Telecommunication is the transmission

of signals over a distance for the purpose

of communication

Telecommunication includes :
i) Main telephones
ii) Internal communication telephones
iii) Paging and alarm system
iv) Radio
v) Other specialist equipment

The telephone is :

telecommunications device that

transmits and receives sound (most
commonly speech), usually two people
conversing but occasionally three or more.

sophisticated network of switching

circuitry allows a caller to dial and be
connected to a desired party at the far
end.

Function

: is to carry voice signal and

computer data signal.

Telekom Malaysia (TM)

is the company
which provides the telephone services in
Malaysia.

A cabled infrastructure for the telephone

services has been installed by TM which
consists of :
i) Telephone lines

ii) Exchanger
iii) Distribution frames and telephone cabinets
iv) Distribution points

The subscriber also requires a telephone wiring

infrastructure within the building.

If the building has many telephone users, then

it may have a premise telephone system.

i)

Telephone lines

A telephone line or
telephone circuit is a
single-user circuit on
a telephone
communications system.

Typically this refers to

the physical wire or other
signaling medium
connecting the user's
telephone apparatus to
the telecommunications
network.

ii) Main Telephone Exchange

Each telephone exchange serves a certain area of radii,

depending on the number of consumer.
There may be more than 1 telephone exchanger in one
area. i.e. section 11 and section 18 Shah Alam
Functions : - service network
- main control centre
- supplies electricity to telephone
- equipped with MDF processes telephone
calls, changes sound waves and vice versa,
connect
telephone lines from users of different areas of
telephone exchange to another one

Figure 1 : Main telephone exchange

iii)

Distribution frames
and telephone
cabinets
- domestic users,
cable are brought into
cabinets
- same concept with
MDF but cater certain
area e.g. Section 11
- cabinet - metal
container built above
ground, normally at
the roadside shaped
like a rocket

iv)

Distribution
points/overhead
pole
- From cabinets,
cables are brought
up to telephone
poles;35m
maximum
distance apart

v)

Manhole
- local network start and
underground cable to be
connected to user
- distance from one manhole and
another is 180m
- normally pre-cast manhole
- as a passage for cables to be
connected to
cabinets

vi)

Types of cables
- cables connected to cabinets are
called prime/main cable

cabinet

Overhea
d cable

Overhea
d pole

MDF
E-side
cable

D-side
cable

Internal
wiring

Internal
Distribution
Frame

E-side
cable

Subscriber
Distribution Frame

Meaning of a
telephone number

06 [03] 7766
8884

National
code
(Main
Exchange)

State code
(Main
Exchange)

District code
(Branch
Exchange)

Terminal
code
(telephone
cabinet and
telephone
set)

Services serve into building categories :

Type of
building

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3

> 5 storey

5 storey &
below

Residential,
Bungalow &
Terrace
house

Size of
incoming
cable

Cable with
more than
50 lines

Cable with
less than 50
lines

Few lines

Floor area

Less than
7000 sq ft

Less than
7000 sq ft

No limit

Category 1 Buildings
(> 5 storey)

For this category (large

buildings), at the point just
before the buried telephone
cable enters the building, a
jointing chamber will be
built.

This jointing chamber can

either be a manhole (for a
cable with more than 400
lines) or joint box (for cable
with less than 400 lines) and
is used to help in the linking
of the cable from the building
to the TM underground cable.

Category 2 Buildings (5 and < 5 storeys)

i.e. terrace shop-houses, the cables are run

underground from the main underground TM cable at
the manhole or joint box to a jointing pit just outside
the building.

From the jointing pit, the cables are run to a second

jointing pit just inside the building.

From the second jointing pit, the cable emerges to run

to distribution point (DP) box at one end of the
building.

The cable is then laid through the length of the

outside wall of the building.

Junction boxes are installed when a line is to run into

a premise (i.e.: grid, branching or perimeter layout).

