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TirtroErrporrorrirrou:The FeynmanLecturesof Physics,Volume lll

Feynman- Leighton- Sands

AnorAermrr6rqro:
EKAOEEIETZIOAA

Kevrprr6:Orlirrnou 91, 54635,TnA.2310 247887

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CopyrightO 2009EKAO:EI: TZIOM
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ISBN: SET978-960-418-179-7
ISBN: F' T6poE978-960-418-182-7
pt otoro6tlnort
Anayopcterarn qvd7qpdyuvFlonotou64nortr1t41nrog
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Elertxri Fe rov Richard Fe5rnman

fewqpevog ro 1918 oro Brookllm, o Richard P. Feynman eLq6e ro Or6orcroprxorou ono ro
Princeton ro 1942. flopo ro veop6 rrlg 4.Lr<iogrou eile o4povrtxrl ouveroqopo oro ox661oManhattan,
mo Irs Alamos, xoto rr1 Dropxerotou Oeucpou noy<oopiou nofulpou. Mero rov nolepo, 6i0ole mo
Cornell xor mo TeXvoLoyrxoIvonrouro rrlg Kohqopvrog. To 1965 tou onevep4Oq ro Bpo6eio Nobet
<Duorxrlgono xorvou pe rov Sin-Itero Tomanaga Kor rov Julian Schwinger yra r4v epyooio rou nqv<o
orr;v x6onrx4 4l,errpo6uvoprx4.
O Ap. Fe)mman 6lo6e ro Nobel @uorxr15.L6yorr19entuXoug eni-luor;g npoOlqporr,tv oXsnxdrvpe
t4 9e<opioqg x6ovtrxrlg 4trercpo6uvoprxqg. A4proupy4oe enio4g pro poOrlpotrx4 9eopio 4 onoio eplrrlveutr ro (polvollvo t4g uneppeumorlros rou uypou 4Liou. Apyorepo, oe ouvepyooio pe rov
Murray Gell-Mann ouvcioqepe pe ouoroonxo rpono mq 9epelir,:oq r4g 9ecopiogrr,rvoo0evdrvol-LqlenrOpooeov,6nog eivor yro nopoOerpo q p Droonoorl. Dro en6pevo 1pov1o,o Fe)mman Oro6poportoe
orlpowtxo p6.Lomqv ovonrulq rrlg '9er,rpiog
rr,rvquarks ovo6errvuor,togro 6rxo rou poweLo noprovi<ov
orrg drepyooiegouyxpouoer,rvnpr,lrovir,rvugrllrqg evripyerog.
Ert6g on6 to emteulloto tou ourq, o Ap. Fey'nman ero4yoye xor v6eg poorx6g unoloyronxig
tslvrx6g xor oup6oi.ro;rougorq rpuorxq,pe npoe(oplovro ofu,rvro nleov nepiqqpo OroypopForo Fe).nman ro onoio neproo6repo ior,lg on6 onorovD4noreo-l-lo goppohopo otrlv np6oqorq emotqpovrx4
9eopio, dlouv peroGoLLertov rp6no gecbpqoqg,ovti-L4rgr1g
xor unoloyropou rclv poorxciv quorxriv
6upyoorrov.
O Felmman rpov 6vcg sxn-L4rnxo onocleopotrxog 6ooxo-Log.Ano ng nol,uopr0pS ppoOruorls
rou exeivq nou rov exove n1o neprlQovo on6 oi.eg 4rov ro Mero-ho Oersted yla rq Ar6ooxo.lio, nou
ro xip6roe ro 1972. Or Ataiifetg u1g @uomr1grou Feynman 6lpooreupriveg op4ro ro 1963 rlXouv
neprypoqei ono 6vo xprtq tou neproorxou Scientific American og "eninoveg ol.l,o gpenllxeg xor voonporoteg". Erxoornilte 1p6vro pero, our6g or Droldlerg eloxolougouv vo nopopdvouv zo eyXerpi6ro
rooo yro roug xoO4yrlrdg 6oo xor yro roug xoLurcpoug torv rporrrpriwnou r<irpolexrvove rrg onou66g
roug. llpoxerpevou vo Boq04oet ro eupu xorvo vo Dreupuverro poOpo xorov6qoqg rqg rpuorx4g. o
Ap. Fe),Trmandypolpero Xaparctrlpa tou @uotxoi Nopou rot rw KGavrLK4Hierctpo6uua1trcr1(QED):
q napafeuq @ectpiarcu @anogKaLrns 'YiIS. 'EX1enio4g oulryporgerevo nlrlOog on6 npoXopqpeveg
D4poorsuoergor onoieg ni.eov $eopouvror x.Loorxegovoeopes xo0rbgenio4g xor elaerpidro npoopr(6prvo ylo epsuvrllts Ka1QorrrFs.
O Richard Fe!"nman nrov 6vo 6r1p6oronp6oono pe nof,,upey6l4 Oqproupyu6ulto. H epyooio
tou t:g pi:log.rr1g enrrponrlg nou Orepeuvqoero oitro r4g tpoyo6iog rou 6root4prxou Ler,rqopeiou
Challenger eivor nooi1rur,rorq,er6rx6tepo exsivo ro pipog r4g nou oqopo rqv nepiqqpq eniDerlq
tqg euoroO4oiogrov O-DorruLiov ong Xopq.leg 9eppor<pcoieg,dvo xoprpo neipopo nou ro povo nou
onotouoe qrov dvo norqpr vepo pe noyoxro. Ary6repol.vclmegeivor or npoonoOsrrsrou Ap. Fe)'nman
oqv Entponq flpoypopporog Dnou6riv r1g llolrreiog rqg Kohqopvro t4 Oexoetio rou 1960, 6nou
xor em.oqpoverqv norouxrl ovenopxero rov oXohxriv pr6.Liovxor Dropoptupq0qxe yro out4,
Mio onl4 nopo0eo4 rqg dqO<ilpog rov anrorrlFovlKr,rvxor exnor6eunx<bvenrreullrorrov tou Richard Fe)rnman, 6ev opxei yro vo ono0ovotioer rrlv ouoio rqg npooonrx6rryo5 rou. 'Onog 1.vopi(er
o onoroo64nore ovol'vrirorlg oxopo xor u,rv nto eler6rxeup6vr,rvenror4povrxov O4pooreuoeovrou,
q (or1p4 xor noLunLeupq npooonrx6rrlro rou Fe)mman lopner p6oo on6 ro 6pyo rou. Err6g ono
rpuorxog,o Felmman unqp(e xoro xorpoug enroxeuoot4g po6roqrbvov,epoorteXv4g6roppqrtqg, xol).rte1vr1g,Xopeut4g, opyovonoirrrlg (D.r.p to rryqn4psvo rou opyovo 4rov ro bongo, evo ei6og prxpou
rupnovou nou xpouetor pe ro OoXruLo),ox61ro ror onoxpunroypoqos rov repoyluerKrirvtov Mayas.
Arop<rbgnepiepyos ylo rov x6opo rou, rpov evog uno6erponxog ouM6rr4g epnerprolv.
O Richard Felmman neOovemrg 18 @sGpouopiourou 1988, oro Los Angeles.

npoltyopEva

lll

flp6l,oyog 14 g Te.l,txrig'Ex6oo4 g
'EXouv

nepooer neproo6repo on6 oopovto 1p6vro ono rors nou o Richard Fe1mman 6i6o(e ro
erooyoyrxo poOrlporo rguorxqg nou unqplov q ordo 64proupyiog ourov rov rprr,tv ropcov, pe ro
ovoltct Ot Atafiefelg @uolKig rou Feynman. De ouro ro oopor,to Xpovro, q owl\r1rp4 pog yro to rpuorxo
xoolro eXer oMo(sr nolu, oli.o om6oo or Atoli(etg tou Fegn'r.on e(cxoLouOouv vo owelouv mo
Xpovo. E4pepo, ourSg or 6raL6lergeivor rooo rolupig ooo Kq1or{v enoX4 nou npctro5qpooreuO4xov.
outo, oqei-leror orrl povo6rxq cguorxr;Oropoux6rqro tou Felrrman roOdrgxot ou1 6r6ornxq xot t4v
norDoyoyrxq rou epnerpio. Or AroL6(erEeXouv yiver ortrxeipevo pe.L6rqgoe 6lo rov xoopo on6
roug rpuorxoug,t6oo on6 ouroug nou ppioxoltor orqv onopXrl rqg oro6ro6popiag roug, 6oo xor ono
exeivoug nou eXouv 40q xorolro0ei orov xlo0o roug ilouv prrqepoorri oe rou.troltorov 15 ykiooeg
xot elouv runoOei neproootepo ono 1.5 exoroppupro oltiruno, povo orqv A1ry.Lrxqy.trrilooo.lh0ovritg
xqvevo cl.}.o ouvoLo pr6i.iclv6ev eler ooxrloei reroro eniOpooqror yra 16oo peyolo Xpovtxo 6rom4po.
H nopouoo Te-fltrcr1
erc5oonrtu Atatri{eou @uomrlgtou Fegnman 0roq6per ono 6.leg uS nponyoupeveg ex6ooergoe 6uo o4peio: oe ourq 5Xouv 6rop0o0ei 6.lo ro p61pr onlpqg 1'vooro loOq Ko1
enrn.treov,eXerenrouvoq0ei xor 6vog v6og, retoprog r6pog, pe riti.o: Or Yno6ei(erg rqg @uorx4g rou
FeJmman: 'Evo Dupnlqpr,lpo Eni-luoqs AoKqoeov yro rtg AroLd(eigrqg <Duorrqg. Auro to oupnL4
popo nepriler npoo0ero uhx6 on6 ro poOrlporo rou Fe)mman: rpels 61ol65slsire owrxeipevo t4v
eni-LuoqnpoGLqpatov xor pio pe or,trxeipevorr;v a6poveroxq nlorlyqoq xoOrbgsniorlg xor luppiveg
ooKqols xor onowqoerg ourrbv, enelepyoopdvegon6 toug ouvspyoregrou FeJmman, Robert B. Leighton Ko1Rochus Vogt.

IIog 64proupy{e4Ke 4 nopouoa 6x6oo4

Or rperg opXrxoi ropor rov /raflifeau cl>uotrcr1g
tou Fegnman 6qproupyq0qxov noLu ypr;yopo on6
rov Fe1mman Kqr roug oupnporowss ou\.ypqqris rou, rov Robert B. Leighton Kol rov Matthew Sands
or onoior or4piX0qKov orls Lro\.vlroqovqoerg xor ng qoroypo.eiss rou pouponivoxo rov 6roL6leov tou
Fe1mrnar xoto ro lpovrxo 6roorqpo tqg nopaOooqgrov poO4potov on6 ro 1961 p61pr ro 1963.1
AvonoQeuKrq, oe ouul rq 6ouLero, unero4.L0ov.LoOq.Dta en6psvo Xp6vro, o Felmman ouyKvrp<ooe
erreveig l.imeg pe unorpqqreEOrop0riroerg
lo0cbv loOq nou ertonimr;xov 16oo o.no rous qolrqrrs rou
xqr ro 0r6oxtrxo irpooconrK6rou Caltech onog enioq5 xor on6 ovolruoores os 6.Lorov xootrro. Dng
Oe<oeriegrou 60 r<arrou 7O, o Felmman xorapepe va elor<ovopqoer xonoro 1p6vo on6 rtg ooloLieE
tou riroreva e.L6yferto neproo6tepo on6 ro 6uv4rrxo ouro lo0q nou qvqeepo\.rov mous Tolrous I Ko1
II xot vo npol1loronor4oer6rop0r,locrg
or onoirg 9a rvoroporr,rvowovmLEprrayev6oLepeg
ovorunrlocrg.
Oorooo, ro oioOqpo eu0uvqg rou Feynman yro ourq t4 Orop0coorl
rov 6ro.Ldler,rv,
6ev pnopeoe nore
vo unepvrx4oer rq 6r6yspoq nou evrroOexo0e rpopo nou qvoxolunrs vio npolporo, eror r,lore vo
tlorxovopqocr ronoro Xpovo yro vo ooXotrqOrixor pre Lo,\oOq rou Topou lll.2 Mero rov npoctpo
$ovoro rou 1988, or limeg pe ro pq eleyOevraLo0q xoror60q<ov oro ApXeio rou Caltech 6nou xor
nopdpevov leXoop6veg.
To 2OO2, o Ralph Leighton (yrogtou Robert lighton xor oupnorprrbt4s rou Fey'nman) Fe n_Lnpoq6pqoe oXenxo pe rrlv unoplq ourrilv rclv nq-Lqrr^rv
xoro^oyr,rv laoritv xoocbEenioqg xor yro pio
v6o eKevq lioro nou xorooxeuoorqxe ano ro rpi-Lorou Ralph, rov Michael Gottlieb. O Leighton
nporerve mo Caltech rq 6qproupyio ouqg rqg v6og ?etrrrcrig Ercioong usu An-fiifeov tou Fegnman
orrlv onoio olo ouro ro l.vooro .Lo0q 9o r;rov 6rop0c,:p6vope rqv enrnp6o0er4 e<6ooq rou ropou tou
'I.a pro neprypoqrl r4S yavaoqs r(ov 6ro-tr6(eovtou Felmman
Kor qut(i)v r(Jv roFc,)v.ovotpifte orov rsroirepo npo-\oyo.
mov npotroyo tou Fe)mman Ko1 mo npooilllo
6Lor outoi ol npoloyor ppioKowor 1600 oe qurov rov rolto 6c'0 kor mous
ouvo6surfKous rou Kqoci)SKo1mo XpovlKo rou Matthew Sands oto Lupnnipepa rov Arotri.(er.rv.
2To lg75 o FeJmmaI
le<ivrloe tov etre1aotov IoO(5vrou T6pou III, ol\o rsllKo rl npoooXrl rou onoonoorqKs ono qtri.o
npolporo dTol riore vo FIv ts-ls1(5os1
nors ourov rov ElelAo - yro ro loyo our6 oe qutov tov topo note 6sv iylvcrv K61norES
6rooe6oelc.

