurey withthe Toe by the ABBE Frangos Fedele Aubigns, pub anonnouy 1715 hong afer the ils death 16)o" Another wor conceied ally ith the Tad and to some extent lig up the observations and Conjectures ofthe ANB, war the Prag af Home of FA ‘Wale pubes gy, pene ocr wan sich at stared Inoveent te eles of what al day Tes unncr o ‘CVoual arguments by whith Wolf those who flowed more {ls aay nr fottep ted to demote hat tate iit of the Homeric poem na lon, os ia teehee itvehed or summnrite ter oten wildy difring conloonn. ‘pid survey is seablef_boks by €. Finer? and} Myre? Wala not worked on the Odiny and i wa nly uch Ir chat tbecame the focal punto sear the as tance by the treat scolar G. Herman whe beled that he recited i it Ecinaion of eigialy independent poems, Tw seal aries "jt adi an ink Pu 5. 1 iets Howe ee it BR ey Lan, "bop a GENERAL INTRODUCTION publsbed at about the same time as Hermanns book® K. 1, Kayser PMewed his conviction that in the poem as we have ita series of ERG can be isolated, and that dhese layers must be atsnbuted IASI succesive poets Te his work we abo find forthe frst cme the Sin of a wedacor who eventually combined these hypothetical Thematiclly elated poems into a single unit, the Ode as we know ithe chequered history of research on the Hid the mest diverse _aaaytical solutions have been proposed, amongst which the so-called “Fedactor hypothess' is only One of many. In contrast, where the (abies concerned, the concept ofa final editor has predominated, ‘Moat cholars who were convinced by Kayser's pioneering work thst the Odjiey most be explained analytically have argued in favour of {his concept whatever thei differences in reconstructing the older [poems ad their sequence, and have thus understood the Ofysey a8 Eonscously asembled unit. Where there ate differences of opinion they aceut mainly in the evaluation ofthis editors poetic talent and extend over the whole range of posibiltis: at one end ofthe scale he ‘seen as an incapable, uncritical bungler, at the other asa sensitive master of his art with 2 great poetic gil. "The tedactor hypothesis also plays an important part inthe ideas of A-Kirchholl, who. was the fit scholar to treat the O67 ‘comprehensively, making eitical use of previous opinions and adding fcate observations of his own-* His work isa landmark in the study of the Odsey, and later research has found litle to add tothe critical ‘observations on the text which served as the stating point far his fnalytical reasoning. Iti only in the conclsions they have draven from these obervations that other scholars have diflered from him. U. von Wilamowite-Moellendorl™” and E. Schwa" in their seminal works on the Odyssey also accept the idea of a final redaction, although in very different ways, and modern analysis of the poem is indebted to them forthe most important observations and suggestions singe Kirchhoff” Modern analysis in the true sense, however, Beyins with P. von der Mulls valuable article “Odyésce"" and continues with F. Foeke,"" “E. Howald,”" > Calc and ped under these Homes AMkdongm by 1 Uaer tee 8 Nog Retin. 185) md 9 wth importa. oe the aie ides at tbe import hs work ee Fk, Hy 4p. 8 Hea, Die Ima Pre Dart 14) 3 eee “on ‘Sopp io) 8 9 * Coa °° De ible ah 96), 185-8,W, Schadewalds,""W. Theiler, "© R. Merkelbach,!® and D. 1. Page,'* to name only the most important and influential, What characterizes mowt of thee interpretations isthe atempe to simply the complex picture ofthe development ofthe Odjsey drawn in many tater works, Von der Mull and Focke, fr instance, postulate only three poets For von der Mull the proces began with poet ‘A’ se the creator of the ‘Ue-Odysseys poet "F wrote a related shorter poem on the fortunes of Telemachus; and finally redactor"Bfused epics “A and "together, Focke believes that there was originally an ancient “wanderings-saga’ which poet °O" set into the context of am extensive “Homecoming of Odysseus, while poet "T” enlarged this version by adding the deeds of Telemachus and a coucluding piece, and made 1 into the Odyiey we know. Schadewald takes a farther sep towards simplification, He assumes a poet A’, corresponding somewhat to von der Mill's *A' and perhaps identical with the author ofthe Thad, and an editor’, who enlarged the older poem by adding the ‘Telemachy (which was thus entirely his own work) and made al the conacquent adjustments “This wealth of analytical literature for a long time ecliped the efforts ofthe ‘unitaian to achieve an undermanding of the Odo) asthe creation of one single port—works such a thore of C, Rothe (ot which tbe tile, Die Ode als Dcktung (Paderborn, 1914), proclaims its intention), and W. J. Woodhouse,” a. book ‘which deserves attention even today, in spite of certain idiosyncrasies, But in recent ‘decades the voice ofthe unitatians has at last become to strong to be Jguored. This phase began in earnest with U. Holichers Usievarhar- set 2u Porm di Ody (Berlin, 1939). Many contributions, subst tial or brie, have followed Since then, of which only thove by G. Germain, ** Lydia Allione,"* G. Bona, #8, Beslich°" K. Rien,” Agathe Thoraton,"> H. Erbse,2* and H. Eisenberger® eau be mens tioned here. ‘The findings of thee and other unitarian works will ie Maine Oa (et, 1948), om in Wal, 375-480 and evel one sect at twee te gray nN Heslop ss, DW. Psknd and'T Meyers 4 Bday Hrs Si Mal fre ° Insevera arises now cls in Urea anil Ltt Bet, urcge Obi (Maieh,s5t 8 2 Se apa cam * Kemoeetetgae™ en * agement : Sate 4 Stor mtn. veal be te Nelo (hugh not ava wth il reece, gue Se fame gel fly commed to his schon eof enquiry pursued by the analysts has ad the eet of poe atom nse (anata cee vet ee tthor oft psn to atferen plano ee dgound sf theend evan natal Fearne easton te qunion apean ia new frm a eh te al an he ag tee cach ceed Oy ei tab vce a nl athe con in fe mar bates the wo apn b a fhe compe sn fr and cone gu ad nen Sr pear aod wenn wheter be ef he ad eae in ace! icon cali ome) cana {hom te he, ung ter iggy Ts queen ws ot ae saul. Abate el hla Seed ng sihrdip and were cre eae he Tees hepato ted cary ed gan haa Jan" colleues The anonymous author of the eatie On the Slime aS Meee it pool eprncl the epion st rany oh bs Shee tele owe te pen by oer smaePiamer ort te Had Sos yon sun ol he Oy nal Modern unitarians for the most adopt the more radical soso tapout ee ieyen thon hen ey want Ufc ey we thc ne Homes ly fr he ps oe ia, thescond peta cn tadtga ae Hiner be acral & the Tus tthe Dayna seasonal, Desteo eau eer presen he eeodu anc oppo y Setins flange se empion, and Seg hate ke Homer cp poate wks ands ow eas by meet the Paton ate ‘hanecnet an Jaa" Peel out n'a aie whieh worth redng ten. Since Bren the chars hae ogo oe som ineeing aye a ef tc ny ow potion 2 SW, kl, Deities, Di. Gin E'S, Ho Smtr 2 She geige Pippi et yee, Di ante (233) 19-94" Kate It eipeally, Race, Osea dR ride, Siaan en Bp Sdn Sar Prt td Ther pc angeles, 975)GENERAL INTRODLETION Du ncn it ne or O49 soon Me eo 0009 we Epic ag Amc ce Eoree™ eh Sve “at ine Seay adc yd HES eek ren Suen Te pa, Slee Sraioe tasmanian ete eect ce aie aes ects Semen Sere uate techn Sih ci Ls ngeee racer aoe emer a Oa Sigal Be 22°F, tila game en acre cnn Sie: Cite baie ye ean macy eta ater a SuTree ee Saal re ie thr See Sioa gctcl i Papen easaeeseie ia fh te rie ih apa Se da he ieee een ee ee eRe tne Sansa ea “inl a Sn gee tee fu et ange wal in a rat hae GENERAL INTRODUCTION Se Reet ce not all new that, io fat, thei esenal leet wre see ih i ec Sea End i hone nny serra areca se le ngs ah en verse Tany important respects Parry's views were undoubtedly am re a eo eta Shed an OR pe door gen ama Ng ear tr gee tg tana fd gion ci ata i's ieee ey ind no Sora mame fet cheats eteeem ime svt ewer fine sear iogeosanorcrarmya er e © See the wert of M. Mato the sy Vogt ec pry on ‘Hea flange nd ire bse ei a Wie 909 2, cased STK Wee, er het yu (Duread 178). Sago ‘Hess Ot Epic Posy Cp 179-21. Fate woes gl in'D.W. Pachard and T Meyen op. Bre A Hatch ow Page's sags 9-10 SRE Rowe, bane Fert (Ont, ThiGENERAL INTRODUCTION Songs of gods and heroes, he is Blending into the heroie world of which his story res pietutes of hi own day: he has himset seen and heard singers ike Phemius and Demodoeds who ean tuen any give theme immediately into song, even if that theme has not previously ‘been in the repertoire of the bards (a good example at vik, 48) For is he not himsefa product of the training which shaped dhe ora singers ofthe cighth cencury ac? Does not the way in whch he ke the poet of the Hliak—manages to give a formal shape to his tale clearly support this view? Both poets ase an idiom which was certainly not spoken anywhere or at any time in any Greek house or ‘marketplace, in which a profusion of elements from diferent sources lis concealed behind a seemingly homogeneous facade. Embedded in a language with the basic structure of the Tonic dialect a it was Pethapsspoken a the time ofthe poct we find words and forma which are either borrowed ftom the northem Aeali dialect" or preserve ‘ld Tonic forms, or are the result of a deliberate attempt to soured archaic. Others are’ more or les bold improvisations and. neolor ‘sm. ‘As we have shown above a large part of this epic diction consists of phrases, figures of speech, and tehole verses that not only operate se formulae but are obviously intended toda so. Both the extraordinary ange of application of these formulaic elements and thei linguatc character suggest that, like the mixed dialect, they were at least in part, not the creation of the poets who used them, but traditional features of thie craft, The ariacial language ofthe epie™ i the Felt ofa continuous development over hundreds of years among a cite af ‘bards who in post-Mycenaean times preserved and handed on the heritage'of myths and legends inthe form of oral pocey.©” That the ets of the lcd al the Odszsty were both deeply rooted inthis erat tradition and that their creatveness can only be understocd agatast the background of an epic poetry which had been flourishing for Jong time can hardly be doubied. Bur does one do justice to the character and individuality of these 1 Jaen the work abeady men by K. Wie and M, Levan se so Meier airtel Costa, Cun 2 The cae fr he pn iyenacan rin hear pct a cemiiey ‘upue by © Gano Tratson ieee fra gre spe, tse Wee eset Ms eon an Mi Dinar dd mana psn Rene pe eee ne Pofeony realy git fo Ue, heat of the ater wel oe Sey * Otte can te wan inked he ang ale ai oo Ht, ls Haan ee aa See Wn nd fC as Teay 3 well sme by Fe, Sn tte :lier the other; they are interrelated in many diferent way and are ‘given certain fanetions within the framework of the whole-A network ftrelerencs to future or past events, extensive preparatory sections, txpectations aroused and flied, paallelsms, climaxes, and revee fal ll these bind each ofthe poems together into a harmonious and Balanced structure, in which each episode and seene has its proper place in which nothing ean change places and nothing cam be added fr eft out. The strength of the Homeric pocts les in skilful ‘omposition that of the oral pots in improvisation. The ereations of fora singers are always new, as chance and the immediate situation sictate; thee songs are forthe moment and ephemera. But there is nothing ephemeral about the Homeric epics they are meant to be permanent and permanently valid, they ate not erations of the moment, but reveal planning and careful arrangement. We can Fecogtize how much mental effort and detailed polishing le behind them, and how many preliminary attempts and drafts must have preceded the finshed works 1 believe we can even take the argument a step further. Not only were the Had and the Oday products of long and careful planning land polishing; they could not have een created at all without the aid ‘of writing. The new concept of epic poetry, destined to create out of traditional methods and posibiles something that would both Continue the tradition and yet surpass it, could only be realized by ting the act_of writing,” which the Greeks bad learnt at the beginning of ofthe eighth century ac from their Phoenician trading partners inthe Near Bast and adapted to their own neces. In shor, the port ofthe Hd, I believe, sok the decisive sep from oral portey to writen composition, a Hep of epoch-making importance whose effects cannot be overestimated, "This account takes welt farther towards an understanding ofthe Odsiey, our main concern here. I we rightly see Homer as the one ‘who broke out ofthe old ora tradition and became the creator of a rew kind of heroic epic, and ifthe Oaysey (as we can hardly doubt) ‘was composed somewhat later by a second poet who already knese the Mia, then the implications of this poets situation need 10 be pointed out. Undoubtedly he, co, was part ofthe old tradition and. took from it important elements of his poetry, but side by side with, eh meh fet a 9 ‘ba sooAvoatihe Haenled und ner” Sia-Ber Hel fay, ren ‘Mange 79-8 estar, Si $9cenily be seen. He, likewise, makes no attempt at a blow-by-blow “account of his here's adventures through the ten long years berween his departure from Troy and his final home-coming, but merely projects the events of short span of time; on a earful reckoning of the cays barely sn weeks elapreetween the intervention ofthe gods wth wich the story starts and the slaying of the suitors, By limiting the time element, he, too, succeeds in bringing to life» picture of @ whole mythical epoch, which could well be given the overall site “The Vietors” Return from Troy'—represented for us by a single coutstanding example, Odyseus, the Lord of Thaca ‘Yee by much the same methods as in the Ziad the many events ‘which occurred inthe ears before chose last sx weeks are included in the tale, mostly by indirect report, The partiipants recount what they themselves have seen and experienced or heard from other From Odysseus kin and ftom the suitors we bear of events in Ithaca since the end ofthe’ Trojan War naturally fom very different points of view. The accounts given by Nestor and Menclus to Telemachus iin) and by the spirit of Agamemnon to Odysseus (xi) give @ rounded picture of the fortunes of the other great warriors who set fut for home with Odysseus. Lastly there is above all the long and ‘etailed tale of hie own wanderings that Odysseus tells to the spell Donel Phacacians, from his adventures inthe land ofthe Cicones to bis lucky rescue on the shore of Scheria, In thie way the poct has created a clever network