CELL THEORY

In biology, cell theory is a scientific theory which describes

the properties of cells. These cells are bound to be the basic unit
of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of
reproduction.
The Cell Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
There are two primary types of cells, Eukaryotic cells and
Prokaryotic cells. As organized in the Three Domain System,
prokaryotes include archaeans and bacteria. The following table
compares the cell organelles and structures found in a typical
animal eukaryotic cell.
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cell Structure
Cell Structures
Prokaryotic Cell
Animal Eukaryotic Cell

Typical

Cell Membrane

yes

yes

Cell wall

yes

no

Centrioles

no

yes

Chromosomes

One long DNA strand

many

Cilia or Flagella

yes simple

yes, complex

Endoplasmic Reticulum
exceptions
Golgi Complex

no

no

Lysosomes

yes, some
yes

no

common

Mitochondria

no

yes

Nucleus

no

yes

Peroxisomes

no

common

Ribosomes

yes

yes

Mitosis
It is the process in the cell cycle, by which a cell duplicates
into two genetically identical daughter cells. In mitosis,
chromosomes in the cell nucleus are separated into two identical
sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus.

Cell Division
It is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or
more daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a
larger cell cycle. In eukaryotes, there are two distinct types of cell
division, a vegetative division, whereby each daughter cell is
genetically identical to the parent cell (mitosis), and a reductive
cell division, whereby the number of chromosomes in the
daughter cells is reduced by half, to produce haploid gametes
(meiosis). Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells by
undergoing one round of DNA replication followed by two
divisions; homologous chromosomes are separated in the first
divisions, and sister chromatids are separated in the second
division. Both of these cell division cycles are in sexually
reproducing organisms at some point in their life cycle, and both
are believed to be present in the last eukaryotic common
ancestor prokaryotes also undergo a vegetative cell division
known as binary fission, where their genetic material is
segregated equally into two daughter cells. All cell divisions,
regardless of organism, are preceded by a single round of DNA
replication

CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS

Abnormalities affecting the chromosomes that result in

syndromes (constellations of symptoms) having characteristics
physical or functional anomaly. Most chromosomal disorders occur
because of alterations in the number of chromosomes of the
structure of chromosomes. Though an individual may inherit a
chromosomal disorder, more commonly chromosomal disorders
represent random occurrences. Typically all the cells in the body
reflect the abnormality. Occasionally some but not all cells carry
the chromosomal abnormality. This is a mosaic chromosomal
disorder. A mosaic presentation tends to be milder than that
observed when all cells carry the chromosomal abnormality.
DIFFERENCE OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS
Plants and Animals provide food for human consumption.
Both of them have living cells that is composed with the same
organelles, like Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome
and nucleus. They also reproduce their own kind in order to
maintain the survival of their species
Plants are living life forms that belong to the Kingdom
Plantae. They comprise of recognizable organisms like flowers,
herbs, grasses, vines, mosses, ferns, trees, green algae and
bushes. The study of plants is known as botany. In order for plants
to grow, they make their own food through respiration and
photosynthesis. Most plants starts as a seed. They develop
through time and nature with the help of sunlight and water.
Animals are the largest group of multi-cellular eukaryotic
life forms that comprises the Kingdom Metazoa or Animalia .
Majority of their body growth and built dont change when they
have matured, although there are some who undergo changes
later on. They can move independently and spontaneously. All of
them need to take in something for them to survive and for
nourishment