Wong Design Analysis Deep Excavations Session01

November2009
ExcavationOverview
AShortCourseon
DEEPEXCAVATIONS
By
WONG KaiSin
ckswong@ntu.edu.sg
November/December2009
NewZealand
ExcavationOverview
Session 1
Overview
Time
Session Topic
p
09:00 10:30
1
Overview
Coffee Break
10:30 11:00
11:00 12:30
2
Design (Part 1)
Lunch
12:30 - 01:30
01:30 03:00
3
Mohr-Coulomb Soil Model &
Design (Part 2)
Coffee Break
03:00 03:30
03:30 05:00
4
How to reduce wall deflection
ExcavationOverview
WongKaiSin
November2009
ExcavationOverview
Overviewof
BracedExcavation
Typesofwalls
Methodsofexcavation
Modesoffailure
ExcavationOverview
AnatomyofaBracedExcavation
wall
struts
walers
kingposts
walers
struts
wall
ExcavationOverview
WongKaiSin
November2009
ExcavationOverview
TypesofRetainingWallsforExcavation
CantileverWall
Anchoredor
ProppedWall
BracedWall
ExcavationOverview
WallTypesofDeepExcavations
DiaphragmWall
Diaphragm Wall
SheetpileWall
BoredPileWall
SoldierPileWall
DCMorGrout
MixedPileWall
ExcavationOverview
WongKaiSin
November2009
WongKaiSin
ExcavationOverview
ExcavationOverview
ExcavationOverview
November2009
ExcavationOverview
ConcreteDiaphragm
Wall
Stopends&waterproofs
WongKaiSin
ExcavationOverview
ExcavationOverview
10
November2009
ExcavationOverview
BracedExcavationwithSheetpileWall
wall
struts
walers
kingposts
walers
struts
wall
ExcavationOverview
11
Sheetpile
Installation
ExcavationOverview
WongKaiSin
12
November2009
ExcavationOverview
BoredPileWalls
ContiguousBoredPileWall
SecantBoredPileWall
ExcavationOverview
13
18.5mCantileverCBPwallatNUS
ContiguousBored
PileWall
ExcavationOverview
WongKaiSin
14
November2009
ExcavationOverview
ConstructionofSecantBoredPileWall
ExcavationOverview
15
BracedExcavationwithSoldierPileWall
ExcavationOverview
WongKaiSin
16
November2009
ExcavationOverview
ConstructionofDCMorGroutMixedPileWall
ExcavationOverview
17
GroutMixedPileWall
ExcavationOverview
WongKaiSin
18
November2009
ExcavationOverview
wall
struts
walers
kingposts
walers
Conventional
BottomUp
BottomUp
Excavation
Method
ExcavationOverview
struts
wall
19
TopDown
Excavation
ExcavationOverview
WongKaiSin
20
10
November2009
ExcavationOverview
TopDownExcavationatBoonKengStation
ExcavationOverview
21
UpDownConstructionMethod
ExcavationOverview
WongKaiSin
22
11
November2009
ExcavationOverview
UpDown
Construction
Method
ExcavationOverview
23
IslandMethodofExcavation
ExcavationOverview
WongKaiSin
24
12
November2009
ExcavationOverview
UnderWater
Excavation
at
at
MarinaSouth
WongKaiSin
ExcavationOverview
25
ExcavationOverview
26
13
November2009
Deformation&FailureModes
WallandGroundMovementsinExcavation
200to300m
Damage??
Damage??
Damage??
FILL
MARINE CLAY
SAND
OLD ALLUVIUM
MainCauseofWallDeflection
UndrainedShearDistortioninClay
Vaterland1,Oslo(NGI,1962)
As
Ad
As
Ad
Novolumechange!
Ad ~As
WongKaiSin
November2009
WallDeflectionandGroundsettlement
WallDeflectionandGroundsettlement
A
B
AreaA=AreaB+AreaC
WongKaiSin
November2009
WallDeflectionsat
DifferentStagesof
Excavation
Exampleof
questionablewall
deflectionprofiles
1 2 -Sep 98
1 1 -N o v 98
1 0 -Jan 99
1 1 -M ar99
1 0 -M ay 99
0 9 -Ju l99
0 7 -Sep 99
0 6 -N o v 99
0 5 -Jan 00
0 5 -M ar00
0 4 -M ay 00
0 3 -Ju l00
0 1 -Sep 00
3 1 -O ct00
3 0 -D ec00
2 8 -Feb 01
