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Jesus Alcober

Practical course on Teletraffic

This book corresponds to the manual of


practices for a simulator of teletraffic
basic models. An important part in the
studies of communication networks
usually refers to the mathematical tools
that help to dimension communication
systems, which are known under the
name of teletraffic and are based on the
queueing theory and stochastic
processes. The simulator of teletraffic
models is a useful tool to understand
these systems because it allows to
control step by step its way of operating
thanks to a windows environment, and to
get output parameters from input
parameters which have been previously
fixed by the user. The simulator is
implemented by means of a Java applet
that can be freely executed from:
<http://sena.upc.es/~alcober/docente/>
In addition, the manual includes an
appendix containing the basic theory of
teletraffic.


   

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Los autores, 1999; Edicions UPC, 1999.



  
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Los autores, 1999; Edicions UPC, 1999.



  
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Los autores, 1999; Edicions UPC, 1999.



  
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N ; ?*? 7a ? 8B efEnb ; G G#_`7 ? 5%7 = BN7B =F? 5%7&C798:7a ? 8B efEZg ? 5 ;>= b ; G G#_`7NhB ? 5%79NhB ?:; E9BG G L
H 798 ; ~ 7ah_`79G C b kP 465%798:7B =9o BK^#B8 ? CD ? 5%7AE9BG G = B8:8 ; H; I%JZ? C ? 5%7 =*L(=M? 79Nb ; G G{5#B H 7 ? C
xR%79R%7 o,do B I a ? 5 ;>= b ; G G ? B\d7ZR =n? CsE9BG>ER%G>B ? 7KBfa(79G>B L 7a ? 8B efE o bn5 ; E5 ;>= B I C ? 5%798
^#B8BN7 ? 798@CD ? 5%7 = 798 H; I%J E9B^#BdE ; ?MLdP
47&5#B H 7 = 797 Ip? 5#B ?? 5%7xR%79R ; I%JK=*L(=M? 79Nby7&B8:7 =M? R#a L; I%J 5#B = ? 5%8:797&^#B8BN7 ? 798 =
? 5#B ? B8:7KE5#B8BdE ? 798 ;>=M?:; E ,o . B I a6 P Cd8:79C H 798 o by7Z5#B H 7Za(7 ~ I 7amB = 798 ; 7 = CDzEC I }
E79^ ?=? 5#B ? b ; G G(5%79G ^hR =? CAN7B = R%8:7 ; ?od; I Cd8a(798 ? CA8:79G>B ? 7 ; ?F? C ? 5%7 = 798 H; I%J E9B^#BdE ; ?MLdP
47NKR =M?nI C b68:79G>B ? 7 ? 5%7 = 7OEC I E79^ ?=z? C ? 5%7^#B8BN7 ? 798 = B I a ? 5%7 = 798 H; I%J E9B^#BdE ; ?MLdP
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C I? 5%7 I R%NK_`798CDzE9BG G =&; I? 5%7 =*L(=M? 79N P&c 5R =9o=M? B ? 7ECd8:8:7 = ^`C I a =@? C ? 5%7K79N^ ?ML
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^`7 I a ; t ko? 5%7 I by7fE9B I E9BG>ER%G>B ? 7hB IL CD ; ?= ^#B8BN7 ? 798 = g|@|{@|{@< P P P kP Q I? 5%7
=*; NKR%G>B ? Cd8 o by7b ; G GE9BG>ER%G>B ? 7 ? 5%7C(E9ER%8:8:7 I E7^%8:Cd_#B_ ; G ; ?ML CD#B IL=M? B ? 7zCD ? 5%7 =*L(=M? 79N o
? 5%7 I by7@b ; G G%_`7nB_%G 7 ? CONhB\d7nB I B^%^%8:Ct ; NhB ? 7y7 =M?:; NhB ?:; C I CDB IL CD ; ?= ^#B8BN7 ? 798 =
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W&W

Los autores, 1999; Edicions UPC, 1999.



  
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Los autores, 1999; Edicions UPC, 1999.



  
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Los autores, 1999; Edicions UPC, 1999.



  
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Los autores, 1999; Edicions UPC, 1999.



  
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Los autores, 1999; Edicions UPC, 1999.

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