Category 3 buildings
( Residential, Bungalow & Terrace house)

Category 3 buildings (domestic houses)

received their telephones either through
overhead lines or underground lines

Underground cabling is not visible and hence do

not clutter up the area view or suffer from the
possibility of being brought down and snapping
by roadside tree branches

Category 3 buildings
( Residential, Bungalow & Terrace house)
(contd)
Underground cables

The main telephone cables are laid in conduits

with surface joint boxes.

In minor roads, the cables are usually buried

directly in the ground under the footpath or
under the road.

The
necessary
cross-connection
between
underground cables are provided at cabinets
above ground.

Category 3 buildings
( Residential, Bungalow & Terrace house)
(contd)
Underground cables

The cable for the house is brought inside, as

close as possible to the position of the
telephone at ground-floor level

To enable future maintenance and upgrading

by TM, the service trench is fitted with
manholes at the certain length of the cable
length.

Most big and medium size building receive

their telephone cables from under the ground
(i.e.: category 1 and 2).

Category 3 buildings
( Residential, Bungalow & Terrace house)
(contd)
Overhead cables
External distribution for dwellings by overhead cable
has the following advantages over underground
distribution:
1. An overhead cable is smaller and cheaper than an
underground cable.
2. Overhead distribution involves a cable along one side
of the road only to both side of the road.
3. It is more convenient to provide additional lines to
existing premises.
4. However, underground cables are out of sight and do
not spoil the outlook.
In Malaysia it is mostly used for domestic houses and
shophouses

PREMISES DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Definition:
telephone

system within a building, i.e.:

building telephone wiring system. A large
building (category I & 2) premises distribution
system may consist of:
1.Main telephone equipment
2.Riser system
3.Floor or zone telephone equipment system
4.Internal telephone/switching system

PREMISES DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Category 1
Buildings are required to have the telephone
equipment room (large terminals and lines).

Category 2
Buildings are not required to have the telephone
equipment room because sometimes they do not
have MDF (Main Distribution Frame).

Main Telephone Equipment

The main entry cable from the street leads to a

distribution frame
(at basement level)
Interconnects with the controlling switchboards
Telephone equipment room consists :
- main distribution frame/unit (MDF)
- premise telephone exchange system equipment
(e.g.: PABX or KTS)
- backup battery system
- distribution cables
- technician work room & storage room
- automatic fire extinguisher system

Main Telephone Equipment

Main Distribution Frame
(MDF)
a frame which is used for
distributing the telephone
cable into several lines for
multi subscriber with one
or more lines in a single
building.
- Lines from incoming cables
are connected to the lines
of the internal telephone
wire on terminal blocks.
The terminal blocks are
fixed on a frame. This
frame is Main Distribution
Frame (MDF).

Main Distribution Frame (MDF

Operation:
i) Cable connected from telephone
line exchange to MDF
ii) MDF consist of Distribution Side
and Exchange side which are
located on a metal frame
iii) Cable comes in from user (Area A)
Distribution side and connected to
user (Area B) Exchange Side
iv) Distribution side is connected to
Exchange side by the jumper wire
v) Earth wire normally located behind
D-side will carry excess electricity
charges to the earth in case of
short-circuit etc.

Main Telephone Equipment

Private Automatic
Branch Exchange
(PABX)

Is a local private switching

system
located
at
the
customers premises.
Switches calls within the
building or between the
outside telephone network
and the PABX.
After the MDF the lines are
connected to the premises.
In each premise the lines are
connected to the PABX or
KTS.
Can goes up to 10,000
extension

Private Automatic Branch Exchange

(PABX)

Main Telephone Equipment

Key Telephone System (KTS)

An arrangement of telephone equipment located on a

premise where telephone has access to more than 1
trunk line from central office or PABX.

Each telephone also have access to lines or other

telephones on the KTS

It allows customers to access to more than one outside

or internal line and the telephone set function are
including originating a call, answering a call, putting a
call on hold and as intercom device.

Master key telephone normally designed to screen call

to or from other telephone in the system

Suitable for office uses where several phone sets

sharing few trunk lines and not suitable for
Multi-room premises such as hotels

Main Telephone Equipment

Backup battery
By having PABX or KTS the backup
battery system has to be fitted in
case of electricity blackout.