of retrospective information, particularly in the frst part of the epic. The way in which this information is eo- fordinated and added to—even after long digressons—to give a fall Picture of everything we need to know reveals careful planning on the pare of the poet Tt is the use made here of the restricted timespan though the device can hardly have derived from anywhere but the [ad~that fulary highlight the creative feedom and independence ofthe Imitation. The epiande picked out by the poet of the [iad to represent the entire campaign before Troy is only one of many, belongs to the riddle of the action, and for the ovtcome of the war i almost itzelevant. The only effect it ean have on the course of events is a short and ineffectual delay. Bu withthe Ode the situation i quite ‘otherwie: here the poet has selected the very last and decisive phaxe asthe standpoint of his epic. ‘The difference in subject-matter may have influenced his choice and may even have freed him to it. Bot the manner in which he has used the posible provided by this choice to unfold events of unparalleled deama deserves our utmest onee Ste hn Ceany been snay fom home Bo all tnt a —=—rti“( a —LU™Lrlr—~—“—™—— ssp cinch by ran" Ths ak cas date ”™hC—rt“C*t tot to bene a acpetedy repre aad eeprom end oa oleh sonton Tae a re terre te wo a dep and Fn eo ore ote —rLr——_- Svs te but asia fhe theme tthe wi Son ante leet ss come epee Sed seayng ao Fenty very mal ht honour her ead pn he lee to ambuty and Odywen sey ney see Se fot a orn ay to ta Bete por aad ern Mjpcedoc o'ayd hen Bec ee hers watee ‘Pn shh mp hae ene mae eke wen hse amph and Wingtote Bo eae Sidon. heen eer aks oi Lr r— oor The puts bl en of comprenng ha narate Seas, timespan ahs diet gen ie un cfs tad sod {ro pn why Odjuca fa nl werd Nene es abet I pgs By eing Odes hil sete he ee which cold hay Rave bunds lace nthe del osee ea The chnacten ofthe fe ay ther parent aulco eck Sry aps aunt. humane Oe ee pair tiny verity afer he sorma Cape MaesGENERAL INTRODUETION finds himself in a sphere where heroic and human standards fail utterly. Beyond this frontier, which foreunately impassable for most, oral, there ate all eas, lands, and lands, and the points of the ‘compass sll apply, but in ths diferent world there exist beings and forms that cannot be comprehended by the human mind, Tt a Fantastic and imaginary worl irrational and unreal, @ realm of magic and sorcery which bears no relation to human experience, ‘world we should particularly note) that was shunned by the eat Greck epic and more recently by the poet ofthe Had himself, so chat ‘only fant traces oft aze visible. Within the et framework ofthe epic, the poet could notin his owa person eelate the oecult and fabulous cventsof the world ofmagie and fairytale, but they were recounted by a character the poem who had himself experienced them, then ‘hee fabulous event were ina sense brought back ito the known ‘world and could he incorporated into the epic. Tt is sigicant chat ‘Odysseus is made to ellis adventures in front ofthe Phacacians who by theie nature and origin represent the slender bridge between the reali of fury-tale and the world of man. Ip helping Odysceus the Phacacians fli for te las ie thee tak of mediating between the two worlds." ‘We have already mentioned how skilfully the poet creates a homogeneous whole fiom a colourful variety of mytheal events ‘which extend over 4 whole decade, occur in very vate. localities, tnd involve alarge number af characters. As we have seen, one ofthe ‘devices he wes fo achieve this ie the reatrition of direct narrative 10 fn account of the bret period of the eri. There i another device, however, that goes hand in hand with this and also involves Acliberate restivtion: concentration on the main character. Tn tverything that che poet says his own person or lets the characters fn hs epie say, Odysseus ie always the focus, even when he is not ‘actually mentioned: there is nothing which docs not in a wider or narrower sense refer to the hero "The experiences of the other warrior exhaust almost all posible variations on the theme ofhome-coming’ yet they are all merely & Tal for the return of the one who surpases them in suffering but achieves the most glorious fulflment in the end. In. particular, throughout the Ody the fate of Agamemnon i kept vivily in Font ‘of te listener wih te darker parallels and contaste'on one side there Ain Scr yan care a iat ‘ch-Bensblungen des Odyweur', Pace I (1968), 150-277 cami ne axe Agamemnon-Cintneretra-Aegithut-Oretes, on the other BS ok Penclope-the store‘Telemachos, ‘The siarity in the eee and the roles ofthe participants remarkable, yt the final sat present the greatest contrast. Agamemnon was one ofthe Pas POdywcus the last to reach home. But against the Back. ah of Agamercn’s shameful end atthe bands of fithles wie ewicked rival Odysseut happy fate stands out n ful relic. The iki wating of Penclope ina stvation which appear hopeles, her feitance to the story and her good vense ave spared bi ‘Reamemnon's doom, and at lat brought fullent of i ts part of the epic which analytical criticism has frequently conenned at an interpolation inthe pure, orginal’ Ofhng and ‘buted to later expansion isthe so-called Telemachys tm which ie actons and experencs ofthe heros son ate narrated. Bu ty too ts oscy interwoven with the fate and character of Odysseus nike he analyte, 1 believe that the inclusion ofthe Telemachy in the epic a maseratoke on the part of the poet since Tt allows iim to start events in diferent plaes atthe tame time, and 30 10 trate rom the beginning two ands of narative which un pale ntl he rings them together atthe conclusion. "The godsand the pct—have caeflly arranged that at moet the sate moment as the father on a distant ‘land embarks onthe craft he has bul hime the So leavers home to ind news of his father inthe world outside. We thus have bere two opposite courses of action which are destined to come together and io culminate im commion endeavour tow achievement; in other word, they are two aspects ofthe same Broce: tha of bringing Odysieus orn ‘This device was surely the poe’ own invention and he must have been delighted by i all the more perhaps beenuse he could have fund no example fe wrt cmon ee nthe had or the ealer oa epics, For epi before the Ody, we suppose, was haractrized by is inear development, keeping sity to chrono loge sequence of events, This even true toa large extent ofthe ‘Tee Grete Sry i te Ou TAP ha gs ayy Wo ‘oon nd Ge Pee’ ao ah agn-pp WHat "eho ore af Rtas alata go ae So es, Cd tsi ac te on hr Lig ls ‘ Ge ee ye ta aes ope tee a aro Sd, Me al Se emai Wore ee Bo aoa :GENERAL (INTRODUCTION id, aough it occasionally allows gimpnes o evens ocurtng a thevame me indifferent paces. “The poet ofthe Oayyal acceps the rules of epic narentive which feb hi to breakout of the chronoloieal sequence 0 op STi certain point and ftw os moment hi arate as aed pasa, But fe has s sure ee for seeing how to ue the principle of Freenation dplayed inthe Ma for his own purpose and Bow © {lcci mutapeus event tos breaking with frmal raion Tmepic the sequence in which evens occurring in diferent places te arated reproeats a actial chrovolgial sequence, and ie tous thatthe pet Kees sic to hale. Yet we can abo see tow be manages toconvey the simultane ow separate stands of tents through the aembly of the godr at the begoning of the ‘bye we ate prepared Tor imminent avon in Ogyfia and dis fxpecaon temainr while we hear ofthe events om Tacs ad ‘elompany Telemachus on Ns journey to Pylon and Sparta Nor are sre csappinted, for atthe mmment when tes pemuaed by the Mure of royal splendour and hospitality to way on herein dene the ols tae Beton aguin and pur ther plan io operon Osrless depart and we llow hi on hsjourney (wbich rns ot fore tonger than expected) il he ally spends hs rat night back in Thhac, Now the tne he come forthe aos conenee to awaken and we are prepare for thi we have lng expected it Dag Ue days Oaysus spends with Eumacaeie unecrsary to enquire (rluthe des during tha tne Telerachs ers ims any on aan eahes hac aera uneven oarey. At a her ard aon meet at Bumaeu farm their oureys andthe search are Sher From now onthe separate sss ofthe natetive are ued tn father and won act copier So uch or the poets technique 1 hope that we have na been 100 far off the mark intreing i contin wth epic radon td in {ring to unerstand ad interpret the Oday agai the backs found of earer orl poetry atl in pardcolar the Hd. Tradition nd prog conservation and. innovation, comiaint and fee domi bewemn suc pe, whatever we ay al them, ha the Fchnes and individual quality of the pos epi technique wal “What has bee sat about the ep ecg also applies malts “For thse srt problems cf G.M. Cabo, “THemagae ole pan de Odyute ME a gh 35-0 Heseck, Dat, 3 Debecgue, eee HOW Gh, “Tlonttus ad ine Teemachees AYP he 96) 10-45: UM ma Pi st 9h 3-98, Sa ieee me tche Bild, (ing) 41-38 Pauls Phllppeeny ‘Die Srboroerce od ie PEt csaee wes e oye eon oe a ogc selina.retaliatory expedition ofthe Atreidae. He, too, rules over a sizeable Kingdom, fom wich he brings twelve ships to join the Aehaean host. Inthe circle of leaders he has few peers Apart from Achilles and ‘Ajax, ow are his equal in valour and strength in political astuteness, ‘and mltary judgement he is superior to most In short, bes an ideal trartior in whom all the virtues of an avatoeratic hero are harmon: tnuly blended. We may even go a step further and suggest shat picture of Odysceus in all esential features already exsted in pre- Homeric poctry. There are some indications which show that his place inthe Trojan epic fof long standing In particular, the epithet fiven hin in the liad, “Sacker of Citiee only makes sese iin pre Homeric epic too it was Odysseus who used the ruse of the Trojan home and made the conquest of Troy posuble “This makes one wonder bow iti tha this warrior-kng with his frm place among the heroes in both the pre-Homerie and Homeric epic Fcome involved, far mach ofthe Ody, in a word separated by 2 ‘ep gol fom that of the heroes, end shows features which connect hin ather with Sinbad dhe Sailor than wih hie noble pers and fallow ‘warslos before Troy, Did the poet here follow an independent tradition amin parallel othe epic, which preserved 2 more ancient Picture? A liferent explanation, nowevey, i perhaps more lkely. Tis posible that it was the poet ofthe Ody himself who sent the hero of the Trojan epic on his journey into Giryland, ascribing +0 him adventures which were orginally connected with others, characters row nameless, peshape from flk-ales, old seaarers’ yarns, oF even ppe-Homerc poetry. Research has shown with great probability that fome of the events and characters now connected with Odysseus nally belonged tothe sage of the Argonauts" it was indeed our poet who enrchod the traditional picture of ‘Odysseus with new clements which initially belonged somewhere ese wwe can perhaps gues what led him to take this bold sep, The plan of ‘he poem requited that Odysss should return home very late, of len o0 Tae, hut a decade af wandering on a journey from Troy 10 Ithaca—which, though not without perl i not am exeraordinary ‘undertaking-—is only plausible if Odysseus strays into far-off lands, fom which he cannot return tothe world of men unless the gods give tim thee hep. (On this journey, not only are the dimensions of space andl ime ‘extended, Oyen is fced with dangers nobody has faced before; all, {hat he posestes and everything dear to hin is taken fom him bit by Snes : GENERAL INTRODUETION iv in the long wandering from the battle with the Cicones, where he bi the man the lad describes, othe pint of deepest humiliation, fa te last vestige of glory has gone, his fiends and comrades have PGerbhed, and ef his Neet only the keel at his own ship i left atthe let of power and glory and possesions is perhaps not the piterest experience. A remoreles fate has thrown him into an Ghrironment where the virtues of an aristocratic warrior reveal thee agity and Tose their value, where heroic aims turn into-empty josing ad become ridiculous gestres, while the world into which he is born i unattainably distant and exits only inthe longing of his memo: Tice that we cam detect in this the spitit of young poet who has himself become conscious ofthe questionable and limited validity tf hove aristocratic values which for eair heroie poetry had been ‘he props ofan idealized view of the world and the pillars ofa healthy society. It the spit of a man who has a different answer t0 the ‘questions of life and human existence from that of his predeceswors ‘While they set an ideal piture of fctitious world where life, battle, and death were worth while against the reality of biter, toilsome, fand grievous existence, and took their audience into a realm of glory, fur poet unmasks this ideal in it onesided narrowness and relat He, oo, takes his steners into a myehieal world of dreams, but i mirorimage ofthe real world, where there is want and gve, (err and suffering, and where man is helpless. Yet for the poet thie grim perception is bot the end of the mater: ie the real world must sil, belived and mastered, its challenges must be accepted the proper spirit In this changed view of man and his existence the aristocratic virtues of courage, valour, and honour, of wisdom and prudence do, ot lose ther validity completely, but something has to be added ‘wisdom alone can achieve very litle without subtle and calculating shrewdness, There are threats and dangers in lfe which cannot be ‘overcome by courage and valour alone there are situations in which clinging to "gid artocrai ideale ix seracles, and sometimes one ‘must simply endure late patiently or give up. Odysseus isthe ‘heco? ‘wo has Tearni—perhaps in spite of himself —to adopt this outlook and to master whatever ffering and anguish life olde i store, He is ‘juipped for this by vitwes which are rooted in the old ideal of arixocratc life and conduct bur transcend them in a new ability plan and calculate shrewdly, to hide and divemble, but also to dure with incredible patience. ‘The common notin of Odyeus as the archetypal bold seafarer and restes adventorer, 8 an explorerwhose world has became too smal for itm and who eraves the mew find unkown, misses the esental point, and has tle place in what ‘we believe to be the rue picture of the hero ‘Yet it is not by chance that, along with this disilusioned and pesimistic view ef man and hie