evsKi cixvq h me welq _K ck Avm

mvwnZ

evKiY
evsjv evKiYi BwZnvm

cvwifvwlK k

evsjv mvwnZi msw BwZnvm

fvlv

cev` cePb

Kwe mvwnwZK`i Rb, gZz I cyivi

k cKiY

Abyev`

mvwnwZK`i mvwnZKg

mgv_K k

mw

ceZK, RbK

wecixZ k

mgvm

Dcvwa I Qbvg

GK K_vq cKvk

KviK

iZc~Y Pwi

evbvb

awbeY

PiY, DwZ Ges evYx

mgvPvwiZ k

cyil I xevPK k

evMaviv
1

evsjv evKiYi msw BwZnvm

01|
02|
03|
04|

05|

06|

07|

08|
09|

wLc~e mg kZK cvwYwb c_g eKiY iPbv Kib

msZ fvlvq hvi bvg wQj Avavqx|
c_g evsjv eKiY iPbv Kib gvbyqj ` AvmmymuvD
1734 mvj cZzwMR fvlvq|
c_g evsjv eKiY cKvwkZ nq 1743 mvj, cZzMxR
fvlvq, ivgvb nid|
mec_g cZzMxR fvlvq iwPZ evsjv evKiYi bvg
Vocabolario em idioma Bengalla, e
portuzuez dividido em duas partes.
BsiRxZ c_g evsjv eKiY iPbv Kib bv_vwbqj
evwm nvjnW 1778 mvj| Zvi eKiYi bvg A
Grammar of the Bengali Language|
evvjx`i ga c_g evsjv evKiY iPbv Kib ivRv
ivggvnb ivq 1826 mvj BsiRx fvlvq| Zvi jLv
evKiYi bvg Bengali Grammar in English
Language|
evsjv fvlvq c_g evsjv evKiY iPbv Kib ivRv
ivggvnb ivq 1833 mvj| Zvi evKiYi bvg wQj
Moxq evKiY|
W: gyn` knx`yjv ni jLv evKiYi bvg evvjv
evKiY (1935)|
W: mybxwZKzgvi Pvcvavqi jLv evKiYi
bvg fvlv cKvk evvjv evKiY (1939)|

evsjv fvlvi msw BwZnvm

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.

8.
9.

fvlvi g~j Dcv`vb- awb|

fvlvi g~j DcKiY- evK|
evsjv fvlv B`v-BDivcxq fvlv Mvxi AMZ|
W. gynv` knx`yjv n Gi gZ evsjv fvlvi Rb nq
Moxq Acsk _K 650 wLv A_vr mg
kZvxZ|
W. mybxwZKzgvi Pvcvavq Gi gZ evsjv fvlvi Rb nq
950 wLv A_vr `kg kZK gvMax Acsk _K|
evsjv fvlvi fwM mKxq fvlv mg~n nj Amwgqv I
Iwoqv|
evsjv fvlvi De I weKvk mK W. mybxwZ Kzgvi
Pvcvavq GKwU eB wjLb hvi bvg Origin and
Development of Bengali Language.
mvi RR wMqvmb- Gi gZ evsjv fvlvi Drcw - gvMax
cvKZ _K|
mvi RR wMqvmbi gZK mg_b w`qQb - W:
mybxwZKzgvi Pvcvavq|

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

evsjv fvlvi AvbygvwbK eqm - cvq `o nvRvi eQi|

eZgvb cw_exZ fvlv cPwjZ AvQ - mvo wZb nvRvii
ewk|
eZgvb cw_exZ evsjv fvlv eenviKvixi msLv KZcvq Pwek KvwU|
cw_exZ mKj fvlvi ga evsjv fvlvi Aevb - mg|
fvlveenviKvix jvKmsLvi weePbvq evsjv fvlvi
Aevb - PZz_|
Official language ev `vwiK cwifvlv wnmve evsjv
fvlvi Aevb - `kg|

evsjv fvlvi k mvi

Zrmg (msZ) k
K)
L)
M)
N)
O)
P)

Y, l, , F, t : hy k mg~n Zrmg (msZ) k|

hgb jeY, e, `xv, wkv, Fwl, KY, Pz BZvw`|
evsjv mvZ evii bvg I eviv gvmi bvg Zrmg/msZ
k| hgb kwb, iwe, mvg, Avlvp, kveY, fv` BZvw`|
`k w`Ki bvg Zrmg k| hgb Di, `wY, c~e,
cwg, ClvY, evqy, AwM, bir, Ea, Aat|
gnvKvk msvmKj k Zrmg k| hgb P`, m~h,
b, Mn, DcMn, Dv, bxnvwiKv, a~gKZz BZvw`|
wn`y ag msvmKj k Zrmg k| hgb `e, `ex,
ivgvqY, gnvfviZ, c~Rv BZvw`|
msZ DcmM, msZ cZq Ges wemM mw mvwaZ mKj
k Zrmg k| hgb welgxfeb, mylg, gvbe, hv`e,
cve BZvw`|

AaZrmg k
AaZrmg kmg~n g~j kmg~n _K weKZ ne|
hgb
KvqZ (Kvq) cjxi cyiZ (cyivwnZ) myih (m~h)
Wvevi ci P`ii (P`) RvQbv (Rvrmv) ivwi (ivw) wgwi
(wg) cvovi Mi (Mnv) evwoZ Mjb Kv (K) VvKzii
hw (h) KiZ| AvR ew` (e`) VvKzii Qiv (kv)
Zvi gi (g) covi bgY (wbgY) wQj| wK wewi (ew)
KviY AvR Mivgi (Mvg) wQwi (kx) KzwQZ (KzrwmZ) nq
MQ| Pvwiw`K Kv`vq cv coZ Nbvq (NYv) Zvi MZi (Mv)
Dwq AvmZ jvMj| KvR kl Ki wZwb LZ emjb| wK
Lvevi mvqv` (^v`) GZB wewQwi (wekx) h Zvi wcw (wc)
Rj hvwQj| LveviUv DwQ (Drm) gb nZ jvMj| Zvi
civY (cvY) hvq Aev Aekl hZbi (hZi) mv_ mj
(mKj) K cbvg (cYvg) Rvwbq Pj Mjb|
2

Ze k
gb ivLZ ne:- LuvwU evsjv k nj Ze k| `kx k LuvwU
evsjv k bq|
hgb:- KvbvB (K) Ges Zvi eD evwo _K cv-G nvUv cvnvwo
(cvnvo) gvwUi ivvi euvK cwoq Puv`i nvU Mjb| fvj Ki
nvZ gyL ayq gv_vq cvwb w`q Zviv gvQ w`q fvZ Lj| Zviv
`BI Lj| wK mv_ UvKv Kg _vKvq Zvi eD AvuPj evav UvKv
ei Ki w`j| Aekl Puv`i Zviv Avjvq evwo wdij|

`kx k
bov ew`b ci evwoZ hvIqvq Zvi gv Zvi LvIqv wbq
AbK hZ Kijb| wZwb Kzjv fwZ XuwK QvUv PvDj, huvZvq fvv
Wvj wbq cvwZj Ki Pzjvq Pvcvjb ivbvi Rb| wZwb Pzjv
Rvjvjb Lo, Kzov Avi Kqjv w`q|
Zvi gv hLb ivbv KiQb bov NyiZ eivjb Ges
`Ljb IuZ cZ _vKv GKwU evNWvk Zv`i Kvjv Lvov cvVv
wUK Kvgo w`qQ| Zv `L wZwb Pj Mjb Mvgi c_|
`Ljb Z`i QvU LywK Lvcv Ki NvgUv co RjcvB MvQi
Mvovq em _vbKzwb cvZv ZzjQ|
evwo divi mgq wZwb guvPv _K avgv fwZ wSv, ay`j I
jvD wbq wdijb| Aekl wZwb cU fi Lvevi Ljb mewR,
Usiv gvQi Svj, KvZjv, MRvi I Pjv gvQi cvbv w`q|
weKj wZwb gB w`q MvQ _K KzwoUv WvMi (Wvi) Wve
cvijb ci wZwb wWw wbq M Mjb| mLvb _K evZvmv,
aywZ, Xvj I Uvco wKbjb| evwo divi c_ jvwV w`q ev`yo
I Xvov mvc Zvwoq b`xZ XD Zzj evwo wdijb|

we`kx k
evsjv fvlvq wewfb we`kx fvlv _K AbKjv
we`kx k GmQ| Ze wewfb fvlv _K ag msvAbK k
GmQ| ZvB mnR gb ivLvi Rb c_g Pj ag msv k
mg~ni QKwU `wL|
Aviwe: gv`vmvi gmwR` gyqvwbi Avhvb b gymwjiv GKwZ
njb| `vqv kl Bgvg mvne dZvqv w`jb h- Avjvn&
KziAvbi AvqvZ gymjgvb`i Rb Kvwjgv, mvjvZ, mvIg, nR,
hvKvZ, dih KiQb| `ywbqvi Gme Kivi hvMZv _vKvi ciI
hviv Kieb bv Zv`i Cgvb bvB| Zviv Kvwdi| hviv imyji
`Lvbv c_ Bev`vZ Kieb AvwLivZ Zviv cveb RvbvZ| Avi
hviv nvivg, nvjvj civqv Kieb bv nvkii gq`vb cveb
Rvnvbvg|
dviwm: Lv`v dikZv wbqvM KiQb bvn& wnmve Kivi Rb|
bvgvh, ivhv Kij enkZ bBj `vhL|
cZzwMR: wMRvi cvw` zk co hxi evYx cPvi Kib|

msZ/Zrmg: ivgvqY gnvfviZi jLKiv, Fwliv `e `ex`i

c~Rvi iZ eYbv Kib| Zviv `Lvb e` I MxZvi `Lvbv
gvM hviv c_ Pje Zv`i Rb ^M Zviv _vKe `ejvK|
Ab_vq Avevi cybRb ne Ges Zvi ci hZ ne biK hLvb
mKj cvcvZvi wVKvbv|

Aviwe k
evsjv fvlvq eeZ cvq mKj AvBb msvk Aviwe k|
gRvi welq nj AvBb| ke`wUB Avevi dviwm k| wKQz
D`vniY wbg `Iqv nj:-

AvBb msvk
Av`vjZi mvgbi gq`vb DwKj, gvvi, gywi, gyd,
`vjvj I Avmvwgmn AbKB gvKgvi KviY RgvqZ
nqQb| Rjw` mKj GRjvm nvwKgi mvgb Rov njb|
`wjj RvwjqvwZi ARynvZ gvgjv| IRi I KwdqZ kvbvi ci
nvwKg Kvq`v-Kvbyb wnmve Ki Avmvwg`i GKRbK Rwigvbv
Kijb AciRbK nvRZi Kzg w`jb| wK DPZi Av`vjZ
gvgjv LvwiR Ki gvgjv i` Ki w`jb|

wkv DcKiY I wkv msvk

gv`ivmv I ge Qv`i KziAvbi wZjvIqvZ I ZRgvi
Dci Zvwjg `Iqv nq| Zv`i c _KB Mwie wkv_x`i
`vqvZ, Kjg I wKZve `Iqv nq Gjg jvfi Rb| cwZ eQi
gniigi w`b Qv`i mb` c`vb Kiv nq|

eemv msvZ_
gmjv eemvqi gvwjK gvZei mvne wm`yK _K Znweji
A_ wbq eemv i Kij| wK LvRbv msv wnmve wbKvk
Mj` nIqvq Zv`i eemvq Kvb jvfB njbv| Aciw`K
Zzdvb RvnvR Wywei KviY AbK jvKmvb nIqvq m dZzi nq
dwKi nq Mj|

wewea
C`i w`b mKvj myjZvb Ges beve bvqeK mv_ wbq
dwKi I gymvwdi`i mv_ `Lv Kijb| Aci w`K Avwgi Gi
Kbv gmygx Zvi K mvd Ki gvjvqg ^i Zejv I Zvbcyiv
wbq MRji iIqvR KiwQj| Zvi GB MRji myi fvii
nvIqvq fm Qwoq coj|

dviwm k
ckvmwbK k
ev`kvn& Zvi `ievi em ev`v`i bvwjk wbq KvR KiQb| AvR
dwiqv` GmQ Mvgv I ckKvi-Gi bvg| Zviv iOgnj bvgK
jiLvbvi `vivqvbi KvQ _K e-AvBwb fve eLwmm wbqQ|
miKvi cavb nIqvq wZwb Zv ei`vbv Ki digvb cvwVq wmcvwn viv
Zv`i MdZvi Kij| Zv`i KvivMvi wbq Zv`i Revbew` bIqv
nj| Mvq`viv Z`Kij| e-kig, evZ`i KvimvwR aiv covq
Zv`i c_g eiLv c ev`kvn& `LZ Kijb| Zvici `yRb

cvjvqvb KvZvqvj Zv`i Rjv``i nvZ nvi Kij| Aekl

Mvj`vR I Zxi`vR`i viv Zv`i gZz` `Iqv nj|

eemvq msvZ_
Pkgvi KviLvbvq KvwiMiiv AbK Lvk gRvR wbq Lvmv
Ki Pkgv Zwi Kij| Zwii ci mwUK weqi Rb bqv nj
e`ii evRvii `iMvi cvk `vKvb| `vKvb`vi bgybv wnme
wKQz Pkgv Szwjq ivLjb| Lwiviiv Gm Zv`i cvkvK I
Pnvivi mv_ wgwjq `Ljb| cQ` nj Lye Lywk nq Lwi`
Kijb| Pkgv `vKvb _K LyPiv I cvBKvwi `yB fveB wew
nj| mwLbiv Avg`vwb Kiv Pkgv eenvi Kib| Abw`K
AbK Pkgv ivwb Kiv nq|

wewea
bZzb RvgvZv ki evwo hvevi ejvq xi Rb evMvb evwMPv
_K Mvjvc MvwjPv wbj, kvwii Rb Rvg`vwb kvwo wbj Ges
kii Rb `wRi `vKvb _K ikwg Kvcoi cvqRvgv, cvvwe
I igvj wbj| Lvb`vwb eski ki evwoZ Zvi AvMgb
kviMvj co Mj| mKj Avb` ek nq Mj| Zvi Rb vi
cQ`i Mig Lvbvi e`veKiv nj| Zvi Rb ivav nj gviM,
cvjvI, wewiqvwb, Svj MvmZ, mewR Ges Rv| LvIqvi ci
ZvK ZigyR LvIqvbv nj| Aekl mvbvB evwRq ZvK we`vq
`Iqv nj|
iOabyi mvZ iOi bxj (Zrmg) ev` evwK iOjvi bvg
dviwm k|
wci mvne ivR mKvj wgwn ckwg Kvco co ivkbvB fve
kvMi``i mv_ `Lv Kib| mw`wb mKvj GK mivBLvbv
_K GK kqZvbK Rvi Ki ai Avbv nj| wci mvne Zvi
`iRvi big Zvi Ici em cqvjv nvZ Zvi wePvi Kijb|
wePvi Rvbvjvi KvV w`q Awfhyi Kvgi wcwUq ZvK
bvvbvey` Ki Zvi nbKiv nj|

ZzwK k
Lvb mvnei evwoZ Zvi DReyK eveywPi Ni _K eMg
mvnei AvjLvjv w`q evbvbv evPKvq fiv jvk cvIqv Mj|
`vivMv evey Lvb mvnei Ni _K Zvc, e`yK, PvKz, evi` I
KuvwP vK Kij Ges ZvK Kvey Ki ai wbq Mj| Aekl
Zvi evev, `v`v-`vw` I bvbv-bvwb `vivMv mvneK Kzwbk Ki
gyPjKv w`q ZvK Qvwoq Avbj|

cZywMR k
eo Qj zj hvevi ci Avqv Zvi Rb BvZi
Avjgvwii fZi Mvgjvq Ki AuvZv, cuc, cqviv, Avbvim I
Abvb Lvevi ivLj| wK Zvi QvU Qj Pvwe nvwiq djj|
ci wgw, evjwZZ Ki AvjKvZiv, Avjwcb I ciK Gb
Zvjv Lyjj| Zvi eo Qj zj _K Gm mvevb, Zvqvjv,
evjwZ I gM wbq Mvmj Kij| Mvmj mb Ki m djjv

Lj AviI Lj AvPvi Ges evgv gvKv cvDiwU| ci Kvgiv

_K eviv`vq ewoq K`vivq em envjv evRvwQj| Zvi
Dk wQj cvki KvwYk KvwgR cov I gv_vq wdZv euvav GK
gqK Lywk Kiv| wK gqi fvB wcj wbq Avkvq m fq
cq Mj Ges Kvgivq wdi Mj|

divwm k
ibmuvi mgq divwm Kvd iviuvq BsiR I Ij`vRiv
em wezU LZ LZ AvuZvZ KiwQj h- mKj KvZzR
eyRvqv`i MviRi wWcvZ ivLv ne Ges Kzcbi gvag
nvi Kiv ne|

Rvcvwb k
cvMvWvi cvw` KvivZ Pvwqb mybvwg nvwiwKwii c~evfvm
b fq nvmvnbv evMvb AvZnZv Kij| ci ZvK c_g
wivq Ges ci mvvb Ki wbq hvIqv nj|

mgv_K k
AwM t Abj, ew, cveK ,Zvkb, ekvbi, Rjb,KlvYy,
wkLver,wkwLby, evqymLv, ZfyK, kywP, wcj, wekcv,
wngviwZ,evqymLv, Awbj, mL, mvsky, mefyK ,wkLv|
Ak t Nvov, NvUK, nq ,evRx, ZziM, Zzig, k, evnb,
nlv, gi`_, NvUKx, Nvox, evgx, eoev|
AvKvk t A^i, evg, bf, MMb, Aix, k~bjvK,
Avmgvb, `yjvK, bxwjgv, k~b, Ab, myic_, A^ijvK,
LjvK, LMvj, bjvK, B_vi, bfvjvK, bfvgj,
bfj, QvqvjvK|
Cki t Avjv, Lv`v, Bjvnx, mv, wekcwZ, cigki ,
RM`xki, RM`xk, RMrcwZ, RMrwcZv,RMrmv, RMbv_,
RMbq, fvMez, Avw`bv_, cw_k, Agik, Ahvgx,
jvKbv_, cigcyil, cigki, cigvZv, cik, cigk, wefy
avZv, RMz|
Kbv t gq, Kbv, bw`bx, Zbqv, `ywnZv, AvZmev, cywKv,
`vwiKv, ZbyRv, gvBqv, `yjvjx, cyx, Kzgvix, Kb , Sx, ewU,
wSqvix, AvZRv|
KvwKj t Kvqj, wcK, cifZ, cicy, Abcy, KvKcy,
KjNvl, emmLv, emx, em`~Z, em Nvl, Kyg`,
gayNvl, Kvqwjqv, KvKcyQ|
Kk/Pzj t AjK, wPKzi, Kzj
, Pzj, Keix|
Pvu` t P`, myavKi, kkx, kkai, kkv, wRivR, wea~, mvg ,
P`gv, wbkvcwZ, wbkvPi, myavwbwa, wngvs, myavsky ,myavKi,
B`y , kxZvs, gMv, wbkvbv_, iRbxKv, ZvivcwZ,
Zvivbv_, Rvrmvbv_, ivKk , myavwbwa|
XD t Ewg, exwP , Zi, Kjvj, Djvj, wnjvj, exwPgvjv,
jni , jnix, gnvZiv, gnvwg, RjKjvj Rvqvi ,
Zif, Zigvjv, Zijnix, KvUvj, N~wY|
4

