LTE Planning and Specific Propagation

Model Selection
Prepared by: Khawla Daraghmeh
Ola Mashaqi
Suhad Malayshi

Submitted in
Partial Fulfillment requirements of BSc of Degree in
Telecommunication Engineering

Supervisor: Dr. YousefDama

An-Najah National University
2015

Abstract
LTE Planning and Specific Propagation Model Selection
Key words: LTE, Propagation Model, Link budget, Capacity, Coverage, Path Loss,
Received Power
The whole world tends to use the high rates multimedia applications. High-speed data over
cellular networks will enable a rich suite of multimedia services. LTE is the latest mobile
generation that achieves the required data demand. The number of LTE subscribers worldwide is
rising rapidly and we will catch it in the near future.
The project aims to design LTE network and to specify very accurate and efficient propagation
model. In our case, the area under test is Nablus city. Our project includes numerous steps. At
the beginning, Mobile Planning Process was discussed. Then, we calculate link budget using
Jawwal Company dimensioning tool and specifications that leads us to start in coverage
planning, after that we use some statics provided by Jawwal Company used to complete the work
on capacity dimensioning .After finding number of LTE sites From Coverage and Capacity
Dimensioning, these sites will be simulated by allocating it on a map tool provided by Jawwal
and show received Power level and minimum achievable data rate.
Also in this project, we provide a general theoretical overview of LTE optimization features as
an important phase in any network planning.
An important issue to discuss is site specific propagation model, because all planning procedures
are based on which propagation model is used. In this part of our project we will build a model
similar to Nablus city using Wireless InSite tool considering path loss and received power graphs
for each model. We also make a simulation of propagation path and spread time for Full 3D
propagation model.

Acknowledgments
First of all, we would like to thank Allah who has given us the power to complete this project.
We would using this opportunity to express our gratitude to everyone who supported us
throughout the project, gratefully and sincerely thank Dr. YousefDamaa for his guidance,
understanding, patience, and most importantly during our graduation project.
A special thanks to Eng.AntarSalim, Eng. ZaidAlkilani and Jawwal Company for all the time
and help they provided
We would like also to thank our parents for their support .Lastly, we offer our regards and
blessing to all of those who inspired us during the completion of this project

Disclaimer Statement
This report was written by students at the Telecommunication Engineering Department, Faculty
of Engineering, An-Najah National University. It has not been altered or corrected, other than
editorial corrections, as a result of assessment and it may contain language as well as content
errors. The views expressed in it together with any outcomes and recommendations are solely
those of the students. An-Najah National University accepts no responsibility or liability for the
consequences of this report being used for a purpose other than the purpose for which it was
commissioned

Contents
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 2
Acknowledgments......................................................................................................................................... 3
Disclaimer Statement .................................................................................................................................... 4
Contents ........................................................................................................................................................ 5
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... 8
List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. 10
List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................. 11
1Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 14
1.1 Amis and objectives .......................................................................................................................... 14
1.2 Motivation ......................................................................................................................................... 15
1.3 Report structure................................................................................................................................. 15
2 Standards and Constrains ......................................................................................................................... 16
2.1 Standards ........................................................................................................................................... 16
2.2 Constrains ......................................................................................................................................... 17
3 LTE network dimensioning and planning ................................................................................................. 18
3.1 Planning process ............................................................................................................................... 18
3.2 Pre-Planning phase: Dimensioning of LTE Network ....................................................................... 19
3.3 Planning phase .................................................................................................................................. 19
3.4 Optimization phase ........................................................................................................................... 20
4 Coverage and Cell Capacity Planning ..................................................................................................... 21
4.1 Coverage Planning ............................................................................................................................ 21
4.2 Cell Capacity planning ...................................................................................................................... 22
4.3 Dimensioning Tool ........................................................................................................................... 23
4.4 Coverage and Capacity Planning Results ......................................................................................... 24
4.4.1 Coverage Planning Results ........................................................................................................ 24
4.4.2 Cell Capacity Planning Results .................................................................................................. 25
5 LTE Sites Allocation................................................................................................................................ 27
5.1 Introduction to LTE Sites Allocating ................................................................................................ 27
5.2 LTE Network Architecture ............................................................................................................... 27
5.3 Site Allocation Procedures ................................................................................................................ 29
5

5.2.1 Tool Description ........................................................................................................................ 30

5.3 Simulation Parameters ...................................................................................................................... 30
5.3.1 Antenna parameters.................................................................................................................... 30
5.3.2 Cell power parameters ............................................................................................................... 32
5.4 Site Allocation Results ...................................................................................................................... 33
5.4.1 Rx level ...................................................................................................................................... 33
5.4.2 Maximum achievable data rate for each user ............................................................................. 35
6 LTE KEY SON Features ......................................................................................................................... 39
6.1 Introduction to LTE Optimization .................................................................................................... 39
6.2 SON in 3GPP .................................................................................................................................... 39
6.3 SON Framework ............................................................................................................................... 40
6.3.1 SELF-Configuration................................................................................................................... 40
6.3.2 SelfOptimization ....................................................................................................................... 40
6.3.3 SELF-HEALING ............................................................................................................................ 41
6.4 SON Use Cases ................................................................................................................................. 41
6.4.1 Coverage and Capacity Optimization (CCO) ............................................................................ 41
6.4.2 Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO)................................................................................ 42
6.4.3 Mobility Load Balancing Optimization (MLB) ......................................................................... 42
6.4.4 Intra-LTE Handover Feature ...................................................................................................... 43
6.4.5 Automated Neighbor Relations (ANR)...................................................................................... 44
6.4.6 PCI Conflict Reporting .............................................................................................................. 45
6.4.7 16-QAM uplink and 64-QAM Downlink .................................................................................. 47
6.4.8 Dual Band Support ..................................................................................................................... 47
6.4.9 Support for 15km CPRI Link ..................................................................................................... 47
6.4.10 System Information Modification ............................................................................................ 47
6.4.11 Enhanced Observability ........................................................................................................... 48
7 Site Specific Propagation Model.............................................................................................................. 49
7.1 propagation models ........................................................................................................................... 49
7.1.1 Hata Model (Okumura Hata Model) .......................................................................................... 49
7.1.2 Cost Hata Model ........................................................................................................................ 50
7.1.3 Full 3D Propagation Model........................................................................................................ 50
7.2 Tool Description ............................................................................................................................... 52
6

7.2.1 Features ...................................................................................................................................... 53

7.2.2 Study areas ................................................................................................................................. 53
7.2.3 Transmitters ............................................................................................................................... 53
7.3.4 Receivers .................................................................................................................................... 53
7.3.5 Materials .................................................................................................................................... 53
7.3.6 Antennas .................................................................................................................................... 54
7.3.7 Waveforms ................................................................................................................................. 54
7.3.8 Requested Output ....................................................................................................................... 54
7.3.9 Output ........................................................................................................................................ 54
7.3 Design Description ............................................................................................................................ 54
7.3.1 Features and Environment Layout ............................................................................................. 55
7.3.2 Materials .................................................................................................................................... 55
7.3.3 Waveforms ................................................................................................................................. 55
7.3.4 Antennas .................................................................................................................................... 56
7.3.5 Transmitters and Receivers ........................................................................................................ 57
7.3.6 Study Areas ................................................................................................................................ 58
7.4 site specific propagation model results ............................................................................................. 58
7.4.1Comparison to Path Loss Measurements for Each Propagation Model ...................................... 58
7.4.2 Comparison between Received Powers of Propagation Models ................................................ 72
7.4.3 Full 3D propagation path and delay spread................................................................................ 80
7.4.4 Effects of number of reflections and retransmissions on path loss ............................................ 82
8 Effects of the Project on Health society and Economy ............................................................................ 85
8.1 LTE and economy ............................................................................................................................. 85
8.2 LTE and society ................................................................................................................................ 85
8.3 LTE and Health ................................................................................................................................. 85
9 Conclusion and Limitations ..................................................................................................................... 87
9.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 87
9.2 Limitation.......................................................................................................................................... 87
References ............................................................................................................................................... 88
Appendices.................................................................................................................................................. 90

List of Figures
Figure 3-1 mobile planning process ............................................................................................................ 18
Figure 4.1 typical link budget example ....................................................................................................... 21
Figure 4.2 Coverage Planning Proccess....................................................................................................... 22
Figure 4.3 Cell Capacity Planning Process ................................................................................................... 23
Figure 4.4 dimensioning tool logo .............................................................................................................. 23
Figure 5.1: LTE Network Architecture ......................................................................................................... 28
Figure5.2: some of sites distribution over a google earth .......................................................................... 29
Figure5.3: Mentum Planet Tool Logo ......................................................................................................... 30
Figure5.5: Antenna simulation Parameters ................................................................................................ 32
Figure5.6: Cell Power Parameter ................................................................................................................ 33
Figure5.8 RSSI color levels .......................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 6.1 Mobile Planning Process ............................................................................................................ 39
Figure 6.2 Coverage gap optimization ........................................................................................................ 41
Figure 6.3: interfaces involved in intra LTE Handover ................................................................................ 43
Figure 6.4: the process to detect and add intra-frequency LTE Handover ................................................. 45
Figure 1-5 Physical Cell ID Deployment ...................................................................................................... 46
Figure 7.1 Wireless InSite elements............................................................................................................ 52
Figure 7.2: Environment Layout .................................................................................................................. 55
Figure7.3: Material Feature ........................................................................................................................ 55
Figure 7.4 waveform properties ................................................................................................................. 56
Figure 7.5 Antenna Specifications and Pattern........................................................................................... 57
Figure 7.6 Transmitter Configuration ......................................................................................................... 57
Figure 7.7 Transmitter and Recovers Location ........................................................................................... 58
Figure 7.8 Study areas ................................................................................................................................. 58
Figure7.9: Hata Path Loss along route 1 and 2 using Wireless InSite Tool ................................................. 59
Figure7.10: Path Loss Color Levels For Hata model .................................................................................... 59
Figure7.11: Hata Model area Coverage Prediction..................................................................................... 60
Figure7.12: Hata Path Loss along each rout vs distance using matlab ....................................................... 61
Figure7.13: Rx grid around rout 1 ............................................................................................................... 62
Figure7.15: Cost Hata Path Loss along rout 1 and 2 using Wireles InSite Tool .......................................... 63
Figure7.16: Path Loss Color Levels For Cost Hata model ............................................................................ 63
Figure7.17: Cost Hata Model area Coverage Prediction............................................................................. 64
Figure7.18: Cost Hata Path Loss along each rout vs distance using matlab ............................................... 65
Figuree7.19: each Rx grid path loss around rout 1 using Matlab (Cost Hata ) ........................................... 66
Figure 7.20: Full 3D Path Loss along rout 1 and 2 using Wireles InSite Tool .............................................. 67
Figure 7.21: Path Loss Color Levels For Full 3D model ............................................................................... 67
Figure 7.22: Full 3D Model area Coverage Prediction ................................................................................ 68
Figure 7.23: Full 3DPath Loss along each rout vs distance using matlab ................................................... 69
Figure7.24: each Rx grid path loss around rout 1 using Matlab (Full 3D) ................................................... 70
8

Figure7.25: Hata Path Loss along rout 1 for all models vs distance .......................................................... 71
Figure7.26: Hata Path Loss along rout 2 for all models vs distance .......................................................... 71
Figure 7.27Hata received Power along rout 1 and 2 using wireless InSite tool ......................................... 72
Figure7.29: received Power prediction calculated by Hata Model............................................................ 73
Figure7.31: Cost Hata received Power along route 1 and 2 using wireless InSite tool .............................. 75
Figure7.32: received Power Color Levels for Cost Hata model .................................................................. 75
Figure7.33: received Power prediction calculated by Cost Hata Model.................................................... 76
Figure7.34: Cost Hata along received Power vs distance for each rout using matlab .............................. 76
Figure7.35: Full 3D received Power along rout 1 and 2 using wireless InSite tool ..................................... 77
Figure7.36: received Power Color Levels For Full 3D model ..................................................................... 77
Figure 7.37: received Power prediction calculated by Hata Model ........................................................... 78
Figure 7-38Full 3D received Power vs distance for each rout using matlab............................................... 78
Figure 7.39 received power along rout one for all models using matlab ................................................... 79
Figure7.41: Full 3D Propagation Path (rout 1) ........................................................................................... 81
Figure7.42: Full 3D propagation path pn a Rx Point ................................................................................... 81
Figure7.43: Full 3D delay spread ................................................................................................................. 82
Figure7.44: Full 3D Path Loss with different number of reflection ............................................................ 83
Figure7.45: Full 3D Path Loss with different number of retransmissions .................................................. 84