situation, which later Found is fall Expression in early Greek Iyic poetry, theve i aso reconciliation and Solace. In our epic al the til and suffering comes toa happy end; Odiyseus, reaching the Phatacians at the nadir of his fortunes, recover his strength; in Ithaca the destroyers of a time-honoured ‘rder get their desert, while those who are loyal and god-earng are fewarded. ‘Eunomia’ the condition under which everyone has his pointed place and follows his daly le im peace and security, spreads bright happiness over the land “This prospect of harmony atthe end, which puts the disastrous and terrifying evens ofthe epic in anew light i founded, T believe, inthe poet's faith. Although he sees man's plight in a harsh existence with more darity and fewer illusions than other, he is able to incorporate this awarenear in a deeper and more comprehensive view of the ‘world, which s both rooted ia traditional ideas and yet shaped by an Independent and strong-willed spiit ‘The poet of the Iliad had shown the events of the Trojan War taking place a it were on a two-dered stage. The Berce struggle for the ity involves men and gods alike, earthy situations and events are mirrored in the realm of the Olympian gods, and often the two Strands running side by side beeome inextricably interwoven, when the gods descend to earth and actively intervene in human ala protecting and helping, restraining, encouraging, joining in bate Ke such ties they are postesed hy the same Vilent feelings and ‘motions, and entangled in the same situations, as the mortals they Tove or hate help o harm, And over morals and gods alike stands mserutable and inescapable fate which ses stiet terms forall who ie under iti limits he ie of men, butt alo limits the power of the immortals when they seek to help theie mortal descendant, for the fds, 100, ae powerless to alter the frontier of death “The extent to which the poet of the later epic war infiuenced by this concept thould not be overlooked andl some divergences from it inthe Ody may simply be due to the different subjectemattr. For here it not the destiny of peoples, but the fate ofa single man thats ‘stake, and it suficesthata single divine enemy, Poseidon, should pileup obstacles to his retura,” whilea single divine helper, Athena, $e Hae 108 $77 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 21 beat ican pont way tothe poetry wel, and it that alone which matters. pay 2 Mao ait enn ref, cea i ee a cps ES cal pmge to Wg Sie BS ben py pM tae ae Sins sates Farhi sik, sgt A Ly, seat Wk" Lele gl igo), 13-4 ™‘THE EPIC DIALECT FB. Hainsworth “eH age ai apa bon te ay a ap pee ee seal Ee buy acd tar on ea pon om SRS ete a oars San TPT Meelis es CSDeEGAN a eats foe de, sd a Rae CEA Wer cn tt er wun Le Bal in ee haat athe ae keke ome tose Iie cid we ry ‘iysdas, and juin, but never dupécav beside the GN Set Ehatesane on ie on iscsi lnk be Fe wn Sheil mts SS Tae Yi Sane fal wena a oe Se es ecttnc e ecs Seam ety ppt te ae Heh ars nd wins net "Evin teanentapeatoan topronniinn tod prhceah teres oes ae oa ee errr zcmnararaes ick one cnreriee eae ot ear eee Suis ee ae tetera arenes See Peo aoe Sachs Reel meuca ace ee ses en may a nr re Carer plain per Oph he Ne siete hear ryt trea ii ote er ek et a Sec en eee Ciena heer cee Ersor sow sarcely ponderable, might render sound laws les than Ceo ee rue eg rate ems en te ka ee eee pearson sa Te CAT aid uy rtm eee ena ee cere ler ah ape nek eer Seliger pas eye esta ic i el ee tector fre? on Sa ke Sena Teenie magmas was pre nt a cana eS oe on Speer teaser pari cance mime ner ae cence noetier semen cere Seepeme a eects tigers reneseas ee eee ane Sn ere: tae, Ag tr carne eel emers meow ep ace poe caer aaa fechas Rebs esi heer oe ao Ene ae ht or) te eo eee eee a sani br Onreetourl erie «Such stor phooelagy fas bt it mt tbe pps ht dad were ‘ssa aes eangwage er sing case eso ‘hich we Jono val (teh ary a eae be artnet “hewitt niin athe Keep he vena "For the bred diem ofthe deeinpcnt ie Jo 1982 (0-8, and fo ‘aril freA Hekaa, Te Sap Sage of he Pamala Tren (se, insy tosee that cera mae, certain habitual placing of words, Seely wo have ben established at atime when the older Forms were inone eg. "Ha Ba for Ba, *"Dapavr fr "Opava, “Byun for Spat (ice ve, 274, wi alm.) Lingua development here te Sued at most inn eleganee The dada, wo could fer Bupa UL gyre) ase, may have taken fein th sede The Parades ofers no evidence hat they didnot Bit conetvable that {he older fr, with varying succes, ested replacement: digas 1g6 ei) B wel tte in midverse, wile te contracted fpr {v 248) cowed athe versed. ait prin the older forms ere ‘evidence for them besides that of linge scene, but the pease tence fac forms whether they survived Homer o predeeae i, ‘aot usually even be conetted* Ta the simplest term our tents of Homer bear witness simultane cova to two stages the evoltion of the Runcprace: She stage feached when de text was ft tabile; second, the sage endoaed inthe late clasial and Hellenic periods, To the cond we owe the fac tha the orthography of the paradosés is nifrm: no manoseipt, or papyres writes dgastin, all show aspiration, it indicated, dicey the same od exion of ovr (datives oni and onder ice 1 rm.) and some other rateme ace Wii 73), and 9 en certain dreamtance before vowel. Some accents at this sage srere actually ateibuted by Alexandrian scholar vo proyepes Taponds from the OW Acie to the Tonic alphabet (aren, on “atpontew, i 107). In am age when many cilren wer aught epic prety from a written text by schoolmaster (che school ene the red igure cup by Douts, JD. Besley, tte Red Figee Vas eine! (Orford, 90), 43,4 ts uncersandable that speling pronunciations of abicure words became established and were elected in subsequent frm of the text. For the most part, however, the orthography tnd even the aceentuaton ofthe waramited text represents the traction ofthe Homeric thapsodes,” But how many {Entre are actually due tothe evolution ofthe language within that teadivon? Aspiration almost eerily, since word hich shoul be Shpirated on etymological grounds but were absent fom the Ati 1 For epi ose gc he ard mpg ‘eared Bp Fes if a an * Grogapn ia Ra, Du he Fst ir ii, 85), a ante no he par Anton Cha, Sata tip ap ome the ana argc ys prance rh snipe tomes corona Wale oe towed bane oe ExT tabens OT pts ensues) rae al loa ean her oom sees sermacolar (64 Yup, Habre) retain spins lms: some ftir jr eg "eben rine #8, a ome repay Ferarensly bad tele (ee 34). But we Can defer, of anpeet ‘Bed only when the tration Muctiater, For contraction, dees {ni similar phenomena belong generally t0 the frst stage, the his ‘Micron of the text only racial and unacceptable ewrting ean Smite ther The frm ofthe Kansufracte find inthe Oy may be defined fin telaon o certain linge developments which are guaran teed by mere, then in relation to oterealyhexamete poetry. An thempt te made re he ngage quanta my tig. he rate of nelet of initial digamma i #7. in My 17.995 in (06, 33.7% in Hes. Th, 37.9% im Oba 27.7% i Se, 550% in iat, ad 15.9% in hen As a eheosologcl angumest a single Ccheion is deceive! a pct may archaizeahe author of Som Gigenly observed digamma, that of Mere. bad 8 penchant for the ‘oo gene. More imporanly the pot embarked Tope here the tradition provided Ile formulaic diction, be naturally drew {for chere was no other source) on his vernacular: smiles in Homer are novorouly replete with naogism Thos the quantity of secondary linguist eatats na given block verse che eects a Eetot subject matter cei 66 ffm), the proportion of waitaonal ‘© nonaraditianal materia. Where the metal is very extensive, on the ther hand, or where subject mater comparable, Ranke abn aee 8) has shown thi efecive arguments can fot on uanative premises, eis use, however, forthe present purpose {consider how deply given neoogiim has penetrated the astra, rather than its abst frequency. A linguistic develope tent of the vernacular quietly penetrated the Hui! and none frmolar pare of the Kunuirake (where difered leas) or took eft at the junctions between formulae: next the development ‘oud appearin odie formula, formulae by analogy and exer 1 Figur aken em RJ, Hy, He ed be: sci Det i Den Came ss) Heanien phe emer tere $a dt pare niece tay TR The pare ese Ps * Deen Shp ay ram oh soy saa oer toe on eng ces us br ded Bae era ao KA rab, “A Cioguttie Analyse of Seieced Forwons ofthe Homeric Odyey” Gls “igh 4g on be dae charac oe Teena.derivatives of primary formulae: last ofall would the development be found attested among eegulat formulae. Thos (abos + epithet ia ‘common turn of phrase in the Odsey (qu times). Digarma is ‘observed in. 35 instances, mostly examples of frequent Formulae, ‘Three inscances are ambiguous, bor standing at dhe beginning of the verse Two instances of neglect occur among derivaive expressions, {Bios abow and welnSéor abv, by declension from the accusative ot Anacapa igi 8 Wy Bein ee aif 19-48 lg R Per, Hor of Cae So (Oar 6 99 5 vi Ae ihe on Hor es rrr P.M Feuer, Pema dimaane (Ont 12), 1 300%, WSs na ny, hy Senay ; (Pee 981 8 ae hoagh somenbae anit ee Faker EA fee Zea (Nan, Nitto Catron ts Mahle (bo Bu (er 999HE TRANSMISSION OF THE TEXT a eee senaty have sransitied is mepretan af Cr —“—™—CS Lee Wet et eet Maar nae ae “hemos inersing at of i work wa te we margin a. ~-, === Stel by move chen ul Pelcaat sae ea oe Cr —r—EEs=iCC puntos may cee gh sumac — --—_ i _ anus oct egies een chute ese SS rrrr——_CCSS Sh fetes sich sup, noe candy weeds a rrt—“—_aileU—ts en ive bet arto asee eaten oe fastiarcpy e001 gon 456 mah one mea Sous are aero Sub RP — _ _ ~=~=——s—sersEseseEd 7 On the wate one, at bythe of Artarchas, ba isc ney iether roan ew he tana We sa deo he mhola bn Od. il 9rg Crete, rat Sparta, was Sigel ee ere eee meen Se eee ne ee emaeniata naan Peary rep teey mpey er Ferd ok pated ney raed to beet Pt Seether ie eee Tae enn eee se Giagb ta tg ce pele de uc emery) pee oprah ‘alates oo SASc a ciel goTHE TRANSMISSION OF THE TEXT is cvous pue erany ate o hsere W Hle we snr er Pater of Zanes ext andthe principles on ga ittincd hawneie gn wet (oe city tout i eating’ ch oe yp SEITE Ia pc eta 2 feel nt $onton to he prepuce eae Ive sco sch ee nse acetic od trae ah, fade eetrasd ecto es ——LUrUr——T rane “tough Zemodru? sstemaie wether new devap Sec e in eating plc Goctacy enh des rents ta Clinard lone oR ee Tete oadeing se to ether great Abunda Homes sins ameting Sold Seals sont pooner Bena sun bt whch es rea oe Wy on ‘aetchas Then she reed eae ae ES —rtr— Benton scr om Aigo Chie, Gee a, Mace Soper Oo fe eg na ee - ~=E—r—r—S—“( Fr ice ine prneane owhedestiy mone o —0ULUr——"L a -~- Screen hich hey eed Ce Oe ete a LULULr— 2 See H. Ete, Hameehaln lence Glare’ Aptlanin Rha Ha 195), 185 1, Peron Ca te "fora detaed acount then Aen p(n 1) 3 tne nerpolatins. alice irked rca Pe Eough in view of his incre we should expest Mico sei Cann ot nr ol pe eae eee ae ae celta, Nese ae ee ee ae ea eee fee yaaa eee eae Po or err ae ee ee Peeters ieee seman ae See ee ers eye ere ee ty hers tices ae ota Sees eee nes im otto el ey omar hi for the ragmets af Acaopoe work on Hose see Arie Msi Pg i Si iy a Pop epee ao AL, Anscombe Teh (Lap 184 ere dance fs ptt arcana oncled te wl pur mr mings dng, Bau dS Sno‘on which his ext was founded. But certainly the subsequent tradition ‘would have looked very diferent without his work. We are fairly well informed about his principles and methods, since the composed both commentaries to accompany his text and monte sgraphe om particular problems, and his argument are often recorded Inthe scholia. I iseasy to get che impression that he was preoccupied ‘with what scem to ost people father trivial point of textual ‘rts, ut in fact his main concern was to produce a ext which ‘without omicting genuine material, was fee ffom subsequent accre tions, We tend to overlook this much more important aspect of hit work because we take for granted the standardization of the text ‘which resulted from it ‘Our most serious dificulty in assessing his work is a lack of information about the MSS which he wsed and the relative impor- tance which he atached to them. The seholis divide them into ow0 lasses, xaedarepa and nowa wowbrepts, causes, Bucdess). The frat group comprises carefully prepared texts, inelading the ‘city- cdiions as well ss those asociated with individual schoats ad itis very uncertain whether we know the names of all the texts of this group used by Aristarchus. Ii generally assumed that when such a text mentioned it was text a the whol epic, but this goes beyond the evidence. ‘The second group might be regarded as ordinary ‘commercial copies; we have no idea how large a stock of these ‘Arstarchus wed. I ix impossible to say whether a modern schol aiven the same range of MSS, would asses their merits in much the Same way as Aristarchus did.