EE3242

KH C IN
Bi ging
2016

Ts. Nguyn Vn nh
anh.nguyenvan1@hust.edu.vn

Ts. Nguyn Bch Lin

lien.nguyenbich@hust.edu.vn

PHN 1
L THUYT C S

The ultimate tragedy is not the oppression and

cruelty by the bad people but the silence over
that by the good people
Martin Luther King, Jr.

CHNG 4 MCH VNG DN IN

Khi nim chung v mch vng dn in?
Nguyn nhn v xc nh lc in ng gia cc dy dn in?
Tip xc in v c im ca in tr tip xc?
Cc ch lm vic ca tip im v vt liu lm tip im?

4.1 Khi Nim Chung

Mch vng dn in trong cc thit b in c thit k lin kt cc chi tit
dn in c kch thc khc nhau, hnh dng khc nhau, vi cc v tr tng h
Mch vng dn in
khc nhau.
trong thit b in l
gi?

Hnh 4.1 m t cu to ca thit b dng ng ct v t ng bo v mch

in (p t mt).

u vo

u ra

Mch vng dn in trong thit b ny c hiu l bao gm tt c cc u ni,

thanh dn, cun dy, tip im ng v tip im tnh t u ni in vo ti
u ly in ra.

Khi thit k mch vng dn in, cc k s phi lun quan tm n mt s yu

cu bt buc nh:
Tnh dn in ca vt liu phi m bo pht nng khi thit b lm vic
ch nh mc nm trong gii hn cho php.
Yu cu i vi
mch vng n in

H thng phi chu c lc in ng do cc dy dn sinh ra khi thit b l gi?

lm vic ch s c ln nht.
Cc tip im ng v tnh phi c tnh dn in tht tt (m bo in
tr tip xc) nhng phi chu c va p v h quang sinh ra trong qu
trnh ng ct.
Vic tnh ton nhit v h quang in chng ta xem xt chng 2 v
chng 3. Trong chng ny, chng ta s i tm hiu v lc in ng gia cc
phn dn in trong mch vng dn in cng nh ngha ca khi nim
bn in ng i vi cc kh c in. Phn quan trng th 2 ca chng ny
l chng ta s i tm hiu v tip xc in gia cc tip im ng v tnh
cng vi cc yu t nh hng n n trong qu trnh tnh ton thit k.

4.2 Lc in ng
c th hiu c nguyn nhn pht sinh ra lc in sinh ra gia hai dy dn
dng in t gn nhau, chng ta s xut pht t khi nim n gin hn l:
Nu c mt in tch q chuyn ng vi vn tc v trong t trng B th s c
mt lc sinh ra tc ng nn ht in tch ny, tnh bi:
ru
r
F = q v B

(4.1)

V l tch v hng nn:

q
B

F
v

ln: F = q v B sin
Chiu ca F c xc nh theo quy tc bn tay phi nh trn hnh v
4.2, lc in t s c chiu ngc nhau nu v tr tng i ca v v B
ngc nhau.

Lc in t v cch
xc nh chiu -
ln?

By gi, ta xt lc tc dng ln mt on dy dn thng mang dng in I t

trong t trng B. Thc cht, trong dy dn c rt nhiu ht in tch ang
chuyn ng. Mi mt ht in tch s chu mt lc tc dng theo (4.1), v lc
tc dng vo dy dn v th chnh bng tng ca nhng lc ny.
Gi s dy dn c din tch mt ct A
v chiu di l. Mt in tch ca
dng in l n.q (n: s ht in tch).
Vn tc chuyn ng ca in tch q
l v. Lc tng tc dng ln on dy
dn ny s c tnh bi:

q
A

q
l

ru
r
F = ( Al nq ) v B
r

(4.2)

V vc t dng in I = ( A nq )v nn

ru
r
F =l I B

(4.3)

Nh vy, lc in t tc ng ln dy dn t l thun vi chiu di dy dn,

dng in trong dy dn, v mt t trng B.