Distribution cables
Distribution cables are taken from
MDF or PABX at the lowest floor to
other parts or levels of building.
They are placed into a riser duct.
i.e. fibre optics for long distance
communications

Backup battery

Key Telephone

Riser System

Vertical passage (enclosed by concrete or

brick walls) that carry the telephone cables to
various floors.

The cable fitted to a cable tray in the riser.

Riser closet built-in cupboard type of riser

which has fireproof door, contain IDF (>50
lines) or distribution box
(< lines) which
then the cables split into smaller cables

Should have extra space for future extension

Riser System

Floor or zone telephone

equipment system

Horizontal ducts that laid cables in the floor form

distribution box to either secondary boxes /
junction boxes / terminal points or PABX or KTS.

Junction boxes contain telephone outlet (telephone

socket or jack; the plug of the telephone set)

E.g.: Hotel, caters many rooms, thus it use the

branching layout.

Telephone outlets are found at junction points

which the plug of telephone set can be inserted.

Duct layout
The duct layout depends on the use
of building. 3 types of layout are:
Grid layout
Branching layout
Perimeter layout

Grid layout
Suitable for open plan office floors.
Junction boxes are located in the floor where telephone
outlets
can be found.
Typical grid spacing is 3.6m x 3.6m.

Most flexible layout arrangement (e.g. shopping

complex)

Branching layout
Suitable for open plan offices with permanent rooms.
Central feeder duct with junction boxes laid on the
floor at
the corridor (e.g. hotels or apartments)

Perimeter layout

Suitable for partitioned office with rooms along the

walls.
A feeder duct located approx. 450mm from the outside
wall
and has short branch ducts to junction boxes.

Internal telephone/switching
system

To cater all communication requirements

Similar provisions are needed
Types of exchange : PABX, KTS
PABX (Private Automatic Branch Exchange)
depend on premises size and whether it has
single or multiple occupancy
Design must be considered all the apparatus
such as; the switchboard, batteries and other
apparatus involved.

MDF

Main Cable

TELEPHONE

RISER
SYSTEM

PABX

MOBILE COMMUNICATION
What

is Mobile Communication?

based on distributing many Base Stations in the

country to assure proper coverage of the mobile
communications service area and offer needed services
to available subscribers.
This kind of mobile service has started late 70s and
early 80s and from that era until now many evolutions
have occurred that changed the face of this service
from usability, cost and quality and quantity of services
it offers

This network was based on the GSM (Global System for

Mobile communication) technology, it had the capability
to carry higher quality of voice calls, basic messaging
service (SMS) and very low speed data connectivity.

EDGE technology by the late 90s of the last century

brings higher speed of data reaching up to 384 kbit/s with
the introduction of this development

MOBILE COMMUNICATION

3rd generation (3G) mobile telecommunication

standard (UMTS) introduction of the using this service
internet connection speed can reach up to 14.4 Mbit/s
a faster and higher quality network to support better
services like video calling, video streaming, mobile
gaming and fast internet browsing.

This can offer broad band services for mobile users

allowing them be ALWAYS CONNECTED while on the
move.

The next evolution that is expected to be released

soon is the 4th generation (4G) which is based on LTE
(Long Term Evolution) and WiMax technologies that
are promising an internet speed that reaches 233
Mbit/s for mobile users.

MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM

A cellular mobile communications system uses a

large number of low-power wireless transmitters to
create cells-the basic geographic service area of a
wireless communications system.

Variable power levels allow cells to be sized

according to the subscriber density and demand
within a particular region.

As mobile users travel from cell to cell, their

conversations are handed off between cells to
maintain seamless service.

Channels (frequencies) used in one cell can be

reused in another cell some distance away.

Cells can be added to accommodate growth,

creating new cells in unserved areas or overlaying
cells in existing areas.

Mobile Communications Principles

Each mobile uses a separate, temporary radio channel

to talk to the cell site.

The cell site talks to many mobiles at once, using one

channel per mobile.

Channels use a pair of frequencies for communicationone frequency (the forward link) for transmitting from
the cell site and one frequency (the reverse link) for
the cell site to receive calls from the users.