® Hellenistic scholars could not use palaeographical criteria, and the lack of anything like an apparatus ‘teu meant that the distinction between conjecture and variant was rot kept clear. The importance attached tothe xapdorepa might be interpreted as reflecing a preference for texts of known provenance and (approximate) date, though no doubt other factors were in volved. Bue we should certainly reject the theory that an official [Athenian copy, never mentioned because everywhere taken fot ranted, provided the basis for Aratarchus! text; hie method of tgument would look very diferent iThe had proceeded in this a. ‘Anstarchus' general principles emerge most clearly from the Aicussion of athetzed lines. Occasionally external evidence is ad- faced as eg, at Od bg7-B, 174, 185-6, i 285 fF), bt ually the ‘uchiverned the yandergnhigy D9 fue fey Alba abet [Bimon! nip ve Drie meg def eran rt Bic dpe Site toads fl wh fin Ben. 6 igi mie arguments ae subjective: In general his tcl ssumpions do not agermmuch diferent fom those ofa mexiem scholar dealing with a poet chose text may be supposed to have suffered interpola ert Fo us his arguments sometimes appear strange because they et few, if any, concessions tothe difference between traditional, at poetry and writen literature (though Anstarchus himself might PEit have objected that modern scholars are to eal satisfied with We second-rite). But it should be emphasized chat the practice of ‘ete was based not only on a belie inthe splendor af Homeric pk but ao om extrapolation (fom what might be observed in CEnvemporary manuscripts, Evidence tha the text had been exposed {o alteration and expansion was everywhere to hand in crrent apes and it would have been naive to suppore that the fll extent of {he darnage could be revealed by indusiriogs collation, Such altera {don might be observed commonly to follow certain trends, econ tion of which was bound to give rise to corresponding prejudices, Ths, what may at Fist sight seem a rather arbitrary dle of repeated panages (see eg. schol. Od. 1185-6, 3964 it 72 fy {99 200) Should be viewed in relation to the widespread practice, ‘vealed by our earliest papi of expanding the text with ines ake, ffom clewhere in Homer; in these circumstances a. degree of jie agai feet passage ot whl appropiate 1 hee From about 150 no a change is observable in Homeric papys, which henceforth offer ext very fle diferent fom the medieval ‘radiion; the conteast 0 what had preceded is very seking. In the number oftheir lines these papyri conform very closely to Arstar- chus text, though they offer too wide a range of variant tallow the hypothesis that they might all be copies of a single edition, ‘This urifcation of ordinary commercial copies most plausibly ascribed {o the book trade.” Many readers must by now have been aware that scholars had established text relatively Fee from spurious accretions, and a popular demand for copies i readily understand able. But the common reader was unlikely o be interented ia the ‘minudae of textual criticism, particulary since the choice of one ‘eading rather than another would seldom much affect the sense. Booksellers and proprietor of srilria could that easly Fall in with, Popular demand by canceling lines omitted by Aristarchus, without needing 10 alter the wording of their texts extensively. Copies 50 Corrected would become commercially fthionable, while any alter. > See ier Glas Ls Papo eid RP i ssh 96native would die out naturally. This proces may be seen as pat of « feneral rise in standards of book-praduetion at thi period. The ‘Alexandrian scholars didnot impose a single specials’ version on ‘the tradition, bu elected a general purge of extrancous material and fn incrense in knowledge which afforded some permanent protection, ven this second standardization ofthe text id not altogether stop interpolation by copyists, which continued, on a fairly modest scale, tum the rt printed editions. Such post-Aritaschean additions are practically Imited to borrowings fom other parts of Homer (eg. 1 g8, 1a, i 393, 407, 429 i tg); their absence from papyt of the Roman period hav often revealed such fines as later additions even though they are found in all the medieval manuscript.” But the basic text was now firmly establihed, The viisitudes of its tensmission are clearly relevant to any serious study of the Odbrep. [ts original excellent workmanship enabled it 1 withstand much later tinkering but we rhould not approach ita ifs textual history were as secure as that of the deni Purely mechanial copying errre appear to have affected it ery litle; the danger to whieh it war exposed were more insidious, Many of the inconeinites which seemed to the analysts to indicate ‘multiple authorship, and are now more eammonly defended as the natural Licences of oral compoters, may i fact result from tampering designed wo produce an ade effert without regard to its implications for the poem as a whole, and the modern crite ought not to ignore the threats to wuthenticity of which the ancient scholars were well % Mh wc work an this abet wa de by GME Boling, Te Sm tf faopltan rer Ox ging dey aggre Ue seco hisses pray epi hy fy so ot eet Ieucncaon shy dnc tr a Me Aphoy Te Manu Est Tin Hor ere.) BOOKS I-IV Stephanie WestPREFATORY NOTE An unexpectedly early death eut short the work of the scholar to whom these four books were originally entrusted. From Dovglat Young, sours da kai xperis, we might with good reason have locke! for something quite out ofthe ordinary in Homeric criti, the product of bi characterise style of wide-ranging and lively: minded scholarship. Ihave often found myself wondering what he ‘woul have sa; but this pointless speculation serves only to heighten regret for the los of « peculiarly distinctive contribution to our lnderstanding of the Odysy. What T ave writen wil often sem poor and pedestrian subsite Th the preparation ofthis commentary T have incurred many debre which cis. pleasure to acknowledge. I should like o thank Dr SP Brock, Profesor A. B. Davies, Profesor J. Gwyn Grifith, Me C. G. Hardie, Dr A. Robson, Dr C. Walter, and Dr P, Wernberg-Meller far the help with varios problems. Ihave frequently derived both pleasure and profit from cseusion with Dr Hainsworth, But my greatest debt is to my husband, Martin, whose patience, learning, 8nd lucidity have repeatedly extrcated me from difficulty, For the fervors which remain the responsibilty is mine alone, SRW. RODUCTION “The fst our books ofthe Odo are centred not on Odysseus but on ‘Taemachus, Telemachus shines by reflected light though an inter- ring and attractive poem might be composed with him as its hero, fssigificance derives from hie father. His importance forthe Ose) ia whole should not be underestimated; he speaks more than “hyone ee except Odysseus, and his presence does much to uni) the pcm. That he was not invented by the poet of the Odysy is clear From the Iliad, where Odysseus twice relers to himal! as Totencouo ‘wore (it 260, 8 354) he mame reflects his fathers distinction a an ircher. The prominent part which he pays in our Oday leaves Penelope litle more than an enlooker, though vestiges remain of an, carlier version in which she was Odysseus accomplice in exacting ‘vengeance from the suitors [the more obvious conception Hf her loyalty were above suspicion)" The development of Telemach role ‘wae natural corollary ofthe prolongation of Odysseus wanderings. Familiarity makes us take for granted the fntatie mao econnted In but the story clearly evolved, and we may sll perhape ‘the prologue and in Odseus” cover-store, races of ralistie and Tess time-consuming. altemative> The poet's Gecsion to extend Odysseus nots to neatly ten yearn, to equal the the ghar of the note Armpheedon alg ev 2g). Penge’: eta a an nh dst ame he epi coment ner Pages gs "Bie aque, Say rape cee shat Sn he npn nls Oe ee on {Ugly xin 170 fy ayo oe lather Woodhouse, Cnn 9 16 8S. Wes ‘Seta ins ey roy re wee fag ‘race tha eaplied delay yar would be quite ay enough ro make ai shee mi ccalength ofthe Trojan War, made it necessary forthe son whom he ba left as a baby 1 play a prominent partite were not to be judged milksop. "The plan of the Ody is exteerely ambitious, and we must nor ‘underestimate the problems of organizing the material. The dection to begin the sory oF Odysseus’ adventores near the nd complicates the sructate of the poem. The theme of Telemachus ellos to restore his family’s fOrtunes is used as a Kind of prelude, 10 be developed when father and som unite in vengeance, It is not ‘epesing, given this sophisticated plan, that we find certain incon- ‘danides at the points where Telemachus' story ix linked with his father's. Undeniably there is some awkwardnes in the division ofthe divine council, which stars the action, between the beginning of | and the beginning of v, and in the bisection of Telemachus'leave- taking at Sparta, interrupted at iv Ber to be resumed in xv; the reflective reader may well be puzzled, when Athena chides Telema- ‘chs for dallying at Sparta (av 1o ff.) a whether his absence from Tehaca has lased lees than a week of (asthe tnetable of Odysseus homeward journey demands) a month * Tt has often been suggested that che "Telemachy* was either sn originally independent: poem incorporated rather mechanically imo the Od3se oF simply & Tate sudition, But Telemachus' story is not as easly detachable av the Cater analyse suppesed, and itis not saprising thatthe ‘problem of the Telemachy came wo be regarded as crucial fr the analyse ofthe dys. The awkwardness observable atthe points of junction with Odysseus story result from the poet attempting something more elaborate than was quite feasble. Without the Telemachy the 0420) ‘would fall into two rather disparate parts, the deepsea sores antl the revenge; abit is, Odysseus’ adventures form a centre-ptce framed by two Tthacan sections. The Telemachy alto serves to link the ‘Oayse with the larger heroic world and to bridge the gap of nearly = + Sec Hosta on 1, M.J. App, “The Olt Temas’ Resa eee igi eee Jae a Ra, Sip ah fe a ee SSStn ih fe tnd por wt ome ey a pe ‘ney athe cna ae F lager, Ch da nn Bah de Oia Ber SI? Adages (ita Ey Hea 29 where ree tear dents may be ae tA. Gra ka a ot ‘Sued orn of the Honest Oya lt nh ish) yg eto ‘Sin TE tan Tie "Pema Odes MA ee (ehh cae dice tend fhe Hn. Ht stb regarded as integral 0 on i aniqiy that Telemachjouoeysiltined and mls moat," Penelope under eomtant prose from in tad geen’ Act to Sr hel ight seasonably te tiie them see eigen colona be, For thir point of view. MEN edn Te Tlemachut ier a Siow ra hat Penetpe might be compel 0 see lcmachu” mision b nO stil by to tele SSEATion which e brings buck sa might have ben expected se "Theimpradeee a the eset tl wv ceape We poet, sea seen fom Notors wareing. agai the dangers of Mjge seen om home 9) Alben, wo tat Bele i soon return indepen of ny eos on Telemas Saori apa athe see te by ot tre the ance eretdiincon fil ee 95) Thbsounds ie hy Upc RESSAY move ier in te seme fel hun in mote ses Gapcur journey to Hades simfarty both dangerous tod (equly maul g iCute ote th pact had lad esse om the inresing anger fom le stors Telemachg nual zoncera ‘Sa ng cess abou is ers he poe ate Hfeaon, andeshe qe presence of the suitors doesnot male i {Boumey dsdviced, so long a they have no reason to Kiet a thet Xo thei security. Telemachs’ public denunciation ofthe suitors ini isan important preliminary if Odysseus’ vengeance sto spear filly justified, but i¢ creates a situation in which Wwe should think i {sential for him to remain at his mother's sie. Tris tempting to mppose that Telemachuy journey was originally ‘conceived as an independent narrative, framework forthe popular ‘heme ofthe nest, of central importance in i and i. The returns ‘fll dhe major heroes are dealt with, in a manner suggesting that t Poet sae them nor simply as a sequence of stories, but ab an ordered 5 Seta t,o 1 Se Page Oa. a 2 Ta i ch ee Bebe, tu 7 fs 29 am Masha ten, 308 i" TCE aby 1 Te Bp Cyl the co ety ep eating with Frm Wa cane’ and feat ue pc th earn te Geek ‘Scenic: waa cen 2 ue npn tah he Oy me Sarr eR a str Dar 9 CL 365, x gpa ndeBOOKS 1-1V ‘whole consisting of comparable, related destinies, the quaerl tween Agamemnon and Menelaus ater the sack of Troy (il 141} being central to the structure. The division ofthe narrative betwe Nestor and Menelaus is mastery. It was a happy coincidence forth port that Nestor, whoee tendency to reminiscence fe well established te the Had, was geographically the most accesible of the retiree heroes. Nesor's information is incomplete and is left to Menclata to supplement it by relating bis own adventures, including Proteus account af those whose fates would otherwise be mysterious, the leer Ajax, Agamemnon, and Odysseus. Asit now stands, Protea’ account fof Odysseus (iv 555,60) is extraordinarily cunory, though the immediately following prophecy of Menelaus translation to Elysium, distracts us sufficiently wo avoid an antcimax {just as Telemachoe ‘unexpected encounter with the seer Theaclymenus (xv 22) “diverts our atenton fom the inconclusive outcome of is journey) But we might wonder whether a brie? account of Onlyswut™ aden. tres was once the cimax of Proteus’ narrative, culminating, ince Proveus isa prophet, in prediction ofthe hero's imminent return, We tind elsewhere in che Odie thie manneriem of postponing a8 expected denouement; thus we are dhappointed in our expectation that Odysseus will make himsell known to the Phaeacians afer Demovlocus’ frst recital (si 83) and to Penelope in xix. Tt might bbe regarded a5 a rather unsophisticated methed of beightening suspense, but to some extent its employment i ikely to relet the Combination of alternative versions Whether the poet incorporated, with modifications, a theme already familiar'to him at an independent poem (whether the Conception was his own or anothers) or fist developed thi Rabmetee Zihlaxg ints present postion cannot be established with any certainty, but the former seems to me much the more probable. Atal events, we should not underestimate what this section contributes t the epic as a whole. Both in space and time it greatly extends the (dpsios range. Menelaus’ adventures neatly complement (and (© some extent foreshadow) thowe of Odysseus, ad the narrative ofthe ‘ati takes the story back tthe end ofthe Trojan War. We are also offered a unique, and attractive view ofthe heroic world at peace; at Pylos and at Sparta we sce heroic excellence find its teope it hospitality, ad the picture the more attractive frie contrast with, the lawlessness of Hhaca, contrast which rerves to emphasize the sad consequences of Odysseus" tong absence. Many critics, from antiquity onwards, have seen the Telemachy at a Bldungromat wider experience ofthe heroic world i to make Telemachue a more sh ee stout his ther at Pyos and Sparta important ergy ea composed etter sar ARE ee dedi Tine ig We fcr, Pas (ee, tiny st Ege (Our 3) Wisc mgrel e OL ean opfoma fe sey pl ew i 0 8) oa Bees i hc Rie Ten te Sai te {th ei8an Batam De Fie n der Odes Garr Fs Wthog (Meh, t36-42et acids exposing is oddities by simply taking the ston Presence in Ody palate Jor FAKE We are nouhese ing Srything Uke amystematc sent what i going om in Odes home, though i would be quite natural for Nestor Menelaus «question Telemachus further about his unwékme guess fe. at 211 fy 395), oF for Odyseun hime o ask Athena for more dll han ab gives him (x 496 hwo folktale mous ae combined in the sory of Odes retura and vengeance. The fist of thee the tale ofthe husband's return = ius frit theme a husband (or lve) who comes ome ater long absence, often in disguise or otherwise arenizale jut as his wie {or intended bride has matted, oF about to many, another, the equent development othe plot varies considerably. Ths rye Weimarhen if ever there was one, & found all over the word, repeatedly gaining new le frm actual incancs, in the Oy ne find the sine theme developed rather diferent inthe account of ‘Agamemnon's return. Inthe story of Oda bome coming ‘ented with anther typeof fla tha ofa contest between ston with a