List of Tables
Table 1.4 Maximum allowable Path Loss without considering clutter ....................................................... 24
Table 4.2 maximum allowable path loss considering clutter ..................................................................... 24
Table 4.3 cell range ..................................................................................................................................... 24
Table 4.4 site count ..................................................................................................................................... 25
Table 4.5 coverage parameters .................................................................................................................. 25
Table 4.6 DL Site Capacity (Mbps)............................................................................................................... 25
Table 4.7 UL Site Capacity ........................................................................................................................... 26
Table 1.8 number of capacity sites ............................................................................................................. 26
Table 5.1 RSSI ranges and percentages ...................................................................................................... 35
Table 5.2 DL Data rate Percentages ............................................................................................................ 37

10

List of Abbreviations
Abbreviation

Stands for

LTE

Long Term Evaluation

2G

The second generation

3G

The third generation

4G

The fourth generation

3GPP

The third generation partnership generation

RF

Radio Frequency

GSM

Global System for Mobile

CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access

WCDMA

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

SON

Self Organization Network

UMTS

Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

E-UTRA

Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access

UTRAN
Access Network

Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Terrestrial Radio

UE

User Equipment

MIMO

Multiple Input Multiple Output

CoMP

Coordinated Multiple Point

BSs

Base Stations

dBm

Decibel-mill watts

dBi

Decibel isotropic

dB

Decibel

QPSK

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

MAPL

Maximum Allowable Path Loss

11

DL

Downlink

UL

Uplink

eNB

Evolved Node B

MME

Mobility Management Entity

RRM

Radio Resource Management

NAS

Non-Access Stratum

CN

Core Network

PDN

Packet Data Network

S-GW

Serving Gateway

QoS

Quality of Service

P-GW

Packet Data Network PDN Gateway

IP address

Internet Protocol address

EPC

Evolved Packet Core

PDCCH

Physical Downlink Control Channel

EIRP

Effective Isotropic Received Power

PDSCH

Physical Downlink Shared Channel

SS

Synchronization Signal

RSSI

Received Signal Strength Indicator

ITU

International Telecommunication Union

OPEX

Operational Expenditure

ANR

Automatic neighbour relations

PCI

Physical Cell Identity

CGID

Cell global ID

CAPEX

Capital Expenditure

MDT

Minimization of Drive Tests

12

CCO

Coverage and Capacity Optimization

MRO

Mobility Robustness Optimization

RLF

Radio Link Failures

MLB

Mobility Load Balancing

RATs

Radio Access Technologies

RBS

Radio Base Stations

NRT

Neighbour Relation Table

TAC

Tracking Area Code

PLMN

available Public Land Mobile Network

NR

Networks Relation

HO

HandOver

QAM

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

DUL

Digital Unit

SFPs

Factor Plugins

CPRI

Common Public Radio Interface

SBR

Shooting and Bouncing Rays

LOS

Line Of Sight

Tx/Rx

Transmitter/Receiver

VSWR

Voltage Signal to Wave Ratio

WHO

the world Health organization

13

Introduction

LTE or Long Term Evolution is the next generation of mobile 4G for both Global System
Mobile communication 2G and Code Division Multiple Access 3G cellular carriers. It was
defined by the 3G partnership project in 3GPP Release 10 specification. LTE uses a different air
interface and packet structure than the previous systems.
In this chapter we show the aims and objectives for the project, motivations and overview of the
report structure.

1.1 Amis and objectives

This project aims to design LTE network for Nablus city through planning tools provided by
Palestine Cellular Communications Company (Jawwal) and specify an accurate propagation
model. The main objectives of project may describe as follows:
1. To provide a general theoretical overview of mobile network planning process.
2. To calculate LTE link Budget using Jawwal Company dimensioning tool and
specifications.
3. To develop LTE coverage and capacity planning.
4. To allocate the sites on Nablus plane using Jawwal MP Tool.
5.
6.
7.
8.

To provide a general theoretical overview of LTE SON features.

To provide a general theoretical overview of site specific propagation model.
To build a model similar to Nablus city using Wireless InSite tool.
To draw a path loss and received power graphs for each propagation model under
discussion.
9. To simulate propagation path and spread time for Full 3D propagation model
10. To Write The report

14

1.2 Motivation
The world eye today is working strongly to deploy LTE networks. Most of the development
countries now have LTE. By the year of 2016, LTE subscribers will be around one billion. The
main motivations of working strongly to have LTE are summarized as below:
1. Need to ensure the continuity of competitiveness of the 3G system for the future
2. User demand for higher data rates and quality of service
3. Packet Switch optimized system
4. Continued demand for cost reduction
5.

Low complexity

6. Avoid unnecessary fragmentation of technologies for paired and unpaired band operation

1.3 Report structure

This report contains nine chapters , the first chapter introduction to our work, the second chapter
includes standards of LTE , the third and fourth chapter describes LTE planning processes for
Nablus city and coverage , capacity dimensioning, the fifth chapter shows LTE site allocation
on Nablus map was done. Then we discussed in chapter six some of LTE SON feature, then in
chapter seven we compared between propagation models which are Hata, Cost_Hata and full 3D
.The next chapter the effect of our project on economy, society and environment. Finally the last
chapter contains the conclusion and limitations.

15

Standards and Constrains

Long Term Evolution (LTE) standardization is being carried out in the 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP), as was also the case for Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), and the later
phase of GSM evolution. This chapter illustrate the standards for which LTE is based and the
constrains of LTE networks.

2.1 Standards
LTE is based on standards developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). LTE
may also be referred more formally as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and
Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E UTRAN). Even though 3GPP created
standards for GSM/UMTS family, the LTE standards are completely new, with exceptions where
it made sense [1].
LTE-Advanced was required to deliver a peak data rate of 1000 Mbps in the downlink, and 500
Mbps in the uplink. In practice, the system has been designed so that it can eventually deliver
peak data rates of 3000 and 1500 Mbps respectively, using a total bandwidth of 100MHz that is
made from five separate components of 20MHz each. Note, as before, that these figures are
unachievable in any realistic scenario [1].
The specification also includes targets for the spectrum efficiency in certain test scenarios.
Comparison with the corresponding figures for WCDMA implies a spectral efficiency 4.5 to 7
times greater than that of Release 6 WCDMA on the downlink, and 3.5 to 6 times greater on the
uplink. Finally, LTE-Advanced is designed to be backwards compatible with LTE, in the sense
that an LTE mobile can communicate with a base station that is operating LTE-Advanced and
vice-versa [1].
3GPP has held a number of discussions on LTE-Advanced during 2008, and the technologies to
be investigated include [2]:

16

1. Relay nodes. These are targeted for extending coverage by allowing User Equipment
(UE) further away from the base station to send their data via relay nodes that can hear
the eNodeB better than, for example, UE located indoors.
UE dual transmit antenna solutions for uplink Single User MIMO (SU MIMO) and diversity
MIMO.
2. Scalable system bandwidth exceeding 20 MHz, potentially up to 100 MHz. In
connection with this, the study has been investigating aspects related to multiple access
technology with up to 100 MHz system bandwidth, and it is foreseen to be based strongly
on the existing LTE solutions with extensions to larger bandwidths. How to extend the
bandwidth (and how that is reflected in the multiple access) is the first topic where
conclusions are expected in LTE-Advanced studies.
3. Nomadic/Local Area network and mobility solutions.
4. Flexible Spectrum Usage.
5. Automatic and autonomous network configuration and operation.
6. Coordinated Multiple Point (CoMP) transmission and reception, which is referring to
MIMO transmission coordinated between different transmitters (in different sectors or
even different sites in an extreme case).

2.2 Constrains
Jawwal Company uses bandwidth of 4.8 MHz to support GSM900 which is a very narrow
bandwidth deploys LTE. The installation of LTE network on such bandwidth is not applicable
since there is no license .In current project, 10 MHz bandwidth is used to design the LTE
network which is not licensed yet making LTE network inapplicable in Palestine.

17

LTE network dimensioning and planning

In the context of mobile and cellular communication systems, RF Planning is the process of
assigning frequencies, transmitter locations and parameters of a wireless communications system
to provide sufficient coverage and capacity for the services required .This chapter illustrates the
process of planning LTE network.

3.1 Planning process

The flowchart for the network planning process is shown in figure 3.1. After detailed planning
the network is ready for commercial launch, but the post-planning phase continues the process
and targets the most optimal network configuration. Actually the network planning process is a
never ending cycle due to changes in the design parameters [3].

Figure 0-1 mobile planning process

The four main steps in the network planning process are: pre-planning, planning, detailed
planning and optimization. The input for the preplanning phase is the network planning criteria.
The main activity is dimensioning, which gives the initial network configuration as a result. The
first step in the planning phase is nominal planning; it provides the first site locations in the map
based on input from the dimensioning phase. The process continues with more detailed coverage
18

planning after site hunting and transmission planning. Detailed Capacity planning is also
included in the planning phase. Detailed planning covers frequency, neighbor and parameter
planning. After detailed planning the network is ready for verification and acceptance, which
finishes the prelaunch activities. After the launch the activities continue with optimization [3].

3.2 Pre-Planning phase: Dimensioning of LTE Network

Dimensioning is the initial phase of network planning. It provides the first estimate of the
network element count as well as the capacity of those elements. The purpose of dimensioning is
to estimate the required number of radio base stations needed to support a specified traffic load
in an area [4].
Dimensioning exercise gives an estimate which is then used for detailed planning of the network.
Once the network is completely planned, network parameters are optimized maximizing the
efficiency of the system.
In the following are listed basic inputs for dimensioning [3]:
1. coverage requirements, the signal level for outdoor, in-car and indoor with the coverage
probabilities;
2. quality requirements, drop call rate, call blocking;
3. frequency spectrum, number of channels, including information about possible needed
guard bands;
4. subscriber information, number of users and growth figures;
5. traffic per user, busy hour value;
6. Services.

3.3 Planning phase

The planning phase takes input from the dimensioning, initial network configuration. This is the
basis for nominal planning, which means radio network coverage and capacity planning with a
planning tool [3].
The nominal plan does not commit certain site locations but gives an initial idea about the
locations and also distances between the sites. The nominal plan is a starting point for the site
survey, finding the real site locations. The nominal plan is then supplemented when it has
information about the selected site locations; as the process proceeds coverage planning becomes
completed [3].

19

The target for the coverage planning phase is to find optimal locations for BSs to build
continuous coverage according to the planning requirements. Coverage planning is performed
with a planning tool including a digital map and a tuned model for propagation. The propagation
model tuning measurements have been performed with good accuracy [3].
In the capacity planning phase the final coverage plan including composite and dominance
information is combined with the user density information; in this way the capacity can be
allocated. Boundary conditions for capacity allocation are agreed with the customer earlier, i.e.
the maximum RX number per base station. The known capacity hot spots are treated with extra
care and special methods can be used to fulfill the estimated need [3].

3.4 Optimization phase

After the network has been launched the planning and optimization related activities do not end
because network optimization is a continuous process. For the optimization the needed input is
all available information about the network and its status. The network statistic figures, alarms
and traffic itself are monitored carefully. Customer complaints are also a source of input to the
network optimization team. The optimization process includes both network level measurements
and also field test measurements in order to analyses problem locations and also to indicate
potential problems [3].

20

Coverage and Cell Capacity Planning

This chapter gives brief view of how coverage and capacity planning done.

4.1 Coverage Planning

Coverage planning depends on link budget calculation. Link budget calculations estimate the
maximum allowed signal attenuation, called path loss, between the mobile and the base station
antenna. The maximum path loss allows the cell range to be estimated with a suitable
propagation model, such as Hata [5] figure 4.1 shows a typical example of a radio link budget.

Figure 0.1 typical link budget example

Figure 4.2 is flowchart shows the process we follow in coverage planning:

21

Figure 4.2 Coverage Planning Proccess

We worked in coverage planning in two considerations: clutter and without clutter.

Without the consideration clutter we found maximum allowable path loss and mapped into cell
count. For 43 dBmeNodeB transmitted power and 18dBi antenna gain and 23 dBm UE
transmitted power assumed to have an isotropic antenna gain.