V d 1
Tnh lc tc dng vo mt electron chuyn ng trong t trng B nh hnh v
4
0
di y. Nu B = 2 T, v = 4 10 m/s v = 30

Li gii

Trc tin ta tnh ln ca lc:

F = q v B sin
-19

= 1.6 10 4 10 2 sin 30

-15

= 6.4 10 N
Xc nh chiu ca F: chiu ca tch v hng gia v v B s vung gc vi
mt trang giy v i ra pha ngoi. Tuy nhin, v electron mang in tch m q <
0, nn chiu ca lc F s vung gc v i vo pha trong

Trong mch vng, B

do u m c sinh
ra lc F?

V d 2
Mt dy dn c mt khi lng theo chiu di l 20g/m c t trong t
trng u B = 3T nh hnh v di. Tnh tr s dng in chy trong dy dn
n c th c treo l lng trong khng kh.
B

Li gii

B
I
B

Ta thy rng, lc in t sinh ra s nng dy dn ln, trong khi trng lc th ko

dy dn xung. dy dn c th nm l lng trong khng kh, th phn b ca
hai lc ny theo chiu di phi bng nhau v tr s.
F mg
=
l
l

Do t trng vung gc vi dy dn nn = 90

F l IB
mg
=
=I B=
l
l
l
m g 0.02 9.8
I =
=
= 0.065 A
l B
3

Nh vy, dy dn treo l lng n cn phi dn dng in tr s l 0.065A

4.2.1 T trng trong mch vng dn in

n y bn t hi, bn trong cc kh c in t trng B u ra? cu tr li
nm cu to ca mch vng dn in. Chng ta bit rng, mch vng dn
in bao gm rt nhiu chi tit dn in t gn nhau. Khi cc chi tit ny dn
in, n s to ra xung quanh n mt t trng B tun theo nh lut
BiotSavart.
S dng nh lut Biot - Savart tnh ton t trng sinh ra t cc vt dn
in c trnh by rt c th trong nhiu ti liu, in hnh trong s cc bn
c th tham kho thm trong hai ti liu [1, 2]. Tuy nhin, bi ging ny khng
c nh cp chi tit cch tnh ton, thay vo l kt qu trong mt s
trng hp ta thng gp trong mch vng dn in ca cc kh c in ng
ct.

Dy in t treo l
lng trong khng
kh!?

Dy dn di v hn:

Nu ta c mt dy dn c chiu di v hn
dn dng in I nh hnh v 4.4, th n s to
ra xung quanh n mt t trng c ln l:

B=

0 I
2 r

r
B

(4.4)

-7

Trong 0 = 4 10 (Tm/A) t thm

khng kh.
Khi nim di v hn trong thc t c
hiu theo ngha chiu di l ca dn dn ln hn rt nhiu so vi khong cch r
t dy dn n im tnh mt t cm B. V d, dy dn di l = 3cm c th
c coi l di v hn khi tnh t trng ti im cch dy dn r = 0.3cm!
Trn hnh 4.5 th hin lc in t sinh ra gia hai dy dn t gn nhau. Lc tc
ng vo dy dn (1) l kt qu tng tc gia dng in I 1 v t trng sinh ra
do dng in I2. Do vy, nu I1 v I2 cng chiu, lc in t s y hai dy li
gn nhau. Nu chng ngc chiu, th lc s y hai dy xa nhau.
T trng B2 to bi
dng in I2

I1

(1)

B2
F21

F21

F12

F12

(2)

B2

I1

(1)

B1

F21

F21

B2

B2
B1
I2

I2

(2)
B1

B1
F12
T trng B1 to bi
dng in I1

F12

V ln:

F12 = F21 =

0 I 2 I1
L
2 r

(4.4)
Lc in ng gia

Trong : L l chiu di dy dn, r l khong cch gia hai dy dn (Lu , hai dy dn in ph

thuc vo gi?
cng thc ny ch ng khi L >> r).
Tng t, ta c th tm c hng ca lc in ng mt s trng hp
thng gp nh hnh 4.6
I1

I1

F
I1

I2

I2

I2

I1

F
I1

F
Quy tc xc nh
chiu ca cc lc ny
th no?

I1
I2

F
F

I2

I2

V d 3
Mt dy dn di mang dng in I1 = 50A t cch d = 0.1m so vi mt mch
vng dn in hnh ch nht (a x b = 0.3m x 0.4m) mang dng in I2 = 100A.
Xc nh lc in ng do dy dn tc dng ln mch vng dn in? Gi s
khi s c, c hai dng in ny tng ln 100 ln, khi y lc in ng tng ln
my ln?