bride as che prize" Fariarity withthe Odie might ea {Osuppose this oe the natural denoement othe ft typeof toy Cerainly the wo themes combine very easly. Tis normaly though that these tales had been connected with Odymeus befor our Of, and this view is supported by idicaont thatthe pot wasnt together happy about the ethical impliation ofthe he's savage vengeance, Dut ft unable to modify traditional clement in he ‘ory. To forestall the objection that Odyteus revenge was out ofl proportion othe suit erin he constantly empha tha they vere wicked men who filly deserved ther fate but does no make pli the charge against them und we are uly persuaded of thet aut hice" indictment of the suitors (ani 35) centres on thet fences again hit property hey have eat shoei ee 2 bin Topo’ Mat Ide See Ste W. Spleen eter ad i ira Br, ig W Coe, The West Ree, ‘ceo. BB Mon heyy, Bre vee Pa ee 201 L Maderonina, Du Beng Se Obra WO sll sone * ictpon, Mind M931 eau adel ene peel he inane Oran ib athe widsred cena A ee Mme tered be a cea hate an eg Sura Vhiomanty, The Eo Apart he etre of Ocho Pb 1g, 26) Pua rm etian epee ely Cer, Cn oh plait angst he theme a har gine ont seer cea Ae ee a ese mio ey ter a see ST), which toa modem reader appear the Most oer oe lene ehe mao oath eo eee ae i etree ren cee de ot ee 3 ion he rion of Ody vag, Fon teste fo feed, not by authorial comment but indirectly and through se rn vance het Ue a caer ee eeetesvenaretheyon emptied te A Mote oom ee eStart he eye eed agile” gah af muna ant wae Sf degen enna. Ae te Sint cha oh rghtnind pe Maes Sielhedope tt yo)Sg frag ne "cp awa Rel oul me ert inp ncaa When he’ buy ees Sots Sapna n Petts oan ry aa SP or a wt po cede oe igh ihre aby etd weer ye Panta hey Ye ten ee re ern ee i ne" ong hy ay now be hd ee Gre gent ecto sample's weg se seh te Het nae of Non gy cre ws owe by Clee ant of Ste “npg macho duoc Haw ce PR » Pray wo beet timation here pratice ar hn independ Sy se See a ry ‘vance fasion pcs 6) 1) We may abo cxmpare te ee shee y Danas and Astaew dise ol toe rope ges han agora Pawnee ead oopstories require a formal announcement by the bride's jor (oor thaly her fuer) to ensure that the bet candidate learn of te pporcuniy* Ia te eae ofa woman whose buaband’s death wa tmerely preumed, there would be the more need fo ch formal declaration. An invitation to prospective sitrs would surely imply torial: Clenthenes, who enterined his daughters stor fr) Sear claly dough, But he impairs of sch sn iitaton ae Evkward in the Obuny. It the autor: have been eocouraged ty fcsemble they havea right to generous entertsinment, and the point St which they go beyond what convention might entile them ta expert hard to determine, They have, moreover a legitimate fvevance aguinst Penelope for her ‘ile to co-operate with the ‘easonable anpitation. Penelope's heroic constancy and unswerving loyalty to ber abvent tnsband sre qualties beter sued to epic than to flict the cr her tance trlumpandy juste, again all probably, an teal are what matter in the sucoce-otentated hero work, Bat her attitude confiets wich the renonable expectations of almont cveryone ele involve, She herself saya (ei ogy} that Odyen ath departure tld her to take 2 second husiand i he had not Tetarned by the tne Telemachs ad grown up, ehough this deal ot Gases? farewell looks Tike ad oc Havention, i bows that there «oul be no bjetion to'a bona fide sito, and we should not atach toa much weigh wo reereces 0 gtp (Bjnre Ge 3 752 7) fra deterrent. Eleewhere she admits thar both her som aod het patents wah her to decide on 4 second sband (ax a58 90) Her attempt to postpone indchitly an apparenly inevitable deck son is bound to Cause problems, a the suitor spokesman, Aniows, pt ot (8) elton” Geaviour makes it enirlyimeligbe that Penclope should be mutant to choore a second husband from aanong the “Thee speeches ini abow them to be aot merely Uamannety ad extravagant but ao bral and snecrupuous. ‘They male no Sttempr to commend themselves to Penelope, though hes rae with Laer shroud if cx 97 fb 128 fy has made pain ter reluctance t0 matty again. Like the conventonal vise of melodrama, they contine to pes thc cams cven after Penelope ‘hm reveled that she knows of thir plot to murder her on ' compare Chshenveinment (HEE vi a8 2): Din dra el ane. iii door et dees ae ino! opp San ot Ra ip fo oan es rons ul panded variously represented.” Te is implied that the decision Ina ily with her, even if technically a male pros is involved, to Dehevein a com al prea in Hama (AcM. Sada) Se ater Wik"Eaty “me fod Penge wo. HS ea ne XB cn hn Hoar Hasne Sry HS een eet © Wide Mose fekgc RAE Pinky, Et nd Soy i Gre Nw erg Harmendevet 85): 85-4 290°, str Henan nn oshowe sepresented by the suitors is treated ay a purely priva problem, ‘Tae implied analogy between Acgithus and the suitor i, a6 Ihave sad one of the means by which the poet persuades us tht 1 ster were wicked men who flly deserved their punishment. But is only one aspect ofthe recurrent Ieitmotf of Agamemnon’ reting And its consequences.” The theme is introduced almost a the stat the poem (29 ff}, and is partielarly prominent in iv (ci 2o8 fe liv fh, gob ff iv 512), hough the poet returns toi elsewhere ‘si 409 hy xii 9841F, xxiv 19 ft offers both analogy” and antithesis. "The poet can expleit the parallelism between Aegina land the sutots, Orestes and ‘Telemachus, and the contrast betwee Cytaemestra and Penelope, between the imprudent Agamemnon’, speedy but disastrous return and the longedelayed but ultimately happy home.coming ofthe cecamspect Odgnieus, Oreste” matric doesnot ft the patter, and is therefore ignored, The development of this theme in feation to Odysseus” story is made possibly by the ‘Odyse'centenied time-scale; the story of Orestes vengeance requires an inverval in which the boy grows up, and the prolongation of (Odysseus absence makes i posible to ink the two. Reflection on the sircumstances of Agamemnon’s death and Orestes! vengeance probe ably suggested dhe idea that Menclaur return must somehow have ‘been greatly delayed (efi 248-g), leading the poet to devise his fate fang travels. Only Adhena’s warning, Odysseus says, saved him from a fate like Agamemnon sil 98 the general principle ie sound, though bis ‘own innate caution and Penelope's unwavering loyalty wold have prevented his falling 0 easy a vied, The action af the Odjesy epends on the special relationship between Odyseeus and Athena, ‘whose support extends nor only to Telemachus but alo to Penelope Divine fsvour for an individal hero ia moti familae fhm the iad, for its extension ftom father to ton there is an liadie parallel in [Athena's relationship with Tydeus and Diomedes (lv oo f2). The bond of sympathy between Athena and Odysseus i, as she here rakes clear, theit common intelligence (ai 296 f.); somewhat similar affinity existed between Odyseu grandfather Autoyeus and Hermes (xix 5 f).. Nestor speas ofthe favour shown by Athena ° Sefer S Rast, “The Seon Ne ac KK Hay “The Orta Sayin the Ody Ta a wet H. Hoc ‘atun dc Fee Sam Ga i109). syst. Habe "Die Arnage a ee Ode’ Put etna Cape Gute 1 A Ley, Die Schuler Rie, bon 9h) seat pe Eat cpc such are Slay sion tno Dome ac se Tor ape Act pont commit oars * Sefer MW ME Bape, As (ufo 4, Mase Atle ewe Ne MM Wien ome ape 12 Dosen Hn x Fn "hina mc sabe ME Sac Jn Te He tn nd Ol Fra Tt CoenenWhether or not the Odyiy itelf was competed with the aid of “tring, the poet’ sources inust have been very largely (and indeed most probably entiey} oral ani therefore sid and mutable, Many. Of the difcultes to which cities have adverted arise from the poet tendency to sactfce overall consistency for short-term effect, ‘combining striking elements fom diferent versions of his story. Tt relatively easy to detect and censure such inconsistency, but much that is memorable including Telemachus journey) woul very likely Ihave been lost for ever ifthe poet had concentrated on a tier sory- line. This rather hospitable attude towards incompatible elements an interesting arpect of the Ode, and we should admine the sil Which allows ut at timer to benefit from alternative narrative possibilities rather than fel the need 10 defend oF explain away Gliscrepancis which, though dhey may sighily disconcer the rellece tive reader, would not be noticed by a listening audience. Only long ‘experience could show how fa logieally incompatible elements might be combined without confusing the Iistener, and the poets practice provides better evidence of what would work than we can ever hope fo find esewhere Frequent change of sene is characteristic of the fist half of the (aps, and the Telemachy covers a very wide range geographically From the Western Isles we move «othe Peloponnest, and the narratives of Nestor and Menelaus extend our view to include mot of the Levant and even Affca. The poet's topographical conceptions are often a source of difeulty to the commentator, and various Ondites calectively leave the impresion that neither he not his ftudience was acquainted with many’ ofthe places prominent in the narrative. In an age before maps were familige even a relatively well travelled man would find it hard to retain much information of this sor" and the transmission of heroic epic in places far frat the Scenes described would constantly tend to canfure and obscure topographical detail. While itis often posible to explain away individual difculties, the accumulation of examples suggests that this may be wasted ingenuity. This topic has received relatively ile it sion ied asian of Miu) wih een map ‘Stresiade” bewilderment wien shown a loal map. The eaten map we have {er Baylonian «cay ae map afters Mesopata dang the yay ot enion, though i impliaon sould efecsvely discourage the ze pale patie of locating Odes vente inion or ep rthe Mederanea, The lowing marks arcouaeé a seen ti hl ncn. "Thedificaes preted by he pen’ ences o sep Mogior were sireay'anbjec ofcentoweny inane ‘Shs ope hs dacusion thus 454): ip clpwardrbdhoow Sen cre elrs Redan abe woe Myc nieEo ‘She sen ove eae enous Bara lc ioepore $A meot imporaon and posing pesage ie atey? hoe Bijwen dees his hen fo Akin hea, besa ona stews ou of Sis ying lw eget among wih ae Dench Sune, and Zeya, Te patra o Men eace zune withthe nan whith sll bear those nae, t Boulchion and Sune ae not so eny the mat probable cxplanon Phat they ate bath par of Cephtlein* Earier drs about Taner) 8 gus vevtrgréy eens bs ile doo opt fe rve We sald maul ie ta tenn tot harap doped and uated ares we (or tor-wen) fhe winks gro chan 99) But hae byt teuniaion, vith sep cone and ream of Copal A {ak non oh fica we temp by Derldswho tgs that he Homer Ithaca the cases! Leet erm Ty whch could reuonably be dacibed ae armerdry lt Sion he anderen ures tothe eth wens Seqcion of Soh ncrpetd dope ac Ce tthe mater id sce fr whch it works Be hr ind par, Baste tier and do nt around or ‘on rie o Levcas (u62 rio: aia), and the standard ephets of Odyses bomen, ‘foe, neko ty), re pc apprope Arora and donor sit Lev sary a wel nay exe the tuner of the name hs ot beta cooing expla Cora {Gory} std Gepalleia heal bn propnc Bat Mery wat teely api wher he wrote" “The mot probble ews i oo Coin, hat Homer iced wo maketh nme of thro the ‘tua land of Wns; bin the nbiene of ny orcad sequin thee wih the sen, he poet cou only nr on ch rage ‘rmtion might be scoala ote geographical posion of the pace; the deta being only 8 poets coeepsn of the natural scenery common to may Grck nc and probably reproduced 2 My Rr ee ge, 8 arn, eenwith more of les similarity in many places with which he wag ‘etualy familia" ‘With the end of the scene moves southward to Nestors Pyles, I identification was disputed in antiquiy: se Strabo 399 Ty 249 6] The name was common, and Nestors narrative at il xi brome implies that his home lay further north than the famous Pylos ig Messcnia. Strabo believed that Nestor came Irom an obscure pice f the same name in Triphylia, and this theory seemed to be conirmed bby Dorpfel’sdicavery in 1907 of Mycenaean remaine near Kakova tos in Triphylia. However, excavations in 1939 revealed great Mycenaean palace among the foothills of Mount Aegislon, of the high ridge now called Epano Englianos, about six miles north of | “Measenian Pyles itis now generally agreed that this the historical counterpart of Nestor home” The data ia the Odjsey mere indicate the western coast ofthe Peloponnese. At ist sight the speed ‘of Telemachus" journey from Ithaca might seem to suggest a more northerly situation than Mesenian Pylos a singh night brings him 0 his destination, wherens the journey from Ithaca to Navarino Bay, ‘even in ideal conditions such as Telemachus enjoys, would take 3 Ssnallsailingship at least tentysour hours, and more probably ‘hire. Bue we should not eat these data asa reliable indication of linance, Te was artistically appropriate thatthe journey should be Speedily accomplished and Telemachus arsive inthe early morning Father than at suppertime, Realistically regarded, such a voyage, through coastal waters and amang islands, would be extremely foothardy a¢ night Telemachus" two-day chariotjourney from Pylos to Sparta. (i 485-97) Hs even les realistic. ‘The poet was more intersted i providing Telemachue with a suitably diguified form of transport, BButan extended journey by chariot would be intolerably uncomfor able, even over level ground, and Telemachus would have to traverse ‘ore very mountainous country. Two days woud scately e enous for the distance, whether on foot or mlecback; a traveller! from Mesienian Pylos to Sparta would need to allow » day for crossing Mount Taygetus and two days for the journey trom Pyles to Pherae Even on Dorpfelés hypothesis that Nestor’ home lay in Triphyia the distance and the rugged terrain would make it dificult co resch Sparta in two days.” The poet's unfamiliarity with the Peloponnese creates more obvi 2 Sete Campo oa and Ea Se Gad lene ieee See fate fy INTRODUCTION PRE iene Bilerico i Segui 54 Tie in sieaoninvelevant as itis forthe narrative, Thsis only acetal: his knowl ie displayed more filly when Odysseus, in support of his alias ay tan nobleman, describes the island to Penelope (xix 172 FE splendid example of early Tonian ethnography: BOOK I: COMMENTARY _meteganng athe Ody pore peculiar iui fr the pot because of Bere completed ssucrure t stars when the news wanderings are ‘facarver, an his arer adventures ae not slated wil atid the has tien completed. The pct has to stn notion esses of ‘Rene ehicharedengned