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Microbiologie Exam
Microbiologie Exam
Microbiologie Exam
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#########################Microbiologia. Obiectul de studiu. Disciplinile
microbiologice si obiectele de studiu. Etapele istorice de dezvoltare a
microbiologiei. Rolul savantilor A. Leeuwenhoek, L. Pasteur, R. Koch, I.Mecinicov
in dezvoltarea microbiologiei.Obiectul de studiu: mi/o si activitatea lor vitala
(forma, structura, metabolism, crestere si multiplicare) ( identificarerelatiile
mi/o cu mediul ambiant si cu organismul-gazdaScopurile studierii mi/o:patogene,
oportuniste = prevenire maladii infectioaseutile, inofensive = productie AB,
medicamente prin ADNrec (streptokinaza, insulina), alimente (unt, brinza)
insecticide biologicefabricare plastic biodegradabil ???decompunere deseuri,
metanDisciplini microbiologice:particularitati biologice mi/obacteriologievirologie
protozoologiemicologie, etchabitat mi/omicrobiologia solului... marina... cosmica
implicatii in activitatea umanamicrobiologia medicala... veterinara... alimentara,
etcGenetica microbianaEcologia microbianaMicrobiologia medicala studiaza:relatia
mi/o-gazda umanacapacitatile patogene mi/ocapacitatile antiinfectioase organism
umanmetode de diagnostic etiologic al bolilor infectioasemetode de
terapie/profilaxie antimicrobianaEtape istorice in dezvoltarea microbiologiei:
empirica (pina in sec. 15)morfologica (sec. 16-18)A. von Leewenhoek: 1673 prima
observare si descriere a mi/ofiziologica (sec. 19)L. Pasteur: prepararea
vaccinurilor contra antraxului, turbarii, holerei; sustine necesitatea sterilizarii
instrumentelor, bandajelorR. Koch: introducerea mediilor de cultura solide; izolare
agent antrax, tbc; elaborare teorie despre rolul etiologic al mi/o in bolile
infectioase (postulatele lui Koch)I. Mecinicov: argumentare rolul florei
intestinale (antagonism); descoperire fagocitoza si rolul antimicrobian al
inflamatieiTipurile de laboratoare microbiologice si sarcinile lor. Regimul si
regulile de lucru in laboratorul microbiologic. Clasificarea laboratoarelor in
functie de exigenta sigurantei antiinfectioase. Notiune de microorganisme.
Categoriile taxonomice, tipuri acelulare si celulare. Deosebirile dintre
microorganismele procariote si eucariote.Mi/o = organisme microscopice (micro-nanometri) + alge, protozoare, virusuri, agenti subvirali (prioni), cipuerci
microscopice (fungi, micete)Clasificari mi/o:fenotipica (prima tentativa Carl von
Linne)genotipicafilogenetica (bazata pe studiul fosilelor sau al HLA)Grupe
taxonomice: domeniu ( regn ( increngatura ( clasa ( ordin ( familie ( gen ( specie
Taxoni infraspecifici din cadrul speciei, care prezinta anumite diferente:biovar
(activitate biochimica/fiziologica)serovar (structura Ag)patovar (grad de
patogenitate)lizovar (sensibilitate la bacteriofagi)antibiovar (sensibilitate la
AB)Rolul taxonilor infraspecifici: markeri epidemiologici!Clasificare mi/o:forme
acelulare (virusuri, viroizi, prioni)forme celulare:bacteria = procariote, eubctGG+micoplasme (lipsite de PC)archaea = procariote, PC fara peptidoglican, habitat in
conditii extremaleeucarya = eucariote (fungi, protozoare) Metodele microbiologice
de diagnostic si esenta lor. Metoda microscopica in diagnosticul bolilor
infectioase. Tipurile de microscoape, utilizarea practica, particularitatile si
rolul uleiului de emersie.Metode microbiologice de diagnostic:diagnostic direct
(detectare agent patogen sau a produselor lui)microscopic (orientativ) ( prezenta
bct, nr, forma, structurabacteriologic ( izolare culturi pure de bct, identificare
si testare la ABbiologic (experimental) ( inoculare produs patologic la animale de
laborator, provocare maladie tipicadepistare Ag mi/o in lichide biologice
identificare AN mi/o prin tehnici de biologie molecularadiagnostic indirect
(imunologic)serodiagnostic ( detectare si titrare Ac specifici in serul bolnavului
intradermoreactie ( introducere alergen microbian epidermal/intradermal; reactie
pozitiva = aparitie eritem ( hipersensibilitate specifica (intilnire repetata cu
Ag) Morfologia bacteriilor. Grupurile morfologice de bacterii. De desenat.