Li gii
Ta thy rng, dy dn dng in I1 s to ra xung quanh n mt t trng. T
trng ny s tng tc vi dng in I 2 sinh ra lc tc ng vo khung ca
mch vng dn in hnh ch nht.

Ta thy rng, lc tc dng ln phn trn v phn

di ca mch vng bng nhau, nhng ngc
du nn chng trit tiu nhau. Nh vy, ch cn
lc tc dng ln thanh dn bn tri v bn phi
ca mch vng nh hnh v.
I1
Lc F L c chiu hng sang tri v ln l:
bI I
FL = 2 0 1
2 d

I2

FR

FL

d
a

0.4 10 4 10 50
= 4103 N
2 0.1
Lc F R c chiu hng sang phi v c ln:
b I 2 0 I1
FR =
2 (a + d )
=

0.4 10 4 107 50
=103 N
2 (0.3 + 0.1)
V hai lc c chiu ngc nhau nn lc tng tc dng ln mch vng dn in
l
=

F = F L -F R = 3 10-3 N, c chiu hng sang tri

Khi s c
V lc in t t l vi tch s gia I 1 v I 2, nn khi dng in gp s c tng ln
50 (tng ng vi khi mch in ngn mch!), lc in t s tng ln 10000
ln. Ngha l F = 30 N !
V d t gii
Trong nhiu thit b ng ct, cun dy c
thit k c th tc ng ct mch khi c s
c. Khi dng in chy qua, chiu ca lc
in t tc ng vo cc vng dy trong cun
dy bn nh th no?

4.2.2 bn in ng ca thit b in
Trong mch vng dn in ca thit b in, cc chi tit dn in tng tc lc
y, lc ht ln nhau ty thuc vo chiu dng in. ch nh mc, tr s
nhng lc ny nh v thng khng gy ra tc hi g i vi cc thit b in.
Tuy nhin, khi mch in trng thi qu hoc trng thi s c ngn mch
th gi tr dng in tng ln rt ln.
Nu gi Inm l dng in ngn mch thng thng ca mch in. Th gi tr ln Dng xung kch l
nht m dng in c th t c trng thi ny gi l dng in xung kch g?
iXK v tnh bi:
KXK

iXK = K XK 2 I nm

(4.5)

Trong : K XK l h s xung kch ph

thuc vo c tnh ca mch (in cm L
v in tr R).
Nguyn nhn dn n dng in xung
kch ln hn rt nhiu dng in ngn
mch thng thng v khi qu c
thnh phn mt chiu lm cho dng in khng cn sin na.

R/L

Khi dng xung kch xut hin, lc in ng trong h thng mch vng ca
thit b c th tng ln hng nghn ln trong mt thi gian cc ngn (xung lc).
Hn na, khi dng in t tr s ln trong thi gian ngn, cc vt dn in s
b pht nng nhanh chng lm cho bn c ca vt liu gim nhanh. Do vy,
nu nh khng c tnh ton v thit k cho nhng trng hp ny, thit b
in c th b ph hy trong tch tc.
c trng cho sc chu ng ca cc thit b in i vi cc xung lc in bn in ng
t sinh ra, ngi ta a ra khi nim v bn in ng. bn in ng ca thit b in l
ca thit b in c hiu l kh nng chu c lc in ng ln nht m gi?
khng b hng. Thng bn in ng c cho di dng dng in xung
kch. Khi chn thit b ng ct, ta phi chn thit b c bn in ng ln
hn dng in ngn mch ln nht c th xy ra trong mch.

4.3 Tip Xc in
Dng in i t vt dn ny qua vt dn khc phi i qua ch tip xc . B mt
tip xc cho dng in i qua gi l b mt tip xc in v vt dn c b mt
tip xc in gi l tip im nh hnh 4.8

B mt tip xc
Tip im

4.3.1 Cc dng tip xc

Da vo mi lin kt tip xc ngi ta chia tip xc in ra lm ba dng: Tip
xc c nh, tip xc ng m v tip xc trt.
Tip xc c nh l tip xc khng tho lp gia hai vt dn, c lin
kt bng c, vt, bulng, inh tn. V d tip xc gia cc thanh ci vi nhau
nh hnh 4.9 a). Tip xc loi ny thng c in tr tip xc rt nh, chu
c lc, mmen ln.
Tip xc trt l tip xc gia vt dn chuyn ng v vt dn tnh.
Loi tip xc ny thng thy cu trc, tu in ... nh trn hnh v 4.9 b). Do
cc tip in trt nn thng c hin tng phng tia la in vi loi tip
xc ny.