 Zxi t ZU, cywjb, mKZ, K~j, wKbvi, Avkq, Aewa, avi,

cvo, ki|
w`b t w`em, An, A, evi ,ivR, evmi, Aniv, w`bivw,
w`emiRbx, w`bhvwgbx, mveb ,PwekNUv, Acni, AvUcni|
bvix t igbx, ivgv, evgv, Aejv, gwnjv, x, gq, gqgvbyl,
gqQj, jjbv, Abv, gvbex, gvbweKv, Kvwgbx, AvIivZ ,
Rbvbv, NvwlZv, Nvlv, Rvwb, evjv, ewbZv, fvgvbx, keix,
cZxc`wkbx, xjvK, fvwgbx|
b`x t b`, b`-b`x, ZwUbx, cevwnbx, kevwjbx, mvZw^bx,
mvZ^Zx, wbSwiYx, `wiqv, MvO, mwir, mgy`Kvv, mgy``wqZv,
mvZvenv, g`vwKbx, mvZven, Kjvwjbx|
cvwb t Rj, evwi, mwjj, Ac, bxi , D`K, D`, Zvq, eviY,
cb`, Biv, Bjv, cyi , me , Zvgi, kxZvg, Rxeb |
cvwL t wenM, wen, kKz, LM, wR, AR, LPi, cM,
cx, cai, wPwoqv, cvL-cvLvwj|
c t Kgj, Drcj, cR, Kzgy` , Kie, Kyej, Kzej,
AvR, Kzejq, Kzgy`x, kZ`j, Aiwe`, bwjb, ivRxe,
bwjbx, mivR, mivwRg , mwjjR, wemKzmyg, wemR, ivwnvm,
Kv, bxiR, Bw`ivjq, Kzkkq, bxjc, bxjvrcj, bxj
Kgj, jvjc, iKzgy`, iKgj, kZ Kgj|
ceZ t wMwi, kj, cvnvo, Aw`, f~ai, gnxai, bM, APj,
kai, wMwiai, bvMvwaivR, wwZai, gw`bxai, cw_exai,
c_xai, Aebxai, aiYxai, aivai, emyavai|
cy t AvZR, b`b, `yjvj, myZ, Zbq, Qj, LvKv,
AvZve, ZbyR, ^R, `viK, Kzgvi, cyK, cyZ, cv, cyj,
cvZK, eUv|
cv_i t cvlvY, ci , wkjv, wkj, Dcj, Ak, iZ, gwY `lr,
KuvKi, Ki|
cw_ex t RMr, fyeb, msmvi, wek, ivR, aiv, aiYx , awix,
emygZx, c_x, `ywbqv, f~gj, gZ, emyav, f~ , Aebx , gnx,
gw`bx, wwZ, aivZj, aivavg|
evZvm t evqy, ceb, mgxi, mgxiY, Awbj, gir, gviZ, evwZ,
evqy, AvM, cegvb, m`vMwZ, bftkvm, ken, AwMmLv,
ewmLv, RMZvqy, RMrcvY, gvZwekv, RMj, Mevn, nvIqv,
cfRb, K|
eb t AiY, Kz, Kvvi, wewcb, AUex, Rj, ebRj, `ve,
ebvbx, ebx, Kvbb, AiYvbx, ebev`vo, ev`vo, Svc, RjvU,
ebf~wg, ebvj|
e t Zi, `g, kvLx, cv`c, gnxin, Dw`, AUex, wkLix,
cYx|
we`yr t Zwor, Pcjv, Pj, Akwb, Ycfv, AwPi, Abycfv,
m`vwgbx, `vwgbx, weRjx, kv|
gN t Rj`, evwi`, Rjai, bxi`, Nb, Rxg~Z, A, A^yevn,
A^yevnx, cqvai, cqv`, A^yai, Kv`w^bx, bxiai, Bi`|
gq~i t Kjvcx, KKx, wkLx, wkLx|
ivRv t bc`, bcwZ, bik, f~cwZ, f~c, bicwZ, f~cvj,
gnxcvj, ai, bc, bcvj, bivwac, bi`, bi`e, wZxk,

wwZc, AebxcwZ, Aebxk, Awac, Aaxki, gnxk, cvZkv,

mgvU, ivR`, kvnbkv, bcgwY|
ivZ t ivw, ivwZ, Agv, wbwk, wbkv, wbkx_, ivZ, iRbx,
hvwgbx, hgeZx, hvgx, hvwgKv, keix, wefveix, wbkxw_bx,
wbwZ, Y`v, b, cv, Zvgmx, Amyqv|
mgy` t mvMi, mvqi, wmz, `wiqv, Rjwa, A^ywa, A^ywbwa,
cv_vi, Rjwbwa, cPZv, Rj`, AK~j, AK~j cv_vi,
Rjki, RjviY, evwiwa, Rjai, iZvKi, iZMf, bxjv^y,
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AwaK b `vlvq = cqvRbi ekx njI wZ bB |
Amvii ZRb MRb mvi = Ynxbi e_ Avvjb|
Afve ^fve b = Afve coj fvj gvbylI Amr nq|
A we`v fqix = A we`vi AwZ `c|
AwZ PvjvKi Mjvq `wo = ewk PvjvwK Kwiqv AbK
VKvBZ Mj AbK mgq wbRK wec` cwoZ nq|
AwZ jvf ZuvwZ b = ewk jvf me^ nvivBZ nq|
AbK mbvmxZ MvRb b=AbK jvK nBj KvR wekLjv nq|
A_B Ab_i g~j = A_ nBZB hZ Mvjgvj mw|
Aivuaywbi nvZ co iB gvQ Kuv` = AhvM jvKi nvZ
cwoqv fvj wRwbmI b nq|
Av

Aviwki gyL cokxK `Lv = wbRi gZ Ki AbK fvev

Avovj jvK ivRvi gvKI WvBwb ej = AmvvZ
Abi wb`v mevB Ki|
Avg `ya GK nj, AvuwU Lvmv co ij = `yB ci ga
evSvcov nBqv Mj, A_P hvMvhvM Kwiqv w`j h m-B
AevwZ ewjqv MY nBj|
Avcwb euvPj evci bvg = PvPv Avcb cvY euvPv|
Avcwb Z VuvB bB, kivK WvK = wbRi Avq w`qv
wbR PwjZ cvi bv; A_P Abi Rb LiP Ki|
AvM `kb`vix ci YwePvix = evwnK m`h vivB gvbyl
c_g AvK nq|
Avmj gylj bB XuwK Ni Puv`vqv= Dchy eev Aej^bi Afve|
Avc fvjv Zv RMr fvjv = wbR fvj nj mKjB fvj nq|
Avgov MvQ Avg nq bv = g` ^fvei jvKi KvQ fvj
eenvi Avkv Kiv hvq bv|
Avcwb AvPwi ag Aci wkLvI = hv wbR gvb bv, Zv
AciK wkLve bv|
Avyj dzj KjvMvQ = Awekvm DbwZ|
Avcb cvq Kzovj gviv = wbRi wZ wbR Kiv|
Avyi dj UK = cvb bv ZvB Lvb bv|
Av`vi evcvwii RvnvRi Lei = AbwaKvi PPv Kiv|
AvU-wcV `o, Ze Nvovi Dci Po = KvbI Kvh Kwievi
hvM bv nBj, m Kvh KwiZ hvIqv DwPZ bq|
14

B
Bu`yi Pbbv fvMeZ cyuw_ = g~L ew Yxi Y evS bv|
BUwU gvij cvUKjwU LZ nq = hgb Kg Zgb dj,
A_vr cii Awb Kwij wbRiI Awb nq|
D
Djeb gy Qovbv = AhvM cv g~jevb e `vb Kiv|
DwPZ K_v ez eRvi = mZ K_v ejj AvcbRbI i
nq|
DV e cbB Pbv hvq = KvRi Avi `wLqv KvRi kl
eySv hvq|
Dov LB Mvwe`vq bgt = h LB nvZ nBZ evZvm Dwoqv
Mj, Zvnv Mvwe`i bvg wbe`b|
D`viwcw ey`vi Nvo = GKi `vl Abi Dci Pvcvbv|
Ebv fvZ `ybv ej = A Avnvi kw ew|
DwPZ K_vq ez eRvi = mZK_v Awcq |
G
GK nvZ Zvwj evR bv = h Kvb KjnB Dfq ci
wKQz bv wKQz `vl _vK|
GK Kovi gyi` bB, fvZ gvivi MuvmvB = DcvRbi gZv
bvB A_P LiP Ki cPzi|
GK gvN kxZ hvq bv = wec` GKeviB Avm bv|
GK wXj `yB cvwL gviv = GKB mv_ `yB Dk mvab
Kiv|
GK gvN kxZ hvq bv = GKeviB wec` kl nq bv|

ebeY
K
KvuPv evuk Nyb aiv = AcwibZ eqm bwZK AatcZb NUv,
KBqi Zj KB fvRv = cii Dci w`q ^v_ Dvi|
Kvbv Qji bvg cjvPb = hvi h Y bB, ZvK mB
Y Awfwl Kiv|
KuvUv w`q KuvUv Zvjv = k bvk|
Kbi Ni wcwm, eii Ni gvmx = DfqK jwjq w`q
^v_ DviKvix|
Kv_v hvI Mvcvj, m hve Kcvj = fvM wPimx|
Kqjv hvq bv ayj, ^fve hvq bv gij = Lvivc jvK mnR
Zvi ^fve cwieZb KiZ cvi bv|
KvRi ejvq KvRx, KvR dzivj cvRx = cqvRb KvDK
KvQ WvKv, AcqvRb gyL wdwiq bIqv|
KuvPvq bv bvqvj euvk cvKj Ki Vvm Vvm = QvUejvq
wkv bv wbq eo nj cwiYZ eqm Zv me bq|

Kvb w`qwQ Zzjv Avi wcV euawQ gyjv = wekl mn kw

I ah Avq Kiv|
Kcvj Y Mvcvj VvKzi = A` fvj _vwKj hvMZvnxb
jvKI eo nq|
Kvbv Mi evgybK `vb = AKRv wRwbm `vb Kwiqv `vbi
c~Y jvfi Pv Kiv|
Kzwgii m weev` Ki Rj evm Kiv = hvnvi hLvb
cfyZ mLvb Zvnvi m weiva Kwiqv _vKv hvq bv|
K bv Kij K wgj bv = mvabv Qvov mvdj jvf Kiv
hvq bv|
KvOvji K_v evwm nj LvU = iZ bv `Iqv jvKi
K_vi `vg wec` cwojB evSv hvq|
Kviv cl gvm, Kviv mebvk = GKi jvf Abi wZ|
KD gi wej QuP, KD Lvq K = GKi cwikg Abi
wejvwmZv|
KuPv LyuoZ wMq mvc eivbv = ZzQ welqi m~ RwUj mgmvi
De|
L
wL` cj fvN avb Lvq = cqvRbi AvwaK|
Lvj KU Kzgxi Avbv = wbRi wec` wbR WK Avbv|
LyuwUi Rvi fov bvP = kwkvjx ewi ccvlKZvq
AhvM ewiI kw `Lvbv me|
Lvm ZvjyKi cRv = Lye AbyMZ ew|
M
Muvq gvb bv Avcwb gvoj = Ab bv gvwbjI wbRK
eo ewjqv gb Kiv|
Mvbv Mi evN Lvq bv = wnmei Mi evN Lvq bv|
Mi gi RyZv `vb = KvnviI h_ wZ Kwiqv ci
ZvnviB mvgvb DcKvi Kiv|
MvQ KuvVvj Muvd Zj = fwelZi `ikq D`Mxe nBqv
_vKv|
MvQiI Lvq, ZjviI Kzovq = GKB m GKvwaK ^v_wmw
Kiv|
Muqv hvMx wfL cvq bv = wbRi GjvKvq Yxi Av`i
bB|
Nicvov Mi wmu`yi gN `L Wivq = eo wec`i AwfZv
AKviYB fxZ Kwiqv Zvj|
Mv- goK gywPi cveY = GKi wZZ Acii jvf
M`vB jix Pvj = `xNmywZvi fve
Mi gi RyZv `vb = ekx wZ Ki mvgvb wKQy w`q Lywk Kivi
Pv

15

W/X

Nii Lq ebi gvl Zvovbv = wbRi wZ Ki Abi DcKvi

Kiv|
Ny Ny `LQ duv` `Lwb = PZzi ewK Kkj R Kivi
BwZ|
P

Wye Wye Rj LvIqv = Mvcb Mvcb Kvb KvR Kiv|

Xvj bB Zjvqvi bB wbwaivg m`vi = gZv bB wK Avvjb
AvQ|
XuwK ^M MjI avb fvb = meB h GKB iKgi `vqMvwqZ enb Ki|
XwK ^M MjI avb fvb = A` me m m hvq
Z

PKPK Kwij mvbv nq bv = PnvivZ Avmj Y aiv hvq bv|

Pviv bv kvb agi Kvwnbx = Dc`k w`qv AmrK mr Kiv
hvq bv|
PvPv Avcb cvY evuPv = wbRi Rxeb iv Kwiqv Zvici
AbK mvnvhi Rb nvZ evovI|
PvgwPKI cvwL, wWcywUI nvwKg = AvKvi ev PvjPjb eo
ewjqv gb nBjB cKZ eo nq bv|
Pbv evgybi cZ jvM bv = hvM jvKi Rb mycvwik jvM
bv|
Pvi cvjvj eyw evo = NUbv NwUqv hvBevi ci Zvnv
GovBevi c_ cvIqv|
Pvi Pvi gvmZzZv fvB = Acivaxiv GK Abi mvnvhKvix
nq|
Pviv bv b agi Kvwnbx = g` jvK fvj Dc`k Kvb
`q bv|
Pvii mvx MuvU KvUv = g` jvKB g` jvKK mvnvh
Ki|
Q
Quov Kuv_vq q jvL UvKvi ^c `Lv = Ame Kbv Kiv|
QvB djZ fvv Kzjv = mvgvb KvRi mvgvb cv|
QzuP nq XyK dvj nq eivbv = `qvcv_x nBqv XywKqv
weivU Awb Kwiqv Pwjqv hvIqv|
Qo ` gv Ku` euvwP = Kvb AevwZ Svgjv nBZ gyw
cvBevi AvKzjZv|
R
Rvi hvi gyjyK Zvi = kwkvjxivB wUK _vK|
RyZv mjvB _K PwcvV = QvU-eo hveZxq KvR Kiv|
S
Svc eyS Kvc gviv = myhvMi menvi Kiv|
So eK gi dwKii KivgwZ evo = Abi viv
mvw`Z KwZZ wbRi ej `vwe Kiv|
V
VM evQZ Muv DRvo = hLvb g`i msLvwaK, mLvb
fvj evQvB Kiv hvq bv|
Vjvi vbg evevRx = Pvc co bwZ ^xKvi Kiv|

Z fvZ byb RvU bv, cvv fvZ wN = cqvRbxq KvR

mvgjvBevi mvg_ bvB hLb, ZLb AcqvRbxq KvRi cwZ
SvuK `Lvbv|
Zjv gv_vq Zj `qv = hvi AvQ, ZvK AviI `Iqv|
Zzwg di Wvj Wvj, Avwg wdwi cvZvq cvZvq = PvjvKi
PqI ewk PvjvwK Kiv|
`
`k P fMevb f~Z = GKvwaK jvK wgj fvjKI g`
ej cwZcb Kiv|
`yai mva Nvj gU bv = Avmj wRwbmi Avb` bKj
cvIqv hvq bv|
`ki jvwV GKi evSv = GKRbi c hvnv KwVb,
`kRbi c Zvnv AwZ mnR|
`uvZ _vKZ `uvZi gg evS bv = Kvb wKQzi Afve bv
nj m welqi iZ Abyaveb Kiv hvq bv|
`ya-Kjv w`q Kvjmvc cvlv = kK mhyZ cwZcvjb|
`ZKzji cnjv` = g` cwiek fvj jvK |
a

awi gvQ bv QuyB cvwb = wKQz gv eM bv cq nq Ggb Kkj wmw|

aivK mivvb Kiv = KvDK civqv bv Kiv|
agi XvKv Avcwb evR = kl ch mZ cKvk cveB|
agi Kj evZvm bo = Abi mgvjvPbv bv Kwiqv wbRi
KvR wbR Kiv|
b

bov `yevi ejZjvq hvq bv = GKB wec` gvbyl AwaKevi

cwZZ nq bv|
bvbv gywbi bvbv gZ = wewfb jvKi wewfb gZ|
bvB gvgvi Pq Kvbv gvgv fvj = bv _vKvi Pq mvgvb _vKvB fvj|
bvPZ bv Rvbj DVvb euvKv = AKRv jvK KvRi
Amvdji Rb Abi `vl `q|
byb LvB hvi, Y MvB Zvi = DcKvixi DcKvi Kiv|
byb AvbZ cvbZv dyivq = `vwi`M Rxeb
bvKi ej` bib = wfb wRwbm mvgb wZc~ib
16

c
cU Lj wcV mq = jvfi cZvkvq K mn Kiv|
c_ Pje Rb, Kwo be Y = c_i fvjvg`
Rbb c_ PjZ nq Ges KviI KvQ _K UvKv cqmv
bIqvi mgq Y wbZ nq|
cii ab cvvwi = Acii A_ h_ eq Kiv|
cii gv_vq KuvVvj fvOv = AciK K w`q wbRi ^v_ nvwmj
Kiv|
cvci ab cvqwi hvq = Am`ycvq AwRZ ab Amr
c_B ewqZ nq|
cii Nvi e`yK iL wkKvi = Abi Dci `vq ivwLqv ^v_
Dvi Kiv|
ceZi gywlK cme = weivU Avo^ii ZyQ cwiYwZ
wucoq em cuovi LiP = bMb jvKi iZc~b Lei
ivLv|
e

eR AvUzwb dv Miv = evBi kwgvb fZi `yej

euvki Pq Kw eo = evci Pq Qji ZR ewk|
evgyb nq Puv` nvZ = QvUi AwZ eo kL|
emZ cj Z Pvq = wKQz myweav cvBj Aviv AwaK myweav
`vwe Kiv|
webv gN eRcvZ = AvKwK wec` DcwZ nIqv|
wel bB Zvi Avevi Kzjvcbv Pi = gZvnxbi AnZzK
Avvjb|
evN Qzj AvVvi Nv = `y jvKi cvjvq coj wKQz bv wKQz wZ
neB|
evi nvZ KuvKzoi Zi nvZ exwP = g~j welq Acv
AcqvRbxq welqi evovevwo|
webv evZvm cvZv bo bv = KviY Qvov Kvb KvR nq bv|
ePb RMr Zz = wgw K_v ejj mevB m _vK|
f

fvMevbi evSv fMevb eq = fvMevb jvKiv Kv_vI

AvUKvq bv|
fvZ Qovj KvKi Afve nq bv = UvKv _vwKj KvRi
jvKi Afve nq bv|
wfi Pvj Kuvov Avi AvKvov = `qvi `vbi fvj-g` wePvi
Pj bv|
g
gvjvi `o gmwR` ch = KvhgZvi wbw` mxgv|
giv nvwZ jvL UvKv = g~jevb ei wKQz wZ njI Aewk
Aski g~j _vK cPzi|

gi mvab wKsev kixi cvZb = Kvb KvR mv`b Kivi

Rb `p-cwZ nIqv|
gkv gviZ Kvgvb `vMv = mvgvb evcvi weivU AvqvRb|
giv evNK wKwjq gviv = wg_v evnv`yix
h
hZ MR ZZ el bv = Avo^i Abyhvqx KvR bv nIqv|
hvK `LZ bvwi Zvi Pjb euvKv = hvK cQ` nq bv, Zvi
cZK KvRB `vl|
hvi jvwV Zvi gvwU = Rvi hvi gyjyK Zvi|
hvi Rvjv mB Rvb = f~fvMxB h_v_ `ytL Dcjw KiZ
cvi|
hZ `vl b`Nvl = Kvb `yej ewK me `vli Rb `vqx
Kiv|
hZY kvm, ZZY Avku = kl Aewa Avkv ZvM bv Kiv|
hvi Rb Pzwi Kwi mB ej Pvi = hvnvi DcKvi Kiv nBj,
m-B hLb wb`v Ki|
hvi Kg Zvi mvR, Ab jvKi jvwV evR = h jvK h
KvRi hvM bq, Zvnvi viv m KvR nq bv|
hLvb evNi fq mLvb ivZ nq = GKvwaK wec` GKm
NUv|
hgb eybv Ij, Zgwb evNv ZuZzj = mqvb mqvb
gyLvgywL|
i
i_ `Lv Kjv ePv = GK wXj `yB cvwL gviv|
ivRvq ivRvq hy nq, DjyLvMovi cvY hvq = gZvevb`i
`i dj mvaviY jvKi Rxeb wecb nIqv|
j
jvM UvKv `e Mixmb = Abi Dci fimv Kwiqv
ewnmve LiP Kiv|
jey KPjvj ZZv nq = h Kvb evcvi ewk NuvUvNuvwU
Kwij Akvwi D`K nq|
k/m

wkKvwi weovj Muvd Pbv hvq = nvefve `wLqv evSv hvq|

mvci nuvwP e` Pb = cKZ jY Awf jvKB evS|
mvi wZb Aev = mvi `e cvqB Livc _vK|
meyi gIqv dj = ah mydj dj|
mgqi GK duvo, Amgqi `k duvo = mgq _vwKZ
mveavb nBj wec`Kvj invB cvIqv hvq|
mvc nq KvUv Zzwg, ISv nq Svov = Dfq ci
civgk`vZv wnme h KcUZv Ki|

17

 myL _vKZ fyZ wKjvq = evKvwgi KviY Svgjvq RwoZ nBqv

cov|
n

22.
23.

nvwZi cuvP cv `Lv = mfvM Me AwZkq evovevwo|

nvZ gvi bv, fvZ gvi = cZfve Kvb kZv bv
Kwiqv Aj mebvk mvab Kiv|

24.