2 9 -A p r01
2 8 -Ju n 01
2 7 -A u g 01
Variationsof
PiezometricLevels
withTime
-2
Castingofbaseslab
D raw d o w n (m )
0
2
4
6
8
10
GWP3071
WongKaiSin
GWP3081
GWP3051-1
GWP3051-2
GWP3051-3
6
November2009
DevelopmentofStrut
Forcesduring
Excavation
DevelopmentofStrut
Forcesduring
Excavation
WongKaiSin
November2009
DevelopmentofBendingMomentDuringExcavation
WongKaiSin
10
November2009
MajorFactorsAffectingSoilandWallMovementsinDeepExcavations
Undrainedshearstrength,c
g , u
Depthofpenetration,D
p
p
,
Depthofexcavation,H
Wallstiffness,EI
Widthofexcavation,B
Verticalstrutspacing
Depthtohardstratum,T
Constructionworkmanship
11
EffectofShear
StrengthonWall
Deflection
WongKaiSin
12
November2009
EffectofShear
StrengthonWall
Deflection
13
Effectof
ExcavationWidth
onWall
Deflection
WongKaiSin
14
November2009
EffectofClay
ThicknessonWall
Deflection
15
EffectofWall
StiffnessonWall
Deflection
Sheetpile
wall
WongKaiSin
Diaphragm
wall
16
November2009
ModesofFailure
Collapse
Excessive Deformation
17
BasalHeaveStability
qo
qult
Whenqo >qult,failureinimminent.
WongKaiSin
18
November2009
BasalHeaveFailureinTaipei
19
BasalHeaveFailureduetoStockpiling
ExcessiveSurcharge
q=20kPa
WongKaiSin
20
10
November2009
BasalHeaveFailureduetoStockpiling
Stockpile
CourtesyofDrLimPC
21
BasalHeaveStability
WallRotation
WongKaiSin
22
11
November2009
BasalHeaveStability
WallRaking
23
BasalHeaveStability
LiftingofKingPosts
JetGroutSlab
WongKaiSin
24
12
November2009
LiftingofKingpostduetoBottomHeave
25
BasalHeaveStability
Notallbasalheaveinstability
leadtocatastrophicfailures
Formation
Level
WongKaiSin
26
13
November2009
Piping
&
LossofFines
27
StrutFailure
WongKaiSin
28
14
November2009
StrutFailures
29
Effecton
Adjacent
Structures
WongKaiSin
30
15
November2009
EffectofExcessiveMovements
DamagedPavement
AfterChoong(2003)
31
BuildingsonShallowFoundations
RaceCourseRoad
WongKaiSin
32
16
November2009
BuildingsonShallowFoundations
33
BuildingonMixedFoundations
(Shirlawetal.,2003)
Sunday
School
WongKaiSin
New
kindergarten
section
Old
Church,
wrapped in
extension
34
17
November2009
BuildingonMixedFoundations
35
LoweringofGroundWaterTable
Wellpoint
Wellpoint
Causes:
Pumping
Wallleakage
Sand
Marine
Clay
OldAlluvium
Loweringofgroundwatertablewillincreasetheeffective
stressinsoftclayandresultinconsolidationsettlement.
WongKaiSin
36
18
November2009
EffectofLoweringofGroundwaterTable
WongKaiSin
37
38
19
November2009
ObservationalMethod
ObservationalApproachinDeepExcavation
Design
Monitoring
Construction
ObervationalMethod
Inaperfectworld.
Allweneedis
oneanalysis&
onedesign!
ObervationalMethod
WongKaiSin
November2009
ObservationalMethod
Intheimperfectworld.withimperfectdesign!
Toomanyuncertainties:
Soil conditions
Soilconditions
Noteasytoaccountforall
theseuncertaintiesinthe
design.
Groundwater
Loading
Constructionsequence
Workmanship
Timedelayy
3Deffect
Proficiencyofdesigner
Limitationsofsoftware
ObervationalMethod
Intheimperfectworld.
Watcheverystepscarefully.
Makeadjustmentswhennecessary.
Improviseasexcavationproceeds.
Design
Monitoring
ObervationalMethod
WongKaiSin
Construction
4
November2009
ObservationalMethod
Role&Responsibility
Design
Monitoringg
Construction
Team
Role and Responsibility
Design
Produce a good design