Tip xc in l g v
cc dng tip xc?

Tip xc ng ct l tip xc gia tip im tnh v tip im ng ca

cc thit b in ng ct nh hnh 4.9 c). ch ng, hai tip im ng
vo nhau, cn ch ct, chng tch ri nhau ct dng in.
Da vo hnh dng ch tip xc ngi ta chia tip xc thnh ba loi: Tip xc
im, tip xc ng v tip xc mt.
Tip xc im nh hnh 4.10 a), l tip xc gia tip im hnh cu vi
tip im mt phng, hoc l c hai tip im l hnh cu. Loi ny thng thy
trong cc thit b ng ct c dng in b (<10A).
Tip im ng nh hnh 4.10 b), l do tip xc ca tip im hnh tr
vi tip im mt phng, hoc gia hai tip im hnh tr, loi ny chu dng
cao hn so vi tip xc im, c vi chc ampe.
Tip xc mt nh hnh 4.10 c) l tip xc ca hai tip im mt phng,
thng dng cho trng hp dng in ln v rt ln.
Do cc hnh dng tip xc khc nhau u c nhng u - nhc im khc nhau,
nn ty thuc vo tng trng hp c th, cc k s s thit k h thng tip
xc ph hp. Tuy nhin, d bt k dng tip xc no, cc thit k u phi c
tip xc in tt, tc l in tr tip xc nh. Phn tip theo chng ta s tm
hiu xem in tr tip xc l g, do u m c in tr tip xc, v lm th no
c in tr tip xc nh.

4.3.2 in tr tip xc
Khi hai vt dn tip xc vi nhau, gc nhn hin vi, ta thy rng b mt tip
xc ca cc tip im l khng phng, m thc cht l ch li, ch lm, dn
n ch c mt s im ca chng tip xc vi nhau nh hnh 4.11. iu ny
lm cho ng i ca dng in b cong v ko di ra ti khu vc tip xc gy
ra in tr khu vc ny tng ln. in tr gy ra do hin tng ny c th gi
l in tr tht nt (Constriction resistance).Mt yu t khc to nn in tr Nguyn nhn sinh ra
tip xc l lp ngn gia hai b mt tip xc c to thnh bi lp xt in tr tip xc l
kim loi ca b mt tip xc v bui bn ca mi trng lm vic - gi l in g?
tr lp ngn (Film resistance). in tr sut ca lp ngn ny ln hn rt
nhiu so vi in tr sut ca vt liu dn in thng thng.
Nh vy, in tr tip xc l in tr do hin tng dng in b tht nt v
lp cch in gia hai b mt tip xc gy nn.
Dng in

Lp xt kim loi v bi bn

4.3.2.1 Cc yu t nh hng n in tr tip xc

Cc yu t nh hng ti in tr tip xc gm: cng ca vt liu, in tr
sut ca vt liu, tnh trng b mt tip xc, dng b mt, lc p ln tip im
v nhit ca tip im.
in tr tip xc mc d ln hn in tr dn ca vt liu nhng thng rt
nh so vi cc thit b o thng thng. o v nghin cu v in tr tip
xc, cc nh nghin cu cn phi c cc dng c o c bit cho vic ny nh
trnh by trn hnh 4.12.

h thng nn

cm bin lc

tip im

Dng ng h o
in tr thng
o in tr tip xc?

cm bin nhit
ng h micro ohm

S o thc t

S u dy

ng h o chuyn dng s da vo mi quan h gia in p - dng in

(phng php 4 - im Kelvin) xc nh in tr ca mi tip xc. C th v
phng php ny sinh vin quan tm c th tham kho ti liu [4].
A

Lc p tip im

Nguyn nhn ca in tr tip xc l v din tch tip xc gia hai mt tip xc

ca cc tip im b thu hp. Do vy, nu ta tng lc p gia hai tip im, th
din tch tip xc s tng ln, ko theo in tr tip xc gim. Kt qu thc
nghim trn hnh 4.13 th hin, khi lc p tip im tng th gi tr in tr tip
xc gim theo hm m. Vng khng n nh c hiu l khi lc p thay i,
th in tr cng bin thin ng k. Ngc li, in tr tip xc vng n
nh thng thay i rt nh cho d lc p tip im thay i ln.
gi tr in tr tip xc
xu hng
vng
vng
khng
n nh n nh
in tr tip xc
nh nht

in tr vt liu

Quan h gia lc p
tip im v in tr
tip xc?