Abyev`
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.
08.
09.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

Ill got, ill spent- cvci ab cqw hvq|

Grasp all, lose all - jvf cvc cvc gZz|
Harm watch, harm catch.- givnvZx jvL UvKv|
All covet, All lost . - AwZ jvf ZvuwZ b|
Waste not, want not,-AcPq Ki bv,
AfveZ cov bv|
Fools praise fools- g~LB g~Li K`i Ki|
Silence is half consent- bxieZvB AaK mwZ|
A friend in need is a friend indeed- wec`i ezi
cwiPq|
After death comes the doctor.- Pvi cvjvj eyw
evo|
While in rome do as Romans do-hLvb hgb
mLvb Zgb|
No pains, no gains.- K bv Kij K gj bv|
Grapes are sour- Avyi dj UK|
Man proposes, God disposes- gvbyl fve GK, nq Avi
GK|
It takes two to make a quarrel- GK nvZ Zvwj evR
bv|
Its your own look out.- GUv Zvgvi wbR^
evcvi|
I am looking forward to seeing you - Avwg
Zvgvi w`K Pq AvwQ
Money begets money.- UvKvq UvKv Avb|
Necessity knows no law- cqvRb Kvb AvBb
gvb bv|
Dont Shirk School-zj cvwjI bv|
Life is not worth living without friendshipezZ Qvov Rxeb my`i nq bv|
Too much courtesy too much craft- AwZ fw
Pvii jY|

25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.

He has gone to dogs-m Mvjvq MQ|

A stictch in line saves nine- mgq GK dvo
Amgq `k duvo|
A bad workman quarrels with his toolsbvPZ bv Rvbj DVvb euvKv|
A to Z- m~Yfve|
Penny wise, pound foolish- eR AvUzwb dv
Miv|
A cock and bull story.- Avlvp M|
As you sow, So you reap- hgb Kg, Zgb dj|
Diamond Cuts Dimonds- gvwbK gvwbK Pb|
All is well that ends well - me fvj Zvi kl fvj
hvi
Cut your coat according to your cloth- Avq
eyS eq Ki|
It is a long story- m AbK K_v|
The lion is a beast of prey- wmsn wkKvix c|
One should love ones Country- cZKiB
`kK fvjevmv DwPZ|
Nero fiddles while Rome burns- KviI cl
gvm KviI mebvk|
Man is the best creature of Allah- gvbyl
Avjvni mePq kRxe|
The examination is knocking at the doorcixv mwbKU|
Modern Science is a blessing- AvaywbK wevb
Avkxev`|
Health is wealth- ^vB m`|
Practice makes a man perfect- MvBZ MvBZ
Mvqb|
Students should observe the laws of
health.- Qv Qvx`i ^vwewa gb Pjv DwPZ|
Books are mens best companion in lifecyK
gvbyli Dg mx|
River serves us in many ways- `x bvbv fve
Avgv`i DcKvi Ki|
There is nothing nobler than forgivenessgv Kivi Pq gnr Avi wKQz bB|
Two is Company three is none- `yRb ezZ nq
wZbRb Kjn|

18

46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.

Dont built castle in the air- AvKvk Kzmyg wPv

Ki bv|
Books are a mans best Companions in lifecyK gvbyli Rxebi Dg m|
Look before you leap- fvweqv KwiI KvR|
We must have plenty of exercise- Avgv`i
AekB AbK evqvg Kiv DwPZ|
Industry is the root of success- cwikg DbwZi
g~j|
What are the demands that our freedom makes
on us. - ^vaxbZv Avgv`i Dci Kvb Kvb `vwqZ eZvq|
We should have respect for our elder- eo`i
cwZ Avgv`i kv _vKv DwPZ|
Have patience in danger- wec` ah avib Ki|
There are many villages around DhakaXvKvi Pvicvk AbK Mvg iqQ|
The rose is a very beautiful flower- Mvjvc Lye
my`i dzj|
No person can be happy without friends. ez eZxZ Kvb ewB myLx nZ cvi bv|
Poverty is a great problem in our life- `vwi`
Avgv`i Rxeb GK weivU Awfkvc|
Man is the architect of his own life. - gvbyl
Zvi wbR Rxebi cwZ|
Honesty is the best policy- mZZvB DrK cv|
His thirst for knowledge increased with his
age - eqmi m m Zvi vb wccvmv eo hvq|
He is out of luck - Zvi cvov Kcvj|
It is raining cats and dogs - g~ljavi ew nQ
He is good at mathematics and Science - m
A I wevb fvj
He lives hand to mouth - m w`b Avb w`b
Lvq|
The Cow lives on grass - Mi Nvm Lq Rxeb aviY
Ki|
All his geese are swans Avcb cY mKjB
fvjv ej|
A man is known the company he keeps- m
`L jvK Pbv hvq|
A tree is known by its fruit- bvg bq Kg
cwiPq|

69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.

A stich in times saves nine- mgqi GK duvo

Amgqi `k duvo|
Birds of the same fether flock togetherPvi Pvi gvmZzZv fvB
Blessing are not valued till they are gone`uvZ _vKZ `uvZi ghv`v evSv hvq bv|
Blood is thicker than water - ii Uvb eo
Uvb|
Black will take no other hue- Kqjv ayBj gqjv
hvqbv|
Better alone than bad company- Kzm _vKvi
Pq GKv _vKvI fvjv|
Don`t count chickens before they are
hatched- MvQ KuvVvj Mvd Zj|
Danger often comes where danger is
feared- hLvb evNi fq mLvbB ivw nq|
Faults is thick where love is thin- hvi `LZ
bvwi Zvi Pjb euvKv|
Good wins no bush- Pbv evgybi cZv jvMbv|
Great minds think alike- gnr jvKiv GKiKg wPv
Ki|
He is light fingured- Zvi nvZUvb AvQ|
Hunger is the best sauce- zav cj evN avb
Lvq|
It is lesser evil- GwU g`i fvjv|
Ill got, ill spent- cvci ab cvqw hvq|
I am sick of flatterers- PvUzKvi`i Avgvi fvjv jvM bv|
Like father like sons- evcKv eUv mcvBKv Nvov|
Like cure like- KuvUv w`q KuvUv Zvjv|
Necessity knows no law- Afve ^fve b|
No smoke without fire- Kvib Qvov Kvh nqbv|
Pride goeth before destruction- AwZ evo
eovbv So co hve|
Every dog his day- cZKi Rxeb GKvewi myw`b
Avm|
Set a thief to catch o thief- KuvUv w`q KuvUv
Zvjv|
Self preservation is the first law of natureAvcwb euvPj evci bvg|
Make hay while the sun shines- Svc eyS Kvc
gviv|
To the pure all things are pure- Avcwb fvjv
Zv RMr fvjv|
The child is the father to the man- DVw gyjv
cbB Pbv hvq|
To add insult to unjury- KuvUv Nvq bybi wQUv|
To make a mess thing- fyZi evci kv|
19

98.

To cut of own nose to spite one`s facewbRi bvK KU cii hvv f Kiv|
99. Virtue thrives brst in adversity- `ytLB gvbylK gnr
Ki|
100. A dowing man catches at the straw- hZY
kvm ZZY Avk|

h_Qv
h_

G = Av + B
= h_v + BQv
gn`
= gnv + B`
= h_v + B
imbw`q = imbv + Bw`q

G = Av + C
gnk = gnv + Ck
igk
= igv + Ck
gnki = gnv + Cki
XvKkix = XvKv + Ckix
Mki = Mv + Cki

mw
wbqgvbyhvqx nIqv mwjv mK c~Y cwZi Rb wbPi
mwjv j Kib:

^imw
Av = A+A
bevb
= be + Ab
bivag
=
wngvPj = wng + APj Abvb =
Acivci = Aci + Aci cvYvwaK =
^vaxb = ^ + Aaxb
me^v =
myhv = m~h + A
Av = A+Av
wmsnvmb = wmsn + Avmb wngvjq =
`evjq = `e + Avjq MvMvi =
^ivPvi = ^i + AvPvi cvVvMvi =
iZvKi = iZ + AvKi Kzkvmb =
^vqZ = ^ + AvqZ
Av = Av+A
Z_vwc = Z_v + Awc
K_vgZ =
AvkvZxZ = Avkv + AZxZ mxgv
=
gnvN
= gnv + AN
h_v_
=
AvkvwZwi = Avkv + AwZwi
Av = Av+Av
we`vjq = we`v + Avjq gnvkq
=
KvivMvi = Kviv + AvMvi zavZzi =
m`vb` = m`v + Avb` gvvwaK =
G = A/Av + B/C
bi` = bi + B`
`e` = `e + B`
mZ` = mZ + B`
Acv = Ac + Cv
bik = bi + Ck
ivRki = ivR + Cki

G=A+B
c~Y`y
^Qv
fQv
G=A+C
fek
MYk
`~Mk

bi + Aag
Ab + Ab
cvY + AwaK
me^ + A

wng + Avjq
M + AvMvi
cvV + AvMvi
Kzk + Avmb

K_v + AgZ
mxgv + A
h_v + A_

gnv + Avkq
zav + AvZzi
gvv+ AvwaK

= c~Y + B`y
= ^ + BQv
= f + BQv
= fe + Ck
= Mb + Ck
= `~M + Ck

A/Av + D/E = I
I=A+D
bivg = bi + Dg
civcKvi = ci+DcKvi
m~hv`q = m~h + D`q
djv`q = dj + D`q
Divi = Di + Di kxZv = kxZ + D
RjvQvm = Rj + DQvm bxjvrcj = bxj + Drcj
wnZvc`k = wnZ + Dc`k g~jvQ` = g~j+ DQ`
mevP = me + DP
`xNvPviY = `xN + DPviY
ckvi = ck + Di
I=A+E
Pjvwg = Pj + Ewg
bevpv
= be + Epv
Mnva = Mn + Ea
meva = me + Ea
GKvbweskwZ = GK + EbweskwZ
I = Av + D
gnvrme = gnv + Drme h_vwPZ = h_v + DwPZ
K_vcK_b = K_v + DcK_b
h_vchy = h_v + Dchy gnvcKvi = gnv + DcKvi
gnv`q = gnv + D`q
I = Av + E
gnva = gnv + Ea
mvwg
= mv + Ewg
gnvwg = gnv + Ewg
A/Av + G/H = H
GKK
wnZlx

=
=

gZK =
abkh =
fvekh =

m`e

H=A+G
GK + GK
RbK
wnZ + Glx
mee
H=A+H
gZ + HK
AbK
ab + Hkh
ivRkh
fve + Hkh fveK

= Rb + GK
= me + Ge
= Ab + HK
= ivR + Hkh
= fve + HK

H = Av + G
= m`v + Ge
Z_e
= Z_v + Ge

20

H = Av + H
ivRkh = ivRv + Hkh gnkh
= gnv + Hkh
gnK = gnv + HK
A/Av + I/J = J
eblwa =
RjN =
RjK =
cigla =
w`ela =
K_lwa =
MN =
gnla =
gn`vm =

Kex`
iex`
hZx`
gyxQv
AZxe
cZxZ

=
=
=
=
=
=

cixv =
Aaxki =
wZxk =
my`x`
gnx`
dYx`
jxk
cw_xki
cw_xk
mZxk
dYxki

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

J=A+I
eb + Ilwa
gvsm`b = gvsm + I`b
Rj + IN
MvgK = Mvg + IK
Rj + IK
J=A+J
cig + Jla wP`vh = wP + J`vh
w`e + Jla
J = Av + I
K_v + Ilwa gnlwa = gnv + Ilwa
Mv + IN
J = Av + J
gnv + Jla gn`vh = gnv + J`vh
gnv + J`vm
B/C + B/C = C
C=B+B
Kwe + B`
Afx
=
iwe + B`
AZxZ
=
hwZ + B`
wMix`
=
gyw + BQv gYx`
=
AwZ + Be
AZx`
=
cwZ + BZ
C=B+C
cwi + Cv
cZxv
=
Awa + Cki wMixk
=
wwZ + Ck Afxv =
B=C+B
myax + B`
gnx`
=
gnx + B`
hvMx` =
dYx + B`
jx + Ck
c_x + Cki
c_x + Ck
mZx + Ck
dYx + Cki

C=C+C
cw_exki
Aebxki
kxk
gnxki

=
=
=
=

Awf + B
AwZ + BZ
wMwi + B`
gwY + B`
AwZ + B`

cwZ + Cv
wMwi + Ck
Awf + Cv
gnx + B`
hvMx + B`

cw_ex + Cki
AeYx + Cki
kx + Cl
gnx + Cki

B/C + B/C (wfb^i) = h& + wfb^i

h`wc = hw` + Awc
AZvPvi = AwZ + AvPvi
BZvw` = BwZ + Avw` Afy`q = Awf + D`q
AZ = AwZ + A
AZzP
= AwZ + DP
cZzl = cwZ + Dl
cZK = cwZ+GK
RvZK = RvwZ + HK AZvN = AwZ + IN
AZla = AwZ + Jla b`
= b`x + A
b`vKvi = b`x + AvKvi b`ycwi = b`x + Dcwi
b`~wg = b`x + Ewg
b`vN
= b`x + IN
MZi = MwZ + Ai BZemi = BwZ + Aemi
cZ = cwZ + A
cZn
= cwZ + An
eev = we + Aev
cZvkv = cwZ + Avkv
cZveZb = cwZ + AveZb evwa
= we + Avwa
evnZ = we + AvnZ
e_
= we + A_
evKzj = we + AvKzj
eenvi = we + Aenvi
eenvi = we + Ab
AZvh = AwZ + Avh
BZvKvi = BwZ + AvKvi cZzcKvi = cwZ + DcKi
AZzw = AwZ + Dw Afyvb = Awf + Dvb
AZza = AwZ + Da AZkh = AwZ + Hkh
b`^y
= b`x + A^y
gmvavi = gmx + Avavi
byb
= wb + Db
AZwaK = AwZ + AwaK
Dchycwi = Dcwi + Dcwi cZvLvb = cwZ + AvLvb
chvjvPbv= cwi + AvjvPbv Aa
= Awa + A
Av` = Avw` + A
cZzi = cwZ + Di

wea~`q
mva~g
Pvii
Ab~w`Z
m~

=
=
=
=
=

jN~wg
AY~a

=
=

D/E + D/E = E
E=D+D
weay + D`q
ga~rme =
mvay + Dg KU~w
=
Pvi + Di
gi`vb =
Aby + Dw`Z m~w
=
my + D
E=D+E
jNy + Ewg
en~a
=
AYy + Ea
Zia
=

gay + Drme
KUz + Dw
gi + D`vb
my + Dw

e + Ea
Zi + Da

E=E+D
ea~rme = ea~ + Drme ea~w
= ea~ + Dw
ea~wPZ = ea~ + DwPZ
E=E+E
f~a
= f~ + Ea
mih~wg
= mih~ + Ewg

21

A^q
=
A^lY =
g^i =
gwaZvw` =
ewaZvw` =
^
=
Aw^Z =
eavjq =
ckvewj =
A^xv =

bqb
eqb

=
=

bvqK

feb
=
jeY
=
MelYv =
cveK
fveyK
`veK

=
=
=

`ewl
gnwl
mwl
AagY

=
=
=
=

kxZvZ
ZvZ
fqvZ
zavZ

=
=
=
=

wcbygwZ =
wcwi =
gvxki =
wcwQv =
wcyc`k =
gvwQv =

D/E + Ab^i = i + Ab^i

Aby + Aq
^vMZg = my + AvMZg
AYy + GlY
mvaxwnZ = mvay + CwnZ
gby + Ai
ckvw`
= c + Avw`
gay + BZvw` eavw`
= ea~ + Avw`
ea~ + BZvw` ckag
= c + Aag
my + A
ckvPvi = c + AvPvi
AYy + BZ
Z^x
= ZYy + C
ea~ + Avjq eavMgb = ea~ + AvMgb
ck + Avewj ^vMZ
= my + AvMZ
AYy + Cv
ex
= i + C
G/ + Ab^i = Ag& + Ab^i
Ai& = G + Ab^i
b + Ab
kqb
= k + Ab
e + Ab
H + Ab^i = Avb + Ab^i
b + AK
webvqK = web + AK
I + Ab^i = Ae& = Ab^i
fv + Ab
ceb
= cv + Ab
jv + Ab
Mevw`
= Mv + Avw`
Mv + GlYv
J + Ab^i = Ave& + Ab^i
c + AK
bvweK
= b + BK
f + DK
kveK
= k + AK
` + AK
Av + F = Ai&
Ai& =A/Av + F
`e + Fwl
wngZz
= wng& + FZz
gnv + Fwl
`eZvlf = `eZv + Flf
m + Fwl
DgY
= Dg + FY
Aag = FY
ivRwl
= ivRv + Fwl
A/Av + FZ = AvZ
kxZ + FZ
`ytLvZ
= `ytL + FZ
Zv + FZ kvKvZ = kvK + FZ
fq + FZ
wccvmvZ = wccvmv + FZ
zav + FZ
e`bvZ = e`bv + FZ
F + Ab^i = ( ) i-djv + Ab^i
wcZ + AbygwZ wcv`k = wcZ + Av`k
wcZ + Awi
gvv`k = gvZ + Av`k
gvZ + Cki wc_
= wcZ + A_
wcZ + BQv avx
= avZz + C
wcZ + Dc`k wckh = wcZ + Hkh
gvZ + BQv gvyc`k = gvZ + Dc`k

evbmw
eMxq ZZxq eY
(K) hw` eMxq ZZxq eYi mv_ ^iawbi DPviY _vK Ze
w`M` = w`K& + A
evMvo^i = evK& + Avo^i
evMxk = evK& + Ck
RM`
= RMr +A
RM`xk = RMr + Ck
RMw`` = RMr + B`
fe`yg = fer + Dg w`wM`
= w`K& + B`
RM`xki = RMr + Cki AR
= AP& + A
evM_
= evK& + A_
c_Mb
= c_K& + Ab
evMxkix = evK& + Ckix
cvMwZnvwmK = cvK& + HwZnvwmK
wbR = wbP& + A
ARv
= AP& + Av
lovbb = lU& + Avbb
loFZz
= lU& + FZz
K`
= Kr + A
g`
= gr + A
m`vb` = mr + Avb` m`vkq
= mr + Avkq
Z`
= Zr + A
en`viYK = enr + AviYK
Z`ewa = Zr + Aewa
mw`Qv
= mr + BQv
m`yk = mr + Dk mye
= myc& + A
m`yc`k = mr + Dc`k gn`la = gnr + Jla
cv = cvK& + D
lo
= lU& + A
lokh = lU& + Hkh
m`_K
= mr + A_K
g`
= gr + A
kiw``y = kir + B`y
AewM = Ac& + AwM
Aweb = Ac& + Bb
(L) hw` eMxq 3q eYi mv_ ^iawbi DPviY bv _vK
evM&Rvj = evK& + Rvj
w`M&MR = w`K& + MR
evM&`vb = evK& + `vb
RM`&bv_ = RMr + bv_
FM&e` = FK& + e`
evM&h
= evK& + h
evM&`v = evK& + `v
w`M&`kb = w`K& + `kb
evM&aviv = evK& + aviv
lo&R
= lU& + R
lo&`kb = lU& + `kb
lo&av
= lU& + av
lo&wesk = lU& + wesk
lo&fyR
= lU& + fyR
D`MZ = Dr + MZ
D`Nvib = Dr + NvUb
w`M&nx = w`K& + nx
loh
= lU& + h
D`&hvcb = Dr + hvcb
wM&g
= w`K& + g
loiM = lU& + iM
w`Mv = w`K& + v
(M) hw` eMxq 3q eYi hy eY _vK
ena = enr + ag
Am`c
RMz = RMr + ez
gnb
KzwUKv = Kzr + SwUKv Z`c
D`g = Dr + hg
D`Z
D`vM = Dr + hvM
w`wMRq