io coaece nthe ine stage ad to ache hs sto disturb the apparently sable station om Thaca and break the Tadlock on Calypso’ sland. The Had art with ent event, Agamere SEatconrageom tenet of Chrys; the Of begin alma. Te rail outnes the man fate ofthe background then ls re deal once the ation underway Wwe eanoo tl Row much ofthe sory the pot might ae toe int general ote, fait 10 his audience ad ow Tar be was conionly ‘tssting: but there are gs that he nc more than oo way of eing te fry, aod he relaive importance of the vasiut people ad themes Insc in this hook may have ifered realy br eieen verso {Character are rly bt economcaly deat; we do ot lms need now more about dn than the port tell we From thelr behaviour and Comernden we real the comelnive my produced by Guyer’ ong SSetace, and though the Heo ofthe poem doesnt appear tlhe te Cente omer fom the out Telemacher awakening tan important {rent in this oc thogh many rif em aig enwarls, he eee ‘elvcational purpose nhs rey, the real change nh ecu ne {ei ofsene inthis Bok andthe next detest that he has comme of de ‘Many dete in thir book ina ded sgulcame em he stineqentuafling af the story: Above al we nie the Joes concer, fem the ult jnly dyes; the stage tl of vengeance st sue =ttonly mal ano that the masare a the stom spear a he tnd work heaven ‘The proems othe I and Ofsey ae strikingly similar, parila 2 the beginning The heme come fet (ddp irc a ft Ale “Tua dat, Np. 1, KM 1}, next the vocation (gon fives, Bet soldat, ed) shen 2 foursyllble adjective charateirng he therne (tonirponaaidouény), expanded by a relative cause (és nile mel ‘Rayybnl nope yee ye Dye), Fete eaboraed by two Because {oy 8 wid ne 8, wired In othe poe es fo the st pout ofthe there (ala ath, nae 8, rb ng) and soerowe tobe esrb (wader yeadye! Bye) eth openings prea Pein he steers general amity with he leary mers the Pret, as Horace puts (AP 148-4) in medias es | non sees ne Dotas odtorem rapit. The general ect i wel sumed up by Quan(es. 4): "Age vero no ung ope ngs in pac veri at iho ws dco seers ont Saye bee ‘SSjfotm inecndone dearum sus preesdre vas celitam ct itentum propos rerum mapotodine tdocdeo wrmna cer co rows face raceme ermeen he vo procms ny pry reg T'Jealdnat pacers for begaing lng beara, bat fatale 0 cc aw age th the pte Oy cele [cing on tat ofthe Had Se ater $F Bast, ‘The Poems a ‘atm the yay AJPH a ge 339 8A van Groningen “The Proc othe Id al the Os, Mera dai ned ‘Sn sn seep NC iggy opt Rue, Oaveeap fie a0, A Lena Des Po es pcan Hes enn op tot pt "ie prom begins and eds with am invecaion ofthe Muse Suth an appeal "eas ‘eaty crea freeware Bt ats rican of the convention? ‘The Menton of he Mes at the teining ofthe Catalog Shi 7 gy) wot get importance er Uestunding the pots vw of there There te pots seat ‘onburk on along Cecumtantaleomeration ofthe vos contagens ging 2 Trys whether or ot ts yi ewes trie a Intra son beleved toe, The fot oso the Maso spt inowidge of what lis oui his own experience Sua yp a oe ipod wort vernal Vw of the Mise ncn emerge very deny om Osuew pate of Demodocus (ag) The edie provid he singers eal snd late hist y et fvolig the Mie te oct ier sound tha hi covet ot ‘ent whch, an be and Bae we know append log ag, Ss Sot depend hit own tention, bat snes Oya divs wae mouth hei ater sod we have pray ber sbot ‘Oyun what weaves oar is wha aly happened, Se frie ers op ts 97. M. Skate Jon, The Har Quin ane Orel ‘rma Thay (Copenbagen, Io), ba Cay, Wie 9 ‘ene tke cre wich har only bee bested on i tampon, this af ol een ped ou no pening on Obs, Tt ove only a thd ofthe pom (ely ok sry aca, ad Bes ‘Shpoportoate smphats Soa singe inca. The swe Lad be the Scresous gotony of Ody comrades no doubt rect the pots ‘once to anit charge tha treo Ed fot me hee {cl sae 4-8 burs cme ie ot altogether Croat by arene fm ioe below 7g iy eae the slo swe of [Et more importance forth poem a a whol han thw of Odyseur Conrad. Moron tough ie rina rtd toe Pherae imay prevent oti the diy, Oyen weg dona ak him Imuhamon th eis cmen (but far fom humane, Now ‘pein mae which we mntae wi Osyaews“Teypcansy Acola, Gree Siem, Soa sad Char veel We tenet “amprecsive summary of what isto come; but if the poe’ purpose as it would be natural co vuppoe, imply wo indicate enough of his Waco catch hi aucence' attention ir oie of deal strange, 1 PeTmural conjecture that this opening was composed for poem evo 0 Odysieus wanderings, relted in Tes fants frm, andthe tines of such ams, gant back byway of Crete, Bays and ‘Fetsprctn, may be dncerne behind the coverores which Odyerur Ics io Eumaeas, Antinows, and Penelope (arog xl 429, in afl, ayes ace further pgs. eis undertandable the poet was {Rhine i preserve thi splendid and carly consteucted prota, even ‘Moogh he must hive realized that mo longer quite ted a narrative Which wat to culminate in Odysseus” erate vengeance, already in Pfoace produced two versions ofthe opening ofthe Of: AP agua -jemi, Musa vim, cata pt empora Toi |i mores homimam smularum sitet urbe pp. 19f02 [Ullea) gu domitor Trae ‘ultorum provdas ure | et mover hominum inept, large pet Seqoor | dum sbi, dum secs redtum part, aspen sola | perl, ‘ens ern immer andi” CE Livios Andronicus famous translation (fc): "rum mihi, Camena, ince vertu’. dene the archak ver nian u cra ler fe what follows Te & oncertain whether thee it eiginal or de 0 ‘merical lengthening se further Wyate, Lmgiheg, 94 Mosoa! the fet invokes the, Slose crmphatialy at the aie. ef. 0), but tot ‘teat; contrast Bq 28, xv 508, ws 12The Mises ae the dhaghters of Zeas (C1, yp), Bes TR. 42, ete) and, according to Hesiod, Memory (Th 34h: in Hesiod’ catalogue they are nine (Th 78, Oa it 6 (ith Houbeck’s my but probably they mere generally fegarded as a vague ploaly, widhout ladividual Mende, ser forther Haimoeorh on ity, MeL. Won on Hes, Ths Ic weAispomor the meaning was daputed in anquiy: turing many ways, may devices, Ingenious or much wandering. The epierearsim oly one ober pace In Homer, 339, where sither sche would be stable, Later writes fsidentiy undersea at ingenont (og hoc. 19,430. 7. Bly te Eye, Th By. 5, cE nokrpony Hdl tate3), 2 utmymn forthe ets more commonly applied to. Odyueus, male wallbren ‘ousonfrae, et and corresponding wo the slscharaeter “Dicorisdncprdiny, Sx nde Siow | dpe, fla Tha om the outer, the pet sree he Importance fence, The aerate explanation, that waldrpner x equivalent 10 “ahis\ayrer and glased by the following dase (jn a wepodonce ‘lomed a 099-40), lew tractive, Such exegesis out of ace here, St alent the athe? summary ale a the preems moreover, Ody ‘wave rnled from accident rather than Wendy feleence 10 :omeding genuinely characters of bine more appropriate. The seholaon Ae Ni af inicateu variant weepooe (Bust hi ine) the Hisdie Cate Odyoea is descsibed a ly Aagoas nahiepor win thay (198 3) a "why epic language, arin Vic and Avetan the syllabic augment ‘optional I used wo be generally aeceped hat such poral augments ‘Go, at aguine the mandatory augmemation of prove texts in Grech a Ine tranan language eprtented a characte of Indo-European posi ye reaching back othe period beore the separate TE languages ame int existence: But the fat thatthe augment normally omited {Eom Mycentean txt, which in view oftheir enealynorpoctc naire ‘would have Been expeted to tow augmented verbforms,secly LEndermsnes thi they, though We not ear ow the facts should he ‘explained See utherL.Botn,Seaio dell aumento in Omer, SME x {robo 6a, Chancaine, Gramma, 4 478M 8230 Tpa lipbearohidpos! 3 uniqe designation for Tro, but ch Thole ld sein (UL Xl 100), Rndvar lego avaicper (Od. i 163). pes ‘Gequene epithe for Troy foxmally io the formula ‘Ther (0-0) Sy (Cite) ta fen in Homer, wed to convey a seme of something solaly aprenive, without bviow regis conmeaton. For mr Trojan examples of fie with toponyms cl. ti 278 (Sunn), 165 (Cronin cy) si 923 (Athen) sto (Bye), J 986 (Thebe) 58 {Oncheatus} 535 Esoea}, 62 (the Echiadesiv 105 (= 124) (een. See further B Walfigee. Martie Tepe be Homer win der eren fpechschen Literatur, Gla exit (oyo-60), 292-407, C. Gallant, i valre di “hire nOmero ein Micenco'y AC xt {243 409-28 J.P. Locher, Unirchungen ips haiscich bei Homer (Berm 3), sp. 90H, ©. Setnereny SEA vx (699), 07 veledgor seems wo be a poetic coinage: the Tose equivalent” *wohipor, is not tested ago cfm 2501 Osher the rai conquer af Toy Usa he devine the stestagen of the Wueden Hare rf. wedhGy weAA anaphora with expreaone of umber f commen in “Greek, aa ere ae many Homeric examples with main fe 373, 230) Sr luther Febng, Widoogsfuuren, op." Sore! Beat ies ie would allow the intial gamma 7, corcespondiog to Engl 1) ef deree to be meal eetive, bu such changes ar pees ie ofthe many places where this pence fewest, Digan Ini prevcatic prion seme o have disappeared frm epic dition at the sue tine au ita lat inthe Tosinn vernacular, cannot he been pronounced exch mhereit was mercy fale, See athe Plone |e Campane, 100-1, Charing, Gramma, 1 116 §§ 90 fy Rank, amor Hand the Hymas (Cambedae, 1g8), pak bor ‘arin, outdo, dispnitn, way af thinking’ cv 26 042 i095 see further K.v- Patt" NOOE and NDEI nthe Homeric pots CPE ‘ew (194,99 Boy 1 "NOOS’¢1"NOOP mel? Odlena (Fon, {59 8. MDa, Gli (1980) 99M: Zenon ead pan, which Sesrely implied by Horac'stalaton ‘mores {quoed it) nce ene’ Would have been he obvious rendering of lr. This reading ha ‘Eind ore Singh supporters sc Bons, Spit bn 20 Bat Seo {oui common in Hesiod (Op. 276,388, Th Oh 17; 380g, 300 deatnor secur cewhere in Homer, Bley and forse Being peice, ough evi ie found once (06: al 487); many aoe the ag Steel Zoro tat ras nce vk wi seen, ad ‘Secale tht what be intended wa, a Nauck sugested, rp that anges dwelling pace perhapr ax 249) tooo 9 hange epresion a¢‘the antthess wih the preceding He is highly fective, but in fet iynees dors not spend tore tha sity day tea fom the hae whe, teleave Troy. i go eos Ike a comtios reminacence. Sry cen Homer where the sabjet of two scceive clase the ate, iB ke up inthe second Case by pronon serengthene with ye iB s+ Trying secure hs on Ie and the homecoming of bis Companies” Except gnieanty) in hit encounter withthe Cyelop 170), Olyseus ino seprested as ering Ks adventure beh wel avare at ‘hcobligations of leader oilers ad of ing to is ube cH sot. (ov OM), xh 107, The Wantotet of Temyrons Ulpece {ives tom Dante (If x) 8 Homer se farther WB, Sane, The Uses The (Oxford, 654)175.trlpun companions pert aly compari in arms The en, which often implies» high degree of ‘aval rs, as nothing to do wth ais the erat Tea) ae fae {ene another reqarle of amily apd nationaby cf eg. He 266, ne ‘gorau aga For fai wed to xctibe thc whole lowing fa hve ck {io 04 sal of Achille Myrmidoe, See further A. Andrews, Hermes ii (2), 134-7, HT. Rabe, La Nati de Fomii e Phar eee Hom (Thesioii, 183), 5, ML. Weston He, Opies (08x n0t vem ono for al dha’. "The accentation of es uncertain scien gramimasians in fact precibe a unten accent nti expe tion anda al dys! ea lynn ap eager though ‘7. The emphasis given 10 this epnode (on whieh se Heubeck om xi To) istiking. Ia fact this were condemnation of Oye cmp ions isnot bore out by the narrative. Eleven of his twelve ship are On she neapesion ofthe asc WBurer (Ais Han Sit Prendi MW Bn rieNeow Vk 39M deo epee ‘Simo quiet nt samp ai tne eng Chin poe pea ‘Secchi iit kaos Ts ners he pean of ee 7 ‘hive pot ae hon sng tery baron pee We tage (ist fora stare nya ut! Toe ery at tt a es the scale * porting ccs Son, perhaps ‘proper accompaniment of feting’smaaay the re 5 | BOOK 1 52-163 carrying the peas 10 which strings of gut were attached. Phe’ Ire RQ eae toiesenged instrtment ten represented on Gromettic ‘ASS the Greeks regarded hina the original rm, though severe and ghestcneed Tyrer ad in fact been in toe among the Minoan and ‘Bicones The wadional dave of the change to Seven sings, sch Udiwin Terpander's victories tthe Spartan Carel some men he in century, receives soe support rom vase-painings but though {Econ ofthe Oday may ths hima have hnown the sevenstringed $e. Sarer he ool ary lo be aware hat rar am inovaton, The ‘ye ha avery inited compas, and mie war snpiy at {ong sigiicanly Homer has no parte noun ra cthareplayer the tuscan tbe dois. Poems’ manner of Slvery ssid probably Be Feagined a a rectative oer a sang of fous nots fone fo ach st. Srcrther Weaner,drdariogia Ut, Meta Wes "The Singing me HS so sami "the man who spreads report, the rich in tal ke many "fiamerie minor character Phemis bear nave indeating the concep fon wtich the poet wided fo srbee tthe istner® mind, On ts imgorunt aspect of Homeric syle ae fortes H. Medien, SMEA i {tay 67-08 von Kamper, Peeame, 9 1g. A roc beter frm, at erate eqivlent of preparatory se Tether Ruigh vedi, to 200 deBadher: rie wih der ‘mark he begining of rectation ci 26, Sv ba The aholato i265 gases i with deepoiere, spond, WEP, Pased some Preliminary nots ws «prelude we Should ot envisge anything abo: fh act thc he et of be company ase gon Phen song, wbih he proviso psy fos say = fe 7, sos. Acsortng the ahs om i 0 Aico rad eaular i hn rods 2 al Mat a ea a teh {cs ChataineGramaiggh-2 4) but 29 (eared) and i "There nothing unbomere int tw of he atic with dere ‘Gani, Grammaire, or § ag, Monro How Dae, 28 a ‘3AM Telemacho” wore rect hs emburrsanet atthe tre bea Tear (ck tug-20, te) andar evidently inte vo fretall y ‘proach ahs suc dole in us Foe He obo hare “snewhatunconvenoay in speaking w fey toe put blre ‘ow whom be eterno ane apy cl nc th attr Beave w he plce banged oe, a ogre he Vio. Fs reluctance to mame hater nee *%, Somers puncaste wh on stop si he nd ofthis ing but it Semmsmpler nd snahero eat tars condone pote whch takes the frees wah fom it coer. me farther Bach, ieee Stn), 801 “Gre: Dapper. Shradep he only Homeric xamplet he wef ”the double comparative where ewo qualities ae contrasted in th sine babes se Kaliner-Gerah 312853115) 66-8 Telemachur denies what he moct wher cE 413-16, agh-y aly Emacs tell hopes xed only tobe diappoined (xv 12a Gre). pp cognate te, 909 dal let Spon. ‘tp even a commen Ege oes 24h 93 Tap 1235 abuse, aqa,an hq dows cewhere (28 ety) ‘bo aed onthe nd sae foray see Chantraine, Cram | 6 2g The of he pare sbjuncive with ef expres the ea tht the Soagency envisaged is indeit, one which may happen repeatedly or totaal quite common in Homer Greek, though i has dsappeied fom Ateoie: se Chantraine, Grom, 2798 410, Mon, Hem Diet, 05 $192) gry. ‘The eget 19 stranger to Snuodace hel, generally after» Ta, atypia ature of se Od many scenes of