T hnh 4.13, in tr tip xc c th c m t bng biu thc kinh nghim :

Rtx =

K
Fm

(4.6)

Trong :
K l h s ph thuc vo vt liu, trng thi b mt ca tip im
m l h s ph thuc vo kiu tip xc. Tip xc im m = 0.5, tip xc
ng m = 0.5 0.8, v m = 1 vi tip xc mt.
F l lc p ln tip im .
Rtx l in tr tip xc .
Thc t, do tnh n hi ca vt liu nn cc h s K v m trong biu thc (4.6)
thng thay i, khi tng gim lc p nh hnh 4.14 a). Khi lc p tng, in
tr gim, nhng khi gim lc p, in tr tng nhng khng theo ng c.
Rtx

Rtx

tip xc mt
tip xc ng

V sao tip xc im
c s dng khi
tip xc im dng in nh?

a)

b)

in tr tip xc ph thuc vo dng tip xc nh 4.14 b). Khi lc p tip im

nh, tip xc im c in tr nh nht. Ngc li, khi lc p tip im ln,
tip xc mt c in tr nh nht ri n tip xc ng v cui cng mi n
tip xc im. V vy tip xc im ch dng cho nhng tip im c dng in
b.
Nu vt liu lm tip im mm th d lc p ln tip im nh in tr tip xc
cng nh.V vy cc tip xc c nh c dng in ln ngi ta thng ph
ln b mt tip xc mt lp vt liu mm trc khi c nh chng bng bulng
hay x p.

Nhit ca tip im

Khi nhit tip im tng in tr tip xc cng tng theo quan h:

2

Rtx = Rtx 0 . 1 + T tx
3

(4.7)

Trong : Rtx0 l in tr tip xc 00C;

T l h s nhit in tr ca vt liu .
Lp xt cng c nh hng ti in tr tip xc, lp xt lm in tr tng
cao. Khi nhit tng tip im cng d b xy ha nn cng lm tng in tr
tip xc, lm tip im cng nng thm dn n d hng tip im. bn,
m ca mi trng xung quanh cng lm in tr tip xc tng.
trnh hin tng trn ngi ta thng s dng cc bin php nh: Ph cc
lp c bit chng tc ng ca mi trng, nng cp bo v ca cc thit b
ng ct ( kn, che chn), ...

4.3.2.2 Cc ch lm vic ca tip im

Trong cc thit b ng ct, c th ni tip im l mt trong nhng b phn
quan trng nht, quyt nh tnh tin cy ca c thit b. Cc qu trnh ng ct,
qu trnh xy ha, pht sinh h quang, ... xy ra ti vng tip im, do cc qu
trnh ny m khi thit b ng ct b hng hc th thng xy ra tip im.
Trc khi xem xt v kt cu, vt liu lm tip im, ta s xem xt qu trnh
ng ct tc ng nh th no n tui th ca tip im.
Tip im c bn ch lm vic: ng, ct, qu ng v qu ct. Ta ln
lt xem xt cc ch ny nh sau.
A

Ch ng

ch ng n nh nh hnh 4.4 a), in tr tip xc tng i b. Nu dng

in i qua im tip xc l dng in nh mc, nhit tip im b, ch cao
0
hn nhit thanh dn khong 5 n 10 C, v y l ch lm vic di hn Ch ng, tip
im thng b hn
ca tip im.
dnh khi no?
Khi tip im lm vic ch ng cn phi lu khi mch in b ngn
mch. Khi , dng in trong mch l rt ln, dn n nhit tng cao. Hn
na, nu nh lc in ng do dng ngn mch sinh ra ngc chiu vi lc p
tip im, th in tr tip xc tng ln, dn n nhit lng ta ra tip im
cng ln. iu ny c th lm cho tip im b nng chy v gy ra hin tng
hn dnh tip im.

