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Theories and Theorists

By: Erica Horsfield

Spiritual

Jesus
Jesuss theory includes:

Worshiping only one god


keeping the Faith
Peace and Happiness
Respecting others
God knows all things
Being just
God is the creator of eveything

Buddha
Buddhas Theory includes:

Not believing anything


without really thinking
about it and making sure it
makes sense
That gods and deities are
cultural
That Life exists in itself
That the afterlife depends
on this life

That Healing comes from the mind


That Our lives and decisions are up to
ourselves

That our bodies are precious

That spiritual community is important

That compassion is key


Striving for balance
That its never too late to begin
That mediation is key
That books and teachings are very important

Muhammad
Muhammad Theory includes:
Belief in one god only: Allah
Must pray 5 times a day
Paying a yearly tax that goes towards the poor and needy
Not eating, smoking, drink or have sexual relations from dusk
till dawn during the month of Ramadan
All able are required to make a pilgrimage to MEcca

Classical

Plato
Platos Theory included:
The concept that our soul is made up of 3 parts
If one is able to balance all 3 parts, they we become closer
to God
Realizing/recognizing God
That our world is full of shadows and objects and that
real life is elsewhere

John Locke
Johns Theory Includes:

Children are shaped by their life experiences and perceptions of those experiences
CHildren do not respond well to lengthy lectures
Children prefer and learn better from being treated like actual human being who are
capable of thought processes of their own
Children are not born with innate sense of things, and are blank slates ready to
absorb things that they are taught
A child must be taught morals and life skills before they can really succeed in school

Behaviorism

B.F. Skinner
Skinners Theory Included:

Operant conditioning
Our mind is better at observing behaviors rather than internal mental events
The best way to understand behaviors are to observe and recognize the cause and result
of it
Positive and negative reinforcement
Behavior shaping
Behavior Modification
Token economy

John B. Watson
Wasons beliefs included:
Behaviorism: behavior can be measured, trained, and
changed
Learning through stimulus substitution
All behaviors are learned through conditioning
Classical and Operant conditioning
Emotions come from classical conditioning

Problem Solving

Gestalt Approach
Gestalt Approach Theory:
Looks at the mind and behaviors as a whole
Our minds fill in missing information
We group things together in our minds
Human perception is not just about seeing what is around us in
the world
What we perceive is influenced by motivations and
expectations

Biological/
Psychological

Jean Piaget
Piagets theory Includes:
4 stages of development.

Sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete Operations
Formal Operations

children learning from self-exploration and by doing


hands on activities

Edward Thorndike
Edwards Theory Included:
Operant conditioning within behaviorism
Law of Effect: any behavior that is followed by pleasant
consequences is likely to be repeated, and any followed by
unpleasant behaviors is likely to be stopped
Connectionism: bonds between stimulus and response
Consequences of behaviors as determiners of what is learned
and what is not learned

Erik Erikson
Eriksons theory Includes:

Our identity is constantly changing based off of our daily interactions and new
experiences
Identity is developed through interaction
Each step of development can further or hinder the development of identity
Ego identity motivates behaviors and actions
Each stage of development is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life
Ego strength is gained when a developmental stage is mastered
Conflict is seen as a turning point in a stage
Potential for failure is what pushes people to success

Abraham Maslow
Abrahams Theory included:
Experiences are the key to studying behaviors and learning
Human motivation is based on hierarchy and needs
The drive to learn is intrinsic
Differences between experiential knowledge and spectator
knowledge
Experiential knowledge examples: momentarily not being self
conscious and letting go of preconceived notions

Benjamin Bloom
Benjamins theory included:
Six levels:

Lower three: knowledge, comprehension, comparison


HIgher Three: analysis, synthesis, and evaluation

Levels designed as a staircase and learners are encouraged to


reach for the next level of learning
Once someone masters a skill they move up and no longer have
to prove their knowledge for that skill

Social

Lev Vygotsky
Vygotskys Theory includes:
scaffolded learning.
Teachers and parents guiding childrens learning and
helping them through problems.
Teachers and adults modeling behaviors for children and
he created the ZPD (zone of proximal development).
differentiated lesson plans
Understanding and recognizing cultural background

Urie Bronfenbrenner
Uries theory included:

Ecological systems theory: A childs environment affects how they grow and develop
4 Levels of environment that affect learning:

Microsystem : small, immediate environment that a child lives in


Relationships, organizations, family, caregivers
Mesosystem: How the different parts of the microsystem work together for the childs sake
Parent/teacher conferences, Parents at their soccer game
Exosystem: Other people/groups/places that a child may interact with often but still affect them
parent getting laid off and not able to pay bills, week later they get a new job
Macrosystem: Largest and most remote set of people that still affect the child
National government, culture values, economy, and wars

John Dewy
Johns THeory includes:

Students should learn through real life situations


CHildren come to school to do things and learn the sense of community, which would
help guide them to think about their contribution to society
Progressive education and the development of experiential education programs and
experiments
Instrumentalism: truth is an instrument used by human beings to solve their
problems
Since problems change, truth changes, therefore there can be no eternal reality

Jerome Bruner
Bruners Theory Includes:
The outcome of cognitive development is thinking
The mind is created through experiences
Focus on inventing concepts, categories, and problem
solving strategies on ones own
Education should autonomous learners
Three levels of representation:

Active based, Image based, and language based

Personal Theory

Erica Horsfield
My Personal Theory

Children learn through play and their own discoveries


Teachers should push them to discover things on their own and guide them instead of lecturing
Positive and negative reinforcements should be used to push children to recognize good and bad
behaviors
Teachers should adapt lessons and activities to the developmental stages of their students and their
learning ability
Learning should also be about real life situations that the children want to learn about and that can
truly benefit them in the future
students past experiences and their backgrounds are what influence their development and learning the
most

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