Monitor performance of system
Modify design
Build
B ild according
di
to
t design
d i
Monitor performance of system
Feedback problems & unusual findings
C
Construction
t ti
Monitoring
Install and monitor instruments

Feedback problems & unusual findings
ObervationalMethod
WhatisObservationalApproach?
Itisacheckandbalanceprocessthat
enableusto:
Checkadequacyofthedesign
Anticipatepotentialproblems
Modifythedesignwherenecessary
Optimise thedesign
Makecontingencyplan
Avoidunnecessarydelay
ObervationalMethod
WongKaiSin
November2009
ObservationalMethod
AnExampleonApplicationofObservationalMethod
(9th RankineLecturebyR.B.Peck,1969)
PecksAPD
Design
ObervationalMethod
ImplementationofObservationalApproach
Modify
Design
Predict
Excavate
Monitor
Wall Deflection (mm )

0
20
40
60
80
Reanalyse
100
Compare
Depth (m )
5
10
15
20
Yes
No
Favourable?
Backanalyse
25
30
ObervationalMethod
WongKaiSin
November2009
ObservationalMethod
Designer,ContractorandInstrumentationSpecialisthavetowork
together!
Modify
Design
Predict
Excavate
20
40
60
80
Reanalyse
Monitor
Wall Deflection (m m)
0
100
0
5
Computed
Compare
Depth (m )
10
15
Measured
Yes
20
Favourable?
25
No
Backanalyse
30
ObervationalMethod
AlertLevel
BackAnalysis: Tocalibrateinputparameterstoproduce
reasonableagreementwithfieldmeasurements.
Modify
Design
Predict
Excavate
Reanalyse
Monitor
Wall Deflection (m m)
0
20
40
60
80
Compare
100
0
5
Depth (m )
10
15
Computed
Design
Measured
Yes
No
Favourable?
Backanalyse
20
BackAnalyzed
25
30
ObervationalMethod
WongKaiSin
10
November2009
ObservationalMethod
ReAnalysis: Usecalibratedparameterstoreanalyse
Wall Deflection (mm)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Modify
Design
Predict
D ep th ((m )
5
10
Excavate
15
20
25
Reanalyse
Monitor
30
Wall Deflection (m m )
0
20
40
60
80
100
Compare
120
0
5
Yes
Depth (m)
10
No
Favourable?
15
Backanalyse
20
25
30
ObervationalMethod
11
DesigningTemporaryWorkisaContinuousProcess
Design&
Analysis
Instrumentation
Monitoring
InitialDesign
FinalDesign
(WorkDrawings)
(AsBuilt)
Start
ObervationalMethod
WongKaiSin
Construction
Control
Excavation
Finish
12
November2009
SiteInvestigation
SiteInvestigation
SiteInvestigation
Howmanyboringsshouldwedrill?
Ingeneral,themorethemerrier!
Itdependsonhowmuchweknowaboutthesiteandthe
It
depends on ho m ch e kno abo t the site and the
natureofproject.Itisaverysubjectivedecision.
Becarefulof PennyWisebutDollarFoolish!
SiteInvestigation
WongKaiSin
November2009
SiteInvestigation
Problemofhavingtoofewborings
SiteInvestigation
Problemofhavingtoofewborings
Boring1
Boring2
Bedrock
UnforeseenGroundConditions?
SiteInvestigation
WongKaiSin
November2009
SiteInvestigation
Surprise!
SiteInvestigation
Problemofhavingtoomanyborings
$$$
S.I.willtakealongtime
Tightscheduleaffectsquality
Multipledrillersandmultiplelaboratories
DesigncompletedaheadofS.I.
BCAsAdvisoryNote:1boringevery300m2.
SiteInvestigation
WongKaiSin
November2009
SiteInvestigation
SiteInvestigation
Whichoneisbetterpractice?
[A]15borings
[B]45borings
SiteInvestigation