Ti

Ti

Ch ct

trng thi ny, dng in khng i qua tip im. Tuy nhin, khi thit k th
khong cch gia cc tip im hay cn gi l m phi ln m bo La chn m tip
khong cch khng phng in an ton, v dp h quang nhanh. Ngc li, im ph thuc vo
g?
nu m tip im ln c th an ton hn cho cch in v dp h quang,
nhng li dn n kch thc ca thit b tng ln.
C

Ch qu ng

Qu trnh ny gn lin vi hin tng vt l kh phc tp. Bt u qu trnh

ng, tip im ng chuyn ng v pha tip im tnh vi vn tc tng dn,
ng thi khong cch gia hai tip im gim dn. Khi cng t trng
gia hai tip im ln, s xy ra hin tng phng in. Nu dng in
phng ny ln vi thi gian di th tip im s b n mn in tch cng ln.
Khi tip im ng p vo tip im tnh, s xut hin phn lc ca tip im
tnh y tip im ng bt tr li gy ra hin tng rung trong qu trnh ng
ct. Nu nh bin dung ln hn ln ca tip im ngha l tip im ng
b tch ra khi tip im tnh th h quang pht sinh. Hn na, in tr tip xc
trong thi gian rung b bin ng v thng ln hn in tr tip xc trng
thi ng n nh, nn nu ng dng in ln th tip im rt d b hn dnh.

gim rung trong

khi ng ta phi lm
c th gim qu trnh rung trong qu trnh ng ta phi gim khi lng g?

phn ng ca thit b n mc ti a cho php v phi tng lc p tip im

ban u. Tuy nhin, khng th gim vn tc ca tip im ng v nu chuyn
ng chm li, ngha l thi gian phng in s di dn n tip im b n
mn v hng hc.
D

Ch qu ct

Qu trnh ny ngc vi qu trnh ng tip im. Bt u qu trnh ct, tip

im ng chuyn ng theo chiu tch khi tip im tnh nn in tr tip
xc tng dn, nhit lng ta ra ln. Khi gia hai tip im c khe h nh, in
trng ln, h quang pht sinh v sau mt thi gian nht nh h quang b dp

tt. Di tc dng ca h quang, tip im kim loi b nng chy, bay hi nn

tip im b mn nhiu v b mt tip im b r. mn ca tip im trong
qu trnh ct ph thuc vo tr s dng in ct, thi gian chy h quang v vt mn tip im
ph thuc vo yu t
liu lm tip im.
no?

Nh vy, qu trnh ng ct dng in s lm gim tui th ca tip im. c

bit l vi cc thit b ng ct dng in ln, in p cao v ti dng in cm.
Nhm nng cao tui th cho tip im, ngi ta thng dng cc gii php v
vt liu, kt cu tip im, trang b dp h quang v ni thm phn t ph vo
mch ct.

4.3.2.3 Vt liu lm tip im

Do phi lm vic iu kin khc nhit, cc tip im va chiu va p, chu h
quang, chu nhit,... trong khi li phi m bo tip xc in tt. Do vt
liu ch to tip im phi c bit p ng nhng yu cu ny.V d nh
dn in, dn nhit tt, t b tc ng ca mi trng nh xy ho, n mn in
ho, in tr tip xc b , t b mn v c v in, chu c nhit cao.
A

Kim loi thng

c im ca cc kim loi thng hay s dng dn in nh ng hay bc l

dn in tt, dn nhit tt, in tr tip xc ca b, n nh nn khng cn lc
ng v bc s dng
p ln tip im ln , d gia cng , gi thnh r. Tuy nhin, nhc im ca lm tip im ng
nhng kim loi ny l nhit nng chy thp, khng chu c va p ln, v ct dng ln?
kh nng chu h quang in rt km. V nhng u nhc im ny nn chng
ch c s dng ng ct dng in rt nh hoc dng cho nhng tip xc
c nh.
Volfram (cn gi l Tungsten - k hiu W) c mu t xm n trng, rt nng v
cng. N kh hn, t b xy ho , c cng cao , t mn v c nhit nng
chy kh cao nn chu c h quang. Tuy nhin kim loi ny c in tr sut
cao nn khng th s dng lm tip im dn in c.
c th va dn in tt li chu c va p v h quang, cc nh nghin cu
thng kt hp cc kim loi dn in tt nh ng hay bc vi tungsten, kim