4.2 Cell Capacity planning

To find the number of sites due to capacity which depends on population density and mobile
phone penetration and operator market share. The following chart shows the process of cell
capacity planning
Figure 4.3 shows cell capacity planning flowchart

22

Figure 4.3 Cell Capacity Planning Process

4.3 Dimensioning Tool

We worked in coverage and capacity planning using dimensioning tool provided by Jawwal
Company. The tool is RNT_LTE_Dim v2.3.6 Approved for RL10 / RL20 / RL30 / RL15TD /
RL25TD. the figure shows tool logo 4.4

Figure 4.4 dimensioning tool logo

23

4.4 Coverage and Capacity Planning Results

These Results obtained using dimensioning tool described previously

4.4.1 Coverage Planning Results

The maximum allowable path loss is shown in table 4.1

Maximum Allowable
considered)

Path

Loss

(dB)

(clutter

not

UL

DL

149.7

156.66

Table 4.1 Maximum allowable Path Loss without considering clutter

The consideration of clutter depends on the use of propagation model. Jawwal company use
Macro COST231 (Okumura-Hata) for QPSK modulation and 2 transmitter, 2 receiver MIMO
configuration the maximum allowable path loss is shown in table 4.2
Dense
urban
Maximum Allowable Path Loss (dB)

121.27

urban

SubRural
urban

129.33 132.1

136.92

(clutter considered)
Table 4.2 maximum allowable path loss considering clutter

Mapping the MAPL into cell range depending in propagation model using dimensioning tool
leads to cell rang and number of sites
So cell range shown in table 4.3 and site count in table 4.4
Dense urban
Cell Range (km)

urban

0.185

0.367

Table 4.3 cell range

24

Sub-urban
0.992

Rural
4.927

Dense urban
Site Count

Urban
9

Sub-urban
78

Rural
4

Table 4.4 site count

Other parameters determined by dimensioning Tool that used in site allocation shown in table
4.5
Dense urban

Urban

Sub-urban

Rural

Cell Area (km2)

0.022

0.088

0.640

15.780

Site Area (km2)

0.066

0.263

1.920

47.341

Inter Site Distance (km)

0.277

0.551

1.489

7.391

Deployment area (km2)

0.550

20.470

6.900

0.019

Site Count

78

Table 4.5 coverage parameters

According to these results, the sites will be allocated and optimized

4.4.2 Cell Capacity Planning Results

According to Jawwal, we assumed that the population number (GSM subscriber) of Nablus city
in 2014 around 163000. Also, we assumed that the Penetration Rate is 30 % of population
number. The Avg. Data Volume per Subscriber per BH is 5.000 MB according to these
assumptions site capacity is calculated in DL Table 4.6 and UL table 4.7.
DL Site Capacity (Mbps)
Dense Urban
Urban
Suburban
Rural

59.824
56.288
39.835
30.194
Table 4.6 DL Site Capacity (Mbps)

25

UL Site Capacity (Mbps)

Dense Urban
Urban
Suburban
Rural

29.282
26.985
16.441
8.732
Table 0.7 UL Site Capacity

Depending on assumed number of subscribers the number of sites due to capacity in uplink and
downlink shown in table 4.8:

#Sites (Capacity DL)

Dense Urban

5
3
3
1

Urban
Suburban
Rural
Table4.8: number of capacity sites

26

LTE Sites Allocation

This chapter illustrates the work on site allocation. First, an introduction to site allocation work,
then a brief view of LTE network architecture, the third section demonstrate procedure we
follow to continue the work, section four describes simulation parameters related to antenna and
cell power parameters, finally the results we obtained.

5.1 Introduction to LTE Sites Allocating

After we finished coverage and capacity planning, we obtained the number of sites that have to
be allocated for Nablus city. The site allocations plan will identify sites to ensure that coverage
and data rate is available in appropriate locations.
Site allocation gives an indication of how the network behavior will be after deployment, so it is
an important step in LTE network planning.

5.2 LTE Network Architecture

The LTE network architecture is illustrated in figure 5.1. The data are exchanged between the
UE and the base station (eNB) through the air interface. The eNB is part of the E-UTRAN where
all the functions and network services are conducted. Whether it is voice packets or data packets,
the eNB will process the data and route it accordingly [6].

27

Figure 0.1: LTE Network Architecture

The main components of such a network are [5]:

User Equipment (UE): This is the user device that is connected to the LTE network via
the RF channel through the BS that is part of the eNB subsystem.

Evolved NodeB (eNB): The eNB functionalities include radio resource management
(RRM) for both uplink (UL) and downlink (DL), IP header compression and encryption
of user data, routing of user data, selection of MME, paging, measurements, scheduling,
and broadcasting.

Mobility Management Entity (MME): This portion of the network is responsible for
non-access stratum (NAS) signaling and security, tracking UE, handover selection with
other MMEs, authentication, bearer management, core network (CN) node signaling, and
packet data network (PDN) service and selection. The MME is connected to the S-GW
via an S11 interface.

Serving Gateway (S-GW): This gateway handles eNB handovers, packet data routing,
quality of service (QoS), user UL/DL billing, lawful interception, and transport level
packet marking. The S-GW is connected to the PDN (Packet Data Network) gateway via
an S5 interface.

28

PDN Gateway (P-GW): This gateway is connected to the outside global network
(Internet). This stage is responsible for IP address allocation, per-user packet filtering,
and service level charging, gating, and rate enforcement.

Evolved Packet Core (EPC): It includes the MME, the S-GW as well as the P-GW.

5.3 Site Allocation Procedures

Our work on site allocation goes through three stages:
1. Allocate sites on Google Earth.
Using Google earth, we allocate 92 sites, each site with three sectors. We take into account a lot
of simulation parameters as clutter (dense urban, urban, suburban, rural), inter site distance, cell
area, total deployment area and antenna specification. Figure 5.2 shows some of sites distribution
for dense areas on Google earth. In appendix 1 attached 92 sites coordinates

Figure5.2: some of sites distribution over a google earth

2. Site coordinates uploaded to Mentum Planet tool.

After sites pointing in Google earth we upload these sites into MP tool that gives the
simulation of Rx level and data rate.

29

5.2.1 Tool Description

Site allocation done by a tool provided by Jawwal Company, the tool is Mentum planet planning
tool.
Mentum Planet is a robust and easy-to-use Windows-based software solution that helps
operators, integrators and equipment vendors plan, manage and improve the performance of
wireless access networks. Mentum Planet supports all major wireless access standards including
LTE-Advanced and Wi-Fi. It addresses all stages of the network lifecycle from strategic
planning to ongoing management of network performance. During the last few years, the
development focus has been on providing operators with outstanding support for the planning of
small cells and heterogeneous networks (HetNets), both in 2D and in 3D. Maximize your
investment, increase revenue, improve profitability and accelerate time-to-market with Mentum
Planet, the worlds most innovative and advanced wireless access network planning,
management and optimization platform [7]. Figure 5.3 shows tool logo

Figure5.3:Mentum Planet Tool Logo

3. Simulation parameters settings: after site distribution on a MP tool, we set the parameters
for each site. Simulation parameters explained in next section.

5.3 Simulation Parameters

In our work we use many simulation parameters for site allocation

5.3.1 Antenna parameters

The base station is required to have 3 antennas (type 739623,739632,739634) of the following
transmission specifications:
1. Front to back ratio = 28 dB
2. Horizontal eam width 66.5
3. Verti al eam width 4.3
30

4. Default Azimuth and tilting .antenna tilt 0, antenna azimuth 0

5. Antenna height = 16 m.
The pattern shown in figure 5.4 and antenna simulation parameters 5.5

Figure 5.4 Antennas Pattern

31

, 120

, 240

Figure5.4: Antenna simulation Parameters

5.3.2 Cell power parameters

After mapping sites on Google earth, and for more efficient coverage of power for each site,
power parameters should be set clearly. Power parameters which we are concerned on are: EIRP,
reference signal, Synchronization signal power and average power per PDCCH and per PDSCH.
Figure 5.6 shows cell power parameters.

32

Figure5.5: Cell Power Parameter

1. PA power = 43dB.
2. EIRP (dBm) : The EIRP is the effective power transmitted from BS, after variable gains
and attenuations, which can be calculated as the following formula
EIRP = 57.34 dBm
3. Synchronization signal power: The Synchronizing Signal (SS) from LTE base station is a
powerful tool for helping network operators understands the downlink signal quality for
LTE networks.

5.4 Site Allocation Results

The main indicators of network quality are Rx level and cell capacity

5.4.1 Rx level
The power strength (RX Level) for Nablus city after sites allocation is shown figure 5.7 received
signal strength indicator (RSSI).
33

Figure 5.7 RSSI (Rx Level)

The most of the region in the city covered by pink color which give us and indicate about the
signal strength is around -55 dB, however there are another colors (Rx levels) at the edges of the
city which are green, yellow and orange sequentially, these colors mean less signal strength than
the pink color, the received signal strength are -56, -75, -85 dB for green, yellow and orange as
shown in figure 5.8.

Figure5.6 RSSI color levels

Table 5.1 shows the area of each range and it's percentage from the total area
34

RSSI Ranges
-200 ~ -95
-95 ~ -85
-85 ~ -75
-75 ~ -65
-65 ~ -55
-55 ~ 0
Outside range

Area (km)

Percentage Percentage
Sub Area Total Area

0
0.57409996
1.4869
2.63259983
2.6431

0
0
1.5381153 0.45506856
3.9836679 1.17861271
7.0532002 2.08676815
7.081332
2.095091

27.4273

73.48258 21.7406445

2.5609

6.861104 2.02993417

Table 0.1: RSSI ranges and percentages

So the percentages of the areas which represent each signal strength level to the total area versus
the signal strength levels are shown in figure 5.9, that the higher percentage of the total area is
covered by the highest signal strength power level

Figure 5.9 RSSI percentage

5.4.2 Maximum achievable data rate for each user

The maximum achievable data rate for each user after sites allocation is shown figure 5.10.
Black has downlink data rate 2.500 MbPs, blue has downlink data rate 5MbPs, green has
35

downlink data rate 10 MbPs, yellow has downlink data rate 15 MbPs, orange has downlink data
rate 20MbPs, red has downlink data rate 30 MbPs as shown in figure 5.11.

Figure 5.10- Maximum Achievable Data rate for each user

36

Figure 5.11 Data Rates Color levels

Table 5.2 shows the area of each downlink data rate range and it's percentage from the total area.
Figure 5.12 show that most areas have a rate between 5 to 30 MbPs.
Downlink Data
Rate ranges

Area
(km)

Percentage Percentage
Sub Area
Total Area

0~1

1~5

3.5546

9.523402

2.817605

5 ~ 10

12.4517

33.3603

9.870018

10 ~ 30

16.879

45.22182

13.37938

30 ~ 40

1.8787

5.033369

1.489178

40 ~ 285.8343

Outside range

2.5609

6.861104

2.029934

Table 5.2 DL Data rate Percentages

37

Percentage Total Area

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Percentage Total Area

Figure 5.12 Downlink rates percentages

38

LTE KEY SON Features

This chapter illustrated the key SON features of LTE network, the first section is optimization
description the second section reviews in brief SON in 3GPP.Section three discuses LTE SON
framework that includes self-configuration, optimization and healing categories. The fourth
section discusses general basic optimization Features related to mobility and handover.

6.1 Introduction to LTE Optimization

As discussed in chapter one, LTE planning process is consecutive steps as shown in figure 6.1.
Optimization is very important step in LTE network planning which is the last one. The LTE
specification inherently supports SON features.

Figure 0.1 Mobile Planning Process

6.2 SON in 3GPP

3GPP is an alliance and a standards body that works within the scope of the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) to develop 3rd Generation (3G) and 4th Generation (4G)

39

specifications based on evolved Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) standards
[8].
Reduction of cost and complexity is a key driver for Long Term Evolution (LTE), since with its
deployment the new network layer needs to coexist with legacy systems without additional
operating cost. Thus, it is of vital interest for operators to introduce automated engineering
functions that minimize Operational Expenditure (OPEX) and, at the same time, increase
network performance by dynamically adjusting the system configuration to the varying nature of
wireless cellular networks [8].
Deploying and operating cellular networks is a complex task that comprises many activities, such
as planning, dimensioning, deployment, testing, prelaunch optimization, post launch
optimization, comprehensive performance monitoring, failure mitigation, failure correction and
general maintenance. Today, such critical activities are extremely labor intensive and, hence,
costly and prone to errors, which may result in customer dissatisfaction and increased churn [8].

6.3 SON Framework

SON solutions can be divided into three categories: Self-Configuration, Self-Optimization and
Self-Healing.