SiteInvestigation
Howmanyborings?Where?
90m
150m
BCAsAdvisoryNote:1boringevery300m2.
Therefore,45boringsover13,500m2.
SiteInvestigation
WongKaiSin
November2009
SiteInvestigation
SiteInvestigation
Itisbettertoconductitinphases!
90m
150m
Phase1
Phase2
Phase3
SiteInvestigation
ControlSectionforConstructionControl
Control
Section
Fill
E
Fill
E
UMC
UMC
F2 upper
F2 upper
LMC
LMC
JGP1
LMC
JGP2
F2
lower
AdditionalboringsatControlSection!
SiteInvestigation
WongKaiSin
OA N = 20
OA N = 30
OA N = 70
F2
F2 lower
OA N = 20
OA N = 30
OA N = 70
OA N = 100
10
November2009
SiteInvestigation
SiteInvestigation
Typeofsoilsampler
Typeofinsitutests
SPTsplitbarrel
SPT
Shelbytube
FVT
Piston
CPT
Mazier
M i
Pressuremeter
P
t
Thickwalledtube
Permeability
TheDesignermustinstructthedrillerwhattodo!
SiteInvestigation
11
UndrainedShearStrengthofClaycu
LaboratoryTests
(UndisturbedSamples)
UC
UU
CU
CKoUTC
CKoUTE
CKoUDSS
CK UDSS
MiniatureVane
Cone
Torvane
PocketPenetrometer
SiteInvestigation
WongKaiSin
InSituTests
FVT
SPT
CPT
PMT
DMT
Eachtestgivesa
g
differentcu!
Whichtestshouldwe
do?
12
November2009
SiteInvestigation
WhatshouldwedowiththeFactualReports?
SiteInvestigation
13
Scrutinizethetestresults
TestA
cu=28kPa
u =0
TestB
cu=40kPa
u =0
Whichoneismorereliable?
SiteInvestigation
WongKaiSin
14
November2009
SiteInvestigation
Properwayoftrimmingsoilsample
SiteInvestigation
15
Anexpedientwaytotrimasample
Howtoprepareadisturbedsample?!
SiteInvestigation
WongKaiSin
16
November2009
SiteInvestigation
Yougetwhatyoupaidfor!
SiteInvestigation
17
Mazier Samples
UntrimmedSample
TrimmedSample
UU
SiteInvestigation
WongKaiSin
CU
18
November2009
SiteInvestigation
Example1 UndrainedStrengthofMarineClay
Cu from UU Tests (kPa)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
SandFill
UUtestresults
10
UpperMarine
Clay
D e p th (m )
20
30
LowerMarine
Clay
40
OldAlluvium
50
60
SiteInvestigation
19
Example1 Arefieldvanestrengthmorereliable?
Cu (kPa)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
10
Vane
Depth (m)
20
UU
30
40
50
60
SiteInvestigation
WongKaiSin
20
10
November2009
SiteInvestigation
Howdowedifferentiatebetweengoodandbaddata?
Cu(kPa)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Mi h t IIncredible?
Most
dibl
HighestIncredible?
dibl ??
10
UU
Vane
Depth(m)
20
30
40
Worst
Incredible?
50
Fullyconsolidated
Beforereclamation
60
SiteInvestigation
21
Example1 Resultsoffieldvanetestsfromtwocompanies
Cu (kPa)
Cu (kPa)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Sandfill
10
10
15
15
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
20
25
Marine Clay
30
60
80
100
120
S dfill
Sandfill
20
25
Marine Clay
30
35
35
40
40
45
45
Old Alluvium
CompanyA
SiteInvestigation
WongKaiSin
40
50
20
50
Old Alluvium
CompanyB
22
11
November2009
SiteInvestigation
Datafrom
CompanyA
Datafrom
CompanyB
Shouldweusetheaverage
valuesfromAandB?
Shouldweengageanother
companyfor3rd opinion?
SiteInvestigation
23
Example2 cu fromCPTU
SiteInvestigation
WongKaiSin
24
12
November2009
SiteInvestigation
Undrained Shear Strength (kPa)