loi chu h quang, to thnh hp kim c c tnh dn in v chu h quang,

va dp nh mong mun cho cc tip im ng ct.
B

Kim loi gm

Kim loi gm c ch to t cc bt kim loi thnh phn, gia cng theo

u im ca kim
phng php c bit .Tu thuc vo yu cu ca tip im m thnh phn vt loi gm so vi kim
liu c pha trn theo t l thch hp. Di dy l mt s v d:
loi thng?
Hp kim volfram - ng (W 70-85%; Cu 15 - 30%),
thng c s dng ch to cc tip im chu h
quang trong cc my ct SF6 cao p v trung p. Hp
kim WCu c th chu va p v nhit rt cao
(20.000K) ging vi volfram, nhng li dn in tt
ging nh Cu.
Hp kim ng - crm (Cu 57% - 98%; Cr 2-43%),
c s dng ch to cc tip im trong cc
my ct chn khng trung p (1kV - 72,5 kV),
dng in ln ti 63 kA. Crm gip cho hp kim
ny chng li s n mn in cc khi h quang
pht sinh.
Hp kim Cacbua volfram - bc ( WC 40-60%;
Ag 40-60%), c s dng ch to cc tip
im trong cc thit b ng ct trung v h p.
V d nh tip im ng ct dng ngn mch
ca cc cng tc t chn khng in p t 7,2 24kV

4.4 Ti Liu Tham Kho

1. Phm Vn Chi, Bi Tn Hu, Nguyn Tin Tn, Kh C in, In ln th 6,
2010, NXBKHKT
2. TS H Xun Thanh, Th.S Phm Xun H, Gio Trnh Kh C in, 2010,
HQGHCM
3.http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/physics/mag/node2.html# SECTION0011000
0000000000000
4. Youcef Zeroukhi, Dependence of the Contact Resistance on the Design of
Stranded Conductors, Sensors 2014, 14, 13925-13942;
doi:10.3390/s140813925
5. http://www.plansee.com/en/Products-Electrical-contacts-Tungstencopper-WCu-58.htm

Cu hi t kim tra kin thc

Cu 1: Mch vng dn in trong thit b c hiu l
a) dy dn in
b) tip im v bung dp h quang
c) phn u ni v dy dn in
d) tt c cc phn dn in t u vo cho n u ra
Cu 2: H quang in pht sinh khi tip im lm vic ch qu ng do
a) t pht x in t u tin
b) pht x nhit in t u tin
c) ion ha do nhit cao u tin
d) khng no trn ng
Cu 3: Lc in ng gia hai dy dn, cu sai
a) bn cht do t trng do dy dn ny ln cc in tch ca dy dn kia
b) bn cht do cc in tch khc du ht nhau, cng du y nhau
c) hai dy dn dng in cng chiu ht nhau
d) gi tr lc t l thun vi ln cc dng in
Cu 4: ch ct, m ti u ca tip im c xc nh da vo
a) dng in ct v khong cch cch in
b) dng in ct v iu kin dp h quang
c) iu kin dp h quang v khong cch cch in
d) dng in ct, iu kin dp h quang, v khong cch cch in
Cu 5: Lc in t ca hai dy dn in t gn nhau t l thun vi, chn cu sai
a) chiu di dy dn in
b) vi khong cch gia hai dy dn
c) vi cc dng in trong dy dn
d) vi t thm ca mi trng

Cu 6: Xc nh chiu lc in ng (1 im-ng ht; 0 im-t nht 1 hnh sai )

I1

I1
I2

I1
I2

I2

Cu 7: Phn loi tip xc in theo mi lin kt, cu no sai

a) tip xc c nh
b) tip xc mt
c) tip xc trt
d) tip xc ng ct
Cu 8: Vt liu tip im mm th in tr tip xc nh v
a) vt liu mm dn in tt hn
b) vi cng lc p tip im, din tch tip xc ln hn
c) b mt vt liu mm sch hn
d) t b xy ha hn