IlpoAeyoptva

Dupn-lrlpcbporogro onoio eroipoSovo kighton ror o Gottlieb. O Irighton (4rqoe enio4g 14 porlOero
Fou 6ore vo oryoupeurei nos 6sv 6xouv unuodlOel lo04 rguoxqg orq peroqpooq ono rov Gottlieb
rov reooopcov6to.l6leorvnou oupneptlopOqvowqr mo Eu1nfrr1pcrya xoOcirgxor yro rqv e(ooqo.Lroq
rqg o6erog rou Caltech ooov oqopo t4v enio4p4 dxOooqtou Euprrtrlpcbpatogoe ouv6uoopo pe rqv
Tefittct1Erc6oo4rov tprr,rvoplxrirv topov.
O Fe)mman un4ple o rlpr,log pou Kor avos nolu orev69 npooonrx6g rpilog. Eror, 6rov ei6o
toug xoro-Loyougpe ro oqo.Lporq.xo0drgxor ro nepref,bpevotou Eqtnf4prbpazos, oupQ6vnoo Xopis
6eurep4 oxep4 vo npooQipc) rqv xoge Ouvorq porl9ero nou 9o pnopouoo vo 660co. EutuXrirgyro
p6vo, yvolpr(o rov r6avrx6 ovOpono yro r4v c(droo4 xor t4v 6yrpro4 rrov 6rop0<boeovr<,rv.lo0<ivxqr
rqg rpuorx4grou nepreXopivou tou Eulnfiqprbpazog: rov Ap. Michael Hartl.
O Hartl p6hg npooqoro eiXe o.Lox.Lrlptbosr
ro 6r6ortoprxo rou orq @uorx4 oro Caltech Kor rou
ppoBeio
eile onevepq0ei ro povo6rro "ro66ro
oprmeiog orrl 6r6ooxoLio" nou 660qre nord os Evo
perontuXroxo rgorr4rq rou Caltech ono rous nponruxloKoug rpon4r6g. O Hartl 6ro0!rer pio ep6pr0q
xorovorloq rqE rpuorrrlg, ouyxoro.ldyeror ovopeoo orou5 mo olo.Loonxoug rpuorxougnou dXo yvcopioeL
xor onog Kol o Fe)mman, eivor dvog e(eXclvnorOoyr,lyog.
Korolrllope lorn6v or4v elr19oupqrovio: or Ralph l-eighton xor Michael Gottlieb eroipooov ro
EultttT1papa (xor ixovov pro e(orpenxrl 6oulero) pe r4v a6ero r(,)vteKVCJv
tou Fe)mman, rou Carl ror
r4g Michelle oto onoio ovqxouv or t6ooeprg 6roldlerg rcu EuynrtqprbpauogKor pe tqv o6ero enio4g
tou Rochus Vogt Kor rou rOiou rou Irighton 6oov oqopo ng oorqoerg rct ZupntrqpcbpazosKor r1S
onovrqosrg rous. O lighton, o Gottlieb Kol 01 Fe)mmans d6rooovoe p6vo rqv elouoroodrrloq ooov
oqopo rq Oropopqooq rov nepreXopevovtou Eupnflqptbltazog.To Caltech (6rllo64 o Tom Tombrello,
Ilpoe6pog rou Tpqporog @uorxrlg, Mo04portx<iv xor Aorpovopiog), pou ov60eoerqv eni6.Lep4 u19
veog Teirrcrig Erc6oo4grov rprov opXrxrirvropov Kor oupQ6vqoe yro rq Dqpooieuoq, po(i pe ourq.
rou r6pou l.ou Eultnfiqpcbl.nrog. EniorlE ol,or ono66lrqxov rq 6uvoror4ro rou Michael Hartl vo 6po
el ov6porog pou, 6vrog uneu0uvog yro rqv cne(epyooio rov npog 6r6p0ooq loOriv yro r4v Tetrtrc4
'Erc6oo4
onr,rgrniorls Kor ylo t4 6ropropqoo4LourpuorxounepreXopivouxor rou rponou nopouoioo4g
r4g rpuotx4g rou EulnirTprbpatog. Eyrb 9o eiyo u1v enrpe.lerorqg 6ou.Lerogrou Hartl xor 9o evexprvo
r4v rei.rxrl ex6ooq xor rov reooopr,rvto1lov. O exOotrxogoixog Addison - Wesley, o ex66r4g pog, 9o
dqepveos ndpog ro olo eyleiprlpo.
flpog peyo-Lr1pou euXopioqorl, our4 ro elaeip4po oloxlrlprirOqxe onp6ororno xor ondDooe
xopnoug ! fftmeuo nog o Fe),.nman9o 4rov euloprorqpevog <or nep4qovog yro ro npoi6v ourrlg
r4g npoono0erog.

Tn tunoypoeffia

Ade4

To lo0q nou 6Xouv 6rop0o0ei m4v nopouoo dxOooqnpo6plortor ono tperg Droqopeuxdgnqy6g:
to 8Oo/onepinou ourrbvr<lv 6rop0r,roeovnpodpXerorono tov Michael Gottlieb, ev6 ro neproootepo ono
rq unoLornq ono pio ercev4 limo evog ovr,rvupou ovoyvriorq r; onoio 6o0qxe mov FeJmman ons
'Ooo
op16g ng 0exoeriog tou l97O 6ro peoou tou ex66tq rou.
lo04 6ev ovfxouv oe our6g trg 6uo
nr1y6gnpoepXovtorono Oroqopegprxpig lioreg nou 6604xov orov Fey.nman rl oe pog ono 6roqopoug
ovoyvriroteg.3
qurriv rr,lv lo0rilv eivor xupir,lg rprrbv tunov: (o) runoypoqrxo lo04 mo xeiprvo,
Or 6rop0cboerg
(p) nepinou l5O runoypoqrxo xor poOqporrxo.Lo04 mrg e(roriloerg,moug nivoxeg xar oro oXqporo:
lovOootrrevo npooqpo, lovOoopdvsg optOp4rtxig up6g (n.X. rivo 5 9q 6npene vo eivor 4), xo0cbg
"Ms ptro4 rqv <rvo8pool nou lo6ope qfl6 6roQopous ovol'vdoreg nou ev6roq6p0qxov, iXoupe xotooxeuooer pio Lioro
ono 340 rrpirtou v6o lto6n / 6rop0rioersyro ug Aroldler5. on6 rrlv np(i)rn sr<runool rlsTshKilS iK6oo4s. Ano ouris, ro 80%)
nepinou ixer 6rop0o0ti or4 6eurep4ovoruncrol pr o<ono orrg r.nop.v.Sovoruncrorrsvo 6rop0tu6ouv
oKolio nplooorapo
ono ourq- Mio n-L4p4s ltoro 6topOriroeov/ loOriv xo0rir5 Kq1 rcr ov6poro ourov nou ro awonroov po(i pc enrn-triov
n.l4poqopto<o u.tru6, ppioxeror otqv rorooelido www.fclmmanlectures.info.

Ilpoley6tr:eva
niorls Kor 6eineg, oupBolo oOporo4g, nopev06oergxor opor elroriroecovnou exouv nopolsleOei.
Tdtorov er6dlvlo04 ov xor 6ev onorelouv ooGopospn661oyro ivo r,iprpo rpuorx6, ev rourors. Fnopei
vo onorel6oouv eorieg oularo4g xor onoyoqteuo4s yro rous qolrqrds, nou orrorelouv ol,\ome xor ro
xorvo nou o Fe)mman npoono0loE vo npooelyioer.
Eivor o(rooqpeioro ro on ouro ro lo04 nepreLop6ovov6uo povo oKouoro oQolporo nou eilov vo
xovouv pe r4 rpuorxr'1.Erov T6po I, oeliDo 45-4 ovoqdperor nldov on "otov 6vog ei.omrx6g rpowog
re\td)varor, I 9spFoKpooio rou aufavetat" qlti vo "e.llorrr'rveror"6nog ovoqeporov LovOoopevo ong
npoqyoupeveg sK0oosrs.Enioqg, orov Topo II, oel,i6o 5 9, ovoqdperor n-ldov 6n "...pio onoro6rlnore
morrxq xorovop4 rpoptiou evr6g evogx-Lerorouyercpiuou oy<,ryou,6ev pnopei vo npoxo.ldoer xonoro
(rllerrpl<o) ne6io oto elc,rreprx6rou oyr,lyou" (ev6 oe npo4youpeveg exOooerg6ev nepdopGov6rov r;
l6lq "yetopdvog"). To Oeurepoqn6 qurq ro.lo04 xorvonoqOrlxe orov Fe)mman ono peprxoug ovoyvriroregovopeoo otoug onoioug rFov ror q Beulah Elizabeth Cox, rporrqrprorou KoLleyiou William
and Mary, 11onoio Booior4xe mr;v (t6te lov0oop6vq) nprypoQl rou Feynman yro vo anovrrloer oe
6vo S6po oe pio eletooq. O Fe)mmal eyporpr m4 6eonorvi6o Cox ro I975:{ "O xo0qy4tqg oou, xol.o
rxovr xor 6ev i,\o6c t4v onovr4orl oou og oom4. oqo0 our4 4rov.l,ov0oqrevr1.6nog oMoorc on66erle, lpqolponorcbl.rog ro vopo rou Gauss. Drqv enroqp4, 9o npdner vo nroreuergt4 ),oyrxq xor ro
npooernxo ouvoydpevo enrXerpqporo xor op ng broqopegou0ewieE. Eou, 6ro6ooegro pr6Lio or,roro
xor ro xorolo6eg. AMo eyrbeilo xover LoOog,onore to pr6lio civor lo0og oro o4peio our6. Mq-L-Lov
eiXo oro puoLo pou pio yerarpevqoyriryrpq oQoipo, n roulolrmov ro yeyovog nog 4 peroxiv4oq rov
<poprir,rv
oe Oroqopelxdg 96oergmo eooreprx6 r4g oqoipog 6ev enqpeo(err4v xorooroorl oro eloreprro
tr1g. Aev eipor oiyoupog ndlg oxpr6rig 6xovo xon reroro, o-l-l.oro oiyoupo rivor ncJSKovo yxoqo, ev6
ro i6ro 6xovegxot eo0 nou pe nioterpeg...".
O Felmman qrov evrlpepogyro ouro ro i.oOogxoOrig xor yro noLlo ol.l,o xor oroOovotov 6uoopemo yro our6. De o-l-Lqloypoqio pe rov ex6onx6 oiKo ro 1975 ovoQdperoroe "tro04 orq <puorxqorou5
TopouE II xqr III rq onoiq eivqr xotr noponov<.rono runoypoqrKo". Aev lwopi(o oe noro oxpr6<itgovoqeporov xor 4 eupeor;roug napopdver npox.lrlo4 yro roug paLLowrxoug ovo11,<iores
! flo ro oKono
our6 o Michael Gottlieb ixel Orlproupy4oerrrlv rorooe.LiOotrtususJegnmanlectures.
iryfoorqv onoio 9o
0qpooreuOouvolo to loOq nou elouv 6rop0o0ei m4v nopouoo 6x6ooq (D.r.p: ouul 4 .Lioro eXer464
6rlpooreu0ei)xoOr^rg
xor 6oo ol-Lo 0o ppeOouvono roug peMowlKous ovol,.vrirore
g.

To Eupnl4p<,rpc
'Eva
Or Yrco6elfetgtqg @uotrc4gutu Fegnman:
Du1mfi4pa1taEninuong AoK|oau yLa u1gAtafii(etg r4g @uotrcr1g,
eivor ivog ouvopnamrxog r6roptog r6pog. To nro sltunroorox6 xoppon rou eivor
riooeprg 6ro-l6ler9yro trg onoieg yiveror pveio on6 rov Feynman orov flp6troyo rr,:v tprr,:v opXrx<iv
r6pr,rv' erei o Fe5,'rrmanypoqer: "Av xor nopi6oroo rperg 6roL6lerg mo nporo erog oXerr<o pe r4v
eniluoq npo6Lqpot<,rv,outlg Oevoupnepll,opGovowor e6ril. Enioqg un4p1e xor pio 6rolelq pe 9dpo
r4v o6poveroxrl nloqyqorl q onoio pnopei ovopei6olo vo tonoOerrlgei pero ono tq 6role(q yro ro
neplmpeQopevo oumr;poto xor r; onoio dler xor our4 OuoruXrirgnopo-lr1q0ei".
O Michael Gottlieb npoeroipooe r4 ypontq ex6oo4 ourr,rv rr,rv uooopcov 6roLLlzav tou Eulntflrlpdr(Dvnopouorooerov
;.rarog,oou.leuortog po(i pe tov Ralph l,eighton Fs u.Lrxoono lrg polryrFoQorvrloers
rou Felrlrnan xoOcirgeniorlg xor ono ng qoroypoqies Tc)vpouponrvoxr,rvnou ourog lprlorponorouoe,
pe rov i6ro oxprBcbgtp6no nou o notepog rou Ralph xor o Matthew Sands eiXov npoerolpooer roug
opltxoug ropoug oopowo lpovro vopirepo, Xr,rpigopog rqv nieoq Xpovou nou eilov exeivor. O povog
nou e.treueqrov o Felmman, o onoiog xor 9o cile ro poLo rou re,\rxou xprr4 rou ypornou rlpyou.
fio ro Loyo our6, o Matthew Sands 6nor(e ro p6Lo rou Feynman 6ivoltog ovobpooq xor oup6ouL6g
orov Gottlieb uorepo o Hartl Kor eyri, oprorlxope og or re.hxot xp[69. Eurul<bg o Gottlieb 6Kovs
"Blinsos.f,.288-2SgorcPerkctlAReasonableDeDiations|romtheBealenTrack,TheLettersoJRichardP.FeAnnaft.
aK6oon uno 14v enrp6lero q5 Michelle Fe)dman. (Basic Books), Nio YopKrl. 2OO5.

IlpoAxyopeva
16oo enrruyqpvq 6oulero xoro rqv onorunoo4 tov reooopov 6roL6(er,rvrou Felmman mo Xopti, rilote
r; 6rxr; pog Ooulero vo yiver nopo no.Lu euxo.lq. Aurdg or r6ooeprg"veeg"Orolelerg eivor npogrorrxq qno.lqumrx6g m4v ovoyvooq toug, erorxorepo exeiveg 01 nopoypoQor ofig onoitg o Feynnan
oup6ouLeuerroug qorrqrdg oXerr<ope ro nog 9o np6ner vo owrpTc)nioouvro npolporo eqv ratrrxo
xotoroyouv oro <orcbrepoqFrou rqg ro(qg on6 n-LeupogonoOooqg.
rou Eupnlqprilporog ouvo6euovror ono 6vo elioou ono.Louonx6 lpovrxo rou
Or "vdeg"Oro-Lelerg
Matthew Sands nou oq4yeirar ovolrvqoerg, 43 Xpdvro opyorspo, oXetrxo pe 14 yiveorl xor 14 611lrroupyiorr,lv/ro,ifeavtr1g@uotrcr1gtouFeAnmanKoO6sKolono6vo6r6oruxooOvo.Loen.elp6vov
ooxqoeov po(i pe ng onovqoerg roug, ene(epyoopdvo oro p6oo rr;g Dexoetiog tou 196O on6 rov
Robert Leighton xqr rov Rochus Vogt ylo oupn-Lqpr,:potrx4Xpnorl pr trE Ata-fli(etg tou Feanman.
Meprroi on6 roug ouvoOi:.lqougpou rpuorxougor onoior OouLepovnovco oe outo to npo6l4poro pe
roug rporrqr6grous oro Caltech, pou 61ouv enror;povertrlv nordtqto xor rq Xp4orporqro ror:5,

H Aopri rqs naporioas'EK6oo4S

'EK6oorl
H Teltnrl
\ou xporots oro 16pro oog lexrvo pe ro llpoLeydpevo, or oeLiOegrov onoiov
eivor opr0prlpdveg pe pr,rlrotxougoprOpoug ourq eivot 6qproupyqpo tqg "o0qpovqg enoXr15",nolu
psto rqv nprilrq 6x6ooq : our6g o np6Loyog, pro o0wo'p4 proypoqio rou Felmman xoOcbgxor tvog
r6roitepog np6Loyog ypoppevog ro 1989 ono roug Gerry Neugebauer (nou ouppereile otlv npoerorlrooio rov rprcbvoplrxrirv topov) xor David Goldstein (nou Dqproupyqoeto poOqpo To Mqyaun<b
E|pnau ror ng owimorXeg rorvieg). Or oeLiOegnou oxolou0ouv to flpoley6pevo eivor optOlrr;peve5
pe opo6rxoug oprOpoug1, 2, 3 . . . - ourq 4 opiOpqoq eivor oxprBtirgq i6ro pe ulv oplrxq nprirq exOooq
ercoE on6 rrg 6rop0cboerE
rr,rvoqolporov.