6.3.1 SELF-Configuration
This is the dynamic plug-and-play configuration of newly deployed eNBs. The eNB will by itself
configure the Physical Cell Identity, transmission frequency and power, leading to faster cell
planning and rollout [9].
The interfaces S1 and X2 are dynamically configured, as well as the IP address and connection
to IP backhaul. To reduce manual work ANR (Automatic neighbour relations) is used. Dynamic
configuration includes the configuration of the Layer 1 identifier, Physical cell identity (PCI) and
Cell global ID (CGID) [9] [10].
Self-configuration mechanism is desirable during the pre-operational phases of network elements
such as network planning and deployment, which will help reduce the CAPEX [11].

6.3.2 Self Optimization

40

Utilization of measurements and performance indicators collected by the User and the base
stations in order to auto-tune the network settings. This process is performed in the operational
state [8] [11].
Self-optimization mechanism is desirable during the operational stage so that network operators
get benefits of the dynamic optimization, e.g., mobility load balancing to make network more
robust against environmental changes as well as the minimization of manual optimization steps
to reduce operational costs

6.3.3 SELF-HEALING
Features for automatic detection and removal of failures and automatic adjustment of parameters
are mainly specified in Release 10. Coverage and Capacity Optimization enables automatic
correction of capacity problems depending on slowly changing environment, like seasonal
variations. Minimization of drive tests (MDT), is enabling normal UEs to provide the same type
of information as those collected in drive test. A great advantage is that UEs can retrieve and
report parameters from indoor environments [8] [9].

6.4 SON Use Cases

This section discuss general basic optimization Features

6.4.1 Coverage and Capacity Optimization (CCO)

This optimization aims at maximizing the system capacity and ensuring there is an appropriate
overlapping area between adjacent cells as shown in figure 6.2. The optimal parameter setting is
acquired by cooperatively adjusting antenna tilt and pilot power among the related cells. This
optimization should operate with some effect even if the measurement reports from UE do not
include their data on their own location [12].

Figure 6.2 Coverage gap optimization

41

3GPP specifies the following requirements on CCO [12]:

Coverage and capacity optimization shall be performed with minimal human

intervention.
Operator shall be able to configure the objectives and targets for the coverage and
capacity
Operator shall be able to configure the objectives and targets for the coverage and
capacity
Optimization functions differently for different areas of the network.
The collection of data used as input into the coverage and capacity optimization function
shall be automated to the maximum extent possible and shall require minimum possible
amount of dedicated resources

6.4.2 Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO)

Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) encompasses the automated optimization of
parameters affecting active mode and idle mode handovers to ensure good end-user quality and
performance, while considering possible competing interactions with other SON features such
as, automatic neighbor relation and load balancing. Incorrect handoff parameter settings can
negatively affect user experience and waste network resources due to handoff and radio link
failures (RLF). While handoff failures that do not lead to RLFs are often recoverable and
invisible to the user, RLFs caused by incorrect handoff parameter settings have a combined
impact on user experience and network resources [13].
In addition to MRO, intra-frequency Mobility Load Balancing (MLB) objective is to intelligently
spread user traffi a ross the systems radio resour es in order to optimize system apa ity while
maintaining quality end-user experience and performance. Additionally, MLB can be used to
shape the system load according to operator policy, or to empty lightly loaded cells which can
then be turned off in order to save energy. The automation of this minimizes human intervention
in the network management and optimization tasks [13].
There are multiple approaches towards load balancing for MLB. One of the approaches is
described here and other approaches may exist that supplement this approach [13].

6.4.3 Mobility Load Balancing Optimization (MLB)

Self-optimization of the intra-LTE and inter-RAT mobility parameters to the current load in the
cell and in the adjacent cells can improve the system capacity compared to static/non-optimized
42

cell reselection/handover parameters and can minimize human intervention in the network
management and optimization tasks[14].

The load balancing shall not affect the user QoS negatively in addition to what a user would
experience sat normal mobility without load-balancing. Service capabilities of RATs must be
taken into account, and solutions should take into account network deployments with overlay of
high-capacity and low-capacity layers where high-capacity layer can have spotty coverage.
Objective: Optimization of cell reselection/handover parameters to cope with the unequal traffic
load and minimize the number of handovers and redirections needed to achieve the load
balancing [14]

6.4.4 Intra-LTE Handover Feature

Intra-LTE Handover is the basic mobility function for UEs in active mode. When one or more
neighbor cells are better than current serving cell the UE is ordered to handover to best cell. Best
cell evaluation is based on measurements of neighbor cells, serving cell and evaluation algorithm
controlling parameters set by eNodeB [15].
Figure 6.3 shows interfaces involved in intra-LTE handovers.

Figure 6.3: interfaces involved in intra LTE Handover

The benefits of the Intra-LTE Handover feature are the following [15]:
Network apa ity is maximized y ensuring that UE are served y the est availa le ell.
Data rates to individual UE within the network are maximized y ensuring that the UE is
served by the best cell.
43

 Connected mode mobility within the network is possible with minimal interruptions to data
flows during the handover process

6.4.5 Automated Neighbor Relations (ANR)

Mobile devices can report cells that are not in the neighbor list to the base station they are
currently served by. This information can then be used by the network to automatically establish
neighbor relationships for handovers [16]
The Automated Neighbor Relation (ANR) feature in the RBS removes the need for initial
configuration of neighbor relation lists and greatly simplifies the optimization of them. The
feature will execute autonomously in the RBS and automatically

The process to detect and add a new intra frequency LTE neighbor is outlined below [16]:
1. The eNodeB sends each connected UE a list of neighbor PCIs with their cell individual offsets
(Ocn) and configures the conditions that will trigger the events associated to the corresponding
measurements.
2. When the UE detects that the received signal of a given cell becomes stronger than that of the
serving cell by more than a certain offset, the PCI of that cell is reported to the eNodeB, together
with the associated measurement report. UEs carry out this procedure independently of whether
the reported PCIs are part of the NRT.
3. If a reported PCI is not in the NRT, the eNodeB orders the UE to decode the ECGI of the
newly discovered PCI, as well as the Tracking Area Code (TAC) and all available Public Land
Mobile Network (PLMN) IDs. For this to happen, the eNodeB may schedule idle periods to
allow the UE to read the ECGI that is broadcasted by the new neighbor associated with the
detected PCI.
4. After this process has been completed, the UE reports the ECGI of the new neighbor to the
eNodeB.
5. The eNodeB processes this information and may decide to update its NRT. Eventually, it may
setup (if needed) a new X2 connection towards the new neighboring eNodeB. This new NR has
its default attributes configured in such a way that HO, X2 connection setup and ANR actions to
remove this NR are allowed
The process is summarized in figure 6.4

44

Figure 6.4: the process to detect and add intra-frequency LTE Handover

6.4.6 PCI Conflict Reporting

Every LTE cell has a PCI that is used during the cell search procedure to distinguish the
transmissions of several cells on the same carrier from each other. Only 504 IDs are available
and neighboring base stations should use a certain combination for easier detection. As it is
sometimes difficult to predict all cell neighbors, auto-configuration functionality is highly
desirable. The mobile is required to report to the network as to which cells it looks out for the
automated configuration process [16].
When a new eNB is established, it needs to select Ph-IDs for all the cells it supports. The Ph_ID
of one cell should satisfy the following two criteria so that no confusion is caused [9].

The Ph_ID of one cell should not be the same as those of his neighbor cells.
The Ph_IDs of the neighbor cells should not be the same.

Figure 6.5 shows an example of Physical Cell ID deployment. In this example, the eNB with
red color is the one that is newly introduced. The automatic configuration of the physical Cell
ID for the new cell proceeds as follows:
1. When the procedure starts, the new cell starts a timer for this configuration phase.

45

2. A set of Physical Cell IDs is defined as a set of temporary Physical Cell IDs. The new
cell picks one temporary Physical Cell ID randomly.
3. According to ANR (Automatic Neighbor Relation) function, UE reports those detected
cells with their Physical Cell IDs to its serving cell. So the cells around the new cell
receive the report of the new cell and the new cell receives the report of its surrounding
cells. By ANR function, they also get the Global Cell ID of those reported cells.

Figure 0-5 Physical Cell ID Deployment

Figure 6.5: Physical Cell ID deployment

4. The new cell adds those reported cells to its neighbour cell list. It also looks up the IP
addresses of those neighbor cells and establishes the X2 connection if necessary.
5. Those cells, which receive the report of the new cell, adds the new cell in their neighbor
cell list, look up the IP address of the new cell and establish the X2 connections if
necessary. Which trigger the X2 connection setup, the new cell or the surrounding cells,
depends on which one detects the neighborhood relation first.
6. After X2 connection is set up, the surrounding cells exchange their neighbor cell lists
with the new cell. As a result, the new cell also gets the neighbor relation information of
its neighbor cells.
7. When the timer times out, the new cell collect all the information it gets, which includes
its neighbor cell list and the neighbor cell lists of its neighbor cells. Then the new cell
selects one Physical Cell ID that satisfies the two criteria, which has been explained
before.
8. The new cell informs its neighbor cells that it has changed its Physical Cell ID .Those
neighbor cells updates their neighbor relation table accordingly. During the configuration
phase, some collisions may also happen. For example, two new cells select the same
temper Physical Cell ID and they are neighbors. The collision will be detected during the
configuration procedures and one of the configuration procedures will be restarted.

46

6.4.7 16-QAM uplink and 64-QAM Downlink

Under ideal transmission conditions, for example, when clear LOS exists between sender and
receiver over very short distances, 64-QAM is used, which codes six bits on a single subcarrier.
Under harsher conditions, less demanding modulation schemes like 16-QAM [6].
Higher-order modulation enables high peak data rates to be achieved in scenarios with high SIR,
such as in indoor hotspot cells. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna operation
making HSDPA the first standardized cellular system to support the transmission of multiple
data streams to each UE by means of multiple antennas at each end of the radio link. MIMO
aims to exploit spatial multiplexing gain by making positive use of the multiple propagation
paths to separate different data streams transmitted simultaneously using the same frequency and
code [6].

6.4.8 Dual Band Support

Enables the use of spectrum resources on two bands with one Digital Unit (DUL), it supports
the configuration of up to 6 cells with two different carrier frequencies and bandwidths, for
example Band 4 and Band 7 .

6.4.9 Support for 15km CPRI Link

CPRI Link Increases support for long optical fiber between Radio and Baseband to 15 km. When
using optical fiber and optical Small Form Factor Plugins (SFPs) the length of the optical fiber
between the DUL and the radio can be up to 15 km long. It is possible to mix long and short
fibers as long as no fiber distance exceeds the maximum distance [13].

6.4.10 System Information Modification

This feature makes it possible to modify the System Information broadcasted in the cell without
doing a lock/unlock operation on the cell [13].
An operator will need to tune the LTE coverage when building it out and hence change neighbor
relations and re-selection thresholds. With this feature, such changes can be done without
disturbing the service .This gives the operator the possibility to change parameters in the system
information, for example, cell selection related parameters, without affecting the in service
performance [6].

47

6.4.11 Enhanced Observability

This feature provides the operator with increased visibility in network performance statistics,
enabling more diverse monitoring of the LTE RAN.
The statistical granularity, including averages, peak/min values and distributions of key events
and procedures, is increased within in the areas of Accessibility, Retain ability, Integrity,
Mobility and Availability. New utilization type measurements, such as procedure times and
processor load, are also introduced [17]

48

Site Specific Propagation Model

In previous chapters we have complete LTE planning using Cost Hata propagation model. Other
propagation models can be used which are more efficient and accurate than cost Hata. Models
that will be studied are Hata and full 3D propagation model. This chapter includes four sections
the first section is dissection about Hata, Cost and Full 3D model, the second one is a description
for the tool that we used ,then in the third section our design description finally in the last section
summarize our results .

7.1 propagation models

Propagation models have been developed to be able to estimate the radio wave propagation as
accurately as possible. Models have been created for different environments to predict the path
loss between the transmitter and receiver. How much power needs to be transmitted using the
BTS to be able to receive certain power level from the MS? The complexity of the model affects
the applicability as well as the accuracy. Two well-known models are those of OkumuraHata
and cost Hata. The first mentioned is created for large cells, i.e. for rural and suburban areas [3],
while the CostHata model is an enhanced version of Okumura hat model that includes 1800_
1900 MHZ [18].