=
=
=
=
=

Amr + ic
gnr + eb
Zr + ic
Dr + hZ
w`K& + weRq
22

RMwLvZ= RMr + weLvZ De

= Dr + fe
Dw`
= Dr + wf`
Ze
= Zr + fe
mve
= mr + fve
A
= Ac + R
Q
hw` (P) ev` w`q `yB cvk fvv hvq
jxQvqv = jx + Qvqv cwiQ` = cwi + Q`
eQvqv = e + Qvqv
ZiQvqv = Zi + Qvqv
AvQv`b = Av + Qv`b
GKQ = GK + Q
^Q` = ^ + Q`
gyLQwe = gyL + Qwe
cQ` = c + Q`
cQvqv
= c + Qvqv
AQ` = A + Q`
AvjvKQUv = AvjvK + QUv
K_vQj = K_v + Qj
K_vQj = K_v + Qj
AvQb = Av + Qb
wRvmvQj= wRvmv + Qj
cixvQj = cixv + Qj cwZQwe = cwZ + Qwe
cwiQ` = cwi + Q`
weQ`
= we + Q`
wewQb = we + wQb
AbyQ` = Aby + Q`
cwiQb = cwi + Qb
hw` (P) ev` w`q `yB cvk fvv bv hvq|
gnQ = gnr + Q
ZQwe
=
ZwQ` = Z`& + wQ`
DQ`
=
mQv = mr + Qv
ZQvq
=
wecQvqv = wec`& + Qvqv DwQb
=

Z`& + Qwe
Dr + Q`
Z`& + Qvq
Dr + wQb

h mKj (Q)-Gi cwieZ (k) nq

RMQiY = RMr + kiY gnQKU = gnr + kKU
DQLj = Dr + kLj DQvk
= Dr + kvm
ZQw = Z`& + kw
PjQw = Pi`& + kw
wZ ebjvi
Dj = Dr + Rj
feb = fer + Rb
GZj = GZ`& + Rj wecvj = wecvj
RMvwZ = RMr + RvwZ ZvZxq = Z`& + RvZxq
mb = mr + Rb
Zb
= Z`& + Rb
RMxeb = RMr + Rxeb hvexeb = hver + Rxeb
ZvZxq = Z`& + RvZxq Dxb
= Dr + Wxb
feg&i = fer + Wgi gngi = gnr + Rgi
enjjvU = enr + jjvU DwjwLZ = Dr + wjwLZ
we`yjZv = we`yr + jZv ZwjwLZ = Z`& + wjwLZ
Djvm = Dr + jvm
DjL
= Dr + jL
DjL = Dr + jL
fekY = fer + `kY
DjwZ = Dr + UjwZ
ZjwZ = Z`& + UjwZ
enxKv = enr + UxKv enWKvi = en r + UWKvi
RMbv_ = RMr + bv_
Dbqb
= Dr + bqb
DbwZ = Dr + bwZ
Zwbwg = Z`& + wbwg

Zwb
DPviY
mwPv
wecwPv
kiP`
ZwP

=
=
=
=
=
=

Me
Avv
kv
``kb
mbvm
mvZ
Me
mvb
wKbi
mc`vb
mvb

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

wKsKivwl=
ksRwn =
msLv =
mshvM =
ekse` =
msnvi =
msjvc =
msivM =
msev` =
mshvRb =
mskq =
msNvZ =
AnsKvi =
msKxY =
wcqse`v =
wmsn
=
msNl =
msN
=
mshy =
mesmnv =
Dvb

Z`& + wb
zwYew = za& + wbew
Dr + PviY
GZPiY = GZ`& + PiY
mr + wPv
mwPr
= mr + wPr
wec`& + wPv wecPq = wec`& + Pq
kir + P`
PjwP = Pjr + wP
Z`& + wP
hyeYi c_g bvwmK eY _vKj
Mg& + Ze
Mv
= Mg& + Zv
Avvg& + Z mvc
= mg& + Zvc
kg& + Kv
mq
= mg& + Pq
mg& + `kb
mvb
= mg& + gvb
mg& = bvm
wKwr
= wKg& + wPr
mg& + RvZ
mq
= mg& + Rq
Mg& + Ze
wK
= wKg& = Zz
mg& + avb
mw
= mg& + wa
wKg& + bi
m~Y
= mg& + c~Y
mg& + c`vb
m^vab = mg& + evab
mg& + gvb
mwjb = mg& + wgjb
s _vKj
wKg& + Kivwl MnsMQ = Mng& + MQ
kg& + Rwn Ksmn = Kg& + mn
mg& + Lv
msNUb
= mg& + NUb
mg& + hvM
wKsev
= wKg& + ev
ekg& + e`
msmvi
= mg& + mvi
mg& + nvi
mseabv = mg& + eabv
mg& + jvc
mshg
= mg& + hg
mg& + ivM
msK
= mg& + K
mg& + ev`
mskvab = mg& + kvab
mg& + hvRb mskK = mg& + kK
mg& + kq
msjM
= mg& + jM
mg& + NvZ
msMxZ
= mg& + MxZ
Ang& + Kvi msMVb
= mg& + MVb
mg& + KxY
wKse`w = wKg& + e`w
wcqg& + e`v wekse` = wekg& + e`
wmb& + n
msiv
= mg& + iv
mg& + Nl
msMZ
= mg& + MZ
mg& + N
mshZ
= mg& + hZ
mg& + hy
msiY = mg& + iY
meg& + mnv
msnZ
= mg& + nZ

-Gi
= Dr + vb
DwwZ
= Dr + wwZ

23

DZ
ZwZ
cwZ

=
=
=

ZrKvj
rwc
Zrmg
zrKvZi

=
=
=
=

ew
l

-Gi
Dr + Z
DZ
= Dr = nZ
Z`& + wnZ
Dvi
= Dr + nvi
c`& + nwZ
r-Gi
Z`& + Kvj
rK = `& + K
`& + wc
Zrci
= Z`& + ci
Z`& + mg
r`b = `& + `b
za& + KvZi zrwccvmv = za& + wccvmv

= el& + wZ
= ll& + _

/
AvK

= AvKl& + Z

wemMmw
I Kvi _vKj
m`vRvZ = m`t + RvZ AKzZvfq= AKzZt + fq
gbvMvgx = gbt + Mvgx
m`vNZ = m`t + NZ
hrcivbvw = hrcit + bvw gbvni = gbt + ni
gbvig = gbt + ig
Zcveb = Zct + eb
gbvi_ = gbt + i_
gbvbqb = gbt + bqb
gbvhvM = gbt + hvM mivei = mit + ei
mivR = mit + R
gbvR
= gbt + R
wZivavb = wZit + avb
wZivfve = wZit + fve
AavMwZ = Aat + MwZ
gbvMZ = gbt + MZ
eqvR = eqt + R qv`k = qt + `k
wkiv`g = wkit + `k wkivavh = wkit + avh
gbvbxZ = gbt + bxZ
Aave`b = Aat + e`b
mivei = mit + ei
gbvfve = gbt + fve
BZvga = BZt + ga m`vgy = m`t + gy
wkiviZ = wkit + iZ
hkvwjv = hkt + wjv
hkvjvf = hkt + jvf
cyivwnZ = cyit + wnZ
AavgyL = Aat + gyL
AavMvgx = Aat + Mvgx
Aqvgq = Aqt + gq
AaviL = Aat + iL
k/l/m-Gi hyeY
hyeYi iZ k/m/l _vKj
c~Y`
ZiQvqv
wki`
`ywi
wbj
wbw
wbv

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

k-Gi hy eY
c~Yt + P`
wbwZ
Zit + Qvqv `ywv
wkit + Q` wbq
`yt + Pwi
wbw`
wbt + Pj
wbw
wbt + wP
wbzc
wbt + P
wbZb

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

wbt + wPZ
`yt + wPv
wbt + Pq
wbt + wQ`
wbt + wP
wbt + Pzc
wbt + PZb

wZivi
bgvi
hki
fvi
wbvi
ZRi
`yi
BZZ
Avwevi
wbb
ZRwq

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

wbvi =
AvweKZ =
ewnKZ =
abyvi =
PZz` =
wbvc =
Avwevi =
`yvh
=
wbv
=
wbq =
wbw` =
PZzq =
wbzi
=
cybiwc
^MZ
wbab
abywe`v
Ai
wbfq
wbevK
Ahvgx
Avwefve
`yivPvi
`yjN
wbgj
Aavb
Anin
PZz`vjv
PZzfyR

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

m-Gi hy eY
wZit + Kvi cyivi =
bgt + Kvi
kqi =
hkt + Ki
gbvg =
fvt + Ki
evPwZ =
wbt + Zvi
gbvc =
ZRt + Ki Av` =
`yt + Zi
wbR
=
BZt + ZZ
Aab
=
Avwet + Kvi wbw =
wbt + cb
PZzvY =
ZRt + wq bfj
=
l-Gi hy eY
wbt + Kvi
`yg
=
Avwet + KZ wbj
=
ewnt + KZ
PZzvY =
abyt + Uvi vZy =
PZzt + c`
Avqyvj =
wbt + cvc
wbvg
=
Avwet + Kvi `yvP
=
`yt + Kvh
wbzi
=
wbt + Vv
PZzq
=
wbt + Pq
`ywv
=
wbt + wQ`
wki` =
PZzt + Uq
abyvi =
wbt + Vyi
i-Gi
cybt + Awc cybivMZ =
^t + MZ
gvZ`wn =
wbt + ab
ezivMZ =
abyt + we`v cvZivb =
At + A
c~bevi
=
wbt + fq
wbYq
=
wbt + evK
wbivc` =
At + hvgx cv`yfve =
Avwet + fve RvwZgq =
`yt + AvPvi
`yexwbZ =
`yt + jN
wbhvZb =
wbt + gj
AMZ =
At + avb
Anwbk =
Ant + An
PZz`k
=
PZzt + `vjv PZzgyL
=
PZzt + fyR
`yevi
=

cyit + Kvi
kqt + Ki
gbt + Kvg
evPt + cwZ
gbt + Zvc
Avt + c`
wbt + ZR
Aat + Zb
wbt + cw
PZzt + KvY
bft + Zj
`yt + Kg
wbt + dj
PZzt + KvY
vZzt + cy
Avqyt + Kvj
wbt + Kvg
`yt + cvP
wbt + Vyi
PZzt + q
`yt + wPv
wkit + Q`
abyt + Uvi

cybt + AvMZ
gvZt + `wn
ezt + AvMZ
cvZt + Dvb
c~bt + evi
wbt + bq
wbt + Avc`
cv`yt + fve
RvwZt + gq
`yt + exwbZ
wbt + hvZb
At + MZ
Ant + wbk
PZzt + `k
PZzt + gyL
`yt + evi
24

`yw`b
= `yt + w`b
`y`g
`yeva = `yt + eva
wbiM
wbSi
= wbt + Si
`yiev
`yMwZ = `yt + MwZ
`yi
wb`q
= wbt + `q
wbRb
cybivq = cybt + Avq
cvZivk
ewnMZ = ewnt + MZ
cybevi
A`vn = At + `vn
Avkxev`
wbNvZ = wbt + NvZ
wbib
wbivKvi = wbt + AvKvi wbivgv
ewni = ewnt + A
ewnwiw`q
wbixn = wbt + Cn
wbixY
wbicvq = wbt + Dcvq wbicgv
`yivkv = `yt + Avkv
`yiw
`yiPvh = `yt + DPvh
`yin
`yivZv = `yt + AvZv
RvwZwiw`q = RvwZt + Bw`q
AivZv = At + AvZv AwiZ
AwiZ = At + BZ
Awiw`q
Aixv = A + Cv
Aixc
cybivwaKvi = cybt + AwaKvicybivb
cybiw = cybt + Dw Af`x
Agvayh = At + gvayh Ahvgx
Ajxb = At + jxb `yMZ
`yNUbv = `yt + NUbv
`yRb
ewnRMr = ewnt + RMr wbw`
PZzw`K = PZzt + w`K
wbaviY
PZzav
= PZzt + av
`ywbevi
`yen
= `yt + en
wbevK
Af~ = At + f~ `yfvM
wbgvY = wbt + gvY
ewngyL
wbhvZb = wbt + hvZb
`yhvM
wbj = wbt + j
`yjf
AwnZ = At + wnZ ARMr
AvY = At + vY ARj
AwbwnZ = At + wbwnZ AeZx
PZz`vjv = PZzt + `vjv PZzgyL
PZzivbb = PZzt + Avbb PZze`
PZzwea = PZzt + wea
RvwZwe`
`yiwfmw = `yt + Awfmw `ybxwZ
`yMwZ = `yt + MwZ
`yMZ
`yiev = `yt + Aev
`yi
`yi`w = `yt + `w
`yq

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

`yt + `g
wbt + DM
`yt + Aev
`yt + A
bt + Rb
cvZt + Avk
cybt + evi
Avkxt + ev`
wbt + Ab
wbt + Avkv
ewnt + Bw`q
wbt + CvY
wbt + Dcgv
`yt + Dw
`yt + Dn

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

At + BZ
At + Bw`q
At + Cc
cybt + Dvb
At + f`x
At + hvgx
`yt + MZ
`yt + Rb
wbt + w`
wbt + aviY
`yt + wbevi
wbt + evK
`yt + fvM
ewnt + gyL
`yt + hvM
`yt + jf
At + RMr
At + Rj
At + eZx
PZzt + gyL
PZzt + e`
PZzt + we`
`yt + bxwZ
`yt + MZ
`yt + A
`yt + q

`y`kv
= `yt + `kv
`y`v
= `yt + `v
`yen
= `yt + en
`yfvM
= `yt + fvM
`yje
= `yt + jf
wbii
= wbt + Ai
wbizk = wbt + Azk
wbiciva = wbt + Aciva
wbiwfgvb = wbt + Awfgvb wbijvi = wbt + Ajvi
wbiwM = wbt + DwM
wbMZ
= wbt + MZ
wbNvZ = wbt + NvZ
wbRjv
= wbt + Rjv
wbRxe = wbt + Rxe
wb`vl
= wbt + `vl
wbevn = wbt + evn
wbe`
= wbt + e`
wbYq
= wbt + bq
wbfxK
= wbt + wfK
wbgvY = wbt + gvY
wbgvn
= wbt + gvn
wbg~j
= wbt + g~j
wbhvm
= wbt + hvm
wbwj = wbt + wj
wbjvf
= wbt + jvf
cybwgjb = cybt + wgjb cybfve
= cybt + fve
cybixweZ = cybt + DxweZ
cybircw = cybt + Drcw cybie = cybt + De
cybivi = cybt + Dvi cybivMZ = cybt + AvMZ
cybivew = cybt + Avew cybivMgb = cybt + AvMgb
ewnivMZ = ewnt + AvMZ ewniveiY = ewnt + AveiY
ewnMZ = ewnt + MZ
ewnvi
= ewnt + vi
ewnevwYR= ewnt + evwYR ewnf~Z
= ewnt + f~Z
wemM wVK _vK Ggb
AtKiY = At + KiY AtKvY = At + KvY
Atxov = At + xov AatcZb = Aat + cZb
Atcyi = At + cyi
Atmwjjv = At + mwjjv
Atkxj = At + kxj BZtc~e = BZt + c~e
Aatg = Aat + g
Aatc = Aat + c
AZtci = AZt + ci
mwi me Pq iZc~Y njv wbcvZb wm mw I wekl
wbqg mvwaZ mw|
wbcvZb wm ^imw mg~n njv:
Kzj + AUv = KzjUv
Mv + A = Mev
c + Ep = cp
Ab + Ab = Abb
gvZ = A = gvZ
+ I`b = v`b
^ + Ci = ^i
^+ CwiYx= ^wiYx
Mv + B` = Me`
Mv + Cki = Meki
A + EwnYx = AwnYx i + I = iv
mxgb + AZ = mxg
kvi + A = kvi
`k + FY = `kvY
wekl wbqg mvwaZ eb mw mg~n
Dr + vb = Dvb
mg + Kvi = msvi|
Dr + wZ = DwZ
Dr + vcb = Dvcb|
mg& + KZ = msZ
cwi + Kvi = cwivi|
25

mg& + KwZ = mswZ

cwi + KZ = cwiZ |
KZKjv mw wbcvZb wm nq| hgbAv + Ph = Avh
Mv + c` = Mv`
eb + cwZ = ebwZ
enr + cwZ = enwZ|
Zr + Ki = Zi
ci + ci = cii|
gbm + Clv = gbxlv
lU& + `k = lvok|
GK + `k = GKv`k
Mv+ h = Me
b + h = bve
we^ + I = we^v
cZr + Awj = cZwj BZvw`|

mgvm
welq wfwK AvjvPbv

mgvmi cwqvq mgvme ev mgvmwbb c`wUi bvg mg

c`|
mg c` ev mgvme c`wUi AMZ c`jvK mgmgvb
c` ej|
mgvmhy c`i c_g Ask (k)-K ejv nq c~ec` Ges
cieZx Ask (k)-K ejv nq Dic` ev cic`|
mg c`K fO h evKvsk Kiv nq, Zvi bvg mgvmevK,
evmevK ev weMnevK|

iZc~Y wKQz mgvmi D`vniY

mgvm
1. wgjbv_K khvM : gv-evc, gvwm-wcwm, wRb-cix, PvwezU BZvw`|
2. weivav_K khvM : `v-Kzgov, Awn-bKzj, ^M-biK
BZvw`|
3. wecixZv_K khvM : Avq-eq, Rgv-LiP, QvU-eo,
Qj-eyov, jvf-jvKmvb BZvw`|
4. AevPK khvM : nvZ-cv, bvK-Kvb, eyK-wcV, gv_v-gyz,
bvK-gyL BZvw`|
5. msLvevPK khvM : mvZ-cuvP, bq-Qq, mvZ-mZi,
Ewbk-wek BZvw`|
6. mgv_K khvM : nvU-evRvi, Ni-`yqvi, Kj-KviLvbv,
gvjv- gjwf, LvZv-c BZvw`|
7. AjyK : h mgvm Kvbv mgmgvb c`i wefw
jvc nq bv, ZvK AjyK ej| hgb - `ya-fvZ,
Rj-j, `k-we`k, nvZ-Kjg|
8. ec`x : wZb ev e c` mgvm nj ZvK ec`x
mgvm ej| hgb : mvne-wewe-Mvjvg, nvZ-cv- bvKgyL-PvL BZvw`|
9. Abvb: Kvco-Pvco, cvKv-gvKo, `qv-gvqv, aywZ-Pv`i,
hv-Zv, h-m, h_v-Z_v, Zzwg-Avwg, GLvb-mLvb, `Lv-

kvbv, hvIqv-Avmv, Pjv-div, `Iqv-bIqv, axi-my,

AvM-cvQ, AvKvi-BwZ, fvj-g`, Kg-ewk, AvmjbKj, evwK-eKqv BZvw`|

Kgaviq mgvm
gac`jvcx Kgaviq
wmsn wPwZ Avmb = wmsnvmb mvwnZ welqK mfv= mvwnZmfv
wZ iv_ ma = wZma KuvPvwgVv = hv KuvPv ZvB wgVv
bxjvKvk = bxj h AvKvk
gnvbex = gnvb h bex
gnvRb = gnvb h Rb
gnvKve = gnv h Kve
gnvZK = gnv h ZK
kv-wk = h kv mB wk
PvjvK-PZzi = h PvjvK mB PZzi
Dcgvb Kgaviq
giK = Kk gii bvq K
Zzlvi = Zzlvii bvq
AiYivv = AiYi bvq ivOv
KvRjKvjv = KvRji bvq Kvjv
KzmygKvgj = Kzmygi bvq Kvgj
Zzlvi-kxZj = Zzlvii bvq kxZj
`yaej
= `yi bvq aej
eRKVvi = eRi bvq KVvi
ijvj
= ii bvq jvj
DcwgZ Kgaviq
gyLP` = gyL P`i bvq cyilwmsn = cyil wmsni bvq
PiYKgj = PiY Kgji bvq P`gyL = gyL P`i bvq
Puv`e`b = Puv`i bvq e`b cyilwmsn = cyil wmsni bvq
dzjKzgvix = Kzgvix dzji bvq evjZv = ev jZvi bvq
vavbj
gbgvwS
hebm~h
gbgvwS
gvnwb`v