Radio energy dissipates over distance, so mobiles

must stay near the base station to maintain
communications.

EVOLUTION OF CELLPHONE SYSTEM

ANTIQUES MARINE
RADIO TELEPHONE 1941

MOTOROLA CAR
TELEPHONE - 1964

MINIATURIZATION-2006

CELLULAR
TELEPHON
E
PROTOTYP
E - 1973

CAMERA&TELEPHONE1997

CELLULAR PHONE WITH

CAMERA-1997

Figure : Basic Mobile Telephone Service Netw

Figure :The interconnection between the three basic

components in a mobile communication system, and
the public switching telephone network (PSTN)

MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM

Mobile Telephone System
The wireless network connects mobile radios to each
other or the public switched telephone network (PSTN)
by using radio towers (base stations) that are
connected to a mobile switching center (MSC). The
mobile switching center can transfer calls to the PSTN.

MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM

- COMPONENTS Mobile Telephone System
Basic components of a mobile telephone system are :Mobile set (Handset):

The handset acts as a small radio station equipment

with transmitter ; and receiver (transceiver ) which
has an antenna and push button set to enable the
subscriber to make or receive a call through public
network.

This mobile or cellular telephone is connected to

cellular network via radio antennas and free space.

There are three types of mobile telephones

available: Car phones, transportable and handhelds.

MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM

- COMPONENTS Radio base station (RBS):

RBS handles the exchange between

subscriber and the respected area.

It serves as a central node for all users.

Each user communicates with the base

station, which acts as a higher-powered
relay station.

RBS receives a signal and rebroadcasts

it at higher power (often with a higher
and more effective antenna).

In other words, RBS provides the

communication
link
between
the
cellular phones, and the Mobile
telephone switching.

MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM

- COMPONENTS Mobile switching centre ( MSC ):

MSC consists of Mobile Telephone Switching (MTS) and

telephone exchange.
It handles the exchange from (RBS) radio base station to
public switching telephone networks (PSTN).
Its functions include cellular network management, network
diagnostics and hand-off control between cell sites.
The links from MTS to the cell site
may be analog or digital, and may
use metallic or coaxial cable,
microwave, or fibre optic
cable, or in any combinations

MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM

COMPONENTS
PUBLIC SWITCHING TELEPHONE
NETWORK (PSTN)

The PSTN is made up of local networks, the exchange

area networks, and the long-haul network that
interconnect telephones and other communication
devices on a worldwide basis.

Switching centre for

wired telephone

MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM

Basically there are 2 types of cellular system :
1) Analog cellular system
2) Digital cellular system

MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM

USING CELLULAR CONCEPT

Interference problems caused by mobile units using the

same channel in adjacent areas proved that all
channels could not be reused in every cell.

Areas had to be skipped before the same channel could

be reused.

Even though this affected the efficiency of the original

concept, frequency reuse was still a viable solution to
the problems of mobile telephony systems.

MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM

USING CELLULAR CONCEPT

The cellular concept employs variable low-power levels,

which allow cells to be sized according to the subscriber
density and demand of a given area.

As the population grows, cells can be added to

accommodate that growth.

Frequencies used in one cell cluster can be reused in

other cells.

Conversations can be handed off from cell to cell to

maintain constant phone service as the user moves
between cells (see Figure ).

Figure : Cellular area

MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM

USING CELLULAR CONCEPT

The cellular radio equipment (base station) can

communicate with mobiles as long as they are within
range.

Radio energy dissipates over distance, so the mobiles

must be within the operating range of the base station.

Like the early mobile radio system, the base station

communicates with mobiles via a channel.

The channel is made of two frequencies, one for

transmitting to the base station and one to receive
information from the base station

CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Increases in demand and the poor quality of existing

service led mobile service providers to research ways
to improve the quality of service and to support more
users in their systems.

Because the amount of frequency spectrum available

for mobile cellular use was limited, efficient use of the
required frequencies was needed for mobile cellular
coverage.

CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTUR

In modern cellular telephony, rural and urban

regions are divided into areas according to
specific provisioning guidelines.