7.1.1 Hata Model (Okumura Hata Model)

Hata's propagation model is the basis for several widely used propagation models in the cellular
industry. The main attraction of Hata's model is its simplicity, and its main drawback is its
constraints on the ranges of some parameters [19].
The Okumura-Hata model is a well- known propagation model, which can be applied for a
macro cell environment to predict median radio signal attenuation. Having one component the
model uses free space loss. The Okumura-Hata model is an empirical model, which means that it
is based on field measurements [3]. Hata derived empirical formulas for propagation path loss
based on Okumura's report containing graphs such as median field strength versus distance. This
49

empirical model simplifies calculation of path loss because it is a closed-form formula and is not
based on empirical curves for the different parameters [19].
Hata's basic model includes path loss for an urbanenvironment and provides correction factors
for other environments, such as suburbanand open areas. Caution should be exercised while
using Hata's model because it isvalid only for specific cases. Hata's model makes the following
assumptions: pathloss is between isotropic antennas and the terrain is quasi-smooth and regular
[19].

7.1.2 Cost Hata Model

Hata's basic model is valid in the frequency range of 150-1500 MHz. European COST 231
extended the validity of Hata's model to higher frequencies by analyzing Okumura's propagation
graphs in the upper frequency band [19]
CostHata model is also known as COST-231 Hata model. It is the extension of Hata model
(Okumura Hata model) and it can be used for the frequencies up to 2000 MHz [20].
This model predicts the signal strength from empirical formulas which uses different correction
factors for different environments which is based on field measurements taken by Okumura in
Japan. Statistical formulas and correction factors of the model were derived from observation
and analysis of the measured propagation data. From the measurements, Okumura generated a
family of curves to predict propagation loss for various situations. Okumura also included
various loss factors to account for urban losses: street orientations, terrain, mixed land and sea
paths. Sometimes, it is not reliable to use these curves due to inherent vagueness of the
conditions of the correction factors. Despite their simplicity the curves are cumbersome to use
wireless system planning. In a subsequent study, Hata was able to fit empirical formulas to
Okumura's curves to efficiently incorporate them into computer programs [20].
The COST-Hata model is valid for small and large macrocells in which the BS antenna heights
are above rooftop levels in the vicinity of the BS. This model is widely used in the industry for
cell coverage area prediction and for cellular system performance analysis. This model is
unsuitable for microcells [19].

7.1.3 Full 3D Propagation Model

The Full 3D model is the only one of Wireless InSites propagation models whi h pla es no
restriction on object shape; it allows buildings to have sloped roofs. It is also the only model
50

which includes transmission through surfaces. For this reason, it is the only ray-based model
which can be applied to indoor environments. When transmissions are included, all facets, except
those comprising the terrain and foliage, should typically be doubled-sided [21].
Full 3D model Take into account number of reflections, diffractions and transmissions .but other
models not.
The following are the specification of Full 3D Model [21]

Maximum reflections: 30 (assuming no transmissions)

Maximum transmissions: 30 (assuming no reflections)
Maximum diffractions: 4 (SBR), 3 (Eigenray)
Environments: all
Terrain: all
Urban: all
Foliage: direct waves, no lateral wave
Objects: all
Range: depends on application
Antenna heights: all
Antenna types: all
Ray tracing: SBR or Eigenray
Minimum frequency: 100 MHz
Maximum frequency: depends on application

7.1.3.1 Cellular Propagation Mechanisms

As mentioned previously Full 3D model Take into account number of reflections and diffractions
, this sub-section explain these mechanisms.
In cellular communications, the actual path loss experiencedby a cellular radio signal is usually
much higher than the free-space path loss. Raytheory is widely used for analyzing radio wave
propagation. Several rays can beviewed as a single entity. As this single entity or a set of rays
propagates from thetransmitter to the receiver, four basic mechanisms influence the overall path
lossexperienced by the radio signal: reflection, diffraction, scattering, and absorption
orpenetration [19].

1. Reflection
When an electromagnetic wave encounters an object that has large dimensions comparedto the
wave's wavelength, reflection occurs. The receiver in such a case couldreceive a direct LOS
51

signal and a reflected path from the transmitter. The buildingsin an urban environment, the
mountains in an open environment, and the earth'ssurface are examples of objects that cause
reflections of the RF wave. When the RFwave traveling in one type of medium (e.g., the air)
impinges upon an object thatrepresents another type of medium, part of the energy may be
reflected back into thefirst medium, part of the energy may be absorbed by the second medium,
and partof the energy may continue to flow in a wave propagating into the second medium [19].
In a cellular radio environment, a propagation model that considers a direct pathand a groundreflected path, gives a more accurate predictionthan the model that considers only the direct path
[19].
2.

Diffraction

When an electromagnetic wave encounters an object with sharp irregularities, such as edges, it
bends around the object. This effect is called diffraction, and it enables signal propagation in the
absence of LOS and behind obstacles. The signal strength starts to decrease quickly in the
shadowed region behind obstacles, the points on a wavefront encountering an obstacle act as
sources of secondary waves that become a new wavefront, facilitating propagation in thein
theshadowed region [19].

7.2 Tool Description

The tool we used to obtain our results is Wireless InSite .This section provide a brief description
of the tool [21].
Wireless InSite is a powerful electromagnetic modeling tool for predicting the effects of
buildings and terrain on the propagation of electromagnetic waves. It predicts how the locations
of the transmitters and receivers within an urban area affect signal strength. Wireless InSite
models the physical characteristics of the rough terrain and urban building features, performs the
electromagnetic calculations, and then evaluates the signal propagation characteristics [21].
Important elementsof a Wireless InSite project shown in figure 7.1 are explained below

Figure 7.1 Wireless InSite elements

52

7.2.1 Features
A feature comprises all the building or terrain data loaded from a single file. Each feature is
subdivided into structure groups, structures, sub-structures and faces. In addition to the
geometrical data, features also contain data on the material properties of each face. The set of
material properties are referred to olle tively as material types, and the properties and editing
options for these can be accessed from the Main window or the Project [21].

7.2.2 Study areas

This tab lists all study areas in the project. Study areas serve several purposes. First, they can be
used to define a region of the modeled environment and then to limit all computations to the
buildings, terrain features and Tx/Rx locations within the study area. Different propagation
models can then be applied within each study area. Second, as an organizational tool they make
it possible to keep predictions made with different parameters separate from each other. The user
can create as many study areas as desired [21].

7.2.3 Transmitters
Transmitter locations and properties are defined by transmitter sets. Transmitter sets contain one
or more transmitter locations. In addition to the geographical location of the site, the transmitter
set also includes antenna type, the direction of the antenna beam, the radiated power and the
waveform assigned to each set. The types of transmitter sets are points, routes, circular arcs,
rectangular grids, polygons, circular cylinders, vertical surfaces and user-defined data files [21].

7.3.4 Receivers
Receiver locations and properties are defined by receiver sets. Receiver sets also includes
antenna type, the direction of the antenna beam, and the waveform assigned to each set. The
types of receiver sets are points, routes, circular arcs, rectangular grids, polygons, circular
cylinders and user-defined data files [21].

7.3.5 Materials
The electromagnetic interactions of each face are determined by the material properties assigned
to the face. The display properties, such as the color and in some cases the thickness, are also
part of the material definition [21].
53

7.3.6 Antennas
To perform propagation calculations using Wireless InSite, the model requires both transmitters
and receivers, each with an associated waveform, and antenna. When an antenna is added to a
project and its parameters are set using the Antenna Properties dialog box. An antenna can be
used in multiple instances by associating it with any number of transmitters and/or receivers. The
location and position of the antenna will be set by the location and position of the associated
transmitter or receiver for each new instance of the antenna. Any number of different antenna
types can be added to the project to simulate real-world scenarios or to test the effects that
different antennas have on propagation performance. Wireless InSite has several choices for the
antennas used in a simulation [21].

7.3.7 Waveforms
Waveforms describe the signal radiated from transmitter antennas and act as a kind of band pass
filter at the receiver. Wireless InSite contains several built-in waveform definitions, the shape of
which can be modified by providing carrier frequency and signal duration. All active and
inactive waveforms associated with the Wireless InSite project are listed under this tab [21].

7.3.8 Requested Output

This tab is used to select all the desired output. The available output includes animated fields,
carrier-interferer ratio, complex E-field, delay spread, direction of arrival, direction of departure,
E-field magnitude and phase, excess path loss, free space path loss, free space power, impulse
response, path loss, power, propagation paths, strongest transmitter to receiver, and time of
arrival [21].

7.3.9 Output
With this tab the user can access a hierarchical tree view of all currently available output and
graphs. The output data is organized by study area [21].

The next section shows our Wireless InSite design elements.

7.3 Design Description

Our design is similar as possible to Nablus city; the following sub-sections describe design
parameters.
54

7.3.1 Features and Environment Layout

Figure 7.2 shows a map of the area in which the measurements were made. The measurements
were made within the 1000 m x 600 m area. The buildings were at height up to 24 m and the
transmitters were at a height of 18 m which is higher than the higher closest building by two
meters and the mobile receiving antennas were at a height of 1.5 m. All antennas were vertically
polarized

Figure 7.2: Environment Layout

7.3.2 Materials
Building material is concrete with thickness 0.3 m and conductivity 0.050000. Figure 7.3 shows
materials features

Figure7.3: Material Feature

7.3.3 Waveforms
In our design, we use a waveform with carrier frequency 900MHz (within GSM900 band) with
effective bandwidth 4.8 MHZ (Jawwal Bandwidth) as shown in figure 7.4

55

Figure 7.4 waveform properties

7.3.4 Antennas
Antenna arrays of similar elements can be created from the Antenna properties window. Wireless
InSite uses the amplitude, phase, and relative location of each element to create a combined
antenna pattern that users can be assign to a single transmitter or receiver point. This alleviates
the need to represent each element as an individual transmitter or receiver point in the project
.Figure 7.5 shows antenna specifications and pattern, it is 18 dBi half wave dipole gain and -120
dBm. Receiver threshold assuming VSWR equals to one.

56

Figure 7.5 Antenna Specifications and Pattern

7.3.5 Transmitters and Receivers

Transmitter 43.00 dBm input power work on previously described antenna and waveform as
shown in figure 7.6, the location of transmitter is chosen to be between buildings with concrete
material, as shown in figure 7.7while receivers are varied. Actually, we choose two routs with
around 200 measurements points with one meter spacing with different locations. And we design
Rx grid receiver to view output on the whole area

Figure 7.6 Transmitter Configuration

57

Figure 7.7 Transmitter and Recovers Location

7.3.6 Study Areas

Three study areas will be studied,each study area for specific propagation model which are Hata,
Cost Hata and Full 3D models as shown in figure 7.8.

Figure 7.8 Study areas

7.4 site specific propagation model results

After we have completed the design of propagation model, we will continue the study for the two
scenarios (route 1and route 2). Path loss and received power for Hata, Cost Hata and Full 3D
propagation models will be obtained by running the program. By careful comparison between
these results, we will be able to determine which propagation model is more efficient to be
employed.

7.4.1Comparison to Path Loss Measurementsfor Each Propagation Model

58

First, we will start running the tool to get the path loss of the environment layout with transmitter
and receivers location shown in figure 7.7.
7.4.1.1 Hata Model Pathless Results
The figure 7.9 below shows the path loss of the two scenarios (route 1 and 2):

Figure7.9: Hata Path Loss along route 1 and 2 using Wireless InSite Tool

As shown above and according to the transmitter antenna location, different path loss classes are
appeared. These classes with different colors express the signal strength on each route. Figure
7.10 shows the scale of each color:

Figure7.10: Path Loss Color Levels ForHata model

59

Figure7.11: Hata Model area Coverage Prediction

From figures 7.9 and 7.10 and 7.11, it is clear that the minimum Path Loss in purple and blue colors
which covers up to 100 meter beside the antenna (which is very small distance) then the path loss started
to increase up to 94.07 dB (Yellow color) which is very high path loss value at small distance (250
meter).

Path loss measurements of each receiver was imported to Matlab to plot it versus distance
between receivers, based on Hata model, figure 7.12 shows path loss vs. distance .

60

Figure7.12: Hata Path Loss along each rout vs distance using matlab

From figure 7.12above, and by comparing each result of the two routes, we can see that for both
routs, as moving far from antenna the path loss increases, and the region near the antenna have
the least path loss.
Around rout one; we set a grid of receivers to show the path loss of each receiver as shown in
Figure 7.13

61

Figure7.13: Rx grid around rout 1

Figure 7.14 shows each Rx grid path loss on grid around route 1.

