Gimeon (ong, Summary of Course Material Typical Types Sample Concept levant Relationships Associated Principles of Problems Problems Equilibrium 2F,=0,EFy=0,2M=0 «Free Body Diagram sTug-Of- War Pulleys and Cables ‘Roller on a Slope Force Resultants ‘Equilibrium ofa Pulley, Point «Force Components Object, Multi-Component Object Stess-Strin o=F/A,e=A/L,e=o/E —_*Response of an Axial ‘Stretch Due to Pull & Energy Potential Energy = mgah Member to Loading «Falling Object Caught Relationships Kinetic Energy = Ysmv? Cross-Sectional Area(A) By Tension Member Elastic/Strain Energy='%FA «Stress, Elongation, Strain Object Propelled by = 4Ee"Vol ‘Resilience, Toughness ‘Stretched Member ‘Ultimate and Yield Stress ‘Frequency Design SF.=Ult/Applied Stress Safety Factor ‘Elevator Cable applied < Sallowabie ‘Allowable Stress “Pressure Vessel Trusses Method of Joints,2F,.Fy-0 «Exploded Diagram ‘Forces in Members Meth. of Sections, EF,,FyM=0 #F.B.D. of Section ‘Displacement Pop = 37EVL? “Buckling ‘Design a= EMU)” ‘Radius of Gyration r=UA Virtual Work A= EFRLMAE) +Wind Bracing Beams EFy=0 for Shear (V) EBD. of Beam Segment Section Forces (NM,V) Equilibrium) EM=0 for Moment(M) «Shear Force (V) in Beams, and Frames ‘lateral Bending Moment (M) S.F. and BM. Diagrams Beams y= EyiA/EA; ‘Centroid, Moment of Inertia «Properties of Various (Cross-Section I= El) + EA(y-yi)" Tree bh12, lre=24V64, —_Cross-Sections Properties) Iyi=bh/36 Beams ey=yiR, oy = EyR ‘Linear Strain/Stress Dist. *Longitudinal Stress at (Bending 9 VR=M/EL ‘Curvature, Flexural Stiffness any point over the Stress) 0 = My/l, max = M/S ‘intemal Bending Moment _ length of a beam Beams T= VQMb «Evaluation of First Moment «Max. Shear at Centroid (Shear Stress) of Area(Q)atany level «Shear Stress at any level ‘*Variation in Shear over Depth over Depth of BeamSiereen Wong, 2. Ttis planned to build a cottage deck which will extend out to the south 5.2 m over a steep, high granite cliff to provide a spectacular view of the lake below. The Cedar deck will be 8m wide in the east-west direction and will be supported by 5 Hem-Fir frames like the one shown in the diagram below. Each frame will be supported by two steel pins ‘which are in turn supported by steel plates anchored to the rock face. The frames consist of ahorizontal beam, ACD, and an inclined strut, BC, pinned together at C. Each beam must safely support a uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/mn. { 4.0m 12m 10 kN | pn HULL do Rock Cliff 4 (a) By considering a free body diagram of beam ACD and taking moments about A determine the vertical force component applied to the beam by the strut at C. Then draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for beam ACD. Also determine the axial forces in the beam and in the strut. (10 marks) Seed Fen lo veyen + a. | DAA A | ae DP 7 | Ay EO se w ‘aks, ine We a aw Uses Tmjn 04 Samen thon + Ren 2tem Gre on bah ede) Te, Fiteutyy = 23-8 KAY we asad slope Cabos + = > *, . LE20 > Fags 168 es yee 2 Fee Ley OO Faye Weaver Csa-aae) ee Y to <= eas \ i 22 fa Ss . Page 3 of 8 ee vam ott2. b) The initial choice of members is @ 191x343 for beam ACD while for strut BD two 664x235 members have been chosen with one member on each side of the beam. Calculate the highest longitudinal tensile stress in the beam due to the combined effects of axial load and bending moment. Also calculate the highest shear stress in the beam and the eee fl meat sin tm a Wrenn be f Bending streas SS pte fb tee (EE a | a | View « “15 cme 42e6 cot | Yampa Cody Total stress on fey: pe was oes + -aten | Om beblem: . sh [Sheer Proftes | uur tezse + (yce] max elrece | : | SB-fp- | Geasley | Sen wo 2 al Ue 208 hes | Ebon Pp an = XK “he | be sates aT men? | BBS date rancher Teint Oe 2986 mm Nees Gee ved Tash we Supa Hing |p Se hes 2(¢) For Number 1 and Number 2 grace Hem-Fir it may be assumed that safe stress for combined bending and axial load is 7.7 MPa, the safe shear stress is 0.53 MPa and that the safe compressive stress for short struts is 7.0 MPa. In checking buckling the appropriate value of E is 7000 MPa, Does the initial choice of member size result in a safe design? Ifnot suggest how the design can be improved. (8 marks) Tan OSB MPa y OURT MP > oul Toe + FFMPa > ycR MPa = Ont we Great HOMPA > ae Now six_bvenet 7 [BAM wm each support sheet mw oC eu pe MED | Wi Genesis co) nates = ee ° eo ay -feoe] fy 7 g Beart Pate ential Change Ht by putting che Leama tegtter, Yrereasing, h. toby dowsing bh, T gece op by 8! Page 4 of 83 A professor is considering making a small machine to take to lectures to demonstrate the behaviour of thin walled members under compression. As shown in the figure it ‘would have a wooden base with a wooden post on one side which would support an —— aluminum lever. By placing a weight, W Newtons, at the end of the lever a compression | Remesnbe force would be applied to the 600 mm long post. The post would be made from 0.35 mm. recranical thick cardboard (i. the wall thickness would be 0.35 mm) with a compressive strength aaverkagel of 6 MPa, a modulus of elasticity of 4000 MPa and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.3. eames TL enaves | TTernscuene Low tas $F «tek Bedges ongelen ees C fy vod reslstned — ; res 4 edges : we (a).1f the section is a square with external dimensions of 60 mm by 60 mm what will be Gina the weight W required to fail the post. (6 marks) = F | Le SE - san : | ic = - | Aine, woth mechomcal adhonks pa Sa eciares a woes [2 $+ oso Mee | ee ca + Connutes) Bote) raters | = Bes 5 = 1 sinatlest, a early anater ets ily at oe “a 3(b) Ifthe section isa square with external dimensions of 15 mm By 15 mm what will be the weight W required to fail the post. (6 marks) Page 5 of 83(c) Ifthe section is a square what value of b will give the highest failure load of the post ‘and what is the required value of W for this case?(6 marks) 3(4) If the section is U shaped with 3 sides each b mm long what will be the value of b that will give the highest failure load and what will be the value of W for this case. The load is applied on the centroidal axis of the section. (6 marks) Page 6 of 84.-Through some miracle of time travel you find yourself transported to London in 1703. ‘You are in the studio of Sir Christopher Wren as he works on the final details for the dome of St. Paul’s Cathedral. He is considering using an iron wire rope rather than an. iron chain as the circumferential member to resist the outward thrust of the brick cone supporting the heavy stone lantern. He asks you, as his assistant, to calculate how many wires, each with a diameter of S mm, will be required. He tells you that in calculating the tension required in the wire rope you may neglect all loads except the 8000 KN stone lantem. Looking up the experiments of Robert Hooke you find that the available iron wires yield at about 300 MPa and fail at about 400 MPa, so you decide a safe stress in the wires would be 150 MPa. (a) By measuring from the scale diagram determine the diameter of the brick cone at the level of the chain shown, One foot equals 0.3048 metres. (3 marks) ols--8000 kN stone lantern how brick cone light timber dome 90.00 9) why So I [chain ‘ a | ! &. : eu 4(b) By measuring from the diagram determine the angle of inclination, @.., from the vertical of the upper brick cone and also determine the angle of inclination, Qq, from the vertical of the lower masonry conical walls below the chain, (4 marks) Page 7 of 8‘4(¢) Shown on the right in the figure above is a free body diagram of a portion of the structure where the upper brick cone, the lower masonry cone and the iron chain all meet. It can be regarded as representing a one metre length of the circumference. To transmit the weight of the lantern what isthe vertical component per metre length of the circumference of the thrust in the brick cone (kN/m)? Using the free body diagram determine the inwards horizontal push, H (kN/m), thatthe circumferential iron member must apply to the two cones.