espa uly oo fy 187 fa 97 fe The nears counterpart inthe id Trews when warriors onthe batted recone tee fly Ory, © Bn yo 163, eek wal perky nahin: formulae constng of par of vrs ‘joonyos arom important featare of Homeric ste, wel studied by K'ONatan, ‘Double in the Ode, CQ xo (1p 29-7. aye = 3058 10,40 ne 08, ce ag me eb ite taken ax Who are you and where do you come fom? though he {lowing queton then wperuous hetero take dele wit ‘bina rtering to descent xi 474 adler poor bya in ix 1 the meaning then Who are you and who was your ier? Se farther) Wackernage, Portage ler Sun, (Bal 1926), 2-300, who nt that precy thi ype of question i found in Sams pc and i tet parte ofthe do fe so), tp nv 185-90 chi $779, 122-4. The ins were absent om se aoteot eon and regarded a sospct by Artarchs who argued hat Side tee were proper questions for Eumacus to. pot to the raged ‘dacs, whos appearance would euteisuepriing hat ne had our pasage, they were out of place ere (et scons 168 Astarchat {hs pouslated sn interpolaon of common type (e148), and hee iermach ro be sid for tit oew. The print of Bomaeut nfperogaan ‘Slacured we have bean led to suppoe thatthe enquire are nora Tihacan castor, and it would beter expres Telemachis preoccupation ‘vith hit ising ater i he proceeded whoa delay to asks ha iste Tad known Odyaea, 185-6 Hhewie spec in anialty, anewer te ‘ertone put here; the two passages aor fl togeter 7h dering odinetinterogative, a careful re ceded the diet question i resumed with ne sta sigerbaro: the Tange of meaning’ conventionally ascibed to yop nid i cognates ee LS) sea leng-atanding source of diicly, and mi Sngensity ns Ben expend in explaining how the same verb can mea * BOOK 1 65-184 ee eee eB are eo se (4 ee Sc mah eit ns hs on ad Nn ere ea ag EE Oe aad mat en mai A oe don ih cu sel ce ecm pe el t,t oorCOMMENTARY een ative sea to be ini 2 vi 99-64, thong pha, be chet trae cbesion with poser tan t Gade 2 sei aes monte by sc the ama tert ons Tae ebecere We tae 0 W eceup te atcond pat OF Re Tae” “Crore! a pelilg epithe, Sequcmly appli oe ad tee te oe alge Sopa bo Place a the Guy Te ‘Snr renen ‘wie dan low he nerpreaton of sick, ‘Stine ough ido nx pte complete eoens, ic more lonadag hen themetivg sates, See ther Halnnorh Gn se an bones St tedden wat vance ened sty with Temp Brim Sed "Tamaoos i Gypes:Srab(5-6) Enea Tempe, though ipa have bec a pot heh evens of cpp woig tt EV A tooo (Php le Cyprn wae ton for copper tee a es Cte Is on a eas ety ths Poason {Pui yn We en ofthe Sands whens Mee words med tore snurly aget npr the pt ny ame ple whch be ested wil cope Hedfontn (adh (0968) age) sea ‘erence tothe param Crp town of aS, Sk wold ad SDaew but ihe re avian ae emeaton unten) ‘tees cen to hve been extend oon om copper gin the Snveatonal merpetonsecing Kc]. Brow (ls a9) Stguc prose) tate copy “row he mapa ot ling Bom te anata bene sunburn so aly ped ‘hour ce ao Ft CBI Chana, Dates ar [irate On Hae metry se eter DAHLE Gay, Seta sri in Homer, JS ia ap 1 Re). Parben, and sage 1B = So The lines See atband by Atopanes ed MCSiache, and‘ cated some aint eivony hey af ein intend amet 91. ete the per ms it te ‘cpopaphy of 88 the ast Rhein’ ot mene hers Beppe intend e he normal Tne RBpr ts mney, Nase imny reper munetanding othe ocr pe faery ape tp line a 8, Odysseas of Mount Neston se cu ane often (ono au 6p) the name ae ly ae 17-8 With Meer dim oa npanting rasp o yrs Bey "Tih Oayents we tay compare ie (dapat) Ody own dae Tae eine Oajnur teen year Sle ee hich ads Ferdope cet bo teed Yo en We soange A 3 conan tne A835, lens! deed knowege of Laces acumstanes no doubt ethers ingen tee insanely soportng hain i'n orp: for but the main purpv of hit pose ier, Servet reves feat) el hs Lae, Tila a coc ef the Bequnt the es pany in he indi ll lve. This mast vrprite since aleady inthe Jad ‘Oéyrew B one of the senior chicas (ck i990") we hall rly lean that Odymear wae already rang in Khaca bore the Fron War i g)-No doubt physical we wel a ental igo is ede fer the exerci of power inthe hetoe worl btw chic who supe {ys loyal and competent soa could, ike Nestor and Prom, retin ie fost un an advance age," and we may be pull wo accoust for {eres retiement, parla since he fst active despite the lapse of fr frther twenty Year and the astrits to which he har subjected msl Moreover, even avery tll od man night be expected 9 offer vie and moral apport in the Lice the problems whi beset Penelope hi Telemachas, yet Laer presence in the neghboarbood i not Sllowed to affect obr seme of their flan (though the anguente by ibis Eureka diauodes ber mtr from secking fer fathrilans Teip may svike the reader ax hardy cogent (7738 ly 754). Cons ‘endl, Telemachus des not recto Mentes words asifhewere aware of Sv mpied reproach for necting ie grander tre miter i not treated as any divert concern of he Tie port hw had fo ae debate Thlaee to account both for Lares’ otrinvlvemen si fr hie cone ‘inaed survival. This improbbie longevity sb expaind aa device to Stoid the aeard ema whi hs deat would have rete ithe “Neti: Odyacur could hardly bave foregone all converse with is dead father but such an episode wool have greatly weakened the impacto the scenes with Amit and Ties, The reunion mace (005 #9 explo {his prolongation of Laci bur ould not be regarded ar moti alike dhe fathers of eter major Homeric heres Laertes ian olacore ‘cre his names unique, and it etymology naterou ether RE x (0) 424 (Lamer) Hs austere way oie slvimposed an expresion of ist for isso ef Bp 445. a dpi om fol’ ef i254. 438 i 6. " pwe’ Hoot = applied very genceally to men of abe beth: ef 273 Fre aun tg yp nthe county’ ‘he sap ~ waparBqau cn 730 the accenoation i pt ce Chantrane, Grom, 1298-9 § 18, Monro, Haare Dik, 8-19 Bia are: with Maye gg. youd an obicare word, posbly toe connected with yew indrsoed abl high ground ee Frak, GEW, Chantrain, * Wf peal in Earp he situation mpd bere A, Adee ln Perth hse Pees len ip Theses rin Tocen ne tine oir grande Pet fre Kg, a Be Petes ha lun vom ha granite Cacia Tbe ted hat “Sopelonar might fave den hn runes Peo o abd st Para, Bat ‘et kin beer ores Nad raat rm he nce he ‘iy regarding th an on pate he ge aMir. Sdn: ci od that the same word can mean both estate fund, vineyard, orchard’ as here) and theing Hace Pel i Griginal senae war rather more general so that could e ese any plo ‘land wnccopied by buildings or two llerent word may be neaNed Seefrther Pest, GEW?. Chantsin, Dima, Ll og: feo the subjects et vague 1385, BASwroun shai! hinder him om hi journey 80 re ant ioe acletoe, Ady. 120 Bara Dvdion Spun ag6 yan here named for the fie me in hit comveration we have Teen expen this for ome toe and esuely ads empha to Mente confident aserdon. Bio: ee Hainsworth on 71 asieg- An Intereing mixture of truth and flac. 80, Theft of many predictions that Odysseas wl soon be bore: 160 iv 1g 0 172, a0 154M x 305 M995, Tekmachus cvaenty regards 3 noone hae conden expreson of hope, abd ot markedly cheered bys sete Shaan the lngthing fhe Set syllable of hit commmon pic erm Uenguage har symone Err aed alayedan Set farther Wyat, Legion 79 Bo. aoa. There ice irony in thi dale, Inthe Mad parr the i of palo By) rericted te dhe quasratonal technique of inde ‘int Tam es especial from he behaour of tds nigh the ‘Ody ake admit eesti. prophecy nthe symbole Wslon of the henetary Apeline ner Theodymenar (x 3 ange Scger the subjetust be ouarn and the lck oan expresed objet amar; Cobe's cj @ fr ve aracive ang, The asyndcton adds weight Mente words ters Telemachun’ resemblance to hit father rcueent theme: of Toa. ng-t, IK appears tht le nom lke more like Oyun a the Jute’ Giends remember hi than Odysieus Mire dos, we may judge by the case with which Odyseusexcapes section om his return #0 Tihaes. sdoog:cf296-}- lvoe strangely, uncanny ek Nestor reaction i 1g) afer Ee oops. Ba nodes he reason ‘shy be can absense the tenes there ie sgh, bt natalie. toineenipaies Baud ang. meryévor «standing epithet of Telemachus, reste to occasions Schon er about speak taney hat mdm cognate with rea “hough the wo ere say cond wee further Halnawoet on i 988, hantaine, Dismay, saugeat. Telmach ceply Sx alighy surprising, bot Monts has practically Swered hs own queion For a10 ck Men 227 abr pap ol ole rob mor” dsr, | iN” Gore done 9 erro, Te den mas Siveady hve bon commonplace, and the tone sary lly ronal ‘hog Telemacts might well be somewhat ie inserting that he hero whom hate know 0 mich beter ad 0 mc aces tn a hia father. bro: for the sense ‘parentage, stock” cf af agg te "Gi dno gn aor, and in general sain epee fine ste Chana iommare 1856275 Monro, Homer Del, 8 878 BE erie or yo fe ey ad & smtared wo your rave became of your own exelence. Sioa in the rove” Tyeonten: here named Torte fr ine he rbot men flowed in the ad Her names probably derived. Gom mpd 2 porceloured duck The hey hase wa egal a igs ha Bann one suppor but iexemely speculative: Germain (a, 48) hur drawn atemon tothe mocaemour hab of ducks which, beter wild or domesteted, remain Ineparably paired wih «singe partoer hroughout eirives so that in Cvs and Raia lore he Ack as Become» symbol fara det thogh there wo evidence 0 th tin in Gree, pole thatthe chat of sch ame fr an ely tf wile refit the fence o's people whe lire employed the Symi othe dock thon, Hower, women's ans were Que SZionly evved fom bir names in'Greck (ce F Bethel Die Struct Prvoummene (Hall, "g}, 99%), and tbe poet does not tncourage oro attach any parca ance to Penelope's mare. AD ‘Mesnatetylogy war aren angry. rom we, head i {hte unconencingm oe, uti + posible thatthe oy of Penelope's eb Gopi. ce arse fom ase eymalogy fem my and Aw oF See Stipa though shouldbe noted that none f thse words toed inthe accent of Penelope weaving. Se farther RE wwe Bt {Wet Prat, GEV, Chanvaln, Dann von Kamps Pmmton, $75, MoM. Mactoux, Pedi: Lismde mye (Par 1073) 99 sng HE Mens now reste qutrions which Teach ad erie ied to foceal [8 He approaches the subject rater abrupy, a he a enly js tnd what wae ging on, ad Teemach exon avod ‘eplaining the suaron in much nore deta and th proving ox tha Ciler plus ofthe bacgrand The pc obvi pil toh, but Atenas purpose i to overcome his eigtion aod fed hen no Sten stds catnot achive her end without casing het same dress ‘ay, Ba so Arar slot all our MSS ead. at calla, Tequen Ary tk nd Sn frm prose, ding tne tothe ‘turston: se further Denniston, ti rte pcs Bal Sr bt ch BfdponSateras td Tt has, however, Deen stpectel that [ecstmerely acomecrre intended to ciminate the eatey rare BF dado: whether bts propely tobe rearded as Homer debatable Slnce in oie of the wo oer places whee it wa ead by Ararchun {exw ag. 408) dost have saimows Mapper. Se farther Hsbc on Sg Erie Beige stats, Nye Bee ape sth phtae aight clip ndeneand eg dee Ts ed somewhat ley What ba ist do with you? The ya of ype “Sted, uage ha fo be compaced with hao bh pce seCOMMENTARY chic though rigially a nom came ob regard a veal orm: soe Taree Chaneois, mas yo 49) Shipp, Sa sah For he ee yest nyt hart the i sowed a ‘Dani is amnlgaated with te nial vowel o to make one ‘late. Syaecphones af thie type otherwise sont confined io Home ihe oto bales 3, ah fling ng vowe or Siphhng, nf Spl ther exalts cniparable hs are ew 249 goed G51 Bowl dstpegirn, wl Bp dolor obs 0k 498 2 cng (te che ty ag 7 The mera oi, en the accel ny open meroptive parle 11, “ane wo hr tata elt fhe guction: feo ey fy sage fs Hex 299. par: Contre v2) rl ot by the general entravaqance and lek restrain “Gr nig. The poet has wor actually deeb the itr doing Tig le oes segue he preven them thou heer af M'characters and avons 8 direct decipion of drunkenness and Stelios put comma at seen of 26 ae tke ein 297 at conneeve. Bu fhe we or “and, vo covorinate cass with een sje reatively var fn Homer, and particularly awh bere ince the cond claus quite lng. empleo take pon ha Felt clase; dees ot atte comer apd hicostracton afore wih fe orb doesn ccor ho snc T scone bet fo tke ve inertia comparton, the parc hee fring ie he aba ne Barco yor-s 295322 The sentence cuca what hs fit ESGIREW Sedans mal with th 9 esplanation Soe seh, rete, 07-8 § 4, Chataine, Grama, 3256 473 alexes: “revi ent an ual ao ay ye. pike! wan likly to be, he presumably was, yu ne, os se shove, 290 asp. eeon vip Teach continues wo refer his her ether ob a aff. Oa 01, where Eumarrdevlos the same theme 23k tkgoseBlhove: cL 5 Boilers diy For Bilrr ca 38) "either 1 gathers ated an Arcana Imus Be old. In many MS the more falas nha basveplaced ‘Bilan recorded aban ance variant, ab fund s3y-6 tpi woven | pom ‘she al ther men’, cv age: the onstruction nt quite ies! wis re. aspae Cl w ob liv soit ACh 5-33, Edn 1182 38 ie ya 3h, Te lg ofthe pee mich improved if we “itn icons idling ve. Sta on 399 tn Ye ‘57 Othe had diedn ihaca, te HTaeyan, peti afer tet Fern frm Try, _sis not have ela i faneal The te Beaty hus Been pore into Eumacus speech in av, were thi ine BOOK 1225 24 faim place but 369-70 (= 1299-40) must be a late interpolation, since they ave vent fo many MSS._On the tendency 1 ince the respondence between sir pasiages, sce above. 139-40 kan: Shoe near aa dear thm, bi fri conse with dig hes Conmrades in anos. dm wiktpoy tehtevo: “when he bad fied Sing the tread of war™ For the meaphor ef. 17. From At Ly 385 6 (Mewru wooo hing nephew fevers bg waar GOipst fees cleat tha gohlry isa ball of spun theead, not wed ready or Spin sv 32°: the Of Tora’ occurs ony inthis orm, "Fe dead are normally cranated in Homer, «barrow raed over the yee to heep alee the dead man's meanory for generations to coe! ee SAG (a cenotaph aby 3, anf fs 96 vgn 3 [a ery dear expostion ‘of the ideas 336, x0 459, sl 243-8, at Sopa. The iden nt pala zee poetry Pato Com fis ‘Rock, of Themistces tom air ror dv a negonpavo | ie Snizts tonya frac navraxsy oe terkorde 7 lor arre 7 Beas Gran dec" a nde Bedoera The words of the dy Redwall (Bc oa), curiously cove Od exw BoM, shoul end we hat ‘ewas nota pecalarly Greek ides. See frher M. Andries, Achaia Wogefl 17 so. per aor of fps 90 artical form whieh seems to ave ben bttted kr ere by conson with aor Bf dena see Chantrainr, Gramm, 387-8 8 fy Lier sie 371 (ee Hosts 9). dhe without report 0 tha hese ism newer bi ok. yal): the verbal stiecawitwAey in ago can sary be reproduced im Enginh,[Shewrings ingly’ ot ely atihtory, se tsogges gnome rater an“ Ip) Span dompeipasre of 0, 7, where Shore Bielar sn Spreader deste the sume event pres ae perented sr winds thelr genealogy given by Hesiod (Th ay); further deta sce Ur arpa i probably a ep. pérana: though the simple ‘verb 8 attested only ih the sense “devour, comparton with cognates in ‘ther languages suggests an earlier meaning ‘state, see's we Rarer sik, GEW, Chantaine uctonis agen Contain with ee appeatsto ae affected i spel in Homeric MSS; onthe MS-vie ce fori speling ekewbere sce NCE: West on He. 7 ago. The above Siilartybreween noun and verb in his frmla suggests thatthe ver ‘vas intended to indiate the etymclogy of rma ea gle om he ‘ames fbutoys centres cl ai 85-6 (Sol, 10g (Charybde, He. Th asa-3.795 5.994 The orm dptnian ated inthe Ff ‘eu vase rom Regina {P. Kracker Gack Paancoyn (Gerah, og) 28) increases she resemblance: dp re denna which some ‘wot ead here, would ciently improve the mete by reraing ware Wordsbreak ater the tochee of the fourth fot wslaton of Hermanns Bridge).