Caracterele tinctoriale ale bacteriilor. Colorantii de baza utilizati in
microbiologie. Metodele de colorare. Aplicarea practica.Bct = mi/o, unicelular,
procariot, autonomGrupe morfologice de bct:coci:microdiplo (neisseria=bob de cafea,
Elemente permanente: PC, MCt, Ct, nucleoid, ribosomi, mezosomi ( G+ (E, citocromi)
Elemente nepermanente: capsula, spor, flageli, fimbrii, plasmide, incluziuni
celulareMCt:mozeic fluid Singerlipsa colesterol, contin sterol-like molecules
hopanoizimai bogata in prot. decit eucariotele ( fctii multiple (la eucariote
indeplinite de organite)PBP catalizare transpeptidare si sinteza PCpermeaze
transportprot. sist. de secretiereceptoriE lant respiratorRol MCt:Bariera
semipermeabila, selectiva ( difuziune simpla, facilitataPermeaze ( transport activE
( activitate metabolicaMetabolism energeticParticipa la diviziunea celularaSinteza
PG si fosfolipidelorChemotaxis (R specifici)Mezozomi: cresc S MCt ( cresc
activitatea metabolica, energeticaCt:Lipsesc organitelePrezenta: ribozomi,
nucleoid, inclusiuni, plasmidepH acidRol Ct: sediul proceselor metabolice
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pe toata lungimea corpului intre perete si membrana. Peretele este elastic, format
din glucide, lipide, polipeptide. Nu
sunt rezistente in mediul extern. (Nu rezista la variatii de temperatura,sunt
sensibile la peniciline si cefalosporine)Familia Spirochaetaceae, cuprinde 3
genuri, toate avind importanta in patologia umana.Genul Treponema(se subdivid in
specii patogene,si saprofite.)Cele patogene...Treponema pertenueTreponema carateum
Treponema pallidumGenul LeptospiraDin specii saprofite.Leptospira biflexaDin specii
patogene-L.Icterohaemorrhagiae(rezervorul soarecele)
-L.grippotyphosa(rezervorul soarecele)
-L.pomona(rezervorul porcul)
-L.canicola(rezervorul cainele) Genul BorreliaPatogenitatea.Treponema este patogena
prin multiplicarea intracelulara si prin invazivitate.Boala se numeste Sifilis.
Leptospirele sunt patogene prin multiplicare.Produc boala numita Leptospiroza,care
este o antropozoonoza.Borrelia sunt patogene prin multiplicare si
invazivitate.Produc borrelioze,care sunt boli generalizate.Caractere morfologice
Treponema. Are 10-15 spire regulate, rigide cu capetele drepte. Intre perete si
membrana are fibrile, care ii confera mobilitate,prezinta miscari de rotatie si
flexie. Se coloreaza Giemsa slab,dar se coloreaza prin impregnare argentica,
coloratia Fontana-Tribondeau, germenii apar bruni pe fond bej.Leptospira. Corpul
are 10-12 sppire,nedeformabile,mici,regulate,cu capete rasucite. Aparatul locomotor
este alcatuit dintr-o singura fibrila dispusa intre membrana si perete,care este
foarte elastic. Se coloreaza Giemsa,dar foarte greu. Nu se coloreaza cu Gram
Borrelia. Corpul alcatuit din 5-6 spire neregulate sideformabile in cursul
miscarilor,avind capete drepte.Aparatul locomotor este alcatuit dintr-un manunchi
de 30 de fibrile dispuse intre membrana si pereteSe coloreaza Gram,fiind Gramnegative Morfologia si ultrastructura micoplasmelor si chlamidiilor. Metodele de
studiere. Speciile patogene.Micoplasmele sunt bacterii: Delimitate numai de o
membrana trilaminata si lipsite de perete celular rigid ca si de informatia
genetica necesara sintezei precursorilor specifici peretelui.Forme mici si
polimorfeSe cultiva pe medii acelulare ,iar cultura este inhibata de anticorpii
specifici.Se inmulteste intr.un ciclu care include alternativ,elongarea si
fragmentarea unor forme filamentoase in forme cocoide si diviziunea acestora.Se
examineaza in functie de localizarea infectiei,sputa sau exudatul
nazofaringian,urina,prelevate prin laparoscopia pelvina. Microscopia directa este
fara valori,coloratiile uzuale nu pot depista micoplasmele din cauza dimensiunilor
reduse...iar coloratia imunofluorescenta nu a dat rezultate satisfacatoare.
Izolarea si identificarea. Coloratia Dienes,coloniile de micoplasme se coloreaza in