(8 marks) 4(4) By drawing a free body diagram of half of the circumferential iron member (180° of the 360°) determine the tension force T (KN) in this member that is required to provide the H kN/m radial force pushing inwards on the brick cones. Hint, look at derivation of equation for circumferential stresses in pressure vessels, Lecture 10. (8 marks) 4(e) Calculate the number of 5 mm diameter wires required for the circumferential wire rope. If the area of the wires make up 78% of the cross sectional area of the rope (the remaining 22% is the air voids between the wires) what will be the diameter of the wite rope? (4 marks) Page 8 of 8‘The timber T beam shown below has been fabricated by gluing together two 64 x 235 sawn timber sections. The beam spans 6.0 m, has 1.5 m cangilever overhangs at each ‘end and is subjected to three point loads as shown. These loads include allowances for the self weight of the beam. (a) Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam, Calculate and show important values. (6 marks) (b) Determine the location of the centroidal axis of the section and the value of I. (4 marks) (©) Determine the maximum flexural compressive stress that occurs in the beam. (@ marks) (@ Determine the maximum flexural tensile stress that occurs in the beam. G marks) (©) Determine the maximum shear stress that occurs in the beam. (3 marks) (D The modulus of elasticity, E, for the wood is 9500 MPa. Determine what the midspan deflection of the beam will be due to the three point loads. (10 marks) HRN GRN ene son_| ae pee ago = ia roe Page 3 of3.’ The cross sectional shapes of steel tape'measures aré designed so that the tape can be extended a convenient distance before the tape buckles under its own weight. The tape ‘measure being discussed has beeri made from a steel strip 10 m long, 25.4 mm wide and 0.125 mm thick. The cross sectioi of the tape has been curved so that the lowest fibre of steel is 4.5 mm below the uppermost fibres. The steel has a yield stress of 300 MPa, a Poisson’s ratio, y, of 0.27 and E of 200 000 MPa. The steel tape weighs 0.25 ‘Newtons per metre of length. Tape extension = b | Tabs evtonsion= Ww +5 bmn A Z cress section (@) Ifthe tape is extended one metre what will be the highest flexural compressive stress in the steel tape? The horizontal centroidal axis of the cross section lies 1.5 mm above the lowest fibre of steel. The second moment of area, I, ofthe cross section about the centroidal axis is 5.75 mm’. (5 marks) (b) At what value of tape extension L will the flexural compressive stress reach the buckling stress of the steel tape? In evaluating buckling stress the actual cross section of the tape can-be “idealized” as shown in the figure below. (10 marks) (©) Ifthe tape is tuned upside down at what value of tape extension L will the flexural compressive stress reach the buckling stress of the steel tape? (8 marks) Ee0.uS me. Nene Tdatiged Crary Section Paes pant & w | Wered'mas foment [ foun | hye 06s Ute ate ahah | alee ty. Se _ | wanes (25) 26 =) = a8 mee Flaps en the cide dow dy exam thre: conacadnte, y “Le uss, Wsceeuyes) ae Le 2046 mm elas. Page 5 ofRaat © > Ao longer cutdeanned: fy al) Hes 1 NIST? Ge 009 (EN yeeros (5) Mabie of b is protection > Sinn Wes of the angled preees onto the cenbrerdal axis, Te Tomy W286-OO) LD. . aa be Ta8 wm, Le F