Provisioning for each region is planned according

to an engineering plan that includes:
cells
clusters
frequency reuse, and
handovers

CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

i)

Cells

A cell is the basic geographic unit of a cellular

system.
The term cellular comes from the honeycomb
shape of the areas into which a coverage region
is divided.
Provide by a cell site can be from 1 mile to 20
mile in dia. depend on terrain & transmission
power

Why hexagon and not circular?

CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Cells
Transmitter facility called the cell site
Several coordinated cell site are called cell system
Cells are base stations transmitting over small
geographic areas that are represented as
hexagons.
Each cell size varies depending on the landscape.
Because of constraints imposed by natural terrain
and man-made structures, the true shape of cells
is not a perfect hexagon.

Thats how cellular phone gets its name

Figure : cells

CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTUR

ii) Clusters

Figure : A Seven-Cell Cluster

A cluster is a group of
cells

No channels are reused

within a cluster

The figure illustrates a

seven-cell cluster

CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

iii) Frequency Reuse

Because only a small number of radio channel

frequencies were available for mobile systems,
engineers had to find a way to reuse radio
channels to carry more than one conversation at a
time.

The solution the industry adopted was called

frequency planning or frequency reuse.

Frequency
reuse
was
implemented
by
restructuring the mobile telephone system
architecture into the cellular concept

CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

iii) Frequency Reuse (contd)

The concept of frequency reuse is based on

assigning to each cell a group of radio channels
used within a small geographic area.

Cells are assigned a group of channels that is

completely different from neighboring cells.

The coverage area of cells is called the footprint.

This footprint is limited by a boundary so that the

same group of channels can be used in different
cells that are far enough away from each other so
that their frequencies do not interfere
(see Figure )

CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Figure : Frequency Reuse

CELLULAR SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
iv) Handoff/handover

The final obstacle in the development of the cellular

network involved the problem when a mobile
subscriber traveled from one cell to another
(crossing cell boundaries) during a call.

As adjacent areas do not use the same radio

channels, a call must either be dropped or
transferred from one radio channel to another when
a user crosses the line between adjacent cells.

Because dropping the call is unacceptable, the

process of handoff was created

Handoff occurs when the mobile telephone network

automatically transfers a call from radio channel to
radio channel as a mobile crosses adjacent cells (see
Figure ).

Figure 7 : Handoff between Adjacent Cells

CELLULAR SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
iv) Handoff/handover (contd)

During a call, two parties are on one voice channel.

When the mobile unit moves out of the coverage

area of a given cell site, the reception becomes
weak.

At this point, the cell site in use requests a handoff.

The system switches the call to a stronger-frequency

channel in a new site without interrupting the call or
alerting the user.

The call continues as long as the user is talking, and

the user does not notice the handoff at all.

CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

iv) Handoff/handover (contd)

As the cellular device user moves from one cell or

area of coverage to another, the MSC senses that
the signal is becoming weak and automatically
hands-off the call to the Base station in the next
cell into which the user is traveling (see Figure).

The purpose of this division of the geographic

region into cells is to make the most out of a
limited number of transmission frequencies.

CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTUR

iv) Handoff/handover (contd)

Cellular systems, allocate

frequencies for each cell.

set

number

of

Two cells can use the same frequency for different

conversations as long as the cells are NOT
adjacent to each other.

Typically, within a cellular network, every seventh

cell uses the same set of channels or frequencies.

The concept of a cellular are:

1.

A cellular system allows frequency reused in the

the entire region into many smaller cells

same area by splitting

2. Each cell has a base station

3. Because of low power of base station, the same frequency can be used
4. For another cell, which is not adjacent (i.e. adjacent cells have different
frequency groups)

The concept of a cellular (contd) :

4. Each mobile user is initially assigned a frequency
and communicates with the closest base stations
5. When the mobile user crosses to some other cell,
it is given a new base
station, i.e. the cellular
phone exchanges from one channel to another as
it crosses cell boundaries, even while the
conversation is in progress
6.The RBS are linked together so that a conversation
can pass from one cell to another. This will link the
users in any two cells regardless of their channel
assignments.

THE
END