Avopv4oerg an6 rrs Atc.l,6lerg rou Feynman

Or tperg ropor rcovAroL6lsov rou Fey'nman ouvrorouv pio outoprrl norDoycoyrxrlnpollroreio evril
tautolpovo onotelouv pio roroprxq xoroypoqrl rt:v Orold(eov tou Fe5.'nmartqv nepioOo 1961 1963,
evo Oreregunolpe<lnxo poO4po yro oLoug toug veoeroepXopevousol-l.o Ko1 tous npoxc)prlptvous
<porrrpdg
rou Caltech ovsloprqro ono r4v enox6lou04 enuqpovrx4 toug er6ixeuo4.
Or ovo1,.v6oregev6dXerorvo ovopoulOouv, 6nog ouv66q r<or pe epdvo, yro t4v eni6poo4 nou
ooxqoov or 0rol6lerg rou Felmman oroug <potqrdg. O iOrogo Fe)mman otov flpo.Loy6rou oe autoug
roug ropoug spqovi(eror xoncS onororooolog: "AevvoFi(o nog ro roroqepo nopo nolu xolo pe roug
rporu1r6g",ypoqer. Or Goldstein xor Neugebauer orov Ioroirepo flp6loyo rou 1989 exqpa(ouv pio
olQopoupevq onopq, evriro Sands oro Xpovrx6 rou nou 6ypor.peyro to vio Euynrtrlpropa, e<qpo(er
pio noLu 9elx6repq onorg4. T4v ovorl4 rou 2OO5, snuorv6v4oo ono ontr4 xor p6vo neprdpyero
(eire p6or,lprlvupotov 4lerctpovrxou rolu6popeiou eite pe oneuOeiogouvop io) p.eevo qreuDotuxoio
6ei1po 17 rpotqtcirv (on6 6vo o0volo 150 nepinou rgorupcbv)e<eivqE rrlg ro(qg rou 1961 - 1963
onou peprxoi ono ouroug owrpetcirmoovpeyo.leg 8uoxolieg ev6 xonoror q.LLorro xoropepov oXetrxo
suxoLo. Or er6rxeuoergourrbv tr,lv 17 rporrqtcirvqtov orq proloyio, otrl X4peio, otq pqXovr<q, orq
yeoLoyio, mo poO4porrxo, orrlv oorpovopio xor npoqovrirgotq <puour1.
Eivor o-LqOeronog to 1p6vro nou peoo.lo6r;oovono r6te ior,rgeXouv Orqnorioerrtg ovopvqoer5 exeivr,rvrov rporugbv pe xonoro 66oq euqopiog xor voorolyiog dtor, ro 80 o/oono otroug 9upourtor ng
Dro.ldlergrou Fe)mman oS 6vo oqpovtrx6 yeyov6grov xolLeyrox6v roug Xp6vov."'Htov oov vo nqyaivcrpr mqv E<xL4oio", pou einov. "Or 6rol6(erg qrov pio epnerpio nou FoS aMole", "q epnerpio prog
(r,rqg,ioclg to nro oqpowrx6 npolpo nou onox6proo on6 to Ca1tech". "Av xor enp6xerro vo er6rxeut<il
or4 proLoyio, or 6ro.L6lergrou Fe)mman onorelouv evo orlpowrx6roro oro0116rqg npontupoxrlg pou
ug epyooiegyro to
epnerpiog ... ov xor 9o np6ner vo nopo6eX0<bnog 6ev pnopouoo vo o.Lox.Lrlpcboo
onin xor nopd6ooo re.Lr<onolu liyeg ono ourig". "'Hpouv ono toug Lry6repo eLnrDoqopougcport4r6g

II poAey6y:eva
oe our6 ro poO4po, o-llo 6ev 6Xooo oure pio Orolelq .. . @upopor xor eloxolou0rb xor rrirpo vo vrrirOr,r
rqv onolouoq r4g ovoxolurpqg nou pog evdnveeo Felrrman ... Or OrolelergrqrovOrononopevegono
6vo ouvoro04porrxo crrtircruno nou pol-Lov iXer Xo0ei ong run<,:pdvegArolilerg".
Ano rqv allr; n\eupo oprr,rg.
unopXouv xor rportrl169
nou ilouv opv4rrxdgovopvrloergor onoie5
oqei-Lovrovxupir,lg oe 6uo l6youg: (o) "Aev pnopouoeg vo po0erg va OouLeuergto npo6Lr;poro yro
ro onin nopoxoLouOrovrog
Lrg6ro-16(er5
xor p6vo. O Fey'nman ciXc r4v rxovor4ro vo xrvciror pc
pnopo0oovvo yivouv.
notru peyo.\q eueh(io' t'v6pr3rro reXVooFoLo
xoOogxor ro norSnpooEyyioerg
eiXe 6roio04oq Booropiv4 orlv epnerpio Ko.06SKol evo Orovoquxo enineOo nou 6ev pnopouoe vo
eivor rrqpo cvog oploprou qorr4rq". O Feynman xor or ouvo8e.lqoi rou, 6wog ev4pepor ourou rou
perovertqpotog oXetrxo pa ro poOqpo, npoono0rloov vo to ovtrpetonioouv ev p6per, npooe6po\,'ro5
ro uL11(6nou trirpo dXerevor,rFotooeimo Eultrfr\palta, 64lo611 ro npo6.L4poro r0rv Leighton - Vogt
po(i pe trg onovrqoerg roug xo0rig xor trg 6ro-l6lergrou Fe)mman novr,: orlv eniLuo4 npo6llporov.
(9) "H ovooqolero tou on 6ev yvopi(ope n enpoxerto vo ou(r1tr;Oeiorqv endpevq 6rolelq, q ir\lerq1
sv6g elaerpr6iou ovoqopag nou vo eiXe xonoro oXrio4pe ro uhxo rov 6ro.lefeov xor 4 enox6.Lou0r1
oOuvopio pog vo eipoore ex rov nporepr,lv eoro xor ororXerobrbgnpoerorpoopivot, qtov xou nou
pog npoxo.louoepeyolrl oulauo4 ... E6proxo rrg 6ro.tr6lerg
ouvopnoouxdgxor olrvopo Korqvonres
or4v oiOouoo 6roleleov, rlrov 6pr,:goxotoLo6imrxeg 6lo on6 outq, 6rov npooncOouoo vo ovor<orooxeuooo ng .Lenrop6pereg".To npoBlqpo ouro end.uOqxe quorxo on6 rous rpsls nop6rteg ropoug,
rq yponr4 6x6oo4 rcovAroL6leov r4g @uorrrls rou Feynman. Auroi or r6por onote.leoov ro e.iaerpiOro
ono ro onoio or rpotqtdg tou Caltech peldtqoov rpuorxq yro nopo noMo lpovro xor oxopo xor oqpepo eloxo.LouOouvvq qnorelouv pio on6 rrg peyo.lurepegrrveuporrx6gnopoxoro0rlxeg tou Richard
Fejmman.

Eulcptocteg
H nopouoo Tefitrrl irs5oorl rau Atalifeau rqg @uorc1grou Fegnman 6ev So pnopouoe vo yiver
npayportxdrqro Xr,rpigrov oprxo evoouoroopo xor rqv onoQoormK6rrFo ro:v Ralph Leighton Kol
Michael Gottlieb onr,rg xor rqv elorpeuxrl 6ou.lero rou Michael Hartl oXerrxo pe ro .Lo0r1xor rrg
6rop0riroergroug. Euloprorrir rov Gottlieb Kor rous ov<ilvupougovoyvrirmegyro trg lioreg rov Lo0<iv
oug onoieg pooiorlxov or 6rop0cboerg.EuXoprorrirenioqg roug Tom Tombrello, Rochus Vogt, Gerry
Neugebauer, James Hartl, Carl xor MichelLe Fe1mman xoOrirgenio4g xor rov Adam Black yro rqv
unoorlprlrl rous, uS ooQ6Soup6oulis rous Kor rl yevrx6reprl ouveroqopo roug oro oLo eyXcipqpo.
Kip S. Thorne
The Fey'nman Professor ofTheoretical Physics
TeXvoLoyrxoIvortrouro u;g California

Moros 2OO5

npoAtyopeva

I6rottepog llp6loyog

lx

r<,rv Atcl6lecov uou<rig rou Feynman

Ko0r,5g
o Feynman nopruorov npog ro rrtroErrls (onS rou. 4 94p4 rou eile yivtr 1'voot4xor nepo
ono ro Xripo rqE enror4povrxq5 xorvorqrog. Or Opoorqprorrlr6grou clg pelog rqg enrrpon4g 6repeuvnons l qS rpoyr,.r6iog
tou 6roo14prxou ,Ler,rqopeiou
Challengerrov rxovov y.voorooro eupu xorvo.evul
pr6Lio
evo
nou ouvowr;oe s(arpcrrx4 onoOolq on6 ro ovoyvoonx6 xorvo xor neplrypoQs Fe yloQupo
r4ro ng ruloOrorrrtxdg neprndrer6grou, tov 6<ove iv6o.Lporou peyi0oug o1e6ov rou Albert Einstein.
'HOq
opog qno rore, ono ro 1961 Kor nprv oxop4 ro ppoGeioNobel rov rover orooqpo, o Fe)'nman
rlrov xon noponovo ono 1'vcomogoto pe.Lqr4g enrotqpovrxqg xorvorrpog 1rov dvog $pulog, Aev
unopler xopro opqrGoLio, nog q aouvrlOrm4 6uvop4 tqg 6r6ooxoliog rou Ko1rl peto6otrx6tqro rou.
ouv66olov otq 6ro6ooq xor rr;v evioXuo4 rqs A4UqS nou rov nepr66o.le.
O Fe)mman un4ple evog npoypotrxo peyolog 6ooxo-log, ior,5 o peyoLutepog t4g enoplg tou
xor rr19 6rxqg poE. fro rov FeJmman, ro opQle6orpo 6rold(er,:v 4rov pro 9eotprxq ox4vq, evrb o
6r6ooxowog qrov dvog 4Oonorognou exrog ono r4v nopouoiooq rcovyeyovororv,rov oprOprirvxot rov
oXe6roypopporr,lv9o enpene vo noi(er 9rlorpo xor vo pilver nuporeXvrlpoto. O Feynman pnopouoe
vo nprQrplol mo pnpomrvo rprlpo r49 oioouoo5 xouvr,lwoEro x6pro rou novcl xoro xot onoS
Xoporr4prorlxo iyporpov xqnore ot New York Times "qrov ivog onioteutog ouv6uoqrog $eoprpxou
rpuorxoi xor rourolpovo xpoXr4 nou Douleue oe xonoro roipxo, pe trg xrvqoerg rou o(Dporosrou Kor
14 rpooopio nou exove". Eire oneu0uvotov oe evo oxpoorqpro ouvo6rilqov rou quorxr,lv, eire mo eupu
xorvo, onoroo6qnore eixe rqv ru1r1 vo rov qxouoer on6 xovra, pir,lvepro epnerpio nou 9o tou dpeve
povo6rxq <or oldXoorq, 6nog aLLr,:ore4rov xor o i0rog o Fe)mman.
O Fey'nnal qrov rivog9eorpivog on6 roug xoi,utepoug oro eiOogrou xor evognpo'igouxog et6qpovas oro vq xo0q.kiver tqv npoool4 rou Kolvou otrlv oiOouoo 6roL6(s<,:v.llprv ono noMo lpovro. eile
6rboerxonoreg 6rol6(erg mo nLoioro evogpo04porog npoxop4pdvlg xGowopqxovrx4g oe evo peyo.Lo
oxpoor4pro onoreloupevo on6 i.iyoug oxenxo peromulroxoug rport4tdgxor to peyo.Lucpo pepos rou
6r0oruxou npooc,rnrxourou Tp4porog @uorxr;gtou Caltech. Koto t4 6ropxero prog rfrorog 6role(r19,
o Feynman oplroe vo e(qyei rov rp6no ovonopooroorlg xonorr,rv nolurl\oKov oloxlqpr,rpotov pe
6roypopporxo rpono: Xpovogoe outov tov olovo. Xripogot crcivov. rcupottmn Vpoupn yro ourtl
'EXovrog
rqv euOeio, x.L.n.
nepryporgerour6 nou orrl yLcboooro:v guorxov olou rou xoopou tivoL
yvooro clg 6roypoppo Fe)mman, yuproe npo5 ro pdpog rou oxpootqpiou pe 6vo po10qp6 xop6ye.Lo:
"xor ouro eivor ?O 0roypoppo !" Me ourq rq qpoorl o Fe)mman olor<-L4pooet4 6toLe(4 rou Kcrl ro
oxporqpro l6onooe ou0oppqro y6Lro xor eneuqrlpieg.
fio nol-Lo lpovro pero ulv nopouoioorl r<ovOtoldleov nou onors.Louvroug topoug nou 61cre mo
yfpro oog, o Fe)mman nop66r0e neprotooroxo Dro.lilerg og npooxex-lqpdvog op 4rqE oe erooyoyr'OnoE pnopeiu vo cpovtomeire,or
xo po0qporo rpuorx4g nou oneuOuvorov oe nporoereig rgortrlrdg.
epqovioerg rou oureg dnpene vo xporrlOouv puonxdg pexpr xor Liyo nprv rqv evoplq roug eror come
rr1 oupperoXq rous orrl 0r6lel4, vo lr,rpeoouv orlv oi0ouoo 6roL6(ecov
or qorrrpes nou ciXov 64.Lcboer
Kqr vo prlv peivouv on' elr,l. Mio retoro 6roi.e(q eiye og 96po rrlg rov xopnulo XopoXpovo xor o
Fe)mman 4rov elorpcuxo rweuporrilOrlg. H oleXoor4 onyp4 4tov orqv oplq r4g Drolelqg. Exeivq
r4v enoXq eixe lrohs ovoKo,\uQ0cio unepKq.rvoqovqgrou 1987 Kot o Fe)mman rlrov evOouoroopevog
yro ouro. Konoro onyprl Lier oro xorvo: "o'Iycho Brahe eiXe rov 6rro rou unspKorvoqovq xor o
Kepler to 6rxo rou enioqg, Tripo opog iyr,r xor eyrirrov 6rro pou". Dro oxpoor4pro eneoeoronrq xot o
Felmman ouv6lroe: "Ynopxouv 1011ompo oro yololio pog. Aurog xonote rltov 6vog repciorrogopr0pog. Al-lo oorooo 6ev eivor nopo exor6 exoroppupro. Aryorepo ono ro e0vrx6 Xpriog! flo-Lotortpo.
rfroroug oprOpougroug onoxolouoope oorpovoprKoug,Tcbpopo.L-Lov9o npinst vo toug onoxoloupe
orKovopxous". To oxpoorqpro LuOrlxeoro y6"LroKor o Feynman dXovtogn-Leovxep6ioer ro xorvo rou
ouvdlroe rq Orolelrl tou.
'Omooo,
nepo ono ng 9eorpr<6grou rxovot4teg. r1norOoyr,ryrx4uyvr<q tou Feynman 4rov r6roirepo on-L4. Mio nepi-l4tpr1rqg ovri.l4q;qg nou rov 6roxoteiXe 6oov oQopo.rr1 6r6onrxr1, ertonimqxe