0
20
40
60
80
Depth (m)
20
120
(qt v)
cu =
CPT-1
Nkt
Contractor
Contractor
10
100
Vane
30
ConsultantAN
AC - Nk=12
kt=12
40
ConsultantCN
C
lt Client
t C N- Nk=20
20
kt=20
50
AC - Nk=14
ConsultantBN
kt=14
60
MustcalibrateconefactorNktagainstotherdata
SiteInvestigation
25
Example3 parametersfromauniformsoildeposit
cuCu
(kPa)
(kPa)
po& pc (kPa)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
P'cfromConsol
P'o
5
10
10
15
15
Depth (m)
Depth(m)
20
30
40
50
60
20
25
80
BH3-UU
BH3-vane
BH3-consol
BH4-consol
0.22*P'o
BH4-UU
BH4-vane
BH1-vane
BH2-vane
BH1-UU
BH2-UU
20
25
30
30
35
35
Datafromentiresite
Datafromentiresite
40
Ifalldatafallwithinanarrowband,wecanusethe
bestfittingcurvefortheentiresite.
SiteInvestigation
WongKaiSin
70
40
10
26
13
November2009
SiteInvestigation
Example4
Importanceoflocation
specificsoilcondition
cu (kPa)
Cu (kPa)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
cu (kPa)
Cu (kPa)
80
0
BH3-UU
BH3-vane
BH3-consol
BH4-consol
0.22*P'o
BH4-UU
BH4-vane
BH1-vane
BH2-vane
BH1-UU
BH2-UU
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
BH3-UU
BH3-vane
BH3-consol
BH4-consol
0.22*P'o
BH4-UU
BH4-vane
BH1-vane
BH2-vane
BH1-UU
BH2-UU
10
15
Depth (m)
15
Depth (m)
10
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
SectionAA
EntireSite
SiteInvestigation
27
Example4
specificsoilcondition
cu (kPa)
cu (kPa)
Cu (kPa)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Cu (kPa)
60
70
80
0
BH3-UU
BH3-vane
BH3-consol
BH4-consol
0.22*P'o
BH4-UU
BH4-vane
BH1-vane
BH2-vane
BH1-UU
BH2-UU
10
20
10
15
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
SiteInvestigation
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
A3-UU
A3-vane
A3-consol
A4-consol
0.22*P'o
A4-UU
A4-vane
M2081-vane
M2081A-vane
M2081-UU
M2081A-UU
CPT-CR4-Nkt=30
20
25
EntireSite
WongKaiSin
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
15
10
SectionAA
28
14
November2009
SiteInvestigation
Effective Stress (kPa)

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
10
11
12
13
Depth (m)
14
15
16
Example5
specificsoilconditionat
areclaimedsite
17
18
po'
19
CPT1
20
Fill
UU-BH1
21
consol - BH1
22
Effective Stress (kPa)

0
40
80
120
160
200
10
240
280
SoftClay
11
12
13
SiltySand/SandySilt
Depth (m))
14
15
16
17
Stressandstrength
ofsoftclayat
reclaimedsitecanbe
veryvariable.
18
19
po'
20
CPT2
21
UU - BH2
22
SiteInvestigation
29
Example6 ReliabilityofSPTblowcount insand
Fill
Marine
Clay
F1
Old
Alluvium
SiteInvestigation
WongKaiSin
N=2
N=2
Equivalent
Equivalent
N~10
30
15

Wong Design Analysis Deep Excavations Session01

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November2009

Role and Responsibility

Produce a good design

Install and monitor instruments

Wall Deflection (mm )

Undrained Shear Strength (kPa)

Effective Stress (kPa)

Effective Stress (kPa)

Example6 ReliabilityofSPTblowcount insand

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