‘COMMENTARY See ee ee erin oe Sorts Serpesre tester areca ne Mra TRL HLEE, «spt yg sme tem aS reir enter gore re track crete th omiog ae seaeaen Sige meas eens Bae eran ee cee Cece ieee be ten eee cars sy aes area an anata ee Ge ee aa a pee ean en ad shh apres eee Setg Seine an elinnecet ee ae Seco nape a arte mceeucnce eee oe etre org one a Spey Sine ena sd ta Sees eran a ureeerarss soo ah eee he oe eee me cpu res oie Sr peed greeter pee tee aps fe aah re oe i se rea Boa baicte cae ers sean chen see ores ena os See ae en eee or feos le Cope ht tna en eee eetie ere tec ae eee eerste eats eee ee eee Papell ciate ace a eee eeeaes EES es ante Street gt sey oes neice tas Fe ES PE meses tapetcin eee reegarne penne rr Scere oa eee ae Sequent wan of evens [pupate in coming fo Thack. Telemachos has «be eon Pu ad cama to restore order in hit bowel, ad enced so BOOK F a42-257 dance towards the ukimate solution ofthe probem presented by the Soom. The fist paet of the speech (254-69) x itended to. mae {Tlemachas more receptive t the irons ehh flow: the pot was ‘hey camscious or te adiy uf Tlemachs ang seri sach drastic {isice rom a complete stranger. Mentes does notspate the boy's ling ‘oops dough ius eater b Telemark etn no doe thas he = [otf the man his ater was, od tat te advice he receives based on elie aneaenen of ix eapabies Inthe scope (2630) the jim which Athena ound eae (go fC fre elaborated, ‘gu, trahorvhwacaspresmably “in indignation, deply moved the sound ifs tnaasryaaoa Halide no dou partly inivenoed the poet he ofthis are verb [ot found again weal AR. i 359559) ssp, By "you sand in ned of the ancient variant gen by a fe iss, Ba be understood aan inpenomal sul pers ag, esvalent 1 xg Athens’ wish echoes Telomachay’ own Shonghts fins). The ‘complete protass i taken up again a 25 12ah Bio Boipe the Homeric warsor commonly, though not measly, uipped witha pair of throwing spear 1297 The fist ofa series of remiixencesprepatng Téemachus oe the ater he so eet ei ike Nowor (8 120) and Helene 20 10) Mentes emphasis Odjueur resourcefulness andthe devotion wit he inspired in items Tt not clear whether this disquieting sory of dessus! quest for arrow poison, #0 much, at eds with he norial ‘Odssean cancepton af the od Raving hero, meat tobe aber ae] “pide in dyes ography ott hens of vention, Odysseus Ascent use bo fr Sighting the ig, where tide regarded at bo proper weapon for a major ber: nor does he even compete in the archery contest at Paolo funeral gies (Ul sail 850-8), though ‘Teemachu’ name prenppor: that Odyres look pride in thi il ae 11g) In the Oh his normal weapon et spear and sword, and he preented at an arherin omy two other places, smog the Pca 0 Inhor he nt ob doesnot demonstrat, his prowess 34-39 we Faisworth on 215-18), and when he enacts bs Fevenge om the utrs {axa Nowhere es in Homer i arrow-poson expily mentioned, ‘renin connection with ating, though see may he implied 1 48, where Machaon sucks out Mencia” arowewound, the reat f 3 ‘on veaton ofthe solemnly agveed trace, and thus pearly Hkely 10 Fase suspicions ofa acc normally deemed ii. Hearles wes arom Prioned withthe bsod of the Hydra agaist Gryon Steseh. SLES 1 [56 E+) aod again the cemaurs (Apia, 85 6,152), bat {hse re motes aoc men, Mente iets that ths early apples a ‘heme warae might be bought unethical 264) nd the deta eal to Ind the unseruplous Odysevs of Ati aged Lathe sola 5 fuged that the pot wa here preparing the ground er Oye slaughter ofthe sts, since the use of avowepbon would mabe tc taser for every hot o prove Bal thi may mal righ he eet the‘COMMENTARY prefered. a more eric conception, aud Ody seus achieves is vi Eyer and supe masiomanp. ‘See farther F- Diet, ‘Gripe dee Ody, SHAH ro 2, Clay, Nath, 72-2 ‘Only ectavely few planta are weal source for tow poien, which mest not oly be etal in sal quantities ba aio rapid nis efoto he Seat onerous system Though veal plants gow in Greece whch ‘modern wsieslogit even with tladvely primive appara, cold ae [eds purper the posonou properties were in genera nok apetated ‘antiquity and the only pom seems abe lar eleore leony trial). See further O.Schiedeberg, Cher de Pharels ox Tt ice (Strasburg, 938), 14-25 where details of the malctorng, piacere may be ound phy sao mentioned aa source of piso ai 28-9. Tea a iy 4398), but only two towns need be ra rence Thesprotian Epa later called ‘Rooper (ol TH 8. yard a town in Ell I the Taphies home Indeed Careyra se above, 105m) itstems more Bey that Thesproian plea is meant; though Coryra not onthe direct hemewsrd ote fiom Thesprosan Bphyra to Tthaca, both places le well north of lacs, hcrest Ode” zutr wold he rather resin he me fomy El ‘asp, "how a nonentiy, not mentioned eaewhere; his fther Merteray so of Jason and Medea has connections with bth Els and Ephyra 260. bos: the common Homeric epithet for ships, see farther C, Kurt Suninmshe Fuchs bet Homer (Gstunge, 1079) 47 rca. Bjpa---xeheipens i oer that he might have or ain is Tronzetipped aerowt cf ay Seo ey [nee 6. Ts’ concen sruples may sem strange, sce it might be thought ‘ually a pious to pose pon at et somcone ee have but ete {ould he no objection tothe wef arom: poson in honing (Ver 772 gos] Mi 837013). vaeabero! ‘stad nae of had regard {Cine weak aly er this ver urd ith an aca the seme Father suained: ee might have expected Sefer 164. In view ofthe Taphian® reputation a pats (te above, 105) itis Duhapenotsurpuing that Aocuals id not share io eraple, Bit the Foporane pint Anchialus’ overing action fr Odea ab-b. =e 345-6, wl 196-7. Yloe pbs Up 257 1967. CL goon 135, Lm 1g, 435. Te shot qt clear what images volved, but ii tempting to comet th expreion withthe noon of the go spinning wat isto be (e-¢47aod i) pining generally 2 sedentary tah, and the thread ats beng sp pats ove oer on te Spinners knees. See further Hainsworth om vi 97 IE, Onis, Ong, weg BE Det, Dah Ht he nts Ldn, 92008 16h Srorioera sce shines 438 1269. Ment ntrotons al ino three main pats (27 279200), The ft two af which are of crucial importance fr morivatng Tem chu subleguent aedons Sine Kine. fendamental diewsioe BOOK 1a5p-e (298) vation eddies have expoed thi vection, the it link between Temachas adventre andthe ret ofthe narrative, tothe seul of rata eis, who have seen nit alleged carne and in cra Uhr incomes the hand ofa reactor welding s epanily cone ed ‘Telemachy onto an esentaly complete poem abut Otyseu tetur ee ‘ure Page, Oi. 5a 75 hough bis own interpretation of the ‘hai idsvocrae. Bat shere has undoubredly bee tendency to ‘exaggerate felis und to discount alternative explanations, without lve allowance being made forthe eft Athena counsels of back. round information which Menter cannot be permited o reveal She lows, as docs the acim, tht the ge have deternoed on Odyaeus ‘etars inthe nea fate, ad her plano action for Felemas makes ‘ens only ithe light of this knowedge The uence could eau be ‘xpeted to find nothing range inal hay and woul be eaptous to ‘oman that Telemachr ought o have been moe art to nadia inthe advice offered by this suthortatve stranger rom the lat pat Mente speech we realize that Athens pl ines vengranee the sultans dhe poem's scope sth shown tobe more exe than has Previously been indicated. See further FM. Combellack, Cron sav Fg. 4138 (review of Page, Obiso), Rater, Oduraepraton, 1B, Eisenberg, Siaiin, 37, E.Segmann, ‘Die Athene Rede im fisen Bach der Oxsse’, JA NE i (1998) 31 26g. Spcletas ‘consider 2398- Thslie may ser fay so son after of 279), but Mente needs to nppeat icf adaware that the postion of stranger fering gett Mivice delicate "a8 Bye “ome nw som tsiteretion we of ee Ghantraine, Gramma, i294 § 404, Monto, Manan Det 29072 § 920. ayee. Cl got 2Bfa CE Iain 34 Ak oy ce yop eadons Gpwas Hyams. The pot Seems slightly at low fr the right monde fran Tac sey ee ave 90 73-4. This public denunciation of the stor belore gods apd men is ‘Aiheoas object in arranging the asembly ser iota No ime is wasted ver the pasty thatthe store might actallyacode to ‘Teemachut eguet, and Mente subequentinsracton (295-6) pre: suppose chat ‘hey wil take no noice of Some cites hive seen 9 ‘ety inthis, bot Tekmachus can reasonably be eapected to share the Iusumptin that adhing wl cme of ined the ultors woul ye es ‘omit Ft appeared wor considering the ponitytat they wold perably depart sformaly requested to dose. edppaBe red 4r Imper of fe, tn eprops or tdproed Hisar wo decide 1 70 Zee 6 dup! tnadorapes (fl proper] foro, For the cp form eg diay, dnfoecsor, éinep. Zenoss sppean to have ‘onistently read "@nudproes, the form in more gener we, where ‘Aetarchat preter ns papropn esol 300 ang-B CL 105-7 partltne peeth by theuith Ewtynachas). This the HeCOMMENTARY least sasctory part of Mente speech, tng both irrevant and onfng.Teknarhos ha leady std that Penelope dors no want to Scary agin (49 goths isnoa Canal detail but an event pat fh ‘Eremina andi ard co sce why Mester ould be made to overeat Mena Pecnp mo ve appa 9 ata stun {hough he ighn, wethow any ont of yersinide, a lest have ‘Smee gutted pia payer de sbece a ay aerate sSSggeton tert som ashe upp that Benlope ell does wih Fehr, Moreover, cro be ido or er fate or neat Inga secon marsag belo Teemachas retreat the ou) hich ibs’ about to popone and ts fo iw hand arrangement which Ig have wb cancel few wre tr, wih considerable las fe, B'eteactus heard that Ooyoveus was sl alive: 27-8 ae simply a dttacuon and ent conison in faion to age, Furdermore, the proves ft chr ei sce nthe mt EEtymachusy in parser, what would other skews at 1 mercenary deta (y= i tg) reduced wo a commonplace. Ti Adretve fr Penelope thas creates seerl icles without ay compen sate sdvantges td thee och tobe std or Hermans ew that Seer merpuation, madched on the comesponding pane iad resmably inerted br the sake ofa mereticiour cmprehenvencs. would be hard to find & Homeric paral x the abet change of conerction in 25-6 rin fa, coesponing wo the Sal fceward pdt erp uy Groves of Eurymachos speech tous antatywaclevant tothe question sf suthnti cou easly Fave been sated wih oy rarer Benley fr Fe ‘Although he question of Penlope remarriage eqn asd ic leftuncea what re arto be play by Teemach her father esis tn Peneope herein avant Telemachus words a 2 suggest {it he regmds Lear ar egonuble,wehe Artnow (19-14) em 0 Contempt an aangementinvasing a thee ye later 709 sx ‘gif assamed that Penlopes marriage mould be clebraied i= ‘Slystor: palace andi hard toe haw fans could then be involved ‘Toe marfagescitement of 279-8 aes related, but more complex, pbloms Since of (277) ea ely be Penelope’ Kamen, fbr (rs) fos be understaod [as ao at t6) sift fom the bie’ fay 8 flowy, gy, where tbecono Boyerga ont naturally imerpretcd 3 {tery oe provision fa dowry. However the twelve ther pace Intlomer where tetera sed denotes presents fom aor to Bride kina invanably des inthe Hei Cte of Wome: he trond is arc oud ery epi, and mau aad have been chit oval wage when he Opa was compose Terminally en famoge i anomaons, thug tere are other Homer relrence to what Fence dowry he cenet being 3,5 796 38 942,30 257-8 Toit) ser punt the many relrene to valuable is om asst to be Bie or bet kn fe il 318,338, 0 8. (Peep), 367 = 106 sat-2 (Pe 529 (Pe ebt-a (Pa a 6 here the {or anderakes itary service stead), v8, 10072) a the impleatons of sch here namer at ‘lpn (© 369) td Hep (Git si 52) eb mater deo Hx A Ven 205). There have bem many ingenious atempee to connor const st om what Sppents robe evidence o two quite dilleren types of marriage etemrn much, but not everything, might be barmnied by. posting the not ticomon precce eine dowry, where the lego pays over ‘property which weil be uid to endow the new etblshed honshol, Bat Xesment probable that Homeric marriages preven an alga tt praetics fom ferent hissrcal pede and dierent place, Rather “orplieated, perhap, by misconception sc further AM. Sng, An torial Homeric Society, JS xe 994) 189 bee eercice to carlier dscusons may be Gand) and above p39 Sinaphoo on ‘he rater surpesing lengthening othe fas sable ewig) see Watt, Lenihiag. 120 08 Gidget bis nea the fre of bt nae quite sear: posbly ndcating purpore, towards iin oder 40 get ote Chantmine, apm 107 § 133 oF pera it shoal he taken more lel wah the ‘ech and dle wed nerpreted a age. of pre. The phase ile kd applied co 3 middleaged ide, sngegu Clog 5, Ths second suggestion doesnot depend on the re of Theft however the sues react, Telemachs ough to be concerned 10 find our what has happened fo hi father. Sigeieany, eben he goe 10 tual athe ead of the day it thi joorey which oceupie his tough (44g) ot the more immediate prospect of the asembiy flo Mentesasunes that Telemahus wl have no problem about geting Tol oa ship: nat, thou dine anstanee would have bea dil 115-6, 3to-20- The relatively careeee manner in which this Voyage 5 proposed amd undertaken inconnent withthe indian later the ocr that ti winter ai 457. 298, a0 95, hs x 310). Spee or. pariple of dprione "equipping Biting out Apbrger ikon 4 modes sit; the Phoarian ship which brings Odyseur howe hana ee tga (lg, and i was probably the sinc ofthe normal capita ship of (hie period! see JS. Marraon and RT. Willams, Grok Oued Ship Cambridge, 1988) 96-7 arg. Bova be Aue: Zour of which the org cannot be traced SOT ggtve sn Br iu dnabon rd ids oo8d roe. Nag "report news of dus ian 8s. Ou Zenoss reaing wis 8 Kor ve (2 Kore Buttman] uy" Thera donee (ch see aban, tration PP 5-4 1286. demonsraive. Bavaro ata logical bur natal mean- Ing fr the superlative view thea of borg to mean ater (ef 368, ah 207) Agen xaheogtina: 3 very common for in {he Had. The poet and in autrence probably uadestd the epithets “armed with bronze’ but mont ely eiinally eter t the seo 8