Ilpotreyopeva
oro lopno rou oro opleio rou Caltech oe evo orlpeicoponou eypoqe orov equr6 rou ro 1952. 6rov
pprox6rov oq Bpo(r-Lio:
"llprbro ppegto yrori 9dlerg or rporrqtdgvo poOouv ro ouyxexprpevo owrxeipevo
xor tr SeLergeo0 vo (epouv quroi' eov ro xoverg, 1 p60o6og oXenxo pe ro
xoO<irg
nr,rg9o yiver our6 9o npoxurper ono povrl r4g pe xonoro rpono, r,rgonott-\eopo
eqoppoyqS q5 xorv45 .Loyrxr15."
Auro p66oro nou ewoouoe o Fe)'nman r,rgxorvrl loyrx4, ouXvo nepreLop6oveeuqu6ororoug eLrlpoug pe toug onoioug pnopouoe vo oul.l.o6ertdlero rqv ouoio tr,:v oor,lvqOel,evo ner yro xonoro
gdpo. Mro rpopo, xoto tq Oropxeroprog 6qp6orog 6rolel4g, npoonoOouoevo elqyqoer yroti 6ev 9o
npener vo npoonoOei ronorog vo enoLqOeuoerpio 166o,Xprlorponorcbvtogro i6ro 6e6opdvo pe ouro
nou xp4orponor4Oqxov r,:gpooq yro vo nporoOei 11r6rio ourr1. Eeqeuyowog gorvopevrxo ono ro 96Fo, o Feynman oplroe vo ou(r;ro yro roug oprOpougruxloqopiog rr,rvouroxrvqrov. "pere, onoq-re
pou ouvd6q to nro exn.L4xtrx6 npoypo or4 (oq pou. Evrb spl6pouv e6r,!yro vo nopouorooo our4 rq
6ro-Lelr1ndpooa ono ro nopxrvyx. Aev 9o nrorigete tr dyrve exei. Ei6o evo opolr pe opr0p6 rux.lorpopiogARW 357. To <povro(eore;An6 ro exoroppupro opt0prirv rux.loqopiog nou unoplouv otqv
no.lrreio, noro nrOovor4ro eile 4 ouyxexprpivq vo epqovrmei pnpomo pou on6rpe; Koton-lr1rtrx6 !".
Me tov rpono aur6, 6vo Lent6 orlprio ro onoio oxol;o xor opKeroi enrmrlFoveg 6ev eivor oe 96oq vo
ertrpqoouv, iyrve lexo0opo 6ro pdoou tqg nepiq4pqg "xorvr15troyrx4g" rou FeJmman.
Dto 35 Xpovro nou o Fe5mman epyooqxe oro Caltech 6i6o(e 34 6roqopenxo poO4paro. To
erxoorn6vreono qurq rpov npoXr,rpqp6vaperonruloxo poO4poro npoopr(opevo povo yro paronrulroxoug rporrqt6g,ertog eov un4pxov orrrloerg nponruxroxdrv yro vo rous enlrponi vq ro nopoKo.Lou0rloouv(xqu nou ouXvo ro 6xqvqv xor nou oXe6ovnowo enorpvov rqv o6ero vo ouppetooXouv).
To un6.lorno rpov rupir,:g erooyr,ryrxoperontuXroxo po0rlporo. M6vo pio rgopo o Felmman 6i6ole
oe opryri6 nponrulrox6 enine6o ror outq r;tov q nepiqqpq nepintroorl tov oxo64porxr,rv err,lv 19611962 xqr 1962-1963 pe pio ouvrop4 enovo-L4r.pq
ro 1964, xoro u1 Oropxerorr,rvonoiov nopouoiooe
rrg 6roldlerg exeivegrtou ipeMe vo yivouv yvrlot6g rogot Anfii{eq @uolKig rcu FeAnnTan.
Exeiv4 ulv enolq enrxpotouos oro Caltech r1 ovri.lqrp4 nog ro 6uo Xpovro npoxoroprnxcirv po9qporr,lv rpuorxrlgnou unoXpeovorov vo nopoxou04oouv or nproroerei5xor or Oeurepoereigqotrrlt6g.
oXr.p6vo 6ev roug evOoppuvovvo npoono04oouv neproo6repoeror <borevo xep6ioouv ooo to Ouvorov
nro noL-Lq,otrlo onevowiog rous o64youoov o nlrlSrl Kor or oroorpoqrl yro 14 rpuorxr;. flpoxerpivou vo 6rop0o0ei ouq q xarooroor;, (qrqOqxe ono rov Fe5mman vo oXe6rooerpio oerpo 6roleleov
or onoieg So nopo6r66rov oroug qot4rdg oe pio nepio6o 6uo errbv, nptbro oroug veotroepXdpevoug
'Orqv
xor uorepo or4v i0ro our4 opo6o, ovrog n.Leov6eurepoereig.
o FeJ,'rlmanoupQ6vrlot ot ouro,
onoQooiorrlKr opioclg 4 KoroypoQrl ourrbv rov 6rol6ler,:v dror rbme outig opyotepo vo errunr,roouv
xor vo Oqpooreurouv. To olo eqeip4po onoOeixO4xenoLu nro 6uoxoLo ono ou pnopouoope r6re
vo rportooroupe. H nopoyoy4 64pooreuorpr,:vBr8.liov onotouoe evo repoono 6yxo OouLetog16oo
tov ouvo66.Lqr,rv
rou 6oo xor rou i6rou rou Fe)mman o onoiog eiye xor rov re.Ltxo.loyo yro to xo0e
KreoLolo lexcoproro.
Extog on6 ro noponovo, 9o dnpenevo Oreueerq9ouvKor ol lemopdpeug rr156reloyoy4g r49 xoOe
6ro-lel4g xoOr,rgxor tou poO4porog c,rgouv6i.ou. Aur6 rpov xqn nou 6prrLexe nolu ro npo1loro,
oqou o Felmman eiXexoroorprbosrro nepiypoFpo rqs ulrls p6vo oe o6pdgypoppdg. Auto npornxo
orlporve ncogxovdvog o-l-lo5 ertos ono rov i6ro to Fe)mman 6ev 1'vrbpr(en 9o ernr,rOeinprv moOei
ylo vo ro ner. Dtqv nepinrcoo4 ourrl
o i6rog pnpooto oto oxpoor4pro otqv oiOouoo tr,:v Oro-Ldleclv
po4Ooi
or xo04y4r69 rou Caltech nou evepyouoovog
rou, oyr,rvi(owov promrxo po(oltog to Ouvoro
rous, yro vo xoroyporgouv ivo oopo oxope5 lenropipereg, 6ror rirore vo pnop6oouv opy6cpo vo
xqrqoxtuooouv ug aoxrloergyro ro onirr yro rrlv ovtiororXrlu.lq rou poOqpotog.
A-L-Loyrori o Feynman oqrdpr,locnovo qno 6uo Xpovro yro vo cpepert4v enovooroo4 orov rpono
6r6ooxoLiog rrlg nporrrupox4g quorx4g: Movo erxooieg pnopoupe vo xovoupe yro ouro' oorooo,

npoLEyolteva

pnopoupr vo roxuproroup.enos unrlp1ov rpels nl0ovoi L6yor yro xqu reroro: O npcbrogeivor nog
o Fey'nman lorpeue ro vo onsu0uveror oe xonoro oxpoorrlpro xor ourig or Otoldlerg tou :6rvov t4v
euxorpio vo oneuguvOei oe noLu peyoLutepo xorv6 oe o1do4 ps our6 nou eile ouvq0og orq perqmuXtoxo paOqporo. O 6eurepog.L6yoEeivor nrogene6eixvueerhxptv6g ev6roqdpovyro tous eolrnrEs
Kol ylo ro loyo ouro nioreus nog 116t6ooxo.Lio oe nponruXro<o enineOo 4rov xorr to e(orperrxo
oqpovnx6 yro ouroug. TaLog, o rpirog xor ior,l5 o nro orlpoluxog loyog rlrav 11peyolrl npoKlqorl
rqg enovo6rorunoorls rrls guor<qg rou.LoXrorovetor 6nr,5 ourog rqv ewoouoe, npoxerpdvou ourq vo
pnopeoer vo nopouoroorei oroug ve6repougrporrrpig. Auro o<pr6<bgun4ple q er6rx6rqro rou xo0cirE
enioqg xor ro runonor4pevo petpo ouyxprorlg nou Xploq:onolouoe yro vo onoqovOei eov xotr qtav
npolgon xorovoqto. Konoro onlpq tou (r1rqOrlxron6 xqnoro ro0qy4tq rou Ca-ltechvo elqyqoer ro
.loyo yro rov onoio ro oopori6ro pe omv I/2 unoxououv orq motronxq Fermi-Dirac. O Fe)mman
(uyroe ro oxpoorrlpro rou <or onowqoe: "9o erorpooo pio Orolel4 yro nporoereig yro ro 96po ouro".
Ootooo, Liyeg pdprg opy6repo, eneorper.pe
<qr eins: "6pete, 6ev pn6peoo vo ro xovo. Aev pnopeoo
vo ro ovoyr,roe enineOonpotoetoug rporrqr4. Aur6 orlpoivsr nos ornv npolponx6rqro 6w ro dXoupe
-a-n

I AR.'

-1;^..^"

Auro ro Xopropo rqg ovoyclyqg ep6pr0rbvr6er,rvoe onlous Kor xorovorlroug vopoug, 6r6ner oLq
t4v uL4 rcrv Ataiifeau tng @uoorig rcu FeAnman nou0evo opog 6ev xo0iororqr goveporepo ono orr
orlv npoyporeio rou yro rrlv K6ovnKrl plxovrKrl. I.a roug rivOeppouslorpsls rou ol.tlKrF6vou,ivqr
xor rou q.Liou cpoerv6cpovro tr 6Xerxover exei: 6Xet nopouorooet oe enineOo opxcplov rl p60o0o
oLoK\lpools ovo 6ro6pop4, rrlv trxvrKrl nou o i61ossnworlos Ko.1rl onoiq rou enerpel1levo en uoer
peprxo ono ro n-Leovouorrir6qnpo6L4poro rrls rguorxrlg. Or epyooieg tou or onoieg orrlpix0nKov oe
ourq rl lri0o6o oloKlrlpools ovo Olo6pop4, o6lyloov perolu xor o.l-Lcovemreulporov rou, or{v
onovoprl rou Bpo6eiou Nobel @uorxqg ro 1965, ro onoio porpooqKe ono Kolvou pe rous Julian
Schwinger Kol Sin Itero Tomanaga.
Meoo ono on6poKpo nL6ov nerr.l,orrls pvrlp1s rous, nol-loi on6 roug rore rpotrl6g Koe(bsKol ro
prlLq rou 6r6ornxou npooonrxou nou eiXov nopoxo.Lou0qoerr1SOlold(elg, elouv Oqkboernclg ro Ouo
lpovto guoxqg pe rov Felmman 6)96ooxo.Lo,onoreLouv epnerpio prog ol6<lqpqE (ru1g.Al-lo e<eivrl
rqv enoXrl ro npo4roto 6ev qrov eror. Apxeroi gorrqteg eixcv rpol-loKparl0ei ono ro lro0rllro Ko1lre
rqv nopoOotou Xp6vou, ro nlneog rov <potrlrriv rou runrKou erouEnou nqpoKoloueouoe rrg 6rotr6(erg
opXroevo <p0iverpe ovqoulrlrlKo puOpo. Omooo r4v iOro onlpr1 6lo Kol neploo6rspol peronruxrqKoi
rporrqregxo0cig xor lri 4 Tou 6r6ortrxou npoo(,)nrxounuxvc,rvovng ro(erg rou oKpoorrlpiou. 'Ero1 t1
oiOouoa rov 6roL6(stove(oxoLouOouoevo eivor rr-Lqpqgxor ioog teLrxo o Fe;mman vo pqv <ototro6e
nore rou nog eiXe Xooer opxero ono ro Ko1v6mo onoio npo.!1-rononru0uv6rov. O i6rog o Feynman
rtimeue nos ouro ro exnot6eunxd neipopo 6ev eiXe enrruXio. 'Onr,rgXoporqpron<o 6ypoqe otov
npoLoyo rt.lv ALanefouro 1963 "Oevvopi(o nog ro xotoqepo rcor16oo KoLa pr rous rpotqrdg". Eov
opclg xonotog lovo6ro6ooer ro pr6.Lio, nol-les qopes eivor oov vo vrctOerro Fe)mman vo 6ro6o(er
xor our6g rls otliOss nqvo o.no rov c,rporou <or vo oneueuveror 6Xr mo veovrx6 rou oxpooulpro
o.l-Lo moug iOroug roug ouvo6ilQous rou.leyovrog: "fro <oto$e ro o.ur6! Aeire n6oo em65lro ro
'E(unvo,
u Lere;" A-l-Loox6pa xor orov o i6rog nioreue nctg e(lyouoe iva $dpo oroug
Xerpiorqxo !
npr,xoeteig 4 oroug Oetrepoereisqolrqr6s pt SrKoeopo rpono, 6ev rpov or4v npol1rou<orqro ouroi
nou oQrLouwqv neprooorepoono ouro. Hrov or ouvo0ei.QoiTou - enlc'rllroves 6roQopr,rver6rxor4rr,lv.
rpuorxoi rar Ko0lynris
exeivor or onoior rpov or rlleov oqe.Lqpevorrou peyo.LouroropOrlporog rou
Fel'rrmarl xor ro onoio 6ev qrov rinoro hyorepo on6 ro vo rous Kovsl vo 6ouvs rrl quolKrl peoo ono
rrlv ovoveop6vq xor Ouvoprxq oxonro rou Richard Fe)mman.
O Fel.nmal rlrov xotr neprooorepoon6 evogpeyol.os booKolos. To Xopropo rou 4rov ncogunqple
ivog elorperrx6g 6ooxolog yro 6oo<oLoug. Eov o oroXog rr,rv nopo6ooer,rvtav Atafit(ecou rng @uot;r;{g rou FeAnnTan4rov q npoerorpooio evog or<poorqpiou nponrulraxrilv rporr4rov yro r4v eniluoq
npo6LrlForov efarqoaov novr,r orq rpuor<q, 6ev pnopoupe vo noupe nos our6s o molog ensreux9el
nlqpr,lg. Entnldov, eav rl rixOooqourcbvrclv pr6.LiovqnooKoflouos mo vq qnoreLeoouv ouro erooyo-

IIpo)by6peva
yrxd uyllerpi6ro yro q 6r6oor<ol\io rrlg quorxqg oe novemoqpro xor r<oLLdyto, (ovo 6av pnopoupe
vo noulre nog x<rtr r6roro rellrxo npo1loronor4Orlr<e pe enuu1i.o. IlopdLo outo, to pr6lio 61ouv {64
p*oqpoorei oe 66xo (dveg ylcbooeg evrireivor 6ro0dmpo xor oe r6ooeprg Oiyloooeg ex6doerg. O r6tos o
Felmman nioreus nos rl orlpovnK6cprl ouveroqopcr rcu orrl quorxrl 6ev 9o 6npene vcr 9eopeiror or5re
q QED, oure 4 9eopio rou un6ppeuorou 4Liou, o0c to nolop6vro { ro nopr6vto. Awi0ero, rl r tov
trlg @uot'rrls rou
el6louoo ouveroqopo rou 9eoporloe 6u eivor or tperg x6rc<rvor r6por rov trufifeat
FeAmnon. Auul q nanoi0r;o{ rou eivot ertopxqs loyog yto vo 6rxorol\oyr]oer qv unop(q ouds rIS
ovopv4onxr;g ixOoorlg rov brooqpcov ourrbv pr6lir,lv.

David L. Goldstein
Gerry Neugebauer
TeXvo.l.oyrx6Ivonrouro r4g Calfomla

Anpihog 1989

O llp6loyog

tou Feynman

Autsg eivor or Orotrd(ergnou nopiDcoooro 6uo releurqiq. Xp6vro roug nporoereig xor Oeutepoeteig
rpotrr;tdgrou Caltech. Aev noporiOewor rpuorro ourouoreg' ovti0ero, dlouv unomei enelepyooio,
peprx6g ono oureg liyq Kor oMeS noLu reproo6reprl. Or 6ro.l6lerg oute5 4rov p6vo 6vo rp4po rou
poO1porog. To ouvolo rov 180 rporrqrrivpo(euorov oe pio peyolq oiOouoo 6rolile<,:v, 6uo <popri5
r4v
e66opo6o yro vo oxouoer out6g trg Oroldlcrg xor uorepo Xcop(or.rovoc prxporepeg opo6eg rr,tv l5 6o9
2O <pou4rrirvq xo0e pio yro ouve6piegenovoLr;g1g uno rqv xo0o6rlyr1oq ev6g po4Oou exnor6eur4.
Entnp6o0ero, un4pXs xor pio epyootrlproxq ouve6pio, pio rgoporqv e66opo6o.
H lreyo-ln np6x-11o4 nou eilope vo ovnpetroniooupe 6i6or,tog oucg trg Dtoleletg, 4rov vo 6ro
rrlprlooupe opeioto ro ev6roqipov rov nolu ev0ouoro66v xor pollov 6lurwov rporr4r<ivnou epy6rov
ono ro Aurrro rqg Xrilpogoro Caltech. Auroi iXouv oxouocr rooo xor ror rooo yupcl ono Lo nooo
ev6roqepouoo Kol ouvoprroorlKr; eivor q rpuor<r1,1 9er,rpiorqg oXenxor4rog,4 x6ovrrxq plXovrxq
xor t6oeg olleg povrdpveg r6dsg. Kato to ri:log 6pog ourou rou 6rerou5 poOqporog, onog ouro uqiororo p61pr rcbpo,no.L.Loirporr4reg$o xoriL4yov nolu onoyorlcupevor oqou orrlv npolgorrxorqro
elolroteg 4rov or peyo-LeniOoLsg
v6egxor ouyXpovsgr66egnou nopouorooqxov oe ouroug. Auro nou
ixovov qtov vo pel,etouv xexhp6vo enine6q, rllercrpooronx4, x..l.n. xqrr nou peto ono 6uo ypovro
eile yiver popero. To npo6.lrlpo rlrov eov 9o pnopouoope r1 o1r vo Dqproupyrlooupe evo poO4po ro
onoio So "lutpove" rous npoxopnFsvous Ko1ouvfloppdvouggonqt6g, 6rotqp6ltog rov evOouoroop6