Page 6 of 84, The photographs and drawings shown below describe two very different bridges. The Salginatobel Bridge is a narrow three pinned arch bridge across a deep gorge designed to permit access of small trucks and farm vehicles to a Swiss mountain village. When fully loaded the Salginatobel Bridge is designed to safely resist a uniformly distributed load of 75 kNim, 20% of which is due to the weight ofthe traffic. The Ohio River Bridge is the longest simply supported truss span ever built fora railway bridge and was designed to resist one of the heaviest train loadings ever used. When fully loaded the Ohio River Bridge is designed to safely resist a uniformly distributed load of 440 kN/m, 50% of oy a TS cents (120 feet) ( t MR hades hates Secker rast dae ovsoy GUD wo Page 7 of 8 Aave avoery HSE Poco Uae4, (a) The span Of the Salginatobel Bridge is 90 m and the rise ofthe arch is 13 m. Calculate the horizontal force, H, and the vertical force, V, which must be resisted by the pin supports at each end of the bridge.(5 marks) (b) On the longitudinal section of the left half of the Salginatobel Bridge shown above, draw the direction of the resulting thrust which the left pin applies to the arch.(5 marks) (©) The Ohio River Bridge spans 219.5 m and at midspan joint K is 33.5 m above joint \V. Using the method of sections determine the compressive force in member JK of each of the two trusses. (5 marks) (4) If member JK is to be made as a square hollow steel fabricated box with external dimensions of Hx Hmm and a wall thickness of 0.10H mm, what is the minimum size for H so that the 10975 mm long member can safely resist the compression force which it must transmit? (5 marks) (©) Based on looking at the photograph comment on which members of the truss are subjected to substantial compression forces. (4 marks) Peat A We AS Myon, = Ae FS Myer WS | + Bs ms Bs | i He 2B as ' te + Bea es Roar & af 3338. = ton( 3) + 30° Fete CPR Tae ae Le 2105 > Aasume member 1s horizontal total ad 0 hedge © uuo < 22 + Ysune wos biases > Roond length to 220 Chale pan) Ws Wie toy a —— - ‘hn af Neneh : a re ~H8H0(0\ 229 saa) -2ar0 «(9.1) [TE sy cans e0 2 | Fue “ wm | Fates ws T Ra te EY Se tee = osaou" on =Civio2. Exam Poce 4 #8 T+ Ph. Bese} = Ipqes? 3 T? ~ 268 = BBUF eV mnt = 0:54H" 24. The cross-section of a prestressed concrete voided slab bridge is shown below. The bridge spans 25 m, has asel-weight of 194 KN / m and i to cary alive load of SO KN / m. The inital design forthe prestressing isto provide 8 straight tendons witha constant eccentricity ‘of $30 mm which will prestress the concrete witha total compressive force of 24640 KN. =t200 wm | _peentreidal axis a . = e Ff— 25m A= 9,08 450 ne — 2s ENba19t VEHOS/ Sg tends crv section of voided slab (@) For the section at mid-span calculate the concrete stress atthe bottom face due tothe prestress, the elf-weight andthe live load, (6 marks) (8) For the section ! m from the support calculate the eonerte stress at the top face when there is no live load on the bridge. (6 marks) (6) Ifthe purpose ofthe prestesing isto prevent tensile stresses inthe concrete, suggest how the design ofthe prestressing canbe improved. (8 marks) Peer A 4 T= Cow Mea Jenner Pee To 204 MP lenston, Paare, > Pacatele pre-shress cable ov ee eS Page 7 of &4, For aclassroom demonstration a professor constructs a small ower using thin cardboard. The tower is 300 mim high and has a U shaped section consisting of 3 sides each 60 mm wide. “The eardboard is 0.55 mm thick, has a compressive strength of 6 MPa and has a modulus of oozea nts Pacre : ~~ eons Sqpath Lead: ecg * THD books TH books. Wafade Overat’ boating: EL. W(Uoeoy(sae i ee BEE» BOWED Lian 4 Hane het Plate beara ‘panel cece * 5. . 7 CY = outs mPa w LYS books. | age oft