Figure 7.14: each Rx grid path loss around rout 1 using Matlab (Hata)

62

From scatter plot above we see that Rx points not belonging to rout 1 have the same behavior of
rout 1 Rx points
7.4.1.2 Cost Hata Model Path Loss Results

The figure 7.15 below shows the path loss of the two routes (route 1 and 2) for Cost Model

Figure7.14: Cost Hata Path Loss along rout 1 and 2 using WirelesInSite Tool

As shown above and according to the transmitter antenna location, different path loss levels are
appeared. These levels with different colors express the signal strength on each route. Figure
7.16 shows the scale of each color:

Figure7.15: Path Loss Color Levels ForCost Hata model

63

The whole coverage power for the region using Cost Hata model is shown in the figure
7.17below:

Figure7.16: Cost Hata Model area Coverage Prediction

From figures 7.15 and 7.16 and 7.17 it is clear that the minimum Path Loss in purple and blue colors
which covers up to 100 meter beside the antenna (which is very small distance) then the path loss started
to increase up to 94.07 dB (Yellow color) which is very high path loss value at small distance (250
meter).

Path loss measurements of each receiver was imported to Matlab to plot it versus distance
between receivers, based on Cost_Hata model, figure 7.18 shows path loss vs. distance .

64

Figure7.17: Cost Hata Path Loss along each rout vs distance using matlab

From above figure, the path loss behavior is very close to Hata model. For both routs, as we
moving closure to the antenna, the path loss reaches its minimal value.
For Rx Grid shown in Figure7.13 , the path loss for each point in Rx grid around route 1 shown
in 7.19.

65

Figuree7.18: each Rx grid path loss around rout 1 using Matlab (Cost Hata )

From scatter plot above we see that Rx points not belonging to rout 1 have the same behavior of
rout 1 Rx points

7.4.1.3 Full 3DModel Path Loss Results

Figure7. 20 below show the path loss of the two routes (route 1 and 2) for Full 3D Model:

66

Figure 7.19: Full 3D Path Loss along rout 1 and 2 using WirelesInSite Tool

The scale of each color that appeared in previous figure is shown below in figure 7.21

Figure 7.20: Path Loss Color Levels ForFull 3D model

The whole coverage power for the region using Full 3D model is shown in the figure 7.22 below:

67

Figure 7.21: Full 3D Model area Coverage Prediction

From figures 7.20 and 7.21 and 7.22 it is clear that the minimum Path loss in purple and blue
colors which covers very large area around the transmitter (even building restriction are exist ) ,
and some of areas which are covered by green color up to 83 dB path loss in the presence of
building . Which differ from the behavior of Hata and Cost Hatamodels.
Path loss vs. distance for two routs scenarios for Full 3D model is shown in figure 7.23 below:

68

Figure 7.22: Full 3DPath Loss along each rout vs distance using matlab

Full 3D path loss behavior is very different to Hata and Cost Hata models because it has no restriction
on object shape , more over it takes into account number of reflections, diffractions and retransmissions
but other models not, which will be shown later in this chapter.

For Rx Grid shown in Figure7.14, the path loss for each point in Rx grid around route 1 shown in
7.24

69

Figure7.23: each Rx grid path loss around rout 1 using Matlab (Full 3D)

Figure 7.24 shows, the power scatter plot for rout 1 and the pints around the rout, its noticeable
that the paths loss points have random distribution due to the nature of the under test area.
7.4.1.4 Comparison between Path Loss for three models for both routes

Figure 7.25 shows the path loss for each of the three propagation models (Hata, Cost Hata, Full
3D) for route 1. And figure 7.26 for rout 2

70

Figure7.24: Hata Path Loss along rout 1 for all models vs distance

Figure7.25:Hata Path Loss along rout2 for all models vs distance

71

As seen above, Hata and Cost Hata models share most of its characteristics, and its behavior is
very matched despite only 0.5 dB difference. But full 3D model has low path loss (about 85 dB)
for distances far from transmitter compared with Hata and Cost Hata which have high path loss
(about 110 dB).
At small distances from transmitter (up to 100 m) path loss of Hata and Cost Hata is smaller than
Full 3D, but Full 3D Path Loss is accepted too.

7.4.2 Comparison between Received Powers of Propagation Models

After running Wireless InSite the received power results was as follows:

7.4.2.1 Hata Model Received Power Results

The figure 7.27 below shows the received power of the two routes (route 1 and 2) for Hata
Model.

Figure 7.26Hata received Power along rout 1 and 2 using wireless InSite tool

Each color is a received power level which shown in figure 7.28 below

72

Figure7.28:received Power Color Levels ForHata model

Received power prediction calculated by Hata model i-s shown in figure 7.29 below:

Figure7.27: received Power prediction calculated by Hata Model

From figures 7.27 and 7.28 and 7.29, it is clear that the maximum received power in red and
orange colors up to -35 dBm, which covers up to 150 meter beside the antenna (which is very
small distance) then the received started to decrease to -62.00 dBm (green color) which is very
low received power value at small distance (250 meter).

73

Figure 7.30: Hata along received Power vs distance for each rout using matlab
From figure 7.30 above, and by comparing each result of the two routes, we can see that for both
routs, as moving far from antenna the received power decreases, and very small region near the
antenna have good received power
.
7.4.2.2 Cost Hata Model Received Power Results
The figure 7.31 below shows the received power of the two routes (route 1 and 2) for Cost Hata
model

74

Figure7.28: Cost Hata received Power along route 1 and 2 using wireless InSite tool
The scale of each color that appeared in previous figure is shown below in figure 7.32

Figure7.29: received Power Color Levels for Cost Hata model

Received power prediction calculated by CostHata model is shown in figure 7.33 below:

75

Figure7.30: received Power predictioncalculated by Cost Hata Model

Received power measurements of each receiver was imported to Matlab to plot it versus distance
between receivers, based on CostHata model, figure 7.34 shows received power vs. distance for
each rout .

Figure7.31: Cost Hata along received Powervs distance for each rout using matlab
76

7.4.2.3 Full 3DModel Received Power Results

The figure 7.35 below shows the received power of the two scenarios (route 1 and 2) for Full 3D
model:

Figure7.32: Full 3D received Power along rout 1 and 2 using wireless InSite tool
The scale properties for received power for Full 3D model are shown in figure 7.36 below:

Figure7.33: received Power Color Levels For Full 3D model

The whole coverage power for the region using Full 3D model is shown in the figure 7.37below:

77

Figure 0.34: received Power prediction calculated by Hata Model

Very large areas have very good received power even of restrictions -25.4 dBm signal on
distances up to 700 meter which is very good
The received power with respect to Full 3D model is shown below in figure 7.38 for the two
routes:

Figure 0-35Full 3D received Power vs distance for each rout using matlab
78

7.4.4.4 Comparison between three models for both routes:

Figure 7.39 shows the received power for each of the three propagation models (Hata, Cost Hata,
Full 3D) for route 1. And figure 7.40 for rout 2

Figure 0.36 received power along rout one for all models using matlab

79

Figure7.40: Received power along route 2 for all models using matlab

As seen above, Hata and Cost Hata models share most of its characteristics, and its behavior is
much matched on different positions along each rout. But full 3D model has high received power
for distances far from transmitter compared with Hata and Cost Hata which have low received
power.

7.4.3 Full 3D propagation path and delay spread

Figure 7.41 shows Full 3D propagation path its olor levels, as des ri ed previously the Full 3D
model is the only one of Wireless InSites propagation models which places no restriction on
object shape. Other model which requires all buildings to have flat roofs, the Full 3D model
allows buildings to have sloped roofs. It is also the only model which includes transmission
through surfaces. When transmissions are included, all facets, except those comprising the
terrain and foliage, should typically be doubled-sided.

80

Figure7.37: Full 3D Propagation Path (rout 1)

Figure 7.42 shows a magnified path for a transmitted signal; one can notice the number of
reflections and transmissions from the transmitter to the receiver.

Figure7.38: Full 3D propagation path pna Rx Point

81

Figure 7.43 shows the delay spread for the Full 3D model, its noticeable that the delay spared is
almost uniformly distributed around a peak which the last to arrive rays.

Figure7.39: Full 3D delay spread

As a result, Caution should be exercised while using Hata's models because it is valid only for
specific cases. Hata's model makes the following assumptions: path loss is between isotropic
antennas and the terrain is quasi-smooth and regular. Actually it is not efficient at higher
distances from transmitter .But Full 3D model is very accurate and efficient because it places no
restriction on object shape; it allows buildings to have sloped roofs. It is also the only model
which includes transmission through surface

7.4.4 Effects of number of reflections and retransmissions on path loss

So Full3D model is more accurate and efficient than Hata Models, because it is affected by
number of reflections and retransmissions.
To determine the effect of number of reflections and transmission we design three study areas all
are Full3D propagation model. With different number of reflections and transmissions. The
results were as follows.

82

Figure 7.44 shows path loss for rout 1 under Full 3D propagation model with different number of
reflections. From the figure two reflections has higher path loss and six reflections has the lowest
path loss. Actually, increasing number of reflections will increase the replicas of the received
signal at receiver and decrease the path loss.
In a cellular radio environment, a propagation model that considers a direct pathand a groundreflected path, gives a more accurate predictionthan the model that considers only the direct path
[19].

Figure7.40: Full 3D Path Loss with different number of reflection

Figure 7.45 shows path loss for rout 1 under Full 3D propagation model with different number of
retransmissions. From the figure two retransmissions has higher path loss and six reflections has
the lowest path loss. Actually, increasing number of retransmissions will increase the replicas of
the received signal at receiver and decrease the path loss.

83

Figure7.41: Full 3D Path Loss with different number of retransmissions

84

Effects of the Project on Health society and Economy

As any system, LTE has its effect on economy, society and environment. In this chapter we will
consider some of its effect on mention sides

8.1 LTE and economy

As any project LTE has its positive effect on the economy, although it is an investigation so it
needs huge capital, whatever the frequency band that LTE will be implemented on is already
exist this can reduce the capital , moreover when the network works , the profit will start and
increase rapidly by increasing the number of subscribers. As well as the operators of LTE part of
the society then the economy of the society will be improved.

8.2 LTE and society

In new word the development of any society can be described by the technology evolution that it
reached , and LTE one of the most important new technology that increasing rapidly around the
world , also LTE makes people life easier by the data services it provides for them at any time.

8.3 LTE and Health

In relation to radio frequency emissions and wireless technology and health, the general
conclusion from the world Health organization (WHO) is;
Despite extensive resear h , to data there is no eviden e that exposure to low level
electromagnetic fields is harmful to human health.
In relation wireless networks (including LTE) and health the conclusion from WHO is;

85

 onsidering the very low exposure levels and resear h results olle ted to data , there is no
convincing scientific evidence that the week RF signals from base stations and wireless networks
ause adverse health effe t .
On mobile phone safety the world health organization advise,
A large num er of studies have een performed over the last two de ades to a esses whether
mobile phones pose a potential health risk. To data, no adverse health effects have been
esta lished as eing aused y mo ile phone use.

86

Conclusion and Limitations

9.1 Conclusion
In our project we accomplish a lot of points, first we calculate link budget for Cost231 Hata
propagation model to estimate maximum allowable path loss and use this values to find the
number of sites due to coverage .we found number of sites due to capacity requirement depends
on some statics provided by Jawwal Company so we determine the number of sites,base stations
that Nablus city needs for initial LTE network, capacity and traffic for each site.
Then we complete sites allocation on Nablus map to obtain the results of this distribute of
locations using MP tool provided by (Jawwal) company which its implementation showed us the
distributed of data rate and coverage over Nablus regions.

Then we went to site specific propagation models to compare between CostHata, Hata and Full
3D models we find the Path Loss for each Propagation Model and also find received power .we
discuss the effect of number of reflection and retransmissions on Full 3D model and we found
the Delay spread and simulate Propagation Path for it.

9.2 Limitation
The deployment of LTE in Palestine will be extremely hard due to the occupation.

87

References
[1] Christopher Cox,An Introdu tion to LTE: LTE, LTE-Advanced, SAE and 4G Mobile
Communi ations, First Edition. Wiley &Sons, Ltd. P 89,90
[2]HarriHolma and AnttiToskala, LTE for UMTS OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio
A ess,First Edition, John Wiley, 2009
[3] Ajay R Mishra, ADVANCEDCELLULAR NETWORK PLANNING
OPTIMISATION 2G/2.5G/3G. . .EVOLUTION TO 4G , first edition, Wiley &Sons.