rous.
Aur6S or Droldlerg nou nopouoro(owor e0r,r6ev onooxonouv pe xovdvo onolurcog rpono mo vo
qnoretreoouv evo yevrxo erooyoryrxopo0qpo' ovriOero, ro enine66 roug eivor nolu ooBopotepo. H
npoOeorlpou rpov vo ug oneu0uvcoorous n1o dlunvoug rpotqrig r4g ro(4g xor vo brooqoLioo, eov
priGoroxon reroro qrov 6uvotov, nog ox6po xor o e(urrvorepogono ouroug 6ev go qtov oe georl
vo oqopor6oer n.L4po:gro xoOe n nou nepdop6ovetor oe ourdg - nopo06rowog uno6ei(eig yro rov
rpono eqoppoy4g rov r8srirvxqr rov en orr,rvoe 6roqopeg xoreuOuvoer5or onoieg pproxorov 6lo: on6
rlv "rupro ypopp4 enigeoqs". Fro ro loyo out6, npoonaOrloo nolu o<lr1po yro vo <ovr,r o.Legug
Ototunooergooo ro 6uvqr6v nro qxprGeig,vo uno6eifr,tyro rqv xo0e (eXoprm4 nepinrooq nou oxprB<irg
torpro(ouv or e(roriloergxor or r6eegoro olo o<bporrlg rpuorxrlgxoO<bgxor ro nr,rg- 6rqv or rporrrlt6gSo
elouv paOerneprooorepo- 9o pnopouoov vo rpononor4Oouvro npol'poro. 'EvorcJooenio4g nog eivor
orlpowrxo yro ouroug roug gorr4tdg vo xoro6ei(o sxsivo nou 9o 6npene ono p6vor roug - eov peBoro
eivor opxero e(unvor - vo eivor oe 0eo4 vo ovrr-l.qqOouvp6oor prog 6ro6rxooiog nopoyoyrlE ono ro

npo\tyottEva
ooo iXouv crncl0ri peXprrr,lpo.Koe6Ssflions xot vo xoro-tro6ouv
rr rivor rxeivo nou civor npoyportxo
Korl ro Kolvouplo. Ko0e qopo nou npoirumov v6egr66eg,npoono0ouoo eire vo ng xotooxeuooc,:(eov
ourig pnopouoov vo KorooKruoorouv)rirc vo enroqpovr,lnr,:5ourq rlrov pio npoponxo xorvoupro
166o11onoio 6ev pnopouos vo el4yr1Oeipe poo4 exeivq nou eilov q6q poOer xar 11onoio enoprvorg
6cv pnopouor vo onodetX0eionore inpene onLo vo npooreOeimo ooo eiXovorouoer p6Xptrorr.
Erqv opXq rov 6rol6leov 9e6pnoo OeDopdvonog or gotqtig 6re0erqv xonoro eloXroto enine6o
ronoro npolporo o;errxo pc 14 yeoperprxrl
clcpXopcvorono ro Aurcro xor nr,rg1rudlpr(ov
l.vr,locclv
omrxrl, tr5 onldg Xqprxdg 6woreg, x.l.n. Enior;g 6xprvo nog 6ev unrqple xonorog r6raitepog loyog
yro rov onoio or Orolelerg9o enpenevo qxo.LouOouvxonoro ouyxexprpevq oerpo, un6 rrlv dlvoro nr,rg
pr xoOr trrnropipsro.
6sv 9o 4rov rnrLpentovo ovoqdprlxorr. peXprvo 4pouv irorpog vo ro ou(r;r4oc,l
Avti0eto. ovoeep0qKo nol-ldg r9op6goe reroro 96poro to onoio enp6xerro vo pe.LeulOouvoro pril-Lov,
Xopig vo nopoOetcoxonoro n-Lrlpqou(rpqoq rous. Or ertevsotepegou(4rqoetg 9o eplorov opyorepo,
orov eiXope xover n-L6ovopxerrl npoerorpooio yro our6g. flopoOeilpo.ro r6rotov ou(r;tqoeov eivor 11
ou(rltr;oq yro to rporvopevorq5 enoycoyrlgKor rcJv evepyeloxrirvenrn66cov.ro onoio nopouoroor4xov
opyrxo oe nororr<6 p6vo enine6o evrbopyorepo ovonrtX04xov pe nolu neprooorepeg.lemop6pertg.
Av xor ourdg or Droldlerg oneu0uvorov xoto xupro.Loyo mou5 mo Dpoorqprougrporr4r6g,oorooo
6ev nopop6.L4oo xor exeivoug yro rous onoioug olo ouro ro nuporeXvqpoto xor or Oeurepeuouoeg
eqoppoyeg onou.louoov n4yr1 <po6ouxar ovqouXiog xor or onoior o-l-lo:ore6ev ovopeveto vo epna6<ooouvro peyo-lurepo p6pog rqE ulrlg rou poOrlpotog. fro outoug roug rporrqrSg40elo vo unopler
rouloXrmov xonorog xevrprxog nup4vog oupnoyous yv6ons qv onoiq 9a pnopouoav vo oQoFol6oouv. Axopo rqr eqv 6ev xqrqlqBorvov ro o0voLo rqg 6rolel4g, dLnr(o nr,5 pe tov rpono outo 9o
4rov tou.loXrmov lryorepo rpoGropevor.Be6oro 6ev nepipevo on6 ouroug vo xqrq-LqBouvro nqvro
o-l-lo p6vo ro xevtprxo Kclr ro. nro ouor<i164o4peio. Aur6 p66oro onortouoe ono tqv ntreupo toug
xanoro e(unvo6o r4v onoio 9o dnpenevo 6ro0dtouv npoxerpivou vo pnopdoouv vo xoroloBouv noro
eivor to ouorciOqSeclp4poro xor or xewprx6g r66egxor noro eivor ro nlo npoxoplFevo 96poro xor or
eqoppoyeg Oeurepeuouoogoqpooiog ng onoieg 9o 4rov oe 9dor; vo xorovor;oouv to endpevo Xpovro
tr,lv onou6rilv roug.
Koro rl 6ropKsrorq5 nopo0oo4g rov 6ro-Leler^rv,
npoercupepro ooBoprl Duoxolio: o rponog 6reloyoyqg rou poOqporog 6ev en6rpenerqv nopoprxpq ovo6poo4 rclv gonr;tcbvnpog ro 6r6ooxovto dror
6me vo eipome oe 9do4 vo Oronrmrilooupeeov xor xoro nooo xotro nqyorvov to npolporo. Aurq eloxolouOei vo nopopdver pio oo6opr; Ouoxolio Kor y1o vo eipor erlxprvrl5 6ev eipor oe 9eor1vo 1ryopi(o
ro nooo npoypouxo xoLdEeivor outdg or 6ro-Ld(erg.Drqv npolgonx6rqro, 6lo our6 ro eyXeipqpo 6sv
rpov nopo dvo neipopo. Eov enpdxerro vo ro lovoxovr,:, 6t 0o ro eKovo pe rov i6ro tp6no - eLni(r,r
oorooo nr,rg6ev 9a ypetaorei vo ro lovoxovco! fhoreuo coor6oonorgro npolporo eleLilOqxov - ooov
aqopo q quoxi - opxero rxavonor4trxo, roui.oXrotov oro nporo 6roE.
Ero 6eurepo 6ro9, orti0ero, 6ev dpervo xor t6oo rxovonorlp6vog. fro ro nprixo qrrlpo rou po01poros, ro onoio oqopouoe rov q.lertprop6 Kor ro Fol'vqr1op6, 6ev pnopeoo vo 6rlproupyrloc,rxonorov
npolgorrxo xorvor6po r1 6roqoperrx6 rpono yro vo ro 616o[<,:xonorov, nou vo eivot ev npoxtrp6vco
'Eror
nlo ouvopnoorlK6s on6 ro ouvrloq tp6no nopouoiooqg tou gdporog.
nroreur,rnog 6ev xoroqspo
q.Lexrprop6
po\.vrp1op6.
xorr r6roirepo orlpovnxo, ooov oqopo rov
Kqr ro
flpog ro ti:log tou 6eutepou 6roug opxrro eilo oxono vo npoxr,:p4or,lnipo ono rov 4lertpropo Kor ro Fol'vrlrroF6, 6i6owog
xonoreg 6roL6lergnovo orrg rOrorqregr<,rvu.hxov, rupiog 6pog vo ooXol40rir pe npoypoto oncogeivor or $elreLrdrderg
rp6nor rolovrr,loqg, or luoerg r4g elioooqg 6ro1uo49, ra 6ovoupevo oumqpoto,
or opOoyrivregouvoprqoerg, x..l.n, ovomuooowos To np6to oro6ro ourou nou ouvqOr^lgovopo(oupe
"poO4porrxeg pe0o6or rpuorxrlg".Trirponou pleno ro npoyporo ex rov uor6pr,:v,vopi(to nog eov enovol,op6avo ro po0rlpo our6, 9q 6x-Lrvoneproooreponpos rrlv opXrxrl r6eo. Eq6oov opcogxqn tftoro
6ev eivqr peoo oro oX66ro pou, pou npotoOqxe nog So qtov io<ogpio xolrl rbio vo npoono9qocr
vo nopouorooo xor xonoreg erooyr,:yrxdgrbrieg6oov oqopo t4v xBoluxq prlxovrxq'ro uhxo nou 9o
Ppeite orov Topo III.

IIpoAeyoyseva
Eivot evre.L6gfexoOopo, nog or rportqrig nou 9o onorr4oouv er6ixeuorl oq rguorx4 pnopouv vo
neprpevouvpdlpr to rpiro 6ro9 rov onouOcbvroug yro vo poOouv x6ovtrx4 pqlovrxrl. An6 rrlv ollq
nleupo omooo, 6rorunr,r0qxero enrleip4po, ncogopxetoi ono roug qorrrlres nou ouppereiXov ong
6role(erg, onouOo(ouv rq quorxq og evo on-L6poOqpo uno6o0pou evd to xevrprx6 roug ev6roq6pov
eono(eror oe o,\lo l.vomrxo ovnxeipevo. Aolero 6p<ogpe ouro ro 96po eivor 1rur,rmonr,rg o ouvq
9ropevosrponog pe tov onoio owrperr,lni(oupe r4v xBovtrxr; pqXovrxrl, xo0roro ouro ro ovrrxeipevo
pq npoogoorpo yro tq peyol4 n.Lerorpqqiotov rporr4rr^rv
loycJ rls peyol4g Xpovrxqg 6ropxero5 nou
onorrsitor yro rqv erpoOqoq rou. Ano r4v oMrl n-Leupoomooo, ong npo1lorrxeg eeopFoyes rns oropo xot ong nro nolun-loxeg on6 our6g oncogeivor ereiveg nou ouoyeri(or,tor pc toug roprig rov
4lerrpo.L6yorvprllovrxrirv xor rov lrlprxov - 6ev lprlorponoreiror ouorqmlKq ro n-lrlpeg on-Loorooro
nou 6ro0eroupe yro vo rrlv neprypogoupe xcn to onoio orqpi(eror mq Xpnoq Draqoprxriv elrocioeov.
fro to i.oyo ouro npoonoOqoo vo nspryporyroug opXrigr49 x6ortur'19 p4Xovrx4g pe evo rpono nou
6ev girer og npoonououpevo rq lvcior; rr,rvpoolpo r<ilv rr,rv peprxr,rv6loQop1K6velrorioer,:v. Auro
ro elaeipqpo 641o64 q nopouoiooq rrlg x6or,top4Xovrxqg pe rov ovrimpopo aur6 rpono - qnore.lei
xoro 14 l.vrirpq pou xon to ev6roq6povoxopo Kq1ylo 6vo quorxo, yro nol,Loug xot Oroqopoug.Loyoug
or onoiot xoOiorovror npoqoveis Fioo on6 ug i6regug 6ro,Lelerg.Nopi(ro roorooonr,rgour6 ro neipopo
tou.loXrmov ooov oQopo rqv x6ovtrx4 p4XovKq oev odqo4xe on6 n-l4pr1emruXio - xcrtr nou xqro
evo peyoi.o nooooro oqei.Lerormo yeyov6g nos npos ro t6log rr,tv 6roldleclv 6ev 6r60ero xor ropo
no.Lulpovo (yro nopobsrypo, 9o rinpene vo ixo oQrsp(boerroutroXrorovrperg 11r6ooeprgOrolilerg
nqvo oe our6 to ovnxeipevo etor r,rmevo pnopEoorvo oololrl0ri 6relo6rx6repo pe 9iporo onog eivor
or evepyeroxeg(rbvsgxor 4 X<oprxrlelopr4o4 rcovn-Lotcirv).Ag o4perr,r0einr,rgourr; qrov xor 11nprir4
qopo nou nopouoiooo outo ro 96po pe ourov rov tp6no xor yro ro Loyo our6 q onouoio ovo6poorlg
ono toug qotr4rdg 1rov 6vo rOroirepooo6op6 npo6l4po. tnpepo mmeuo nr,rgq x6ovrucrl p41ovrx4
9o npenet vo 0r6ooxeror oroug cporrqrdgnoLu opydrspo, oe FarqyavemapoXpovo. Ioog oro pdllov vo
Fou nopouoroorei xonoro euxorpio vo ro enrXsrprloc,lxqr noh. T6re eivor oiyoupo nog So ro xovr,r
ocJmq.

O tr6yo5yro rov onoio 6ev unoplouv Konores61ol6lergoXeux6gpe rqv eni-luoq npo6L4porr^rv,eivor

nog unqplov ouvc6piegenovo.L4pr1g.Av xor nopd6ooo rpergOroLi(ergoto nprito drogooov oqopo rrlv
eni.luo4 npo6.Lqporov, our6g 6ev oupneprl,opGovowor e66. Yn4pXe enioqg xor pio Oroi,elrl olerrxo
pe rqv o0poverox4 nloqyqol, 4 onoio rorpro(er ovopqi6oli.o pero rq 6role(q nou npoyporeusror to
reprorprqopsvo oumqpoto xor r; onoio 6Xer6uoru1<irgnopolerqOei. H npnrn xor 4 errq Drolelq
or4v npaypotrxorqro 6o04xov ono rov Matthew Sands ener64 eyrbonouoio(o erc6g no.Lqg.
To ep<inrlporpuorxo eivor xoto n6oo pnopei vo 9eopr1Oeienrrulqp6vo ouro ro neipopo. H 6rxro
pou onorpq rqv onoio nopepnrrnovtcog6ev goiveror vo ouppepi(etor n nlelogrleio rov ouvo66lq<ov
pou nou ooXolrl0lKov l.rerous eonqrdg - eivor xonr,rgonoror66olr1. Aev vopi(o nr,rgro xoroqepo rooo
xol,o pe toug rporr4reg.Korto(owog rov rpono pe rov onoio q nLeror.p4qiotov cporr4rrivlerpioulxe ro
npo6lrlpoto rr,:v eletooeov, vopi(o nr,:gro ouorlpo on6ru1e. @uorxo or <pi-Lor
pou enrorlpovov nog
unqp(ov peprxdg Oexo6egrport4rcbvnou xorov6qoov crxe6ovro nor.to xot oe oleg ng Orold(crg - xorr
nou Fou npoxotrei dxnlrl(4 - xor or onoior eniberlov olrooqpei<,xo (qLo <oro t4v evooXol4oq roug
pe rqv uLr'1xor npo6i,qporiorrlxov evepyo pe oi.o ro o4peio x-Ler6rope evo ev6roqepor,toxqr dwovo
rp6no. fhoreu<anog oLor ouroi or ovOpr,:nor31ouv onorrloer rl\ov 6vq nprbtqg ro(r1guno6o0po or4
<puorx4'outoi sivor oll<oote xor exeivor oroug onoiou5 q0elo vo oneu0uv0rirneprooorepo. Ano rrlv
oM4 n-leupo oo16oo. 6nog Xoportqprorrxo eins o Gibbon "4 Duvopq rqE 6r6ooxoLiog onovro eivor
onoDonxr; crr6g on6 exeivegtrg npovoptoxe5 r6roouyxpooiegyro ng onoieg eivor o;e6ov nepnr4".
flop6.lo ouro, 6ev r1Oelovo oQrloo on'do oure 6vo rporr4r4, onr,rgxor exovo ol-Lr,:ore. Nopi(r,l
nr,lgivog tponog pe rov onoio 9o pnopouoope vo Boq04ooupe roug rpottqrdgneprooorepo,9o rpov
vo epyomoupe oxl4p6repo, cilorevo ovontu(oupe dvo ouvoLo npo6Lqporov to onoio 9o xoro6eirwov opropevegono ug r66e5nou ou(qrour.ror ong 6rolilerg. To npoOLqpoto npooe6pouv pio xo-lr1
euxorpio vo oupn-l,qpoOeiro uhxo rov broLeleov KCnvo r1Sxovoupe nro elrneplororc)pevegxor nro