=
=
=
=
=

icK Kgaviq
va
welv`wmz = welv` ic wmz
gb ic gvwS
cvYcvwL = cvY ic cvwL
heb ic m~h
vavbj = va ic Abj
fw ic gvwS gbewo = gb ic ewo
gvnic wb`v
kvKvbj = kvK ic Abj

Zrcyil mgvm
wZxqv Zrcyil mgvm
`ytLcv, wec`vcb, cijvKMZ
ZZxqv Zrcyil mgvm
gbMov, kgj, gaygvLv, abvX, GKvb, we`vnxb, vbk~b,
^YgwZ, nxiKLwPZ, P`bPwPZ, iZkvwfZ BZvw`|

26

PZy_x Zrcyil mgvm

ifw, AvivgK`viv, emZevwo, weqcvMjv, Qvvevm,
WvKgvj, PvlKvMR, wkgj, gymvwdiLvbv, nRhvv,
gvj`vg, ivbvNi, gvcKvwV, gqzj, evwjKv-we`vjq,
cvMjvMvi` BZvw`|
cgx Zrcyil mgvm
LuvPvQvov, wejvZdiZ, yjcvjvbv, Rjgy, RjLvjvm,
euvUvLmv, AvMvMvov, kvcgy, FYgy BZvw`|
lx Zrcyil mgvm
PvevMvb, ivRcy, LqvNvU, QvmgvR, `kmev, w`j-xki,
euv`ibvP, cvUZ, QweNi, Nvo`o, kievwo, weovjQvbv
BZvw`|
mgx Zrcyil mgvm
evKcUz, Mvjvfiv, ZvjKvbv, AKvjgZz, wekweLvZ, fvRbcUz,
`vbexi, evew`, evcPv, ivZKvbv, gbgiv BZvw`|
bT Zrcyil mgvm
AbvPvi, Abv`i, bvwZ`xN, bvwZLe, Afve, eZvj, bvgyi,
Avjywb, bvQvo, Abvev`x BZvw`|
Dcc` Zrcyil mgvm
mZev`x, B`wRr, Qjaiv, avgvaiv, cKUgvi, cvZvPvUv,
nvofvv, gvwQgviv, QvicvKv, Nicvov, eYPviv, MjvKvUv,
cv-PvUv, cvoveovbx, Qv-cvlv BZvw`|
AjyK Zrcyil mgvm
Kji Mvb, Mii Mvwo, gvgvi evwo, Mvbi Avmi BZvw`|

w mgvm

gac`jvcx eexwn
weovjPvLx, nvZLwo, Mvq njy`, gwbgyLv, weovjvx, gMbqbv,
wZwgiKzjv, Aaicjex BZvw`|
cZqv eexwn
GKPvLv, NigyLv, `vUvbv, `vgbv, GKuq, AKRv, GKNi,
`vbjv, `vZjv, EbcuvRyi BZvw`|
AjyK eexwn
gv_vqcvMwo, MjvqMvgQv, nvZ-Qwo, Kvb-Kjg, Mvq-cov,
nvZ- ewo, gv_vq-QuvZv, gyL- fvZ, Kvb-LvUv BZvw`|
msLvePK eexwn
`kMwR, PPvjv, PvinvwZ, Zcvqv, mZvi BZvw`|
wbcvZb wm (Kvbv wbqgi Aaxb bq) eexwn
xc, AMZ Ac hvi = Aixc, bic, RxebZ, cwZg~L
BZvw`|

Aeqxfve mgvm
DcK, DcK~j, cwZ w`b, cwZ Y, AbyY, wbivwgl, wbfvebv,
wbRj, wbirmvn, Avmgy`wngvPj, Avcv`gK, Dckni, DcMn,
Dceb, h_vixwZ, h_vmva, h_vwewa, h_vhvM, Dj, DQLj,
cwZK~j, Abyaveb, AvbZ, Aviwg, DcMn, Dcb`x, cwic~Y,
m~Y, civ, cwcZvgn, cwZQvqv, cwZQwe, cwZwe^,
cwZc, cZzi BZvw`|

cvw` mgvm
cePb, cwigY, AbyZvc, cfvZ, cMwZ BZvw`|

wbZ mgvm

wKvj, Pivv, Zgv_v, AavZz, PZzi, wgvwnbx, Zib`x,

cf~Z, mvZmgy`, kZvx, ceUx, wdjv, cb`, BZvw`|

Mvgvi, `kbgv, Mnvi, Kvjmvc, Avgiv, weivbeB BZvw`|

eexwn mgvm

awb I eY

mgvbvwaKiY eexwn
nZkx, LvkgRvR, Zme^, DPwki, cxZv^i, bxjK,Rei`w,
mykxj, mykx, e`eL&Z, KgeL&Z BZvw`|
evwaKiY eexwn
Avkxwel, K_vme^, `y KvbKvUv, euvUvLmv, Qv-cvlv, cv-PvUv,
cvZvQuov. avgvaiv BZvw`|
ewZnvi eexwn
nvZvnvwZ, KvbvKvwb, PyjvPzwj, KvovKvwo, MvjvMvwj, `Lv`wL,
KvjvKzwj, jvVvjvwV, nvmvnvwm, uZvwZ, NylvNywl BZvw`|
bT& eexwn
Avb, enW, bvPvi, wbfyj, bvRvbv, ARvbv, bvnK, wbicvq,
wbSvU, AeyS, AKRv, e-civqv, euk, Ab, eZvi
BZvw`|

DPviY vb Abyhvqx evsjv ebawbi wefvM

DPviY
vb
wRnvg~j
AMZvjy
cvr `g~j
AM `g~j
I

ebawbi
eYmg~n
KLMNO
PQRSTkhq
UVWXYliop
Z_`abjm
cdefg

DPiY vb Abyhvqx bvg

K ev wRnvg~jxq eY
Zvje eY
g~ab ev cvr `g~jxq eY
` eY ev AM `g~jxq eY
I eY

27

-AcvY I gnvcvY Ges Nvl I ANvl awb-

P
U
Z

Q
V
_

R
W
`

S
X
a

bvwmK
O
T
Y
b

p
civkqx
s

AbybvwmK
s

(4)
gnvcvY
(Aspire
d)
N
S
X
a
f

(5)
bvwmK

O
T
Y
b
g

At

(3)
AcvY
(Unaspire
d)
M
R
W
`
e
KbRvZ

Nvl

ANvl

K
Zvjy
g~av
`
I

(2)
gnvcvY
(Aspire
d)
L
Q
V
_
d

Zvob
RvZ

(1)
AcvY
(Unaspire
d)
K
P
U
Z
c

Nvl (voiced)

D/wkk

ANvl (voiceless)

cvwkK

DPvi
Y vb

At awb-DPviYi w`K _K kawb I Dawbi

gaeZx awbK At awb ej| h, i, j, e|
civkqx awb-h awb Ab awbi mvnvh Qvov DPvwiZ
nZ cvi bv ZvK civkqx awb ej|
AbybvwmK eY-h eY Zvi cieZx eYi DPviYK
bvwmK Ki mB eYK AbybvwmK eY ej|
N eY-P,Q,R,S GB PviwU eYK N eY ejv nq|
wbjxb eY- A-K wbjxb eY ejv nq|
Kvi-^ieYi msw icK Kvi ej| Kvii msLv
10wU| A Qvov meKwU ^ieYi Kvi nq|
djv-ebeYi msw icK djv ej| djv 6wU|
h_v- b, g, h, i, j, e|

cyil I xevPK k

l
m
n

i
j
e

Kxe wjevPK k : cyil A_ev x KvbwU evSvq bv| D`vniYcvnvo, Uwej, eB, MvQ, dj BZvw`|
DfqwjevPK k : x Ges cyil DfqB evSvq| D`vniY :
Wvvi, wkx, Kwe, cvwL, mvb, wk, i, wkwZ BZvw`|
wbZ x evPK k : Aavwbx, KzjUv, weaev, mcZx, Am~hkv,
mZxb, AiYxqv, kuvLPzwb, Kjwbx, Atmv, mrgv, maev,
Gqv, `vB, WvBwb BZvw`|
wbZ cyil evPK k : D`vniY- KweivR, XvKx, KZ`vi,
AKZ`vi, ivcwZ, hvv, mbvcwZ, `jcwZ BZvw`|
wekl wbqg mvwaZ cyil I xevPK k :
mfvcwZ-mfvbx
wkK-wkwqx
kvZv-kvx
avZv-avx
gnr-gnZx
Yevb-YeZx
mr-mZx
icevb-iceZx
kxgvb-kxgwZ
eywgvb-eywgZx
Mixqvb-Mwiqmx
mgvU-mgvx
ivRv-ivx
ivRv-ivYx
ki-kvwo

gvv
eY
c~Ygvv
Aagvv
gvvnxb
^ieY
6
1
4
ebeY
26
7
6
gvU
32
8
10
[Dcii QKi welqvw` ev`I awb eY mg~ni bvg wbq wewfb
iKg ck nq _vK| Gmei Di `Iqvi Rb wbPi msvjv
`L wbb|]
k awb-K _K g ch 25wU awbK k awb
ej|
ANvl awb- h awb DPviYi AvIqvR Mvxh Avm
bv mme awbK ANvl awb ej| hgb- K, P, U, Z, c|
bvwmK awb-h awb DPviYi mgq bvK w`q evZvm
ei nq ZvK bvwmK awb ej|hgb- O, T, Y, b, g|
ZvobRvZ awb-wRnev w`q `uvZi g~j AvNvZ Ki h
awb DPviY Kiv nq ZvK ZvobRvZ awb ej| o p|
KbRvZ awb-wRnevi AMfvM KwZ Ki G awb
DPvwiZ nq ej GK KbRvZ awb ej| i|
cvwkK awb-h awb DPviYi mgq wRnevi `yBcvk
w`q evqy ei nq ZvK cvwkK awb ej| j|
wkk awb-h eY DPviYi mgq wkk `Iqvi gZv
AvIqvR nq ZvK wkk awb ej| k, l, m|
D/wkk awb-h eY DPviYi mgq cPzi evZvm(D)
eeZ nq ZvK D eY ejv nq| k, l, m, n|

we`kx cyil I xevPK k : Lvb-Lvbg, gi`-Rbvbv, gvjKgvjKv, gynZvwig-gynZvwigv, myjZvb-myjZvbv|

KZKjv cyilevPK ki `yUv Ki x evPK k iqQ:
`ei-bb`/Rv, fvB-evb/fvwe, wkK-wkwqx/ wkKcZx,
ez-evex/ezcZx, `v`v-`vw`/ew` BZvw`|
BKv cZq: z` A_ BKv cZq hvM nq| hgb: bvUK-bvwUKv,
gvjv-gvwjKv, MxwZ-MxwZKv, cyK-cywKv, GKv-GKvwKv,
Gjv x evPK cZq bq; z`v_K cZq|

28

KviK
KZ KviKi iZc~Y wKQz D`vniY
1.
2.
3.
4.
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15.
16.
17.
18.
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20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.

Avqi cvwL jR Svjv|

- KZvq k~b|
GK h wQj ivRv|
- KZvq k~b|
KvwKj WvK|
- KZvq k~b|
Mi Mvwo Uvb|
- KZvq k~b|
MiZ Nvm Lvq|
- KZvq 7gx|
MiZ `ya `q|
- KZvq 7gx|
Muvq gvb bv Avcwb gvoj|
- KZvq 7gx|
Ynxb wPiw`b _vK civaxb|
- KZvq k~b|
Nvovq Mvwo Uvb|
- KZvq 7gx|
Nvov Nvm Lvq|
- KZvq k~b|
QvMj Kx bv Lvq|
- KZvq 7gx|
Pvi bv b agi Kvwnbx|
- KZvq 7gx|
Rj co cvZv bo|
- KZvq k~b|
Zvnviv dzUej Lj|
- KZvq k~b|
`k wgj Kwi KvR|
- KZvq 7gx|
bv gi cvlvY evc w`jv nb ei | - KZvq k~b|
cvMj wKbv ej QvMj wKbv Lvq| - KZvq 7gx|
cvwL me Ki ie ivw cvnvBj| - KZvq k~b|
cywjk Pvi aiQ|
- KZvq k~b|
eyjeywjZ avb LqQ LvRbv w`e wKm| - KZvq 7gx|
evN gwnl GK NvU cvwb Lvq| - KZvq 7gx|
gqwU gvjv Muv_|
- KZvq k~b|
g~L Kxbv ej |
- KZvq 7gx|
iZb iZb wPb|
- KZvq 7gx|
jvK Kxbv ej|
- KZvq 7gx|
mewkl vb `b ignvk|
- KZvq k~b|
^vaxbZvnxbZvq K euvwPZ Pvq n| - KZvq k~b|
evN gwnl jovB evwaqQ|
-KZvq 7gx|
jvK ej gvNi kl ew nj `ki KjvY nqKZvq 7gx|
30. eyjeywjZ avb LqQ|
-KZvq 7gx|
31. ivRvi n Ki mg KvOvji ab Pzwi|KZvq k~b|
32. ivRvq ivRvq jovB DjyLvMovi cvYv|KZvq 7gx|
33. kvevb jf vb Ab Kfy bq|
KZvq k~b|
34. cvwL me Ki ie|
KZvq k~b|
35. cvQ jvK wKQz ej|
- KZvq 2qv|
36. gvbyl fve GK nq AviK|
KZvq 7gx|
37. Nvovq Nvm Lvq|
KZvq 7gx|
38. wkMY `q gb wbR wbR cvV| - KZvq k~b|
39. gvbyl fve GK, nq Avi GK|
- KZvq 7gx|
40. eyjeywjZ avb LqQ, LvRbv w`e wKm?- KZvq 7gx|
41. di`mx KZK kvnbvgv iwPZ nqQ|- KZvq 3qv|
42. Zvgv viv G KvR ne bv mvab| - KZvq 3qv|
43. mKjK gwiZ nBe|
- KZvq 2qv|
44. bvBev Zzwg Gj|
- KZvq k~b|
45. Zvnvi XvKv hvIqv `yi|
- KZvq 6x|

46. ZvgvK hZ ne |
- KZvq 2qv|
47. Zvgvi hvIqv DwPZ|
- KZvq 6x|
48. Avgv nZ G KvR ne bv mvab| - KZvq 5gx|
49. Avgvi LvIqv njv bv|
- KZvq 6x|
50. AvgvK hZ ne|
- KZvq 2qv|
51. AvRK Avgvi hvIqv ne bv|
- KZvq 6x|
52. Kv_vI Avgvi nvwiq hvevi bB gvbv- KZvq 6x|
53. mKjK GKw`b giZ ne|
- KZvq 3qv|
54. evRbv evR |
- KZvq k~b|
55. evwRj Kvnvi exYv?
- KZvq k~b|
56. euvwk evR|
- KZvq k~b|
57. A_ Ab_ NUvq|
- KZvq k~b|
58. Avcbvi `k Kv_vq?
- KZvq k~b|
59. Avlvp gvm bvgj Xj|
- KZvq k~b|
60. Nywo Io mybxj AvKvk|
- KZvq k~b|
61. cvZv bo|
- KZvq k~b|
62. Kvbb Kzmyg Kwj mKwj dzwUj|
- KZvq k~b|
63. mvZ bKvwU DjUvBqv w`j|
- KZvq 7gx|

Kg KviKi iZc~Y wKQz D`vniY

1.
2.
3.
4.
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6.
7.
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16.
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18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

Pvi aZ nqQ |
- Kg k~b|
wRvwme Rb Rb|
- Kg 7gx|
wSK gi eK wkLvbv|
- Kg 2qv|
Wvvi WvK |
- Kg k~b|
Zvgvi `Lv cjvg bv |
- Kg 6x|
Zvgvq `LjI cvc|
- Kg 7gx|
avcvK Kvco `vI|
- Kg 2qv|
cywjk Lei `vI|
- Kg 7gx|
cywjk WvK |
- Kg k~b|
iL gv `vmi gb|
- Kg 2qv|
wSK gi eK kLvbv|
- Kg 2qv|
cvcxK NYv Kiv bv|
- Kg k~b|
Avwg wPwb Mv wPwb Zvgvi|
- Kg 2qv|
ZvnvK wK Zvgvi gb co|
- Kg 7gx|
Avgvi Zzwg Kwie vY, G bn gvi cv_bvKg wZxqv |
avcvK Kvco `vI|
- Kg 2qv|
iex`bv_ MxZvwj wjLQb|
- Kg k~b|
eyw LvwUq KvR Ki|
- Kg k~b|
wec` hb KwiZ cvwi Rq|
- Kg 7gx|
cvnvo bovq mva Kvi?
- Kg k~b|
Lye VKv VKwQ|
- Kg k~b|
Avgvi KziAvb cov nqQ|
- Kg k~b|
Avjv PvB, Ab PvB, PvB gy evqy| - Kg k~b|
C`i Puv` DVQ|
- Kg k~b|
evwjKv gvjv Muv_|
- Kg k~b|
wec` hb KwiZ cvwi Rq|
- Kg 7gx|
29

27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.

Avgvi fvZ LvIqv nBj bv|

- Kg k~b|
m ZzwK bvPb bvwPj |
- Kg k~b|
m Lye VKvb VKvBqvQ|
- Kg k~b|
Avgvi fvZ LvIqv nBj bv|
- Kg k~b|
Kcvj fvwmqv Mj `yB bqbi Rj - Kg k~b|
PvivevRvix `gb Kwie K?
- Kg k~b|

KiY KviKi iZc~Y wKQz D`vniY

1.
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38.

