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Systems
Ali. M. Eltamaly**
Abstract: Partial shading on PV modules reduces the generated
power of the PV system than the maximum power generated from
each module separately. The shaded PV module acts as a load to
unshaded ones which can lead to hot-spot. To alleviate the effect
of partial shading, bypass diodes should be connected across each
PV modules. Connecting several PV modules together produces
multiple peaks (One global peak (GP) and multiple local peaks
(LP)) on partial shading conditions. Maximum power point
tracker (MPPT) conventional techniques are designed to follow
the GP but they stuck around LPs such as fuzzy logic controller
(FLC). In this paper, modified particle swarm optimization
(MPSO) using genetic algorism has been used to follow the GP
under any operating conditions. MPSO has been studied and
compared with FLC technique to show the superiority of this
technique under all operating conditions. Co-simulation between
Matlab/Simulink and PSIM has been used to model the PV
system under partial shading conditions. The simulation results
show that the MPSO technique is more effective than FLC in
following the GP. The generated power increases considerably
with MPSO than FLC technique in shading conditions.
( q (V + R s I ))
V + Rs I
I sat 2 * e 2 KT
1
Rsh
(1)
I D1
RS
I D2
RSH
I RSH
I LG
ID
RS
RSH
where;
I
Array output current.
V
Array output voltage.
P
Array output power.
Pmax
Maximum output power.
Isat1, Isat2 Saturation currents of first and second diodes.
T
Array temperature in Ko.
Light generated current.
IPH
K
Boltzmann's constant.
Rs, Rsh
Series and shunt resistors of PV model.
ID1, ID2
Currents of first and second diodes.
The PV simulator uses the sun radiation, temperature and
output current from PV to determine the corresponding PV
curve by using equation (1) or (2). The output power from
PV is the result from multiplying PV terminal voltage and
its output current.
Another methods that can be used to model PV-cells
have been presented in some literatures such as piecewise
linear parallel branches that uses linear models to model
different parts of the I-V curve of a PV-cell [7]. Also, some
other model based on driving equation in terms of open
circuit voltage and short circuit current [8].
The relation between the output power and terminal
voltage for different radiation and temperature is shown in
Fig.3, where each curve represents certain radiation and
temperature. It is clear from this figure that the maximum
power points (MPP) located at different terminal voltage.
For this reason wide variety of MPP trackers (MPPT) have
been developed and discussed in many literatures [9].
20
Rsh
I LG
(2)
Generated Pow er (W )
( q (V + R s I ))
I = I PH I sat 1 * e KT
1
I RSH
15
10
0
0
2
3
4
5
6
Terminal Voltage of PV Module (V)
Fig.3 P-V Curves of PV-cell under varying enviromantel conditions.
60
Power (W)
40
20
500 W/m2
0
1000 W/m2
-20
-40
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
50
120
100
80
W
/m
2)
60
30
Output Vol
20
ha
de
d
of
S
500
40
Ra
di
at
io
n
C
ell
(
40
20
10
0 1000
tage (V)
60
40
Output Power (W)
20
0
-20
-40
-60
20
10
0
-10
Cell Voltage (V)
-20
2
/m
(W
l
l
0
ce
ed
ad
500 f s h
no
1000 iatio
d
a
R
70
60
Power (W)
50
Fig.12 The relation between the output power of shaded PV-cell and its
voltage for different radiation of this cell.
40
30
1000 W/m2
20
10
0
0
500 W/m2
10
20
30
40
PV Voltage (V)
Fig.9 The relation between output power and terminal voltage for two
series PV-cells with bypass diodes.
Fig.10 The relation between output power and terminal voltage for two
series PV-cells with bypass diodes at different shading condition.
Fig. 13 The relation between the generated power and terminal voltage in
case of three series PV-cells at radiation of 1000, 700, 300 W/m2.
P max(i)
*100
(3)
i =1
60
*100 = 28.03%
60 + 90 + 64
90
*100 = 42.06%
60 + 90 + 64
64
*100 = 29.91%
60 + 90 + 64
Fig.14 A fuzzy system with two inputs, 1 output and 7 MFs each.
E (n ) =
P(n ) p (n 1)
V (n ) V (n 1)
(4)
E
NB
NM
NS
ZE
PS
PM
PB
NB
NM
NS
ZE
PS
PM
PB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NM
NS
ZE
NB
NB
NB
NM
NS
ZE
PS
NB
NB
NM
NS
ZE
PS
PM
NB
NM
NS
ZE
PS
PM
PB
NM
NS
ZE
PS
PM
PB
PB
NS
ZE
PS
PM
PB
PB
PB
ZE
PS
PM
PB
PB
PB
PB
t )v
(t )
(
Inertial parameters
c1r1 (Pi (t ) xi (t ))
c 2 r2 (Gi (t ) xi (t ))
(7)
(8)
Memory
Delta_Error
D_FLC
dp
Fuzzy Logic
Controller
V_PV
VV
D_PSO
Memory1
I_PV
Fuzzy & PSO
PSO Duty_Ratio
II
MPSO
Fig. 15 PSIM model showing the calculating E and E and the inputs to
Simulink.
Radiation (W/m2)
1000
G2
500
G1
G3
0
0
200
Power (W)
10
12
Pmax
Pmp
100
P-FLC
0
0
10
12
D-PSO
0.5
D-FLC
10
12
10
12
10
12
50
V-FLC
0
0
V-PSO
4
3.5
3
0
160
140
120
100
0-2 sec.
0-2 Sec
2-4 Sec
4-6 Sec
6-8 Sec
810 Sec
10-12 Sec
MPSO
FLC
1
3
4-6 sec.
5
8-10 sec.
80
5
4
60
4
6
40
20
10-12 sec.
0
0
10
20
6-8 sec.
30
40
PV Voltage, V
6
50
60
Fig. 20 The relation between the generated power along with terminal voltage and the
MPPT response for MPSO and FLC.
VII- Conclusions
Connecting many PV modules in series and parallel has
been used to increase voltage and current to be suitable for
the load requirements. Partial shading on some PV
modules will reduce the generated power of the PV system
than the maximum power generated from each module
separately. The shaded PV module will work as a load for
other PV module which increase the hot-spot on shaded PV
module and it may destroy these shaded PV modules.
Bypass diodes should be connected across each PV
modules to remedy the effect of partial shading on shaded
PV modules. Connecting several PV modules together will
produce multiple peaks (One global peak (GP) and
multiple local peaks (LP)) on partial shading conditions.
Maximum power point tracker techniques (MPPT) have
been used to follow the GP. Most of conventional MPPT
techniques stick around LPs. Modified particle swarm
optimization (MPSO) technique has been used to follow
effectively the GP under all operating conditions with
lower number of particles and iterations. This technique
has been compared with fuzzy logic controller (FLC)
technique to assess its operation in catching the GP. These
two techniques has been simulated in co-simulation
between Matlab/Simulink and PSIM. The simulation
results show that the MPSO technique is more effective
than FLC one in following the GP. The generated power
has been increased considerably with MPSO technique in
shading condition than FLC one. The increase in the
generated power in MPSO technique than FLC depends on
the level of partial shading conditions. The simulation
results show the superiority of MPSO technique during
normal and partial shading conditions.
P-PSO
Duty Ratio
0
0
180
PV Power, W
6
Time (Sec.)
References
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