IIpotrtyo\sua
peo.hmrreg 6ror rilocevo torpro(ouv xoLurepo ong rbdegnou noporiOewor.
lhoreuo om6oo no:g 6ev unopyer xonoro rOovrxq .Luoq mo ouyxexprpivo npo6lqpo u;g exnoi6euoqg, ol-L4 on6 rq ouver6qronoiqoq nc5 q pi:l'rloq 6r6ooxo-Liopnopei vo npolporonorq0ei povo
ptoo tqg opeorl5 xor oe npoor,rnrxo cninc6o o,l-lr1trcniOpoo4govopeoo oe ivo gorrqrq xor oe 6vo
xo-tr6xo0qyqr4 pio roroorooq orqv onoio o rporrqr4gou(4ro rrg r6eag,npo6lqpori(etor yro 6toqopo
npolrl'loro ror exqpo(er tov npo8.Lqponolr6 rou out6v. Divor oouvoro yro xonorov vo xorovoqoer
rqv u^q oe peyolo po0p6, xo0rop6vog on.Lo oe pro xop6x.Lo mo opqr06otpo r1 onlo luvovrog ng
ooxqoerg nou tou iXouv ovoreOei. Eqpepo opog, 6Xoupenopo noMoug rporrqr6Evo e<nor6euooupe
xor 9o npener enopdv<og
vo ppor.ipexonoro unoxorootoro yro ouro to r0ovrx6, 'Ioog or 6ro-Li(ergpou
vo riXouv r<qnorq ouvaloQopo. 'Ioog oe xonoro prxpo pepog 6nou unoplouv qounrS xor xo0qyrlteg
vo pnopei vo npor0querxonoro dprweuoq 4 xonoro rOio on6 outfg rtg 6rol6lerg. 'Ior,:gpohmo ouroi
vo 0rooxeOcoouvneproo6repo6ro6o(oltog reg, i1 ovonruooortog neporr6po xonoto on6 ug 166:9nou
nepr-tr
op6ovovtor oe cut6g.
RICHARD P. FEYNMAN

Iouvroc. 1963

poAeyopua

x\,'ll

Ilpoo(pto
Av xor evog ono roug peya.Loug9prop6oug rqg <puorxqgrou erxoorou ar6vo, r19erapiorrlg x6ovrop4Xovrx4g, eXerx-treioern-LeovoyeOovoopovto Xpovro (o49, oorooo, exeivo nou ftpooq6poulre orous
rpotqrig pog ooov oqopo ro erooyoyrx6 toug poOqpo mq rpumrrl (nou yro noMoug 9o eivor xor
ro re.Leuroio),pohg xor pero piog pnopsi vo $er,lpqOeiog xorr nrprooorrpo ono pio nrprorooroxr;
win .lS l"v(5onsnou 6ro0iroupe yro ro rpuorxo pog x6opo. @o Snpenevo xovoupe xou xo-Lurepo
ono ouro. Aurig or Orold(ergonore.louv pro npoonoOeio napouoiooqg moug qotqrig rov poorxrbv
xqr ouoroonxov rOerivr4g x6ovnxqg pqXovrx4g, pe evo rpono nou moteuoupe nog 9o eivor opxero
extevqg. H npoodyyro4 nou 9o ouvovrqoere e6cbgivor evreLrbgnpcororunq - er6lxotepo 6oov oqopo ro
poOrlporo rov Oeurepoetrilv- xor 9er,rp404xeoe 6vo nolu peyolo po0p6, rogevo neipopo. EXowoS
6pog Oronrotcboer
ro n6oo euxo.lo xonoror on6 toug rporr4rig pog ouppereilov oe outo, moteuo nt:g
ouro ro neipopo tehxo nerule. Ynoplouv rpuorxo neprOrbproyro pe.kioro4, xqn nou 9o yiver pe
neproootepq eloox4oq pioo orqv oiOouoo 6r6ooxoliog. Auto nou 9o ppeire e6rir6ev eivor nopo Fio
KqroypoQn ourou rou nprirrou nerpoporog.
Koro rrl DropKerorov 6uo etrbvrr,rvAroLi(sr,lv@uorx4gtou Fe).nman or onoieg nopo0o0nKov qn6
ro Demep6prorou 1961 pdXprro Moro rou 1963 oro n-Loiororou po04poros rrls EroqyoyrKrlgquorx4g
oro Caltech, or eworeg r4g xBowrxqg pqlovrx4g Xprlorponorrl04xov xo0e gopo nou 1rov ovoyxoieg
yro rqv xorov6qoq tov qorvopdvov nou neprypoqo.,tav. Enrnldov, or re.Leutoteg6ri6ero 6rol6lerg
r4g 6eurep4g xpovrog oqreprbOqxovoe pio nro ouvemxq erooyr,lyq oe xonoreg on6 ng dworeg qg
xBowrxrlg prlXovxq5. Ko0<bgor Orolelerg n-L4oio(ovnpos rrlv oloxlrlpt:oq toug, eyrve(ero0opo nr,rg
6ev eixe peiver xor nopo nolu 6ro0lorpog lpovog yro t4v x6ortrxq pqxovrxrl. Ko0rbgnpoerorpo(6rov
ro 6r6ornr<6 uLrx6. ouveXrbgqvqxolurn6rqv nr,rgnol-lo oli.o o4powrxo xor ev6roqipovto (4rqpoto
pnoporioov vo ovo-LuOouvpe ro ororlsrrb64 epyoleio nou p61pr tore eiXov ovonruX0ei. Ynrlpls
eniorlg o rp66ognr,:gpio 16oo ouvroprl npolporeuorl rls Klrporoouvoprqo4g rou Schrddinger nou eixe
oupnepr-L4qOeior4 6o6dxorq 6ro-lelq, 6ev 9o rpov oe 96o4 vo npooQiprl ivo enopx4 ouv0enxo xpixo
ooov oqopo lg nro cn:p6otrx6gneprypoq6g nolkilv pr6liov nou or <porrqr6gev6exopdvtog6.Lm(ovvo
6ro6ooouv. I'o 6Lougouroug rouELoyouEonoqooiorqxe vo cnsrreivoupe out4 rq oerpo rr,rvbroLelecov
pe enro oxopo 6rol6lerg ourdg or 0rolilerg 660qxov orqv ro(q rov 6eurepoerrbvro Maro rou 1964 Kot
xoro xonoro rp6no oupnlqpooov - xor en6rcervovoe xqnoro poOpo - ro uLrx6 nou eiXenopouorootei
Frxpl rolt.
Ee qurov tov ropo iXoupe ronoOetrloerpo(i rrg 6ro.Li(erEnou 6604xov xor to 6uo ouro Xpovto.
o-l-lo(ovrogr,rmoooxonrogrq oeipo roug. Enrrr-l6ov,6uo ono tg Oro-ldlergnou opyr<o eiXov 6o0ei or4v
ro[q r<ovnporoerov r,rgpro erooyoy4 ot4v x6ovrrx4 rguor<r1,peroqdpOrlxov e6<bourouoreg ono rov
npcbtot6po (orov onoio onore.trouoovro KeqoLoro 37 xor 38), og ro 6uo npriro xeqoloro outo 6yrve,
npoxerpivou vo xorom4ooups qur6v rov ropo eweLrbgouropxq xor o;etrxo oveloprqro on6 roug
un6i.ornoug 6uo. Oprop6vegr66.es6oov oQopo rqv xooltclorl r4g orpoqopprlg (oupnepr-lop6ovopev4g
Kol !r1osneplypoQrls rou nelpoporos Stern-Gerlach) eiXov erooXOeiyro npdrrq rpopooro Keqo-Loto34
xor 35 rou Oeurepour6pou xor Sec,rpeiror
0e0opev411elorxeioorl rr,rvgorrrp6v pe outdg npoxerpivou
6s vo OreuKol,uvoupe6ooug 6ev 61ouv or4 6ro0eor;toug ro Oeureporopo, ouro ro 6uo xeqo-Lqrqexouv
npomeOeirqr qutq e6cb,uno rrl popen ev6s nopopr4porog.
Aurrl 4 opo6o rr^rv6rol6leov npoonoOei vo onooqQrlviosr on6 qv oplr;, ro nro yevrxo xor 9epelrri61 loporrqpronxo rrlg xBowrxqg pqlovrx4g. Or npcbregOro-lelergoo;oLourtor pe ug r66egrou
n-LorougmOovorrlros, trls oup6ol4g rov nlotrbv, t4g oq4prlp6vqg eworog rrlg xoroorooqg xaOcbgxor
rqg enoi.LrlLiog xor 6rolopropou rov xqrqoro.oec,lvoe ourq r{v nrprypoQn, Xp4orponoreiror on6 r4v
opXq xr6Log o oup6oLrop6gtou Dirac. te Ko0e nepinroorl, lopGover Xcirpoq nopouoioo4 rov xotoll4lcov rOerirvouvo6euopevrlon6 pio lemopep4 neprypoqr; xonorr,rv ouyxexprp6vrovnopo6erlporov.
6ror cboreourdg vo yivouv ooo ro Ouvorov nro peotrronx6g.Apoog peto on6 r4v nopondvc) neptypo94, nopouoro(eror 4 Xpovrx4 elopqo4 rov xoroorooer^rvouprepdopOovopevr,rvxor tov xorootooer,:v

npo\eyopwa
ouyKsKplpdvrlsw6pye1os, Fe rrs r66ESour6s vo tQoplr63ovtol qnueiqs mn pelerrl rov ouotrlForov
6uo xoroorqoeov. Mio.Lenropep4g ou(rjrqoq tou maser oppoviog npooQeperro n.LoioloYlo rrlv etooyr,:yr1ong 6woreg trg onopp6qrloqg orrrvoGoLiog xor rr'rv enoydpevov perant6oeov. Dtq ouvdxsro, or
oum4potr,:v, o6qydrvtog6tor mq ou(rltr;or1yro qv
6rol6[erg npoxo:pouvm4 9e6pqoq nro no].un-Lox<,:v
xivqo4 rov qLerrpoviov mo pfro-llo xor oe pio poMov nepinLoxl ntprypoQrl rqg x6owopqXovrx4g
qg orpoqopp4g. H erooyclyrl FoS m{v xBovtrxq pqXovrx4 oLorlrlprbverot mo Keqo.Loro20 pe pio
ou(4tqo4 rqg ruporoouvopqorls rou Schrodinger, rr15Oroqoprxrlgrqg eliooo4S xor rq5 Luo19 q9
yro ro dtopo tou u6poyovou.
To re.LeurqioKeqo-loro ourou tou ropou 6ev qnooxonei mo vo onorelioer qr4po r45 oerpog Otol6leov. Avri0eto, pnopei vo 9eorp4Oeir,rg6vo "oeprvdpro" novr,r oulv unepoyoyrp6r4to xor 6604xe
oto nveupo xonorov on6 ng guloyr,ryrxig 6roli(erg tr,:v 6uo nptixr,rvt61rr,rvpe ot61o vo nopouotooer
oroug rpotrlt6g pio rupurepq onogq rrlg ouol6rlorls nou uQimotor ovopeoo oe outo nou 6r6ooxotov
xor oro yevrx6reponveupo nou Orineru1v enrm4pq trlg <puorx4g.O "eni-Loyog"rou Fe)ryrmanqnoreLei
pio retreio oe ourq rq orrpo rr,rvLpr6vropov.
'Onrog
dXoupe el4yqoer mo npoiporo nou ouvo6euertov nprilto t6po, ourdg or 6rol6lerg 6ev 4tov
pio
povo
nopo
nleupo evognpoypoppotog nou otoxtus orrlv ovonru(q evogveou eroayoytxou po0rlporos flou ulonorr;0qxe mo TeXvo.LoyrxdIvmtouto trlg Kohq6pvro un6 rqv enidlegrl tqg Emrponqg
Avo0erbprloqgtou llpoypopporog Dnoubcbv(pe pilq rous Robert Irighton, Victor Neuer Kor Matthew
Sands). H ulonoi4oq rou npoypoppotog iyrve 6uvot4 Xopq oe pio enrXop4yqoq nou 660qxs ono to
i6pupo Ford. Ynqplov noMoi nou porlOrloov ooov oqopo trg teXvrx6gLsrnopdpetegYro rnv eK6oorl
outou tou ropou xor nro ouyxexprpevo or Marylou Clayton, Julie Curcio, James Hartle, Tom Harvey, Martin Israel, Patricia Preuss, Fanny Warren xor Barbara Zinmerman. 01 KoerlYnres Gerry
Neugenbauer xor Charles Wilts ouve6o.l,ovro piyroro oqv oxpiGero Ko1 ooqrlvsro tou u.Lrxou rcrv
6roid(eo:v, enrOeoprirwognpooertrxo 6vo peyo-Lopipog tou xerptvou.
Qor6oo, 11rotopio r4g x6ovtxqs plxqvrxns nou 9o ppeite e66, ixel Ypoqi on6 rov Richard Felm'OLot
man.
or xonot xor or npoonoOeregnou xovope 0o 6Xouvnrooer rono, eov 6Xoupeoroeei rKovoi
vo prroQcpoulre oroug ovo1,'v6megpog 6occ,rxor pio prxp4 66o11ono tqv nvaupotrxn 6t6yepoq nou
prciroopexoOrbgeiOopeoleg ourdg ng r66egvo leOrnkirvovror, nopoxo.louOrirvrog(owovo u5 Aro.l6letg
nou 6o01xov ono outov.
rqE <Duorx4g
Aerep6prog, 1964

MATTHEW SANDS

4)7

IIeptel6pevcr
Elsrrxo pe rov Fq;nman
.
Ilp6loyog rqg rellJ<ri5 exoooqg
I6roicpog np6loyog rov 6ro-L6ftov guoud;g rou Feynrnan
O n p d l o y o gr o u F e y n m a n
[pooipro
rBAN'TIrII
EYUIIEPI+OPA
1.1
Arolrx4 pqlovu<4
1.2
Evo ne{po.po.pe oqoipeg .
'Evo
1.3
netpo.pq pe xtporo
'Evo
1.4
netpopo pe r1ls.rcp6vro
1.5
H oup6ol4 rov qlertpovrxriv rqrorov
..
1.6
flopoxol.ouOriwogtoqlarrp6vto
1.7
Or npc5regopleg rqg K8owu<rig Fr1low<45
1.8
H op14 qg onpoo6roproriog

I
I
2
4
o

:...

9
l3
l5

KTUAIIf,II EAI EOUATIAIA.rI| EEOPIIEH

2.1
Kuporrxo nlorq m0ov6r4ros . , .
2.2
M6rpr1or1
rqg 96oq9xor rr;SopFrls . . . ....
2.3
l l e p i 0 l c o rclr n 6x p u o r o - L t r o
2.4
T o p 6 y e 0 oegv 6 go r 6 p o u
2.5
Dvepyero:<o
enineoo
< D r . l t o o o qnrpx oe g
2.6
3

i
iii
ix
rdit
.....
. . ;arii

17
L7
19

....,

.......23
.......25
...
.. ........

IIIIAIEINEANOIIITTAE
3.1
Oi vdFor yto ro ouv6uoop6 rov nLcr6v

3.2

39
33
38
42
45

Oxpooo6goup6olr;grr;g6url4gollrouiS . . . .

3.3

Exe6oo4 cn6 xpuoro.Llo

3,4

Touronr<ooouo.riOro

TATTOTITA ET}MATIAIA
4.1
Er,ruari6r<r Bose xql oouorioro Ferml .
4.2
Koroorooergpe6uooopori6roBose....
4.3
K o r o o r o o e rp
g e z o o F o d o r oB o s e
4.4
Etsrolrn{ xor onoppoqrlorlgotoviov
4.5
To gooFa rou p{larros o6potog
4.6
Y y p 64 l r o
4.7
H o n o y o p z u u x rolp x 4 . .
EIIIN 1
<Drkpapovrcg oropo pe ouoxeuq r0nou Stem-Gerlach
5.1

2a
29

..