AND

[4] Olin, B.; Ny erg, H.; Lundevall, M., A novel approa h to WCDMA radio network
dimensioning, IEEE 60th Vehi ular Te hnology Conferen e, vol 5, pp. 3443-3447, Sep.2004.
[5] JaanaLaiho and A himWa ker, Radio Network Planning and Optimization for UMTS",
second Edition. , WILEY, (2006).
[6] Lingyang songs, liashen, "Evolved cellular network planning and optimization for UMTS
and LTE"CRC Press, 2010
[7] http://www.infovista.com/products/Mentum-Planet
[8] Juan Ramiro, Khalid Hamied,"SELF-ORGANIZING NETWORKS SELF-PLANNING,
SELF-OPTIMIZATION AND SELF-HEALING FOR GSM, UMTS AND LTE " , first edition,
Wiley &Sons,,2012
[9] 3GPP TS 36.300"Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRAN)"
[10] 3GPP TS 36.300: "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and
EvolvedUniversal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRAN); overall description; Stage 2".
[11]SujuanFeng, Eiko Seidel, Self-Organizing Networks (SON) in 3GPP Long Term Evolution
Nomor Resear h Gm H, Muni h, Germany 20th of May 2008
[12] Sami TABBANE, LTE Advan ed and Self Organizing Networks (SONs) ,ITU ASP COE
Training on Technology,Standardization and Deployment of LongTerm Evolution (IMT),
Session 9, 2013.
[13] 3GPP TS 32.521,Self-Organizing Networks (SON) Policy Network Resource Model
(NRM) Integration Referen e Point (IRP), 2010.

88

[14] 3GPP TR 36.902, Self-configuring and self-optimizing network use cases and solutions,
2008.
[15] Martin Sauter, "From GSM to LTE: introduction to mobile networks and mobile
broadband" .first edition. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons. 2011
[16] Ericsson OSS Portfolio LTE Basic and Optional Features, Rev A, 2008
[17] Ericsson
[18] John S. Seybold,"Introduction To RF Propagation",First Edition, John Wiley, 2005
[19] Andrea Goldsmith, "Wireless Communications" ,First Edition , Copyright c 2004 by Andrea
Goldsmith
[20] ArdeshirGuarn, Raj Mittra, Bethe, "Electro magnetic wave interactions" ,World Scientific
Publishing Co.pte.Ltd,pp,1996,355.
[21]The Wireless InSite Users Manual Release 2.5.11, Remcom Inc., October 2009