Avb muK `vI |

- KiY 7gx|
G Kjg fvj jLv nq|
- KiY 7gx|
G myZvq Kvco nq bv |
- KiY 7gx|
Kvwji `vM `vI |
- KiY 6x|
Qjiv ej Lj|
- KiY k~b |
Rji wjLb _vK bv|
- KiY 6x|
Zvm Lj KZ Qj cov b Ki| - KiY k~b|
bZzb avb ne bevb |
- KiY 7gx|
bLi AvuPo w`I bv|
- KiY 6x|
cvBjU jLv nq fvj |
- KiY 7gx|
dzj dzj mvwRqQ Ni|
- KiY 7gx|
jvOj Rwg Pvl Kiv nq |
- KiY 7gx|
kvK w`q gvQ XKv bv|
- KiY 3qv|
Qjiv Zvm Lj cov b KiQ| - KiY k~b|
Kvwji `vM mnR DV bv |
- KiY 6x|
wkKvix weovj Muvd Pbv hvq|
- KiY 7gx|
BU-cv_ii evwo eo k |
- KiY 6x|
nvZ bv gvwiqv fvZ gvwie|
- KiY 7gx|
D`g wenb Kvi cyiv gbvi_? - KiY Y|
wZwik eQi wfRvq iLwQ `yB bqbi Rj| KiY 7gx|
Avgvwi mvbvi avb wMqvQ fwi| - KiY 7gx |
gb w`qv Ki me we`v DcvRb| - KiY 3qv |
kiZ aivZj wkwki Sjgj|
- KiY 7gx|
Zvgvi gwngv hb Rj Ai jLv|KiY 7gx|
A_ Ab_ NU|
- KiY 7gx |
A kvK KvZi AwaK kvK cv_i|- KiY 7gx|
G mvb nZ `ytL `~i ne bv|
- KiY 5gx|
K_vq K_v evR|
- KiY 7gx|
Kuv_vq kxZ gvb bv |
- KiY 7gx|
UvKvq evNi `ya gj|
- KiY 7gx|
UvKvq wKbv nq|
- KiY 7gx|
dj ei cwiPq|
- KiY 7gx|
ebvq `k c-vweZ njv|
- KiY 7gx|
eo nI wbRi Pvq|
- KiY 7gx|
fvZ cU fi|
- KiY 7gx|
jvKwU Kvbvq fvwqv cwoj|
- KiY 7gx|
kiZ aivZj wkwki Sjgj |
- KiY 7gx|
wkKvwi weovj Muvd Pbv hvq|
- KiY 7gx|

39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.

m cxovq nqQ `yej|

RvrmvZ AvjvwKZ ivZ|
eenvi eski cwiPq|
eo nI ^xq Pvq|
evqvg kixi fvj _vK|
nvZi Zwi wRwbl Avgvi wcq|
wec` m DZjv nBqvQ|
eenviB BZi-f` Pbv hvq|
kg webv abjvf nq bv|
RUvZ Zvcm wPwb|
agi Kj evZvm bo|
wPiivMx wK Avkvq euvP?

- KiY 7gx|
- KiY 7gx|
- KiY 7gx|
- KiY 7gx|
- KiY 7gx|
- KiY 6x|
- KiY 7gx|
- KiY 7gx|
- KiY 7gx|
- KiY 7gx|
- KiY 7gx|
- KiY 7gx|

mc`vb KviKi iZc~Y wKQz D`vniY

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

mwgwZZ Puv`v `vI|

mc`vb 7gx|
mrcv Kbv `vb Ki|
mc`vb 7gx|
wfLvixK wfv `vI|
mc`vb PZz_x|
mef~Z ab `vI|
mc`vb 7gx|
wfzKK wfv `vI|
mc`vb 4_x|
`wi`K ab `vI|
mc`vb 4_x|
Zvgvq Kb `Bwb Avgvi mKj k~b Ki- mc`vb 7gx|
ZvgvK muwcby gvi hvnv wKQz wcq- mc`vb 4_x|
Mnnxb Mn w`j Avwg _vwK Ni- mc`vb 7gx|
Mnnxb Mn `vI|
mc`vb 7gx|
ARb `n Avjv|
mc`vb 7gx|
yavZK Ab `vI|
mc`vb 4_x|
gZRb `n cvY|
mc`vb 7gx|
Avgvq GKUz Avkq w`b |
mc`vb 7gx|
iRb Ki bwZ|
mc`vb 7gx|
ZvB w`B `eZvi|
mc`vb 4_x|
`xb `qv Ki |
mc`vb 7gx|
w`e Zvgv kvfw|
mc`vb k~b|
meRb `qv Ki|
mc`vb 7gx|
mKj Kgdj fMevb AcY Ki| mc`vb 7gx|
`eZvi ab K hvq wdivq jq| mc`vb 6x|
wcqRb hvnv w`Z cvB, ZvB w`B `eZvi| mc`vb
7gx|
mKj Kgdj fMevb AcY Ki| mc`vb 7gx|
mewkl vb `b ignvkq|
mc`vb 7gx|
myLi jvwMqv G Ni euvwaby |
wbwgv_ 6x|
ejv h co Gj RjK Pj|
wbwgv_ 4_x|
`ki Rb cvY `vI |
wbwgv_ 4_x|
RjK Pj|
wbwgv_ 4_x|
Zviv Zx_ hvv Kij|
mc`vb 7gx|
myLi jvwMqv Ni euvwaby |
mc`vb 6x|

30

Acv`vb KviKi iZc~Y wKQz D`vniY

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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12.
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15.
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30.
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32.
33.
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35.
36.
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38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.

dzji M Nyg Avm bv|

- Acv`vb lx|
gN _K ew nq|
- Acv`vb 5gx|
mv`v gN ew nq bv|
- Acv`vb 7gx|
me wSbyK gyv cvIqv hvq bv|
- Acv`vb 2qv|
myLi Pq kvw fvj |
- Acv`vb 6x|
jvK gyL G K_v kvbv hvq|
- Ac`vb 7gx|
jvf cvc cvc gyZz|
- Acv`vb 7gx|
gN ew nq|
- Acv`vb 7gx|
`ya Qvbv nq |
- Ac`vb 7gx|
wZj Zj nq|
- Acv`vb 7gx|
vb wegj Avb` jvf nq|
- Acv`vb 7gx|
Rj ev nq|
- Acv`vb 7gx|
PvL w`qv cvwb co|
- Acv`vb 3qv|
MvQ Zv nq|
- Acv`vb 7gx|
KZ avb KZ Pvj Zv Avwg Rvwb| - Acv`vb 7gx
G RwgZ mvbv dj|
- Acv`vb 7gx|
G gN ew nq bv|
- Acv`vb 7gx|
me wSbyK gyv gj bv|
- Acv`vb 7gx|
PvL w`q Rj co|
- Acv`vb 3qv|
me wSbyK gy& wgj bv |
- Acv`vb 7gx|
KZ avb KZ Pvj, m Avwg Rvwb| - Acv`vb 7gx|
covq weiZ nqv bv|
- Acv`vb 7gx|
UbwU XvKv Qvoj|
- Acv`vb k~b|
zj cvjvBI bv|
- Acv`vb k~b|
ivR ivR KjR cvjvI Kb?
- Acv`vb k~b|
cixv Avwmj ZvB PvL Rj co - Acv`vb 7gx|
Ub XvKv Qvoj|
- Acv`vb k~b|
Mvwo XvKv Qvoj|
- Acv`vb k~b|
Mvwo kb Qvoj|
- Acv`vb k~b|
Kwijvg gb kxe`veb eviK Avwme wdi|- Acv`vb k~b|
gvZmn ^M nZ Avm|
- Acv`vb k~b|
wngvjq nZ Mv cevwnZ|
- Acv`vb 5gx|
Avwg wK WivB mLx wfLvix ivNe? - Acv`vb 7gx|
KzKg weiZ nI |
- Acv`vb 7gx|
Pvii fq Nyg Avm bv|
- Acv`vb 6x|
ZvgvK Avgvi fq nq|
- Acv`vb 2qv|
ZK weiZ nI |
- Acv`vb 7gx|
ag nZ wePwjZ nqv bv |
- Acv`vb 5gx|
civRq Wi bv exi|
- Acv`vb 7gx|
cvc weiZ nI|
- Acv`vb 7gx|
wec` gvi iv Ki|
- Acv`vb 7gx|
evevK e fq cvB|
- Acv`vb 2qv|
f~ZK Avevi Kxmi fq?
- Acv`vb 2qv|
hLvb evNi fq mLvb mv nq|- Acv`vb 6x|

AwaKiY KviK
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
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38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.

`q Avgvi bvPi AvwRK |

AwaKiY 2qv|
mvivivZ ew wQj|
AwaKiY k~b|
evcviUv ^c NUQ |
AwaKiY 7gx|
elvKvj mvci fq AvQ |
AwaKiY 7gx|
em KvwKj WvK |
AwaKiY 7gx|
em dzj dzV|
AwaKiY 7gx|
cfvZ m~h IV|
AwaKiY 7gx|
wZwik eQi wfRvq iLwQ `yB bqbi Rj|
AwaKiY 7gx|
wZwb evi Avmeb|
AwaKiY 7gx|
GKw`b hve|
AwaKiY k~b|
G eQi Lye fvj dmj nqQ|
AwaKiY k~b|
wK Kwi AvR fe cvB bv |
AwaKiY k~b|
mKvj DwVqv Avwg gb gb ewj| AwaKiY 6x|
cvZtKvj gY Kwie|
AwaKiY 7gx|
AvR nebv, Kvj Gmv|
AwaKiY b|
mgq meB nq|
AwaKiY 7gx|
mvivivZ RvwMqv KvUvBqvwQ|
AwaKiY k~b|
wZb ivZ Zvi Nyg nqwb|
AwaKiY k~b|
AvKvk Puv` DVQ |
AwaKiY 7gx|
Kcvji jLb bv hvq Lb|
AwaKiY 6x|
Kvbb Kzmyg Kwj mKwj dzwUj|
AwaKiY 7gx|
MvQ KuvVvj Muvd Zj|
AwaKiY 7gx|
MZ ivZ cvki evwoZ Pzwi nqQ| AwaKiY 7gx|
MMb MiR gN Nb eilv|
AwaKiY 7gx|
Ni cvwb co |
AwaKiY 7gx|
NiK hvI |
AwaKiY 2qv|
Qvqvq em|
AwaKiY 7gx|
Rj Kzwgi _vK|
AwaKiY 7gx|
wZwb XvKv _vKb|
AwaKiY k~b|
_vbvq GRvnvi `vI |
AwaKiY 7gx|
bqb bqb ivwL|
AwaKiY 7gx|
b`xZ gvQ AvQ|
AwaKiY 7gx|
cvZvq cvZvq co wbkxi wkwki| AwaKiY 7gx|
cw_exZ mvZwU gnvmgy` AvQ| AwaKiY 7gx|
dzUQ evMvb AvR ARm Mvjvc| AwaKiY 7gx|
eb evN _vK|
AwaKiY 7gx|
evev AvR evwo bvB|
AwaKiY k~b|
ebiv eb my`i wkiv gvZvo |AwaKiY 7gx|
mev e_v Jla w`e Kv_v |
AwaKiY 7gx|
ew co Uvcyi Uzcyi b` Gjv evb- AwaKiY 7gx|
Kcvji wjLb bv hvq Lb|
AwaKiY 7gx|
evsjv`k Avgvi Rbf~wg |
AwaKiY b|
mKj e mygayi dj dj bv|
AwaKiY 7gx|
cvZvq cZvq co wbkxi wkwki| AwaKiY 7gx|
mgy` jeY AvQ|
AwaKiY 7gx|
mivei c Rb|
AwaKiY 7gx|
wkMY `q gb wbR wbR cvV| AwaKiY 7gx|
31

48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.

cvV gbvhvM `vI |

covZ Zvi gb em bv|
ZvM wZwb wbinvi|
Zvnvi ag gwZ AvQ |
m`h Kvi bv iwP AvQ|
AwZeo e cwZ wmwZ wbcyY|
Kvbvq kvK g`xf~Z nq|
Avjvq Avuavi KvU |

AwaKiY 7gx|
AwaKiY 7gx|
AwaKiY 7gx|
AwaKiY 7gx|
AwaKiY 7gx|
AwaKiY 7gx|
- fve 7gx|
- fve 7gx|

32

evsjv mvwnZi BwZnvm

evsjv mvwnZi hyMwefvM t
evsjv mvwnZi BwZnvmi `xN mgqKvjK wZbwU hyM fvM Kiv
nq| h_v:
K. cvPxb hyM 650 wL:- 1200 wL: (W. gyn` knx`yjv ni gZ)
950 wLv _K 1200 wL: (W. mybxwZ Kzgvii gZ),
L. gahyM 1201 wL:- 1800 wL:,
M. AvaywbK hyM 1801 wL:- AvaywbK Kvj ch|
GQvov evsjv fvlvq cwZiv AviI `ywU hyM wPwZ KiQb(i) AKvi hyM (1201-1350) 150 eQi|
(ii) hyM mwY (1760-1860) 100 eQi|

cvPxb hyM
01. evsjv mvwnZi cvPxbZg I cvPxb hyMi GKgv wb`kb
Phvc`|
02. Phvc`i Avw` bvg PhvPhwewbq ev PhvMxwZKvl|
03. Phvc` njv e mnwRqv mc`vqi agxq Mvbi msKjb|

9. kxKKxZb cKvwkZ nq- 1916 wL. (1323 ev)|

10. 1316 ev euvKzov Rjvi KuvwKjv Mvg _K
kxKKxZbi cuyw_ AvweKZ nq|
11. kx KKxZbi AvweviK- emib ivq wejf|
12. cuyw_ mvwnZi c_g mv_K Kwe- dwKi Mixeyjvn|
13. we`vcwZ h fvlvq c`vewj iPbv Kib- gw_wj fvlvq|
14. evsjv fvlvq c_g ivgvqY iPwqZv- Kwevm ISv|
15. gnvfviZi c_g Abyev` Kib- Kex` cigki
16. eReywj XO jLv iex`bv_i Kve- fvbywmsn VvKzii
c`vejx|
17. ivgvqYi g~j iPwqZv- evjxwK|
18. evsjv mvwnZi hyMmwi Kvj- 1760 wL.- 1860 wL.|
19. evsjv mvwnZ hyMmwi Kwe- CkiP` |
20. gahyMi evsjv mvwnZi k Kwe- fviP` ivqYvKi
21. gahyMi evsjv mvwnZi c_g gymwjg Kwe- kvn& gyn`
mMxi|
22. BDmyd RyjLv Kvei iPwqZv- kvn& gynv` mMxi|

Kwe-mvwnwZK`i ewMZ Z_
kirP` Pvcvavq

msc Phvc` msv Z_

01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.

Phvc`i gvU c` wQj- 51 wU|

nicmv` kvx KZK AvweKZ c` msLv- 461/2 wU|
Phvc`i gvU c`KZv ev Kwe- PwekRb (24 Rb)|
Phvc` mePq ekx c` iPbv Kib K- Kvcv (13wU)|
Phvc`i Avw` Kwe - jyB cv|
Phvc`i c_g c`wUi iPwqZv- jyBcv|
Phvc`i evOvwj iPwqZv- kei cv|

Rb
Rbvb
gZy

ewgP` Pvcvavq
Rb
Rbvb
gZy

Avwevi I cKvk
01| Phvc` Avwevi Kib - nicmv` kvx bcvji
ivR`ievii cyuw_kvjv _K| (1907 mvj)
02| 1916 mvj KjKvZv exq mvwnZ cwil` _K nicmv`
kvxi mv`bvq nvRvi eQii cyivb evsjvfvlvq e
Mvb I `vnv bvg Phvc` cKvwkZ nq|

gahyM
1. evsjv wjwci Drm- evxwjwc|
2. ga hyMi c_g Kwe- eo Px`vm|
3. gahyMi c_g gymjgvb Kwe- kvn& gyn` mMxi (BDmyd
RyjLv)|
4. Abyev` mvwnZi hvv i nq- Kwe Kwevm-Gi gvag|
5. ivgvqY Abyev` Kib- Kwe Kwevm|
6. evsjv mvwnZi Avw` gahyMi wb`kb- kxKKxZb|
7. kxKKxZbi iPwqZv- eoy Px`vm|
8. eo Px`vmi Avmj bvg- Ab|

- 15m^i 1876 wLv

- cwgei nyMwj Rjvi `evb`cyi Mvg|
- 16 Rvbyqvwi 1938 mvj KwjKvZvq, cvK bvwms
nvg|
- 26 Ryb, 1838wL:
- KuvVvjcvov Mvg, Pwek ciMYv Rjv, cwge|
- 8 Gwcj, 1894wL:

iex`bv_ VvKzi
Rb

- BsiwR 1861 mvji,7 g|

evsjv 1268 mvji, 25 ekvL|
Rbvb
- KjKvZvi weLvZ VvKzi cwievi|
gZy
- BsiwR 1941 mvji, 7 AvM|
evsjv-1348 mvji, 22 kveY|
wcZvi bvg - gnwl `e`bv_ VvKzi|
wcZvgn
- wc viKvbv_ VvKzi|
bvBU Dcvwa jvf - 1915 mvj|
bvBU Dcvwa ZvM - 1919 mvj| BsiR KZK cvvei
AgZmi RvwjqvbIqvjvevM nZvKvi cwZev`|
Gkxq`i ga mec_g bvej cyivi jvf : 1913 mvj|
wZwb bvej cyivi cvb MxZvwj Kvei BsiwR Abyev`i
Rb|

33

KvRx bRij Bmjvg

Rb
Rbvb

25 g, 1899 wL:, 11 R, 1306|

cwgei eagvb Rjvi Avmvbmvj
gnKzgvi Pziwjqv Mvg|
gZy
29 AvM, 1976, 12 fv` 1383
hy hvM`vb
1917 mvj|
h hy wZwb hvM`vb Kib c_g wekhy|
h cb wZwb hy Kib 49 bs evOvwj cb
Kwe `~ivivM evwaZ Avv nb 43 eQi eqm|

Rwni ivqnvb
Rb
Rbvb
gZy

1933 mvj|
dbx Rjvi gRycyi Mvg|
1972 mvji 30 Rvbyqvwi|

gvq~b Avng`
Rb
Rbvb
gZy

1948 mvji 13 bf^i

gqgbwmsn Rjvi KzZzecyi Mvg|
19 RyjvB 2012

ivKqv mvLvIqvZ nvmb

Rb
Rbvb
gZy

9 wWm^i 1880|
wgVvcyKzi _vbvi cvqive` Mvg, iscyi|
9 wWm^i 1932|

cg_ Payix
Rb
Rbvb
cwK wbevm
gZy

7 AvM, 1868|
hkvi Rjv|
cvebv Rjvi nwicyi|
2 m^i, 1946|

gvwbK e`vcvavq
Rb
Rbvb
gZy
wcZc` bvg -

1908 wLvi 19 g|
wenvii muvIZvj ciMYv Rjvi `ygKv kni
1956 wLvi 3 wWm^i|
cevaKzgvi e`vcvavq

gybxi Payix
Rb
Rbvb
cwK wbevm
gZy

25 bf^i, 1925 wLv|

gvwbKM|
bvqvLvwj|
14 wWm^i, 1971 wLv|

gxi gkviid nvmb

Rb
Rbvb
gZy

1847 wLv|
Kzwqv Rjvq jvwnbx cvov|
1911 wLv|

gvBKj gaym~`b `
Rb
Rbvb
gZy

25 Rvbyqvwi, 1824 wLv|

hkvii mvMi`uvwo Mvg|
29 Ryb, 1873 wLv, KjKvZvq|

myKv fvPvh
Rb
Rbvb
gZy

1926 wLv KjKvZvq

MvcvjM Rjvq
1947 wLv gv 21 eQi eqm

Rmxg D`&`xb
Rb
Rbvb
gZy

1 Rvbyqvwi 1903 wLt|

gvZzjvjq, Zv^yjLvbv Mvg, dwi`cyi|
13 gvP, 1976 wLt|

diiL Avng`
Rb
Rbvb
gZy

1918 wLt|
gviv Rjvi gvS AvBj Mvg|
1974 wLt|

mywdqv Kvgvj
Rb
Rbvb
gZy

1911 mvj
ewikvj Rjvi kvqvev`
1999 mvji 20 bf^i

kvgmyi ivngvb
Rb
Rbvb
gZy

24 Avei, 1929 wLv|

XvKvi gvZUzwj|
17 AvM, 2006 wLv

Kwe, mvwnwZK`i mvwnZKg

mnR gb ivLvi Dcvq
kirP` Pvcvavq
Dcbvm
evgybi gq cwiYxZv kxKvi eiw`w`, Zvi weq nq wec`vmi
mv_| K_v wQj wec`vm ZvK weivR e Ki ivLe| wK Zvi
Pwinxb ^vgx ZvK wbKwZ w`jbv `bvcvIbvi Rb ZvjvK
w`j| ZvB kxKv I cwiYxZvi wcZv P`bv_ cwZgkvB cjx
mgvRi KvQ c_i `vwe Zzj be weavbi Rb kl ck Kij|
cjx mgvRi cavb f`v eKzi DBji gvag NvlYv w`j h,
wec`vm Zvi evM`vK kli cwiPq bv w`j ZvK `e`vmi
bvq mgvR _K ei Ki w`q Zvi Mn`vn Kiv ne|
# evgybi gq, cwiYxZv, kxKv, eiw`w`, wec`vm, weivR
e, Pwinxb, ^vgx, wbKwZ, `bvcvIbv, P`bv_, cwZgkvB,
cjx mgvR, c_i `vwe, be weavb, kl ck, f`v, eKzi
DBj, `v, kli cwiPq, `e`vm, Mn`vn|
34