5I
51
b4

...58
. . . ....
60
. . ..
62
....69
.......
69

76
75

IIEPIEXOMENA
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8

flerpoporo pe rpd.tpoptoFdvootoFo
<Di-Lrpo
Stern-Gerlach ouv6e6ep6vooe oerpo
BqorK6SKoromoosrs
Dup6olLopevo n-lorq .
O pqXovrop6g tqg x6orrrx4g prlXovuqg .
MerooX4pori(ortog oe 6roqope xrl goo.l . .
A-l-Legxotomooels

a2
a4
86
89
92
96
98

ENIN L/2
6.1
Meroolqpoti(ortog ro nLotq
6.2
MerooXqpori(oltos os nsplotpeqdpevo o0otqpo
6.3
fleprorpoqeg y0po on6 rov o(ovo tov z
6.4
|IsplorpoQis xoto 180" xor 90' yupo ano rov o(ovo rov y
6.5
fleprorpoqeg ylrpo qno tov o(ovo rov .r
6.6
AuooiperegneplmpoQ6s

ror

H EAAPTHEH TON IIAATON AIIO TO XPONO

7.1
AroFo oe qpepio - mooqreg xorootooerg
7 .2
opordpopqq <iv4or1
7.3
Auvoprx4 rvipycro - 6rorlprlon rvepyelos
7.4
Auvoperg - ro x.Looxo 6pto .
7 ,5
H "perornooq" or,rpon6iou lre oruv ioo pe l,/2

L23
123
t26

O IINAKA> TOY IIAMILTON

8. t
llLom ror Orovuouoro
4.2
Avo.LuovtosOrovuopotoKorootoorls
8.3
floreg eivor or poorxeg xoromooerg tou Koopou;
8.4
fkirg or xoromaoerg pero6oMovtor pe ro Xpovo
8.5
O nivoxog rou Hanilton
8.6
To lropLorq5 oppoviog

L43
143
146
149
152
156

TO MASER AMMONIAE
9. I
Or roroorooergevo5popiou oppoviog .
9.2
To 'poplo oe 6vo motrx6 qLe<rprxo ne0io
9.3
Mero6ooergoe lpovrxo pero6ollopevo ne6io
9.4
Mrro6oocrEoxpr66gnovr,toro ouvtovtop6
9.5
MsLo6oortgrrcrogouwovtopoti .
9.6
H onoppoqqoq tou <pr,x6g

163
163
168
t74
177
180
18I

ro1
ro4
108
tt2
116
r l8

r30
r35
r38

r57

1a5
r85
192

IO AAAA EYETHMATA AYO KATA>TAEDON

10.1
To poproxo r6v rou uOpoyovou
IO.2
llup4vrx6gOuvoperg
1O.3 To Fdpro rou u6poyovou
rO.4 To p6pro rqg Bev(6lqg
lO.5
Xpoorxcg ouoitg
10.6
Xopr-Lrovrovqoopou6iou 1tt s = 1,12oe po'1rur;trx6ne6io
lO.7
To nsplorpeQ6pevo4Lercp6vro er,t6gpoyvqnxou neOiou

198
2Q7
203
206

11 NEPIEEOTEPA >YETHMATA AYO KATAETAEEON

1i.1
Or nivoxec rou sDin rou Pauli

2tr
2rl

r95

NEPIEXOMENA
II.2
1I.3

Or nivoxeg rou onrv r,rgreleordg

H .Luor1rov elro<boeovyro ng 6uo xoroorooerg

I I.4
I I.5

Or xorootooerg nok:or;g rou rp<,Ioviou

To ou6crcpo K peoovro

I1.6

fevixeuoq oe oum4poro N xoroorooeov

)oai

277
221
223
224
238

12 H YIIEPAENTH KATATMHEH TOY YAPOIONOY

Boorx6g xotomooerg ouor4potog Ouo oopatr6iov pe anw l/2
1 2 .I
12.2 H Xopt-Lrovrovrlyro tr1 9epeLrrb64xoroorooq rou u6poy6vou
t 2 . 3 To cvcpyrtoxo enineOq
r 2 . 4 H xororpqoq T,P-eman
12.5 Or xoroorooerg oe evo poyvqtrxo ne6io
12.6 Or nivoxeg npo6oL4g yro ro onrv I

243
243
246
252
255
260
263

13 AIAAOEH EE KPTE,TAAAIKO IIA.ETMA

13.1
Kotomooerg yro evo rllercrpovro oe dvo povo6rooroto n-fuiy;ro
13.2 Korootoosrgxo0opropfv4gcvipyerog
13.3 Xpovoe(oprrirpcvrg
xoroorooerg
'Evo qi.enpovro
13.,1
oe 6vo rpro6roororo nldlpo
13.5
A.lleg xoroorooerg oe 6vo ni.elgo
DKeoooqon6 ord-tr
13.6
eregrr-16}.}roro9
qn6
qrdLerq
13.7
floyiOeuoq
ni.rl.poros
fllotq orfboorlg xor 6dopregxoroorooerg
13.8

267
267

14 HMIATOTOI
HLerrpovro ror oneg oroug qproyoyous . . . .
14.1
pe npoopi(erg
Ayoyoi
14.2
To @qrvourvoHall
I4.3
EnoQdSnFroy(nyrirv
| 4.4
14.5 Avopooq oe rnoQrl qproyr,ryou
To l ransistor
I 4 .6

247
247
293
297
299
302
304

15 H IIPOEET EH TOY ANEEAPTHTOY EOMATIAIOY

Kuporoonrv
1 5 .I
15.2 Kiporo 6[o oT v
15.3 Avcloprqrooc-rpotioro
15.4 To lropro r1g prv(olr1g
15.5 lleprooorepqopyovrxq X4peio
15.6 A.l-legXprlorrgr49 npooey'yro4g

309
309
314

16 H EEAPTHEH TON IIAATON AIIO TH OEEH

flLor4 oc pio ypop1r4
I6.I
H xupotoouvoprrlon
t6.2
'
1 6 . 3 Koroorooars ouyxexprpevqg oppqg
r 6 . 4 Kovovrxonoiqo4 tcov xotomqoeov yra ro .r
r 6 . 5 H elioroo4 rou Schrodinger .
K6ovrropevo evepyeroxoerri.,e6o.
I6.6

333

17 >YMMETPIA KAI NOMOI AIATHPHEH>

Dupperpio
17.I

957
357

275
277
279
2AO
283
2A4

3r6
3r8
324
329

338
340
343
347
350

NEPEXOMENA
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6

Eupperpio
xorDrotqpqoq
Ol v6po1Olorrlpnorls . . .
flokrp6vo qos
H Droonoorlrou or,lpon6ioun0
nepi q9rl rr^rvnrvoxr,rv neplorpoqqs

......36f
. .. . . . . 366
. .
369
372
. . .. - - - - 374

IAETPO+OPMH
18. I
Axuvo6o.Lio 4.lerrpxou 6rn6Lou .
1t1.2 Ex66oor1rpr,I6g
1 8 . 3 H e l o u k l o 4r o u p o s i t r o n i u m
1 8 . 4 f l i v o r e g n e p r o r p o q r lygr o x o 0 e o n l v
18.5
Metprbwog dvo m:pqvrx6 onlv
18.6 H o0voeoq
rnsorpoQopFrts

341
381
. .
385
....3A7
....
395
. . . 399
....401

19 TO ATOMO TOY YAPONONOY KAI O NEPIOAIKOE IIINAKAE

19. I
H eliocooqrou Schr6dinger yro to otopo rou u0poy6vou
1 9 . 2 E q o r p r x oo u p p e r p x d gL u o e r s
t 9.3
Koromooerg pe yovroxrl elopqorl
1 9 . . f H y e v r x r.lL u o 4y r o r o u 6 p o y 6 v o
19.5 Or ruporoouvopuloergrou u6poy6vou
1 9 . 6 O n e p r o 6 r x 6ngt v o x o g
2() TEAEETEE
2O.l
llpo(erg xor relemig
2O.2 M6oegnp6g ev6pyerog
2O.3 H pdoq evdpyeroevogoropou
2O.1 O releoqg rr199ion9
2 O . 5 O r c l e m 4 gr 4 g o p p r i s .
2O.b Erpoqoppr;
2O.7 H pero6olq rr,:vp6oov npov pe ro Xpovo

416
415
.....
..
4L7
. . . 422
........424
..
431
........434
..

44L
441
444
447
. . . . .
450
.. 452
...457
460

463
21 EEIa!}EH TOY SCHRODINGER EE KAAEiDIKO IIAAIEIO.YUEPATODIMOTHTA
2I.\
-.
463
H eliooo4 rou Schrddinger oe 6vo po1rurprx6ne6io.
2L2
H eliooo4 r4g ouveXer.cg
yro rrg nr0ov6r4reg
467
2l.3
Auoci64oppns
468
2L1
To v6rlFq tqg ruporoouvopqorls
469
21.5
- - - - - . 472
Ynepoyr.ryrpor4ro
21.6
To rporv6pevoMeissner
. . . 473
2 1 . 7 H x G o v r r , r rorql s p o l s
....
476
2 1 . t 1 H 6 u v o 1 r x 4r r l g u n e p o y o y 1 p o t r l r o s
......
479
2I.9
481
H enoq{ Josephson
34 O MAfNHTITMOE THE YAHE (on6 ro 20 t6yo)
34.1
Aropol'vr;rroF65Kol nopopot vrlrloFos
34.2
Moyv4nx6g pondgxor mpoqopp4
3,1.3 H peronroo4 rr,:voroPrxtilv poyvrlrriv
34.4
AloFoyvnuoFoS
34 .5 To Serilp4po rou l-arrnor
3,1.6 H xtroox1 quorx4 6ev el4yei oure ro 6ropol.vnrlop6 ourc rov nopopoyvnuop6 .
3 i.7
H orpoqoppl orqv xBovnxq p4Xovrxq

491

49r
494
496
494
499

50r
502

#
NEPIEXOMENA
34.8

H polvqrtx4

evipyero rr,rv otdltov

85 TIAPAMATNHTIEMOE KAi MATNHTU(OE EYNTONIEMOE (an6 ro 20 t6po)

35.I
K6owrop6vegpoyv4nxd;gxorootooetg
35.2
To neipopo Stern-Gerlach
35.3
H p60o6og q9 poplq(ils oeoFrls mu Rabi .
35.4
O nopoFay.u4trqros rov uLgd)v
rflu(q pe o6ro6onxrl onopoyvrlnoq
35.5
35.6
fluprlvrx6g poyv4nx6g ouvrovtq-rog . . . .
Euperripro

5()9
509
5t2

5r3
522
523

Eupetripto
Iaser, 179
maser olry('vios, 163, IZ2
tptdrv Kordorooov, lZ9
positronium, 388, 390
Rydberg, 27
transltor, 3O4,305, SOZ
pdo!, 3o5
eRftopn6s,305
ou.ll6r<qs, 3Os

A
cyrnylF6rlro, 295, 296
q6ro6qru<l|qnoFdyv4nol, S22
or<rivqrcu Boh.r, 2Z, 4lA, 422
dkdves /, 388, 392
or<nvoo.Liq,62
fltercrprxou 6rn6.f,ou,981, 883
Fqyvlrlrof 6u6.lou, 389
Fd,\cvogo6Foros, 62, 64, 68
ovoklqo4, 358-360, 963
dvqnopqotooq oro X6po rov ouvErqyFdvov, 442, 461
ove{opr4tooouori6rd, 316, 317
qvopeollls, 3O2
dwoLlqy4 q.lel<tpovic)v,gS9
qvmpor6vro, 229
owlorpoel, 363, 364
ovnooForl6ro, 232
olovu<66rovuoFd, 372, 983
qnoyopEurrK4qpxrl, 69, 72, 24, I9A, S2O,494
dr ,rl dplrovu<4ro-l6vroorl, 177
qn6kho4, 467
onoppdelorl,
Eviplrqs, 182
eor6s, 181, 182
6nooq CouloEb, 53, 195
opy6v,437
qpFouxos ro_trovt(nrtls,63, 64, 162, 37O
qpx.l
6uvor6v pyov,261, 512
qpx4 orqltlpqoqs
popuoviov,229
vipyetos,2a, 46, '7A,23t
lleKrpu<ou gopriou, 229
opFrls,231,372
nopo6o56qros, 228, 229
orpoeopFrls,372, 378
qopriou, I3l
qpx4 eno.Utql,iqs,204, 238
qpxq qS o6e6or6q@S,12, tS, 16. 20,26,22, gO,
ZO,Z2,
125, 189, 343, 394

oooev{g oLl4leni6pqort, 229, 2gI, gZ2

orAl,eSr ,6yForos.28O, 283
orouu<4ouBnEpr@pd, I
o@Fu<6po;.6l'l,181
oroFrxos Foyv4qs, 496, 506, S22
orcFo
np6oprFK,28r
rou Bohr, 349
u6pov6vou,4 I 5
r<ulroroou\ropr4osrs,425, 42A, 431
ouro-vdpylo,
l94

B
popuouo, 52
Popur6vro,52
poor<6sr<drqordoe.S,
a6. 92,92,
, 98, lol, 143, l4B,
154, 163, 185, 226, 233, 244,3tt, 333, 442
opgoyd)vEs,
101
ouvexesqcoFo, 346, 342
p4ptlr.ho,437
P6pro,i1:}7

f
yd.Ll1o,439
yepFovro,287
yrv6pevo.
6uwoB6rov, 144, l4Z, 249
nrvo(ov,2l4
ypqFF6Sonoppdeqo{S,326
ypollFtxd no.LoFavogos, 386
ypdFBu<l n6l(,)ol, 392
ypqlrl-rtK6qdolro, 32t
yovroxi
orooropo,21
5dpqot, 422
olpoqoprl\, 422
yovror<olrdovnr<oi opropoi, 43 I
y(oviesrcu Euler, 118, 396

A
6 rou Ikonecker, 9l
6ei,<rl|s6rigl,oo4s, 3az
6tu<[qs,294
6!q.rro xottiotooq, 2A5,2A4, 42O
630B10qLEKrpdvro,27
6eutepro,74, 402, 406
6euEpdvto,4O2

528
6rlutoupy1r<4 ouF6oi,l, 5
broypoppo evepyeroK6vmfla66)v,291
6loKprro svepyeloKq enine6o, 350
61oUdi'vqrroBos,492
K.[oolK4 Seopid, 498
6rowopo poo4g, 146
6rowoparu4 opp4, 245
6rovuolrotrro 6uvouk6, 464-466, 47I. 424, 4BE, 4a7
61oondol. 135
.r, I35
7*ernan, 255, 259
6lor4prlorl
ev6pyerog.130, 132. 368, 467
oUolllrios, 368. 377
opprts, 368
nreqvoqroS.46T
orpoeopF4S,368, 369. 374
6reyeppdv4<orooroafi. 62. 124, 243, 279
6reio6uo4 qpopotos. r33, 2a4, 482
oq)ieKrplKrl oroeepo. 174
6lvoppeulroto, 492
6io6os orspos Koroorools. 304
6lnohKq ponq, 169. l92
6uvolrrl
Corlolis,5OO
Coulomb, 319
Larelrtz. 481, 502
ouvqprKrl evipyeto, 130. I38
Coulomb. 189
6uvoptxo
Coulomb, 423, 435
Yukawa, 193

E
exnolrn4
ougdplrqq,62
enoydplr|,62
goroviou,4l2
EKQu.hoFlivqKorootqo4, 3 1 1
evdpyrq
Rydberg, r89, 243.41a, 421
o.Lltleni6poo4s. 194, 198. 249, 260, 3lO
bt6yepons, 126
1o!.rrol-rou, 435
lreorl IlFl. 444
noyioeuoqs, 294
XooForos. 29l, 293
evapyeldKoenine6o, 28, 124, 165,206,252
svepYEroK6s
(6ves, 273. 275,2a3, 2a5, 2AA
Kdrootooers, 29
evspYeror<oxoopo, 3OO
evepy6gpo(a, 277,278,288,296, 314, 422
l'IOorl KUFOTOS,4
Evrponio. 124
406o1S
Hainilton, 164. 167, 169. 2t4, 295, 234, 25O, ZS2,
270. 278, 3t3,315,336
Maxwell, 194
eSiooorl