89

Appendices
Appendix 1: sites coordinate
Site Name

Cell Name

Longitude Demic

L_NAB01

L_NAB01A

3213'10.14"N

3515'42.06"E

L_NAB01

L_NAB01B

3213'10.14"N

3515'42.06"E

L_NAB01

L_NAB01C

3213'10.14"N

3515'42.06"E

L_NAB02

L_NAB02A

3213'17.06"N

3515'25.08"E

L_NAB02

L_NAB02B

3213'17.06"N

3515'25.08"E

L_NAB02

L_NAB02C

3213'17.06"N

3515'25.08"E

L_NAB03

L_NAB03A

3213'26.08"N

3515'12.40"E

L_NAB03

L_NAB03B

3213'26.08"N

3515'12.40"E

L_NAB03

L_NAB03C

3213'26.08"N

3515'12.40"E

L_NAB04

L_NAB04A

3213'25.51"N

3515'39.75"E

L_NAB04

L_NAB04B

3213'25.51"N

3515'39.75"E

L_NAB04

L_NAB04C

3213'25.51"N

3515'39.75"E

L_NAB05

L_NAB05A

3213'33.96"N

3515'25.72"E

L_NAB05

L_NAB05B

3213'33.96"N

3515'25.72"E

L_NAB05

L_NAB05C

3213'33.96"N

3515'25.72"E

L_NAB06

L_NAB06A

3213'1.78"N

3515'28.13"E

L_NAB06

L_NAB06B

3213'1.78"N

3515'28.13"E

L_NAB06

L_NAB06C

3213'1.78"N

3515'28.13"E

L_NAB07

L_NAB07A

3213'0.82"N

3515'45.76"E

L_NAB07

L_NAB07B

3213'0.82"N

3515'45.76"E

L_NAB07

L_NAB07C

3213'0.82"N

3515'45.76"E

L_NAB08

L_NAB08A

3213'13.88"N

3515'57.75"E

L_NAB08

L_NAB08B

3213'13.88"N

3515'57.75"E

L_NAB08

L_NAB08C

3213'13.88"N

3515'57.75"E

90

Latitude
Demic

L_NAB09
L_NAB09
L_NAB09

L_NAB09A
L_NAB09B
L_NAB09C

3212'58.56"N
3212'58.56"N
3212'58.56"N

L_NAB10

L_NAB10A

3213'5.01"N

3516'17.62"E

L_NAB10

L_NAB10B

3213'5.01"N

3516'17.62"E

L_NAB10
L_NAB11
L_NAB11
L_NAB11

L_NAB10C
L_NAB11A
L_NAB11B
L_NAB11C

3213'5.01"N
3213'29.69"N
3213'29.69"N
3213'29.69"N

3516'17.62"E
3516'2.80"E
3516'2.80"E
3516'2.80"E

L_NAB12

L_NAB12A

3212'50.52"N

3516'34.21"E

L_NAB12

L_NAB12B

3212'50.52"N

3516'34.21"E

L_NAB12

L_NAB12C

3212'50.52"N

3516'34.21"E

L_NAB13

L_NAB13A

3213'11.52"N

3516'35.01"E

L_NAB13

L_NAB13B

3213'11.52"N

3516'35.01"E

L_NAB13
L_NAB14
L_NAB14
L_NAB14

L_NAB13C
L_NAB14A
L_NAB14B
L_NAB14C

3213'11.52"N
3212'40.49"N
3212'40.49"N
3212'40.49"N

3516'35.01"E
3516'7.65"E
3516'7.65"E
3516'7.65"E

L_NAB15

L_NAB15A

3213'24.48"N

3516'24.38"E

L_NAB15

L_NAB15B

3213'24.48"N

3516'24.38"E

L_NAB15

L_NAB15C

3213'24.48"N

3516'24.38"E

L_NAB16

L_NAB16A

3212'37.20"N

3516'58.00"E

L_NAB16

L_NAB16B

3212'37.20"N

3516'58.00"E

L_NAB16
L_NAB17
L_NAB17
L_NAB17
L_NAB18
L_NAB18
L_NAB18

L_NAB16C
L_NAB17A
L_NAB17B
L_NAB17C
L_NAB18A
L_NAB18B
L_NAB18C

3212'37.20"N
3212'53.98"N
3212'53.98"N
3212'53.98"N
3213'12.96"N
3213'12.96"N
3213'12.96"N

3516'58.00"E
3517'1.33"E
3517'1.33"E
3517'1.33"E
3515'0.66"E
3515'0.66"E
3515'0.66"E

L_NAB19

L_NAB19A

3213'12.02"N

3514'35.46"E

L_NAB19

L_NAB19B

3213'12.02"N

3514'35.46"E

L_NAB19
L_NAB20

L_NAB19C
L_NAB20A

3213'12.02"N
3213'16.88"N

3514'35.46"E
3514'17.07"E

91

3516'2.84"E
3516'2.84"E
3516'2.84"E

L_NAB20

L_NAB20B

3213'16.88"N

3514'17.07"E

L_NAB20

L_NAB20C

3213'16.88"N

3514'17.07"E

L_NAB21

L_NAB21A

3213'4.70"N

3514'19.75"E

L_NAB21

L_NAB21B

3213'4.70"N

3514'19.75"E

L_NAB21

L_NAB21C

3213'4.70"N

3514'19.75"E

L_NAB22

L_NAB22A

3212'53.29"N

3514'15.83"E

L_NAB22

L_NAB22B

3212'53.29"N

3514'15.83"E

L_NAB22

L_NAB22C

3212'53.29"N

3514'15.83"E

L_NAB23

L_NAB23A

3212'55.49"N

3514'41.02"E

L_NAB23

L_NAB23B

3212'55.49"N

3514'41.02"E

L_NAB23

L_NAB23C

3212'55.49"N

3514'41.02"E

L_NAB24

L_NAB24A

3212'37.40"N

3514'26.75"E

L_NAB24

L_NAB24B

3212'37.40"N

3514'26.75"E

L_NAB24
L_NAB25
L_NAB25
L_NAB25

L_NAB24C
L_NAB25A
L_NAB25B
L_NAB25C

3212'37.40"N
3212'43.30"N
3212'43.30"N
3212'43.30"N

3514'26.75"E
3515'3.00"E
3515'3.00"E
3515'3.00"E

L_NAB26

L_NAB26A

3212'33.24"N

3515'47.78"E

L_NAB26

L_NAB26B

3212'33.24"N

3515'47.78"E

L_NAB26

L_NAB26C

3212'33.24"N

3515'47.78"E

L_NAB27

L_NAB27A

3212'33.03"N

3516'28.58"E

L_NAB27

L_NAB27B

3212'33.03"N

3516'28.58"E

L_NAB27

L_NAB27C

3212'33.03"N

3516'28.58"E

L_NAB28

L_NAB28A

3213'38.85"N

3513'15.55"E

L_NAB28

L_NAB28B

3213'38.85"N

3513'15.55"E

L_NAB28
L_NAB29
L_NAB29
L_NAB29
L_NAB30
L_NAB30

L_NAB28C
L_NAB29A
L_NAB29B
L_NAB29C
L_NAB30A
L_NAB30B

3213'38.85"N
3213'24.58"N
3213'24.58"N
3213'24.58"N
3213'18.95"N
3213'18.95"N

3513'15.55"E
3514'3.89"E
3514'3.89"E
3514'3.89"E
3513'41.50"E

92

3513'41.50"E
L_NAB30

L_NAB30C

3213'18.95"N

3513'41.50"E

L_NAB31

L_NAB31A

3213'15.43"N

3513'22.17"E

L_NAB31

L_NAB31B

3213'15.43"N

3513'22.17"E

L_NAB31

L_NAB31C

3213'15.43"N

3513'22.17"E

L_NAB32

L_NAB32A

3213'7.16"N

3513'48.86"E

L_NAB32

L_NAB32B

3213'7.16"N

3513'48.86"E

L_NAB32

L_NAB32C

3213'7.16"N

3513'48.86"E

L_NAB33

L_NAB33A

3213'29.22"N

3513'13.43"E

L_NAB33

L_NAB33B

3213'29.22"N

3513'13.43"E

L_NAB33

L_NAB33C

3213'29.22"N

3513'13.43"E

L_NAB34

L_NAB34A

3213'3.89"N

3513'23.68"E

L_NAB34

L_NAB34B

3213'3.89"N

3513'23.68"E

L_NAB34

L_NAB34C

3213'3.89"N

3513'23.68"E

L_NAB35

L_NAB35A

3213'44.05"N

3514'21.67"E

L_NAB35

L_NAB35B

3213'44.05"N

3514'21.67"E

L_NAB35

L_NAB35C

3213'44.05"N

3514'21.67"E

L_NAB36

L_NAB36A

3214'2.20"N

3513'32.03"E

L_NAB36

L_NAB36B

3214'2.20"N

3513'32.03"E

L_NAB36

L_NAB36C

3214'2.20"N

3513'32.03"E

L_NAB37

L_NAB37A

3214'26.24"N

3513'46.81"E

L_NAB37

L_NAB37B

3214'26.24"N

3513'46.81"E

L_NAB37

L_NAB37C

3214'26.24"N

3513'46.81"E

L_NAB38

L_NAB38A

3214'13.14"N

3514'11.95"E

L_NAB38

L_NAB38B

3214'13.14"N

3514'11.95"E

L_NAB38

L_NAB38C

3214'13.14"N

3514'11.95"E

L_NAB39

L_NAB39A

3213'38.46"N

3514'55.26"E

L_NAB39

L_NAB39B

3213'38.46"N

3514'55.26"E

93

L_NAB39

L_NAB39C

3213'38.46"N

3514'55.26"E

L_NAB40

L_NAB40A

3213'52.06"N

3514'38.17"E

L_NAB40

L_NAB40B

3213'52.06"N

3514'38.17"E

L_NAB40

L_NAB40C

3213'52.06"N

3514'38.17"E

L_NAB41

L_NAB41A

3213'52.54"N

3515'10.61"E

L_NAB41

L_NAB41B

3213'52.54"N

3515'10.61"E

L_NAB41

L_NAB41C

3213'52.54"N

3515'10.61"E

L_NAB42

L_NAB42A

3213'54.90"N

3515'39.09"E

L_NAB42

L_NAB42B

3213'54.90"N

3515'39.09"E

L_NAB42

L_NAB42C

3213'54.90"N

3515'39.09"E

L_NAB43

L_NAB43A

3213'38.72"N

3515'55.68"E

L_NAB43

L_NAB43B

3213'38.72"N

3515'55.68"E

L_NAB43

L_NAB43C

3213'38.72"N

3515'55.68"E

L_NAB44

L_NAB44A

3213'58.86"N

3514'54.21"E

L_NAB44

L_NAB44B

3213'58.86"N

3514'54.21"E

L_NAB44

L_NAB44C

3213'58.86"N

3514'54.21"E

L_NAB45

L_NAB45A

3214'20.06"N

3514'40.32"E

L_NAB45

L_NAB45B

3214'20.06"N

3514'40.32"E

L_NAB45

L_NAB45C

3214'20.06"N

3514'40.32"E

L_NAB46

L_NAB46A

3214'7.65"N

3514'37.26"E

L_NAB46

L_NAB46B

3214'7.65"N

3514'37.26"E

L_NAB46

L_NAB46C

3214'7.65"N

3514'37.26"E

L_NAB47

L_NAB47A

3213'51.26"N

3514'57.63"E

L_NAB47

L_NAB47B

3213'51.26"N

3514'57.63"E

L_NAB47
L_NAB48
L_NAB48
L_NAB48

L_NAB47C
L_NAB48A
L_NAB48B
L_NAB48C

3213'51.26"N
3212'26.75"N
3212'26.75"N
3212'26.75"N

3514'57.63"E
3517'8.30"E
3517'8.30"E
3517'8.30"E

L_NAB49

L_NAB49A

3212'21.92"N

3516'45.64"E

94

L_NAB49

L_NAB49B

3212'21.92"N

3516'45.64"E

L_NAB49
L_NAB50
L_NAB50
L_NAB50

L_NAB49C
L_NAB50A
L_NAB50B
L_NAB50C

3212'21.92"N
3212'13.47"N
3212'13.47"N
3212'13.47"N

3516'45.64"E
3517'2.58"E
3517'2.58"E
3517'2.58"E

L_NAB51

L_NAB51A

3212'27.95"N

3517'43.73"E

L_NAB51

L_NAB51B

3212'27.95"N

3517'43.73"E

L_NAB51

L_NAB51C

3212'27.95"N

3517'43.73"E

L_NAB52

L_NAB52A

3213'2.45"N

3517'32.47"E

L_NAB52

L_NAB52B

3213'2.45"N

3517'32.47"E

L_NAB52

L_NAB52C

3213'2.45"N

3517'32.47"E

L_NAB53

L_NAB53A

3213'20.87"N

3517'55.86"E

L_NAB53

L_NAB53B

3213'20.87"N

3517'55.86"E

L_NAB53

L_NAB53C

3213'20.87"N

3517'55.86"E

L_NAB54

L_NAB54A

3212'11.32"N

3516'15.33"E

L_NAB54

L_NAB54B

3212'11.32"N

3516'15.33"E

L_NAB54

L_NAB54C

3212'11.32"N

3516'15.33"E

L_NAB55

L_NAB55A

3213'30.86"N

3517'34.16"E

L_NAB55

L_NAB55B

3213'30.86"N

3517'34.16"E

L_NAB55

L_NAB55C

3213'30.86"N

3517'34.16"E

L_NAB56

L_NAB56A

3212'55.51"N

3518'16.19"E

L_NAB56

L_NAB56B

3212'55.51"N

3518'16.19"E

L_NAB56

L_NAB56C

3212'55.51"N

3518'16.19"E

L_NAB57

L_NAB57A

3212'41.89"N

3518'10.78"E

L_NAB57

L_NAB57B

3212'41.89"N

3518'10.78"E

L_NAB57

L_NAB57C

3212'41.89"N

3518'10.78"E

L_NAB58

L_NAB58A

3212'30.54"N

3517'22.75"E

L_NAB58

L_NAB58B

3212'30.54"N

3517'22.75"E

L_NAB58

L_NAB58C

3212'30.54"N

3517'22.75"E

95

L_NAB59

L_NAB59A

3212'25.34"N

3518'14.71"E

L_NAB59

L_NAB59B

3212'25.34"N

3518'14.71"E

L_NAB59

L_NAB59C

3212'25.34"N

3518'14.71"E

L_NAB60

L_NAB60A

3212'58.78"N

3517'58.64"E

L_NAB60

L_NAB60B

3212'58.78"N

3517'58.64"E

L_NAB60
L_NAB61
L_NAB61
L_NAB61

L_NAB60C
L_NAB61A
L_NAB61B
L_NAB61C

3212'58.78"N
3214'17.45"N
3214'17.45"N
3214'17.45"N

3517'58.64"E
3515'6.17"E
3515'6.17"E
3515'6.17"E

L_NAB62

L_NAB62A

3214'30.62"N

3513'16.44"E

L_NAB62

L_NAB62B

3214'30.62"N

3513'16.44"E

L_NAB62

L_NAB62C

3214'30.62"N

3513'16.44"E

L_NAB63

L_NAB63A

3213'46.20"N

3515'22.17"E

L_NAB63

L_NAB63B

3213'46.20"N

3515'22.17"E

L_NAB63

L_NAB63C

3213'46.20"N

3515'22.17"E

L_NAB64

L_NAB64A

3213'37.57"N

3513'45.22"E

L_NAB64

L_NAB64B

3213'37.57"N

3513'45.22"E

L_NAB64

L_NAB64C

3213'37.57"N

3513'45.22"E

L_NAB65

L_NAB65A

3213'14.40"N

3513'31.92"E

L_NAB65

L_NAB65B

3213'14.40"N

3513'31.92"E

L_NAB65

L_NAB65C

3213'14.40"N

3513'31.92"E

L_NAB66

L_NAB66A

3213'13.87"N

3513'58.68"E

L_NAB66

L_NAB66B

3213'13.87"N

3513'58.68"E

L_NAB66

L_NAB66C

3213'13.87"N

3513'58.68"E

L_NAB67

L_NAB67A

3212'54.61"N

3514'59.71"E

L_NAB67

L_NAB67B

3212'54.61"N

3514'59.71"E

L_NAB67
L_NAB68
L_NAB68
L_NAB68

L_NAB67C
L_NAB68A
L_NAB68B
L_NAB68C

3212'54.61"N
3214'5.94"N
3214'5.94"N
3214'5.94"N

3514'59.71"E
3515'6.22"E
3515'6.22"E
3515'6.22"E

96

L_NAB69
L_NAB69
L_NAB69

L_NAB69A
L_NAB69B
L_NAB69C

3213'44.65"N
3213'44.65"N
3213'44.65"N

3515'9.45"E
3515'9.45"E
3515'9.45"E

L_NAB70

L_NAB70A

3213'25.58"N

3515'53.95"E

L_NAB70

L_NAB70B

3213'25.58"N

3515'53.95"E

L_NAB70

L_NAB70C

3213'25.58"N

3515'53.95"E

L_NAB71

L_NAB71A

3212'42.32"N

3515'23.74"E

L_NAB71

L_NAB71B

3212'42.32"N

3515'23.74"E

L_NAB71

L_NAB71C

3212'42.32"N

3515'23.74"E

L_NAB72

L_NAB72A

3212'46.54"N

3515'37.36"E

L_NAB72

L_NAB72B

3212'46.54"N

3515'37.36"E

L_NAB72
L_NAB73
L_NAB73
L_NAB73

L_NAB72C
L_NAB73A
L_NAB73B
L_NAB73C

3212'46.54"N
3213'6.06"N
3213'6.06"N
3213'6.06"N

3515'37.36"E
3517'4.68"E
3517'4.68"E
3517'4.68"E

L_NAB74

L_NAB74A

3213'44.25"N

3515'33.76"E

L_NAB74

L_NAB74B

3213'44.25"N

3515'33.76"E

L_NAB74

L_NAB74C

3213'44.25"N

3515'33.76"E

L_NAB75

L_NAB75A

3214'2.38"N

3513'55.39"E

L_NAB75

L_NAB75B

3214'2.38"N

3513'55.39"E

L_NAB75

L_NAB75C

3214'2.38"N

3513'55.39"E

L_NAB76

L_NAB76A

3213'2.56"N

3512'59.83"E

L_NAB76

L_NAB76B

3213'2.56"N

3512'59.83"E

L_NAB76

L_NAB76C

3213'2.56"N

3512'59.83"E

L_NAB77

L_NAB77A

3212'24.34"N

3514'48.83"E

L_NAB77

L_NAB77B

3212'24.34"N

3514'48.83"E

L_NAB77

L_NAB77C

3212'24.34"N

3514'48.83"E

L_NAB78

L_NAB78A

3213'3.06"N

3515'12.49"E

L_NAB78

L_NAB78B

3213'3.06"N

3515'12.49"E

L_NAB78

L_NAB78C

3213'3.06"N

3515'12.49"E

97

L_NAB79

L_NAB79A

3213'17.16"N

3516'14.62"E

L_NAB79

L_NAB79B

3213'17.16"N

3516'14.62"E

L_NAB79

L_NAB79C

3213'17.16"N

3516'14.62"E

L_NAB80

L_NAB80A

3212'18.90"N

3517'16.06"E

L_NAB80

L_NAB80B

3212'18.90"N

3517'16.06"E

L_NAB80

L_NAB80C

3212'18.90"N

3517'16.06"E

L_NAB81

L_NAB81A

3212'49.60"N

3517'32.40"E

L_NAB81

L_NAB81B

3212'49.60"N

3517'32.40"E

L_NAB81

L_NAB81C

3212'49.60"N

3517'32.40"E

L_NAB82

L_NAB82A

3213'20.64"N

3514'46.20"E

L_NAB82

L_NAB82B

3213'20.64"N

3514'46.20"E

L_NAB82

L_NAB82C

3213'20.64"N

3514'46.20"E

L_NAB83

L_NAB83A

3214'16.57"N

3512'58.36"E

L_NAB83

L_NAB83B

3214'16.57"N

3512'58.36"E

L_NAB83
L_NAB84
L_NAB84
L_NAB84

L_NAB83C
L_NAB84A
L_NAB84B
L_NAB84C

3214'16.57"N
3214'28.74"N
3214'28.74"N
3214'28.74"N

3512'58.36"E
3514'7.25"E
3514'7.25"E
3514'7.25"E

L_NAB85

L_NAB85A

3213'24.70"N

3514'53.24"E

L_NAB85

L_NAB85B

3213'24.70"N

3514'53.24"E

L_NAB85

L_NAB85C

3213'24.70"N

3514'53.24"E

L_NAB86

L_NAB86A

3213'5.49"N

3515'51.75"E

L_NAB86

L_NAB86B

3213'5.49"N

3515'51.75"E

L_NAB86

L_NAB86C

3213'5.49"N

3515'51.75"E

L_NAB87

L_NAB87A

3211'54.52"N

3516'37.95"E

L_NAB87

L_NAB87B

3211'54.52"N

3516'37.95"E

L_NAB87

L_NAB87C

3211'54.52"N

3516'37.95"E

L_NAB88

L_NAB88A

3211'55.82"N

3517'40.14"E

L_NAB88

L_NAB88B

3211'55.82"N

3517'40.14"E

98

L_NAB88

L_NAB88C

3211'55.82"N

3517'40.14"E

L_NAB89

L_NAB89A

3213'28.54"N

3513'27.47"E

L_NAB89

L_NAB89B

3213'28.54"N

3513'27.47"E

L_NAB89

L_NAB89C

3213'28.54"N

3513'27.47"E

L_NAB90

L_NAB90A

3213'56.50"N

3513'15.92"E

L_NAB90

L_NAB90B

3213'56.50"N

3513'15.92"E

L_NAB90

L_NAB90C

3213'56.50"N

3513'15.92"E

L_NAB91

L_NAB91A

3213'21.98"N

3514'27.44"E

L_NAB91

L_NAB91B

3213'21.98"N

3514'27.44"E

L_NAB91

L_NAB91C

3213'21.98"N

3514'27.44"E

L_NAB92

L_NAB92A

3212'24.08"N

3515'30.85"E

L_NAB92

L_NAB92B

3212'24.08"N

3515'30.85"E

L_NAB92

L_NAB90C

3212'24.08"N

3515'30.85"E

99