ewgP` Pvcvavq
Dcbvm
hyMjvyixq Mvg emevmiZ wZb fvB P`kLi, ivRwmsn I
Kcvj-Kzjvi mv_ mK wQj GKB Mvg emevmiZ wZb evb
iRbx, gYvwjbx, I `yMkbw`bxi| wK welqwU Rwg`vi cwZ `ex
PayivYxi wbKU wele gb nZ| ZvB m Bw`iv Mvxi KvQ
bvwjk Kij| wK eywgwZ Bw`iv Zvi Pv eySZ cvijb
Ges fvejb hw` ivavivYx cg KiZ cvi, hw` mxZvivg KiZ
cvi Ze Zviv Kij `vl Kx? ZvB wZwb Zv`i mgvavb KiZ
AwfhvMKvix I Awfhy`i mv_ wbq Avb`gV Mjb|
mLvb KKvi DBji gvag wZwb Awfhy`i weq w`q
w`jb|
# hyMjvyixq, P`kLi, ivRwmsn, Kcvj-Kzjv, iRbx,
gYvwjbx, `yMkbw`bx, `ex PayivYx, wele, Bw`iv, ivavivYx,
mxZvivg, Avb`gV, KKvi DBj |

ce
KgjvKvi `i e`ki KlK mgvRi mvg cwZv wbq
we`gvb inm wbq AvjvPbv nq| mLvb jvK inm I wevb
inm welqK wewea cei Dci AvjvPbv Kiv nq| mLvb
Zviv KPwi I gywPivg oi Rxeb Pwi AvjvPbvi Rb
agZi Abykxjb Ki|
# KgjvKvi `i, e`ki KlK, mvg, jvK inm,
wevb inm, wewea ce, KPwi, gywPivg oi Rxeb Pwi,
agZi Abykxjb|

myKv fvPvh
Kve
GB AvKvj Kwei PvL Nyg bB| KviY GB wgVKiv niZvj-Gi
w`bI cywjk Kvb c~evfvm QvovB AvR Awfhvb Pvwjq Zvi
Qvoc I MxwZQ wbq MQ|
# AvKvj, wgVKiv, niZvj, c~evfvm, Awfhvb, Qvoc,
MxwZQ|

mq` Avjx Avnmvb

Kve
emi GK mvq (GKK mvq em) Pvnvi `iek mnmv
mPwKZ nq ejj Avwg iRbxMv dzj Avbvi Rb AbK AvKvk
cwiq mgy`B hvev| KviY Avwg Avgvi cwZw`bi k GB
AvKvLvi DPviY bZ cvB|
# GKK mvq em, Pvnvi `iek, mnmv mPwKZ, iRbxMv,
AbK AvKvk, mgy`B hvev, Avgvi cwZw`bi k, DPviY |

eMg mywdqv Kvgvj

Kve
mywdqv Kvgvj Zvi gb I Rxeb w`q Abyfe Kib gvi Rv`y`i
mgvwa ci AvRI gwKvi NvY cvB| wK wZwb Rvbb Zviv GB
D`v cw_exi gvqv KvRj ZvM Ki mvSi gvqvq Ab RMZi
AwfhvwK `i `j hvM w`qQ|

Awgq PeZx

# gb I Rxeb, gvi Rv`y`i mgvwa ci, gwKvi NvY, D`v

cw_ex, gvqv KvRj, mvSi gvqv, AwfhvwK |

KveM

Rwni ivqnvb

Awgq Zvi nvivbv AwKW wUi kvK Awfvb em bvgK bvUKi

Lmov iPbv Kijb| Aekl Kv gbi cvjve`ji Rb wZwb
Zvi evwo AgiveZxZ wdi hZ PvBjb| Ni divi w`b ZvK
b`x cvivcvi nZ nj| evwo wdi `Ljb Zvi evwoi gvwUi
`qvj fO coQ| m GKgyVv gvwU nvZ wbq ejjb Avgvi
AvZwekvm Awbtkl KviY Avgvi AvQ cywZ BgR|

Dcbvm

# nvivbv AwKW, Awfvb em, Lmov, cvjve`j. AgiveZx,

Ni divi w`b, cvivcvi, gvwUi `qvj, GKgyVv, Awbtkl,
cywZ BgR|

M` iPbv
IMv mvcwZK mgqi cyievmx igYxiv Pj hvB c_ Anxb|
#

mvcwZK, cyievmx, Pj hvB, c_ Anxb|

nvRvi eQi ai eid Mjv b`xi Zxi kl weKvji gq AviK

dvyb-Gi Zvq Acv KiQ| Zvi GKUvB wRvmv Avi
KZw`b KqKwU gZzi msev` bZ ne|
# nvRvi eQi ai, eid Mjv b`x, kl weKvji gq, AviK
dvyb, Zv, Avi KZw`b, KqKwU gZz|

PjwP
ejv I Avbvqviv mvbvi KvRj cvevi evnvbvq KuvPi `qvj
f mg Kij| Zvnviv Rxeb _K bqv wmbgv `LZ hq
jvBU (jU `qvi we jvBU)-Gi Afve wmbgv `Lv c Ki
w`j (c RbvmvBW)|
# ejv, Avbvqviv, mvbvi KvRj, evnvbv, KuvPi `qvj,
mg, Rxeb _K bqv, jU `qvi we jvBU, c RbvmvBW|
35

kvgmyi ivngvb

Rmxg D`&`xb

Kve

bvUK

ew` wkwei _K wdi kvgmyi ivngvb k~bZvq Zzwg kvKmfv

bvgK mfvq ejjb, AvR Avwg we bxwjgv _K i`
KivwUZ mvb KiZ GmwQ| Avcbviv AvR h AvgvK `LQb
eyK Zvi evsjv`ki `q GUv Avgvi GK aibi AnsKvi| wK
AvR DU DUi wcV PjQ ^`k| h e my`ix-K Avwg
wPbwQ Zvi Aweij Rjvf~wgZ m`h Ljv KiZ| wK AvR
GK dvUv Kgb Abj GLvb, AvR Mvivb KvwKji KiY
Avnevb kvbv hvq, fvOvPviv Puv` gyL Kvjv Ki ayKQ| ^c I
`yt^c euP AvwQ, G hb bv eve bv `yt^c| Ze Avgvi
`qi awb ejQ c_g Mvb wZxq gZzi AvM njI Avwg
fc Mvjvci nvwm dvUve|

cv cvoi GK Mvgi gq gaygvjv I Zvi mx cjx eay Avmgvb

wmsni fq cy abyK (IMv cy aby) e`i gqi KvQ
w`q w`j|

# ew` wkwei, k~bZvq Zzwg kvKmfv, we bxwjgv, i`

KivwU, eyK Zvi evsjv`ki `q, GK aibi AnsKvi, DU
DUi wcV PjQ ^`k, h e my`ix, Aweij Rjvf~wgZ, GK
dvUv Kgb Abj, Mvivb KvwKji KiY Avnevb,
fvOvPviv Puv` gyL Kvjv Ki ayKQ, ^c I `yt^c euP AvQ,
bv eve bv `yt^c `qi awb, c_g Mvb wZxq gZzi AvM,
fc Mvjvci nvwm|

mq` Iqvjx Djvn

Dcbvm
mq` mvne PiRvMv b`xi Dk ejj Kuv`v b`x Kuv`v KviY
Avi KD Puv`i Agvekvq jvj mvjy co Zvgvq `LZ Avme
bv|
# Kuv`v b`x Kuv`v, Puv`i Agvekvq, jvj mvjy |

bvUK
ewcxi hvv c_i Zi f Ki myi c_ aij|
#

ewcxi, Zi f, myi|

QvU M
bqbPviv Mvgi RvnvRx dwKi wbj Rxeb I wbj hvvi KvQ
civRq eiY Ki gZzhvv Kij| Zvi Rxeb hb cvi `yB Zxi
eo IVv GKwU Zzjmx MvQi Kvwnbx hLvb Lybx Kqviv ZvK
ZvwQj Ki nvm|
# bqbPviv, RvnvRx, wbj Rxeb I wbj hvv, civRq,
gZzhvv, `yB Zxi, GKwU Zzjmx MvQi Kvwnbx, Lybx Kqviv|

# cv cvo, Mvgi gq, gaygvjv, cjx eay, Avmgvb wmsn,

IMv cy aby, e`i gq|

gY mvwnZ
Rvgvwbi kni e`i Pj gymvwdi mevB ej Zvi evm nj`
cixi `k h `k gvbyl eo|
# Rvgvwbi kni e`i, Pj gymvwdi, nj` cixi `k, h
`k gvbyl eo|

AvZK_v
Kwei wZcU AvRI fvi Zv`i RxebK_v hv`i `LwQ
VvKzi evwoi AvwObvq|
# wZcU, Zv`i RxebK_v, hv`i `LwQ, VvKzi evwoi
AvwObvq|

Kve
iwOjv bvqi gvwS nvmyi GKcqmvi euvwki myi b iceZx I
myPqbx mwKbv njy` eiY kvox co mvRb evw`qvi NvU I bKkx
Kuv_vi gvV-Gi gvSvgvwS avbZ cvwo w`q evjyPi QzU Avmj|
ZLbB Zvi gb coj 71-Gi mB fqven w`bwji K_v, hLb
GLvb wQj Kvdbi wgwQj i iO Rji jLb| hLb Ku`Q
AbK gv Rbbx (gv h Rbbx Kv`) ZviciI gvMv Rvwjq
iLQ Avjv| (gvMv Rvwjq ivwLm Avjv)|
# iwOjv bvqi gvwS, nvmy, GKcqmvi euvwk, iceZx, myPqbx,
mwKbv, njy` eiY, mvRb evw`qvi NvU, bKkx Kuv_vi gvV,
avbZ, evjyPi, fqven w`bwjZ, Kvdbi wgwQj, Rji
jLb, gv h Rbbx Kv`, gvMv Rvwjq ivwLm Avjv|
Dcbvm:- Zvi GKgv Dcbvm evev Kvwnbx|

KvRx bRij Bmjvg

bvUK
Avjqv wSwjwgwj iOi kvwo co gaygvjvi cyZzji weq `LZ
Mj|
# Avjqv, wSwjwgwj, gaygvjv, cyZzji weq |

36

Dcbvm
KznwjKv gZzzavq evuabnviv|
#
KznwjKv, gZzzav, evuabnviv|

wemRb w`Z ne| ivRv ZvB Kijb Ges cieZx dvyb gvm
cw_ivR ivR gyKzU MnY Kijb I ivRv ivYx Mvovi Mj` wgwUq
Kvji hvvq Pj Mj|

M M
wkDwj gvjv c MvLivi e_vi `vb _K gyw cZ wRbi
ev`kvi KvQ wii e`b wbq Mj|
# wkDwj gvjv, c MvLivi, e_vi `vb, wRbi ev`kv, wii
e`b|

Kve
`vjbPuvcv, wPbvgv I wmz wn`vj Amvgi wRwi fvOZ I
mvgev`x Av`vjb kwiK nZ menviv`i `j hvM w`j|
Zv`i Mvbi `j QvqvbU bZzb Puv`i mgq mwZv _K fvOvi
Mvb MvBZ| Zv`i kl mIMvZi wec- ex myii AwMexYvq
PevK cyei nvIqvi So DVZv| gifvi cjq `L
KuvcZ wSO dzj I dwY-gbmv|
# `vjbPuvcv, wPbvgv, wmz wn`vj, wRwi, mvgev`,
menviv, QvqvbU, bZzb Puv`, mwZv, fvOvi Mvb, kl mIMvZ,
AwMexYv, PevK, cyei nvIqv, So, gifvi, wSO dzj,
dwY-gbmv|

iex`bv_ VvKzi
Dcbvm
Mviv wn`y Nii gq ivRlx I gvj e VvKzivYxi nvU _K
wdiZ bKvWyweZ AvnZ nj| PZzi e_vi KviY Nii
evBi hvMvhvM KiZ cvij bv| Ni em `yB evb GKRb
AviK Rbi PvLi evwjZ cwiYZ nj Ges q q kli
KweZvi Pvi Aavq gyL Ki djj|
# Mviv, ivRlx, gvj, e VvKzivYxi nvU, bKvWywe, PZzi,
Ni evBi, hvMvhvM, `yB evb, PvLi evwj, kli KweZv, Pvi
Aavq |

bvUK
APjvqZb `ki ivRv i`P I ivYx wPv`v LyeB `ywvq
AvQb| Zv`i mvb cw_ivR ivR Pvjbvq gb bv w`q cw_exi
gvqvi Ljvq gZ iqQ| AvR evukix evRvq Zv Kvj gMqvq
hvq| m eKzi LvZvq bvg jwLq WvKNii KvQ wPiKzgvi
mfvq hvM w`qQ| GgZvevq GB mgmv _K cwivY cZ
i`P Mjb evjxwKi (evjxwK cwZfv) KvQ ejjb AvgvK
Rxeb hyi GB civRq _K iv Kib| bZzev G `k Zvmi
`k cwiYZ ne| evjxwK Dcvq wnme ejjb kveY gvm
PvwjKv `exi gw`i bUxi c~Rv KiZ ne Ges gyavivq i

# APjvqZb, i`P, wPv`v, cw_ivR, gvqvi Ljv, evukix,

Kvj gMqvq eKzi LvZv WvKNi wPiKzgvi mfv, cwivY,
evjxwK cwZfv, civRq, Zvmi `k, kveY, PvwjKv, bUxi
c~Rv, gyavivq, i, wemRb, dvyb, gyKzU, Mvovi Mj`, Kvji
hvv |

Kve
fvbywmsn VvKzi mvbvB nvZ Ki wPv b`x cvi nIqvi Rb Lqv
mvbvi ZixZ IV| GKB mgq wYKv, kvgjx, gqv I gvbmx
b`x cvi nIqvi Rb mvbvi ZixZ IV| gqvK `L VvKzi
mvne gy nq| Zvi cg nveyWyey LZ _vK| be` m RvbZ
cvi gvN gvmi 12 ZvwiL gqvi Rbw`b| GRb m gqvi
Rbw`b ebdzj Kwo I Kvgj ejvKvi KvQ cvwVq `q| ejvKv
ZLb Kbvi ga MxZvwj Kve coZ _vK| gqv ccyUi
Qovi Qwe mvi mxZi gZ MvBZ _vK| Kwei G kl jLv
Zvi Rxebi Kwe Kvwnbx|
# fvbywmsn VvKzii c`vejx, mvbvB, wPv, Lqv, mvbvi Zix,
wYKv, kvgjx, gqv, gvbmx, be`, Rbw`b, ebdzj, Kwo I
Kvgj, ejvKv, Kbv, MxZvwj, ccyU, Qovi Qwe, mv mxZ,
kl jLv, Kwe Kvwnbx|

Dcvwa
Dcvwa
`jZ DwRi
Kwe Kb
ivq MyYvKi
hyMmwYi Kwe
evsjvi wgb
fvii cvwL
mvwnZ wekvi`
wekKwe
Q`i Rv`yKi
mvwnZ mvU, Fwl
we`vnx Kwe
we`vmvMi
cjx Kwe
icmx evsjvi Kwe
PviY Kwe
AcivRq K_vwkx
bvMwiK Kwe
fvlv wevbx

cKZ bvg
evnivg Lvb
gyKz`ivg PeZx
fviZP`
CkiP`
ngP` gyLvcvavq
wenvixjvj PeZx
Avyj Kwig
iex`bv_ VvKzi
mZ` bv_ `
ewgP` Pvcvavq
KvRx bRij Bmjvg
CkiP`
Rwmg D``xb
Rxebvb` `vm
gyKz` `vm
kirP` Pvcvavq
kvgmyi ivngvb
W. gvnv` knx`yjvn

37

wKkvi Kwe
gymwjg bvix RvMiYi AM`yZ
KvwmK Kwe
^cvZzi Kwe
wgw_jvi KvwKj
gnvKwe
mvwnZ iubmvi Kwe
evsjv mvwnZi wecwe Kwe
Bmjvwg iubmvi Kwe

myKv fvPvh
eMg ivKqv
myax`bv_ `
mq` BmgvBj nvmb wmivRx
we`vcwZ
AvjvIj
gvBKj gaym~`b `
gvBKj gaym~`b `
diiL Avng`

Qbvg
Qbvg
eo Px`vm
MvRx wgqv
fvby wmsn
exiej
KvqKvev`
Zvg cuPv
ebdzj
nvqvr gvgy`
ciivg
kIKZ Imgvb
a~gKZz

cKZ bvg
Ab eo
gxi gkviid nvmb
iex`bv_ VvKzi
cg_ Payix
KvRg Avj Kvivqkx
KvwjKvb`
ejvB Puv` gyLvcvavq
W. gwbivgvb
ivR kLi emy
kL AvwRRyi ingvb
KvRx bRij Bmjvg

evsjv mvwnZ cvKxq mbUi

ceZK
evsjv gnvKvei RbK
evsjv mvwnZ Awgvi Q`i
ceZK
evsjv QvU Mi RbK

weeiY
evsjv mvwnZi/ cvPxb hyMi
Avw` Kwe
ga hyMi Avw` Kwe
gbmvgj Kvei Avw` Kwe
Px gj Kvei Avw` Kwe
evsjv mvwnZi c_g gymjgvb
Kwe
ivgvqYi c_g Abyev`K
gnvfviZi c_g Abyev`K
KziAvb kixdi c_g Abye`K
evsjv M`i cw_KZ
wkmZ M`ixwZi
RbK/M`ixwZi RbK
PwjZ M`ixwZi RbK
evsjv Dcbvmi cw_Kr
evsjv Dcbvmi RbK
evsjv bvUKi ceZK
evsjv bvUKi RbK
evsjv cnmbi RbK
evsjv mbUi ceZK/RbK

jLK/Kwei bvg
jyB cv
eo Px`vm
Kvbv nwi`
gvwbK `
kvn gvnv` mMxi
Kwe Kwevm IuSv
Kex` cigki
fvB wMwik P` mb
DBwjqvg Kix
CkiP` we`vmvMi
cg_ Payix
cvwiPuv` wg
ewgP` Pvcvavq
ZvivPiY wkK`vi
gvBKj gaym~`b `
gvBKj gaym~`b `
gvBKj gaym~`b `

gvBKj gaym~`b `
gvBKj gaym~`b `
iex`bv_ VvKzi

evsjv mvwnZi wewfb

kvLvi c_g
weeiY
evsjv mvwnZi Avw`
wb`kb
gahyMi evsjv
mvwnZi Avw`
wb`kb
gymjgvb`i jLv
c_g mvwnZ
c_g gyw`Z M
c_g Dcbvm
c_g mv_K Dcbvm

evsjv mvwnZi wewfb

kvLvi Avw` Kwe, ceZK,
RbK Ges cw_KZ

cg_ Payix

c_g ivgvwUK
Dcbvm
c_g cYqvcvY
c_g ce
c_g bvUK
c_g mv_K bvUK
c_g cnmb
c_g Ges GKgv
mv_K gnvKve
c_g QvU M
c_g mv_K QvUM
c_g gymjgvb
bvUKvi
XvKv _K cKvwkZ
c_g iPbv
c_g evsjv Aii
Lv`vBKvix
c_g evsjv Ai
Lv`vBKvix
c_g gwnjv
JcbvwmK

iPbvi bvg
Phvc`

iPwqZvi bvg
gvU 24 Rb

kxK KxZb

eoPx `vm

BDmyd RyjLv

kvn& gvnv` mMxi

K_vcK_b
Avjvji Nii
`yjvj
`yNk bw`bx

DBwjqvg Kwi
cvixPuv` wg

KcvjKzjv
BDmyd RvjLv
e`v
f`vRyb
kwgv
GKB Kx ej
mfZv
gNbv` ea Kve
wfLvwibx
`bv cvIbv

bxj `cY

ewgP`
Pvcvavq
ewgP`
Pvcvavq
kvn& gyn` mMxi
ivRv ivggvnb ivq
ZvivPiY wkK`vi
gvBKj gaym~`b
`
gvBKj gaym~`b
`
gvBKj gaym~`b
`
iex`bv_ VvKzi
iex`bv_ VvKzi
gxi gkviid
nvmb
`xbez wg
cvbb KgKvi
Pvjm DBjwK

gevi ivR

^YKzgvix `ex

38

wewfb Kwei c_g

KveM
iPwqZvi bvg
gvBKj gaym~`b `
iex`bv_ VvKzi
KvRx bRij Bmjvg
Rxebvb` `vm
kvgmyi ivngvb
Avj gvngy`
myKv fvPvh
wbgj`y Y
Avey nbv gvdv Kvgvj
Rmxg D`&`xb
diiL Avng`
gvqyb AvRv`
Awgq PeZx