EYPETHPIO
de Broglie, 128
Dlrac. 349
Schrddlnger, 33, 38, 337, 34Z, gSO, 4t5,42O,4Bt,
449, 463, 464, 467,479, 4aL
ouvXoros - m0ov6ulrEs, 467
4r6vro, 280
enoQis quloy6)y6v, 299
enoQ4
Josephson, 482, 484
n-p, 299, 3O2
nlQoveroK4 ml<\r6r4ro pEuForos, 297
ely8v4 oepld, 439

Z
<6vqoyoyllr6r4ros,288, 291.293

H
4treKrplKl 6uvop4, 297
qlsr<rpl(o
6uvoprK6, 464
ne6io, 168, 169, 175, 777, 178, 192, 2O2, 222, 225,
255,2a9,294, 29A. 348, 370. 469, 474
pulro, 289, 294
eoprio, 296
4lterpopol"rr4tr<4 or<rivd nleKrpoviou, 475
4lKrpopoi"v4ru<d
r(uFo, 182
ne6io, 124, 179
9ooPo, 165
r r<rp6v1odyoYtlr6qros. 294
qhEr<rpovr(o r<uForo - oqr6ol,4, 7
qleKpovro, 6, 27, 52, I24, t3g, l50, 2aZ, 388, 396, 406
nplorpeQolrvo,209
ew6s Fql'lrFll<ou n6iou, 206
qtrtrll,eni6pooq Coutomb, 194
li,KrpoolorrKl
v6pyerq,35O
l).ercpoordru<6 6uvcUu<6, I 30
r12.1o.435
{}rloyoyo{, 287
ninou-11,295
runou-P, 295
qxqtrKo r<uporo, 33

@
goi.opog quooolloclv u6poydvou, 231, 232
Sel-rsld)6ersrponot rqlo!.roorls, 161
9Feltr(56ls roroorooq, 29,62, I24, t26, 1a7,2OO,243,
246, 432
9epprxg 6ov4oerg, 295
9epprxn
evipyero,296
popponto, 62, 63. 5O1
9eppo6uvoptx4 toopponio, 64
geppo4lenprx4 yer,vqrpro, 30 I
gepuoorolxeio, 301
gio! 6oq, 294
9e6pI|Fo

EYPRTHPIO

Gauss,468
I-armor, 499 501
9eopio
oKrrvo6olios rou Einstein. 183
Boli@Inar\n, 472
oxerkorqros, 30, 54, 126

I
r6edronsipopo, 13, 77
rbroKoroorooq, 24O
l6rorruis, 240
r(ri6eg, 69

529
r<ul]orooupF6s,
18, 22

n
Aqnloorov4, 416, 4 ta, 434, 474
.1i0ro,435

lrol.u<oi qproFoi, 330

FoYv4rrls
drolru<ds,496, 506, 522
pow{rrKd gowo}lvo, 349
lOVtlOFoS,72
FowrlurcS Duvqpsts,48
loooniv, 214
po1w4r*4
rooQoolxss nrQovetEs,I 33
6uvoFq,297,298
loxupes oll4lenlopooErs, 228, 236
evLpyE'.o.244
poq,485
pon4, I12, t4t, 27t , 216, 244, 249. 255, 257, 3tO,
K
474, 506
Kq.[ro, 438
lroi'vlrrK6
KoFnul4 Causs, 342, 343
6inol,o, 112
r<ovovosrou lnz, 474. 478
ne6io,73, 75, l3a, lA9, t4t.2OE.2Oa. 2tg, 22t,
KovovlK4 KOrOvOlr4,343
222,255,25a, 463, 464, 466, 474, 477, 4aO,
(ovovBonoi{oq, 56, 2O7
442, 4a7
pdYvqrrr<os
KorqvoP4
rlgovdrqros, 7, 13, 339, 342
K6o!'n&osop1eF6s.262, 431
Maxwell, 179
ouvtovrop6g.206
Kqroorod4 , 94
lrqyvinoq, 3tO, 518-520
pqyvqr6vqrou Bohr, 25a. 506
el<eutrropaul,365
Uoyv6vto,314,317
{pFios, 124, I25
roopponios, 124
Fo<oqpFios,126
Koromorll<o 6lqvuol-r(l, I44, 145, 1Sa, 164, 195, 2fg, 3SS, F60o605
373, 395, 403, 444
l]oprox4g6iopq5 rou Rabi, 259, St3, St6
KBq\,.ttK4
ov(dptlrou oopou6iou. 926
gopio n6iou. 54
p6orlvpyElq
oroprK4sKqroorools, 447. 449
opu4,
452
31,
335
Uso{
FqxovrKq,
KBqwu<dSoproFos orpoqopF4g, 262, g9S, 40l, 423, 431
irdon uprl 96ots, 45O
<6owop4Xovrxrl
lrodvro,52,139, 150, 193, r94,228
6eurep4 yevtx4 op14, 35
lieromoon. I3a, 2O9,22t, 496, 514
np6tt yvu<4 opxq, 34
ForooxnlrotroFds
larentz, 127
rprr4 yevlK4 opx4. 36
ntrorous,96, 97, I 18
K6o\,roorl
perp4r4sGeiger,6
por1g,476
prlKosKuUoroS,
orpoQopFrls, 75
ll, 18,2t, 128
Kloou4 puoL*q, 3r
Flovro,52, 139, 141, 151,396
povo6roio xurpel'i6o, 24
r<opeopds,52O
povooloioolowoFq, 146, 2+5
xpooo6g
ovqKl,ool|s. 25
Fovo6roiosleleoqs , 248, 36I
nepie.loorts, 21, 24, 25
UoploKotdv uopoyovou,333, 857
p6pro
ouFoolrls, 12, 15,3a, 42, 45,226
oleulevrou,3lg,32O
Kpumov, 439
oFuoviqs.I57, 166, 168. 181.20O,333
r<puorq?'.lrKo nlt6ypo, 268, 293, 2gs
pv36rrs,199,3la, 319, 324
Kpumqli,or 4lrroy(,)y6v, 292
r<uK^u<d Kulroro. 4
Pouro6dvrou,325
u6poy6vou,195
KUFqTOOntv, 314
Kul-rotu<rlQuo4 rou gol6s, 1l
Xlopoeutrl,ts,326
KuUou(6S opreU6s.18, 21, 32, 6Z, 129,223,2aa, gtz
Kul.rotonoKaro, 276
Kulrctoouvqprlo!, 339,341, 842, 491, 449, 464, 469, 482

530

N
vorplo, 437
.riov. 437
verpivo, 52, 139
vrp6vro,74, 193. 2f4. 406
vol-ros
Faraday. 498
Lenz. 492
Neurc,)vo,462
Ohm, 296
vouKtrovlo,52

o
olrorolropQq Kivqo4. 126
oporlFio,383.412
qprlo, 364 366, 383, ,113
n8pnr4, 364 366, 3a3, 413
oni, 2BO,284. 2a7. 2aa. 294
opooydvro nl6l?o. 277
opF4. 11,2l
6ro!'uoFor1K4, 455
6uvollK4, 468
Kw4FdrrK4, 468

n
nopoYovrds Boltzmann, 293
nopqYo\.ros Qoo4s, 52. rul
nopo6o(o Einstein-Podolsky-Rozen, 393
nopo6of6r4rc, 228, 229
opx4 6rorqp4oqs, 228
nopolrol"v4noFos. 493, 5I7
KGovnKI gE6)pid,519
ndpd6svo ooForidlo, I24, lsi0, 156, 228
nE6io
Fqlar4rK6,525
Coulomb, 434, 436
6uvopeov, 130
neiPoFq
6rnl4g opop4g, 89
Stem-Gerlach, 75, 138, 261. 37I,512,513
nepio)idoq, 19, 40
on6 Kpuorq-Llo, 23
np1o6K6s nivdKos rov motxsiov, 434, 518
nplorpoeq, lO9, I 11, 360
ouooipErq, 118
C.)S
nPoS tov oSovo r(Jv I, 116
180' xor 90' (nsnpos rov y, 112
nreov6rrFq, 2, 7
qnoppoe4oqs, 182
oQlSqS,34
61truo4s,83, 92
sKnopnils, I82
Fsro6ooqs, 182, 188
Frdlrt6)oqs. 182
o1(s.6oo!S, 46
nivoKds, 310

S, r53,2+7

E\?RTHPIO
olovuopqrlKos. 2I5
Hamilton, 156. 174, 1A2. 1a3,447
ev6pyElas,157
FrrooxlFqtlopou. 96, 102, l05. 1O8, 1f8
nplorpoQrts.106, I07. 4Og
npodotrrlS.263
nivoxeg onrv tou Pauli, 211. 213
nrovro. 193, 245.292. 372
n.Loros
qvoni6fofs. l9l.2O2
owoMoyis. 193
61iluolS.83
EKnolrnlS.382. 384
qLxoviou.31
Frrq6oots. r0l. 143. 268, 320
perorponIS.232
nroclvorrlros.17,33.34, a3, 1,23.126, f36, I38,200,
325.333.334
EnoMq-\io.34
oq-r6o-411.47
opxes ouv6uqoFou. 39
npodotrqs. 208
oKiboons. 69. 284
noSllpovlo, 388
nolko 6rovuoFo, 383
notr!6vulrq I,egendre, 399, 427
noloF6v4 660}-14,76
no-tr(,)pivo eos, 369
no.trooq, 223
EMlnrrK4, 223
KUK-Iu<4oplotepoorpoel, 227
KUKIu<n 6e516orpoeq.225
no.loo4-rorqro, 174
npoooprqFeves ouvqpqo1s lrgendre, 427
npooewr.oq qvesoprryou ocoF(1u6iou,322, 481
npootlisers rlp1qy(nyciv. 293
nporeuowos K8crwkos opreFos, 432
npordvro, 27, 74. r50, 193, 2I4, 292, 372,396, 406, 496
IruKvoTIto
6uvoFu<4s Ev6pyeros,48 I
4trKrplKoup8ul-rorc9,296, 47O, 473, 477
4trrcpoviov, 483
m0ov6rqlos, 34O, 467
nloIous, 339
qopiov, 47O, 473
nupqvu<o ocJForiolo, 228
nupqvlK6s buvopers, 73, 135, I92, 22A
nupqvucoS
Foyv4rlKos olrwovrolr6s, 523. 526
nupino, 287

P
peuFo Josephson, 486
pon4
Fol.vlrlKq , 506
orpiqrqs, 370, 496, 514
puelrds ovoru:l6qo4S,2O2

EYPETHPIO

531
o64rouo Ao, 372, 374
o(DFouoA, 228, 231
oc)Fouo X. 228

0164popow4nopos. 73, 3O9. 491

o<i6ooq. 53
Coulomb, 47
oKlivov X, 26
on6 KpDorollo. 42
rqvuor{S svspyou }rq(qs, 279
ofuyovou,46
r o ur o | l K oo o u o r i t j r o . 4 5 .5 1 . 5 7 . 1 9 6 . 3 1 7
nup4vov, 45
roxurrlTo
Qoros. 385
IreroKiv4oqs, 296, 298
onovles Yoies, 438
Fror6moqs. 296
on1v,33, 76. 503, 510
olr66qs, 129, 276
orq0Epq
retremrls,148, 217,214, 442
ntrat?oros, 3 I 4
o,3lO
r4S Kiv4o4S, 367
Harnilton, 2I8,24O, 365, 416
Boltzmann,293
o,ly6plK6s, 444, 448, 4+9, +54
Plank. 26, 37. 459
owouoy4g onrv rou Pauli, 3l I
mqorpss Koromools, 123, 158, 166, 17r. 192. rS6, 2O2,
ouroou<uyqs, 444
206, 234, 254. 272. 278. 31 1. 315
epp4rrov6s. 444
morlmlKil Bose. 194
Eptrlrrov6s orr3uy4s.444
ornl4 nopoy(DyqsvErpoviov, 25
9ao4s. 45o
orolxeio nivoKo 4leKpu<ou 61nolou, 183
KSowoFrlxovrKoS.444. 4 4 a. 455
orpooopl.r4, I9A, 245. 367, 457
Kiiots. 469
4.leKrpoviou. 494
oFoupios. 364. 443
ornv KBoVrlKI l]llxdvlK4, 502. 505
oplrnS.452
ouF6q.l-f,ol-rEvoKUForq, 5
nplorpoQls, 443
otry6ol4, 5. 14,47
orpooopqi!, 447 , 457
nlor6v, 89, 237
EleonKil ebiooorl, 2la. 221, 241
oup8ohoFos Dirac, 34
Terpo6lqvuoFo, 128
oupueTpio. 159, 358
rplooroororo nLel}o, 277
oupQov4 ovoK-loon. 23
rponor rolo!'r(oo4s, 64, 67
ouvqpr4orl
rpoxloK4 orpoQopFq, 423, 426
6 rorj Dirac, 344. 345
rpoxroKds K6o\,ru<osqpr0p6s. 423
6uvoprKou. l30
TufioSntrdt'uotos, 24
ouv6uqorrK4 opxl rou Ritz, 29
ouvsxis 9qoFo, 338
ouvoeon mpoQopp4s,401
ou\.rElEmns
uypo nho, 69
^F^^^^^-^-^
At
uopoyovo, 185, 435
Clebsch-Gordan, 404. 4O5, 4Oa
SFslr(i6ns Korooroo4. 246
Einstein, 183
}roproK6 r6v. 185. 186
Hall. 299
u6po6uvoprx4,
480
ou\,'rovloFos, 177, 178
unepoyriryrlro peuor6 rl-leKrpovi6)v,48 I
nuprlvrKospoYvnTlKos.523, 526
tnepoycoyrpot4ro, 463, 472, 4al
K6o!.roFqxovlKos. 189
unp]imn 6roonoorl. 243. 244
ousKaurl Stem-Gerlach, 75, 76, 84,47, lO2, lO4, ll2,
unppuUo,476
r r8. 179. 206. 204, 223,261.263
unppuoro.69
outrvorrlrq,ll, 14.22

peronr(no4s.5l6
PovoxpoFqrudl, 223
ouwovrolrou, 29, 172. 206
oQolplKo ouFperplK6s LuoErs,417
oQolplKris oppovrKes, 425, +27
oxerlKlmrKrl K6owoplxovlKq, 54
oo-f,4voe16as,
487
ooFori6ro
B o s e ,5 2 , 5 4 , 5 6 . 5 8 , 6 3 , 6 8 , 6 9 , 3 1 7 , 3 4 9 , 4 7 1 . 4 7 2
Fermi, 5l-53. 69, 70,72, 196. 197, 317
ooporlbroKo l(tjlroro, I
ooFolto
d,46,47,53

o
golvopevo

Doppler. 26. 255

Zeeman, 258
HalL 297, 2SA
Meissner. 473, 475
rpoorxognopoyowog, 114, 367, 368
qooFq onoppdQloqs, 323
qooFortKn ypopUt. 29. 255
qou(ivq,202
qp6op buvoFlKou, 35O, 351. 354

E\?ETHPIO
Qorooy6yrlro ororxeid, 292
Qa)rooY(nYlFdrryo, 292
9or6vro, 52, 60, 61, 68, 194,223, 471
en<ovta6, 195
&oroorooEls n6Loo4s, 223
roloF6vo opr@epdorpoeo KuK.lr(o, 382-384, 394
nololrivo-6516orpoQo l<uK.LlKo,361, 381, 384, 394

x
Xolrll'roraov{, 156, I74, 185, I87, l9O, 2O3,23A, 3),2,
423, 460, 465
xdpoxqprourcs IrFr{, 24O
xdpoKqprolu<Il rooqs - pertBoros,3ol
Xpovrx{ uorpqoq, 152, 368
xoroorooels, 275
XpovoSoFdrpeves
Xpdvosenovootv6eoqs, 302
ouoies,201, 2O2
Xpooru<6s
x6pos
ol,onopdotools rov ouvtroyFavov,453
ovonopAoroolsxov opBdv,452

ry
Weu6opwpos.438