KveMi bvg
The Captive Lady
ebdzj
AwMexYv
Siv cvjK
c_g Mvb, wZxq gZzi AvM
jvK jvKvi
Qvoc
cgvsi i PvB
AvcY heb eix
ivLvjx
mvZ mvMii gvwS
AjwKK Bwgvi
cvivcvi

wewfb JcbvwmKi c_g

cKvwkZ Dcbvm
JcbvwmKi bvg
ewgP` Pvcvavq
iex`bv_ VvKzi
KvRx bRij Bmjvg
Avey BmnvK
gvwbK e`vcvavq
kIKZ Imgvb
knx`yjvn Kvqmvi
gxi gkviid nvmb
AvLZvivgvb Bwjqvm
mq` IqvjxDjvn
cvixPuv` wg
eMg ivKqv

Dcbvmi bvg
`yMk bw`bx
e VvKzivYxi nvU
euvabnviv
m~h`xNj evwo
w`ev ivwi Kve
ewb Av`g
mvis e
iZveZx
wPjKvVvi mcvB
jvjmvjy
Avjvji Nii `yjvj
civM

wewfb bvUKvii c_g

cKvwkZ bvUK
bvUKvii bvg
gvBKj gaym~`b `
iex`bv_ VvKzi
KvRx bRij Bmjvg
byij gvgb
gvgybyi iwk`
gybxi Payix
`xb eywg
gxi gkviid nvmb

bvUKi bvg
kwgv
i`P
wSwjwgwj
bgwmm
Iiv K`g Avjx
iv evsjv
bxj`cY
em Kzgvix

wewfb mvwnZi
DjLhvM Pwii v,
M I Mi cKwZ
Pwii bvg
ivav, K Ges
eovwq
Ckix cvUbx
cveZx
VKPvPv
bexb gvae,
Zvivc
iveY, cwgjv
Ges gNbv`
fcmv` evey
Agj
dwUK PeZx
ingZ, LyKx
iZb
Mviv, jwjZv,
myPwiZv Ges
webq
AwgZ, jveY
Ges K wU wg
gaym~`b Ges
Kzgyw`bx
ivBPiY
ngx,
Mixki Ges
Acy
Kz`bw`bx,
bM`bv_
KcvjKzjv Ges
beKzgvi
gi, ivwnYx
Ges Mvwe`jvj
Avqkv Ges

Pwi vi
bvg
eo Px`vm

Mi bvg

iPbvi aib

kxK KxZb

fviZP`
ivq YvKi
AvjvIj

Ab`vgj
Kve
cveZx

cuvPvwj
Kve
gjKve

cvixPuv`
wg
`xbez wg

Avjvji
Nii `yjvj
bxj `cY

gvBKj
gaym~`b `
gvBKj
gaym~`b `
iex`bv_
VvKzi
iex`bv_
VvKzi
iex`bv_
VvKzi
iexY&`bv_
VvKzi
iex`bv_
VvKzi

gNbv`ea

gnvKve

eyov kvwjKi
Nvo iuv
WvKNi

cnmb

QzwU

QvUM

KveyjxIqvjv

QvUM

cv gvvi

QvUM

Mviv

Dcbvm

iex`bv_
VvKzi
iex`bv_
VvKzi
iex`bv_
VvKzi
iex`bv_
VvKzi

kli KweZv

Dcbvm

hvMvhvM

Dcbvm

LvKveveyi
cZveZb
ngx

ewgP`
Pvcvavq
ewgP`
Pvcvavq
ewgP`
Pvcvavq
ewgP`

wele

Dcbvm

KcvjKzjv

Dcbvm

KKvi
DBj
`yMkbw`bx

Dcbvm

cYq
DcvLvb
Dcbvm
bvUK

bvUK

Dcbvm
39

wZjvgv
ngvwbx, K
Ges Kv`w^bx
Mdzi
gvawe Ges myib
bib, igv
kxKv, B`bv_,
Ab`vw`w`,
ivRjx
mZxk, mvwex
Ges wKiYgqx
gwng, myik
Ges APjv
igv Ges igk
Kzei, gvjv, nvmb
wgqv Ges nvmb
wgqv
Rvniv Ges Bevnxg
Kvw`

Pvcvavq
ewgP`
Pvcvavq
kirP`
Pvcvavq
kirP`
Pvcvavq
kirP`
Pvcvavq
kirP`
Pvcvavq
kirP`
Pvcvavq
kirP`
Pvcvavq
kirP`
Pvcvavq
gvwbK
e`vcvavq
gybxi Payix

gRw`w`

gnk

eow`w`
`v

eoM/
Dcbvm
Dcbvm

kxKv

Dcbvm

Pwinxb

Dcbvm

Mn`vn

Dcbvm

cjxmgvR

Dcbvm

cv b`xi
gvwS

Dcbvm

iv cvi

bvUK

evsjv mvwnZi BwZnvmi

iZc~Y ccwKv Ges
mv`K
c-cwKvi bvg Ges weeiY
ej MRU (evsjv Z_v
fviZi c_g msev`c)
w`M`kb (ef~wgZ evsjv
fvlvq cKvwkZ c_g mvgwqK
cwKv)
mgvPvi `cY (c_g cKZ evsjv
cwKv hvi viv msev`
cwiekb i nq)
evvjv MRU (evOvwj KZK
mvw`Z I cKvwkZ c_g
evsjv msev`c)
m^v` cfvKi
Zevwabx
gvwmK cwKv
e`kb
AvwRRybnvi
fviZx

mv`Ki bvg
Rgm AMvvm wnwK
Rb KvK gvkgvb

Rb KvK gvkgvb

MvwKkvi fvPvh

CkiP`
AKzgvi `
cvixPuv` wg I ivavbv_
wkK`vi
ewgP` Pvcvavq
gxi gkviid nvmb
wR`bv_ VvKzi

mvwnZ
mvabv
beb~i
mvvwnK gvnv`x
meyRc (PwjZ M`ixwZi
gyLc)
mIMvZ
a~gKZz (Avb`gqxi AvMgb
cKvwkZ nj cwKvwU wbwl
Kiv nq Ges mv`K KvRx
bRij Bmjvgi bvg
`k`vwnZvi AwfhvM Avbv
nq)
`wbK AvRv`
Kjvj
jvj
wkLv (vb hLvb mxgve,
eyw hLvb Avo, gyw
mLvb Ame)
mgKvj
gvn bI
`wbK behyM
eMg
hvq hvq w`b
AvOzi (wkZvl cwKv)
m`k

myikP` mgvRcwZ
iex`bv_ VvKzi
mq` Gg`v` Avjx
gvnv` AvKivg Luv
cg_ Payix
gvnv` bvwmi Dwb
KvRx bRij Bmjvg

gvnv` AvKivg Luv

`xbkib `vm
KvRx bRij Bmjvg
Aveyj mb

wmKv`vi Avey Rvdi

Ave`yj Kvw`i
KvRx bRij Bmjvg
b~iRvnvb eMg
kwdK ingvb
W. gyn` knx`yjvn
myKzgvi ivq

wewfb iZc~Y
PiY, evYx I DwZ
01. cii Kvib ^v_ w`qv ewj
G Rxeb gb mKwj `vI,
Zvi gZ myL Kv_vI wK AvQ?
Avcbvi K_v fywjqv hvI|
- myL, Kvwgbx ivq|
02. Avnv, wK gayi IB Avhvbi awb
gg gg mB myi evwRj wK mygayi
AvKzj nBj cvY, bvwPj agbx|
- Avhvb, KvqKvev`|
03. KwiZ cvwi bv KvR
m`v fq m`v jvR,
mskq msK m`v Uj
cvQ jvK wKQz ej| - cvQ jvK wKQz ej, Kvwgbx ivq|
04. wec` gvi iv Ki
G bn gvi cv_bv
wec` Avwg bv hb Kwi fq| - AvZvY, iex`bv_ VvKzi|

40

05. h Rb w`em gbi nil,

Rvjvq gvgi evwZ,
Avky Mn Zvi, `wLe bv Avi,
wbkx_ c`xc fvwZ|
- wgZewqZv, KP` gRyg`vi|
06. wPimyLx Rb g wK KLb
ew_Z e`b eywSZ cvi
wK hvZbv wel eywSe m wKm
Kfz Avwkwel `skwb hvi| - mge_x, KP` gRyg`vi|
07. eveyB cvwLi WvwK, ewjQ PovB
Kzo Ni _K Ki wki eovB
Avwg _vwK gnvmyL AvwjKv ci
Zzwg KZ K cvI iv` ew So|
- ^vaxbZvi myL, iRbxKv mb|
08. abavb cy fiv Avgv`i GB emyiv
Zvnvi gvS AvQ `k GK-mKj `ki miv|
- abavb cy fiv, wR`jvj ivq|
09. gv`i Mie gv`i Avkv Av gwi evsjv fvlv- Av gwi
evsjv fvlv,
- AZzj cmv` mb|
10. Avcbvi jq weeZ iwnZ
Avm bvB Kn Aewb ci,
mKji Zi mKj Avgiv
cZK Avgiv cii Zi|
- civ_, Kvwgbx ivq|
11. Mvwn mvgi Mvb
gvbyli Pq eo wKQz bvB,
bn wKQz gnxqvb|
- mvg, KvRx bRij Bmjvg|
12. wek hv wKQz gnvb mw
wPi KjvYKi
AaK Zvi KwiqvQ bvix
AaK Zvi bi|
- bvix, KvRx bRij Bmjvg|
13. AvwR nZ kZel ci
K Zzwg cwoQ ewm Avgvi KweZvLvwb
AvwR nZ kZel ci| - 1400 mvj, iex`bv_ VvKzi|
14. n e, fvvi Ze wewea iZb|
Zv me, (Aeva Avwg) Aenjv Kwi,
- efvlv, gvBKj gaym~`b `|
15. n Kwe, bxie Kb dvb h GmQ aivq,
em ewiqv Zzgw je bv wK Ze e`bvq?
- ZvnviB co gb, eMg mywdqv Kvgvj|
16. cvwL me Ki ie, ivwZ cvnvBj
Kvbb Kzmyg Kwj mKwj dzwUj| - g`bgvnb ZKvjvi|
17. Rxe cg Ki hB Rb, mB me mweQ Cki|
- ^vgx weeKvb`|

18. Zvgvi KxwZi Pq Zzwg h gnr

GB Ze Rxebi i_
cvZ dwjqv hvq KxwZi Zvgvi evisevi
wP Ze co AvQ Zzwg n_v bvB|
- kvRvnvb, iex`bv_ VvKzi|
19. bvbvb `ki bvbvb fvlv
web ^`kx fvlv
gU wK Avkv?
- ^`kx fvlv, ivgwbwa |
20. KZ Mvg KZ c_ hvq mi mi,
kni ivbvi hveB cQ fvi| - ivbvi, myKv fvPvh|
21. GmQ bZzb wk, ZvK Qo w`Z ne vb;
RxY cw_exZ e_, gZ asmc-wcV
Pj hZ ne Avgv`i|
- Qvoc, myKv fvPvh|
22. Rwbj gwiZ ne, Agi K Kv_v Ke?
- gvBKj gaym~`b `|
23. _vKe bvKv e Ni
`Le Gevi RMrUvK
Kgb Ki NyiQ gvbyl
hyMvii N~wYcvK|
- msK, KvRx bRij Bmjvg|
24. AvcbvK eo ej eo mB bq
jvK hvi eo ej eo mB nq|- eo K, -CkiP` |
25. Kvb `kZ ZijZv
mKj `ki PvBZ kvgj?
Kvb `kZ PjZ MjB
`jZ nqi `yev Kgj?- Kvb `k, mZ`bv_ `|
26. fvZ ` nvivgRv`v, Zv bv nj gvbwP Lve|
- iwdK AvRv`|
27. gvMv, Iiv ej,
mevi K_v Ko be,
Zvgvi Kvj q
M bZ `ebv
ej, gv| ZvB wK nq?
- Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjvn|
28. gvi PvL bvB Ak Kej
AbbRvjv, `yPvL Zvi
k nbbi Avnvb|
- knx` iY, gvnv` gwbivgvb|
29. n `vwi`, Zzwg gvi KiQ gnvb|
Zzwg gvi `vwbqvQ Lxi mvb
KK gyKzU kvfv|
- `vwi`, KvRx bRij Bmjvg|
30. G wekK bZzb wki evmhvM Ki hve AvwgbeRvZKi KvQ G Avgvi `p AwKvi|
- Qvoc, myKv fvPvh|

41

31. gnvvbx gnvRb, h c_ Ki Mgb

nqQ cvZiYxq|
- ngP` e`vcvavq|
32. Ii bexb Ii Avgvi KuvPv,
Ii meyR, Ii AeyS,
Ava-giv`i Nv gi ZzB euvPv|
- meyRi Awfhvb, iex`bv_ VvKzi|
33. Kb cv v nI nwi `xN c_
D`g wenb cyi Kvi gbvi_|
KuvUv nwi v Kb Kgj ZzwjZ
`ytL webv myL jvf nq wK gwnZ?
- KP` gRyg`vi|
34. gwiZ Pvwnbv Avwg my`i fzeb
gvbei gvS Avwg euvwPevi PvB|
- Kwo I Kvgj, iex`bv_ VvKzi|
35. RbwQ gvMv Zvgvi KvjZ
gwi hb GB `k| - RbwQ GB `k, mywdqv Kvgvj|
36. ZvgvK cvIqvi Rb, n ^vaxbZv
ZvgvK cvIqvi Rb
Avi KZevi fvmZ ne iMvq|
- kvgmyi ivngvb|
37. h me eZ Rb wnsm eevYx
m me Kvnvi Rb wbYq b Rvwb|- eevYx, Ave`yj nvwKg|
38. GbwQj mv_ Ki gZznxb cvY
giY ZvnvB Zzwg Ki Mj `vb|
- iex`bv_ VvKzi|
39. KweZvq Avi wK wjLe?
hLb eyKi i wjLwQ
GKwU bvg
evsjv`k|
- gvnv` gwbivgvb|
40. evsjvi gyL Avwg `wLqvwQ, ZvB cw_exi ic
`wLZ PvB bv Avi|
- Rxebvb` `vm|
41. Avevi Avwme wdi avbwmuwowUi Zxi GB evsjvq
nqZv gvbyl bq nqZv ev kLwPj kvwjKi ek|
- Avevi Avwme wdi, Rxebvb` `vm|
42. bvB wKi myL? bvB wKi myL?
G aiv wK ay welv`gq?
hvZb Rvwjqv Kuvw`qv gwiZ
Kewj wK bi Rbg jq?
- Kvwgbx ivq|
43. Kvvwi G Zixi cvKv gvwS gvjv
`uvwo gyL mvwi Mvb jv kixK Avjvn|
- Lqvcvii ZiYx, KvRx bRij Bmjvg|
44. Mvwn Zvn`i Mvb,
weki mv_ Rxebi c_ hviv AvwR Avqvb|
-KvRx bRij Bmjvg|

45. Ea wki hw` Zzwg Kzj gb ab

KwiIbv NYv Ze wbP wki Rb|
- imvj I ^YjwZKv, gvBKj gaym~`b `|
46. myLi jvwMqv G Ni euvwaby
Abj cywiqv Mj|
- vb `vm|
47. ^vaxbZv nxbZvq
K euvwPZ Pvq
K euvwPZ Pvq
`vmZ kLj ej
K cwie cvq n
K cwie cvq|
- ^vaxbZv, ijvj e`vcvavq
48. mwL Kgb awi wnq?
Avgvi ea~qv Avb evwo hvq
Avgvi AvwObv w`qv|- Px`vm
49. nv cy! nv exeiev! exi` wKkix|
Kgb awie cvY Zvgvi wenb?
- mgy`i cwZ iveY, gvBKj gaym~`b `|
50. bn gvbyl fvB
mevi Dci gvbyl mZ Zvnvi Dci bvB&
- Px`vm|
51. gg GK nvZ euvKv euvki euvkix
Avi nvZ iY-Zzh|
- we`vnx, KvRx bRij Bmjvg|
52. Zzwg gvj, Avwg `uvo Uvwb fzj
myL ay Amxg Kzqvkv nwi| - cvwi, diiL Avng`|
53. kvb gv Avwgbv, iL `i KvR, Ziv Ki gvV Pj
Gj gNbvi Rvqvii ejv, GLwb bvwge Xj|
- gNbvi Xj, gvq~b Kwei|
54. Avgvi gvqi mvbvi bvjK nvwiq Mj kl
n_vq LuywR n_vq LyuwR mviv evsjv`k|
- bvjK, Avj gvngy`|
55. `kx fvlv we`v hvi gb b Ryovq
wbR `k ZvMx Kb we`k b hvq|
- Avyj nvwKg|
56. GK Lvwb QvU LZ, Avwg GKjv
- mvbvi Zix, iex`bv_ VvKzi|
57. Iiv Avgvi gyLi fvlv KvBov wbZ Pvq - Avyj jwZd|
58. me KUv Rvbvjv Lyj `vI bv
- bRij Bmjvg evey|
59. Avgiv mevB ivRv Avgv`iB ivRvi ivRZ
- iex`bv_ VvKzi|
60. Avgiv wn`y hgb mZ Zvi Pq ewk mZ Avgiv evOvwj
- W. gyn` knx`yjvn&
61. KD gvjv, KD Zmwe Mjvq, ZvBZv RvZ wfb ejvqjvjb dwKi|
62. hLvb wd w_swKs bB mLvb KvjPvi bB|
-iex`bv_ VvKzi|
42

63. gayi PqI AvQ gayi m Avgvi `ki gvwU

Avgvi `ki c_i a~jv LuvwU mvbvi PvBZ LuvwU|
- mZ`bv_ `|
64. gvbyli gvS ^M biK, gvbylZ myivmyi
- kL dRjj Kwig|
65. ic jvwM AvwL Szi b gb fvi
- vb `vm|
66. fvlv gvbyli gyL _K Kjg Avm, DvUv KiZ Mj
gyL ay Kvwj co|
- cg_ Payix|
67. mKvj DwVqv Avwg gb gb ewj mviv w`b Avwg hb fvj
nq Pwj|
- g`bgvnb ZKvjvi|
68. LuvPvi wfZi AwPb cvwL Kgb Avm hvq?- jvjb dwKi|
69. RbB Avgvi AvRb cvc
- `vD` nvq`vi|
70. cw_K, Zzwg c_ nvivBqvQ|
- KcvjKzjv, ewgP` Pvcvavq|
71. zavi ivR cw_ex M`gq,
c~wYgvi Puv` hb Sjmvbv iwU|
- myKv fvPvh|
72. eoi wcwiwZ evwji euva, Y nvZ `wo YK Puv`-fviZP` ivqYvKi|
73. G fiv ev`i gvn fv`i
k~b gw`i gvi|
- we`vcwZ|

43