Cu 9: Nguyn nhn gy ra in tr tip xc

a) tnh cht cn tr ht mang in ca kim loi tip xc
b) ng i ca dng in b ko di ti ch tip xc
c) do ch tip xc b xy ha
d) c b v c
Cu 10: Xc nh chiu lc in ng tc ng vo cc vng dy

Gi :lc c hai phng,

dc trc cun dy v ngang
trc cun dy
i

Cu 11: Lc in t gia hai dy dn in t gn nhau t l thun vi, chn cu sai

a) chiu di dy dn in
b) vi dng in ca dy dn
c) t cm ca t trng do dy dn to ra
d) vi dng in ca dy dn kia
Cu 12: in tr tip xc ph thuc vo, chn cu sai
a) lc p tip xc
b) dng b mt tip xc
c) cng vt liu
d) chiu di on tip xc
Cu 13: Pht biu v dng in xung kch, chn cu sai
a) l dng in ln nht m trong mch in c th c
b) thng xy ra ch qu
c) bng

K XK

2, vi
I nm Kxk l h s xung kch

d) h s xung kch l mt hng s vi tt c cc mch in

Cu 14: Khi lc p tip xc tng, in tr tip xc s
a) tng n mt gi tr no ri dng li
b) gim n mt gi tr no ri dng li
c) gim n mt gi tr no ri tng ln
d) tng n mt gi tr no ri gim
Cu 15: Hin tng rung xy ra khi tip im lm vic ch
a) ch ng
b) ch ct
c) ch qu ct
d) ch qu ng

Cu 16: Khi lc tip xc nh, dng tip xc no cho in tr tip xc nh nht

a) tip xc im
b) tip xc ng
c) tip xc mt
d) tip xc mt v tip xc ng
Cu 17: mn tip im trong qu trnh ct mch ph thuc vo? cu sai
a) tr s dng in ct
b) thi gian chy ca h quang
c) vt liu lm tip im
d) rung ca tip im
Cu 18: gim rung trong qu trnh ng tip im, ngi ta thng
a) gim lc p tip im
b) gim vn tc tip im
c) gim khi lng tip im
d) gim dng in ng
Cu 19: Kim loi gm dng lm tip im c tnh cht? chn cu sai
a) dn in tt
b) c ch to t bt ca cc kim loi khc nhau
c) tt c cc kim loi thnh phn phi dn in tt
d) chu c h quang, v nhit cao

T lun
1. Mt dy dn di mang dng in I1 = 500A t cch d = 0.1m so vi mt dy
dn khc mang dng in I2 = 1000A. Xc nh lc in ng gia cc dy
dn? Gi s khi s c, c hai dng in ny tng ln 50 ln, khi y lc in
ng tng ln my ln?
2) Mt ng c in c th chu c dng in ngn mch 200A trong vng
1s. Nu ng c c bo v bi mt p t mt, c th bo v ng c
khi b hng hc, thi gian tc ng chm nht ca p t mt l bao nhiu vi
dng in ngn mch s c l 120A?
3) Mt dy dn c mt khi lng theo chiu di l 20g/m c t trong t
trng u B = 3T nh hnh v di. Tnh tr s dng in chy trong dy dn
n c th c treo l lng trong khng kh.
B
B
I
B

Stephen Hawking
Sinh

8 thng 1, 1942
Oxford, Oxfordshire, Anh

Stephen William Hawking l mt nh l thuyt v tr hc, c xem l mt

trong nhng nh vt l l thuyt ti nng nht k t Albert Einstein, tc gi vit
sch khoa hc thng thc ngi Anh, hin l Gim c Nghin cu ti Trung
tm V tr hc l thuyt thuc i hc Cambridge. Trong s nhng cng trnh
khoa hc quan trng ca ng, ni bt nht l s hp tc vi Roger Penrose v l
thuyt k d hp dn trong khun kh thuyt tng i tng qut, v tin on l
thuyt h en pht ra bc x (tc bc x Hawking). Hawking l ngi u tin
khi u mt nn v tr hc da trn s thng nht gia thuyt tng i tng
qut v c hc lng t. ng l ngi ng h mnh m cch din gii a v tr
v c hc lng t.
ng nhn nhiu vinh d khc nhau, trong c Hun chng T do Tng
thng, Gii Wolf, l thnh vin ca Hi Ngh thut Hong gia v Vin Hn lm
Khoa hc Gio hong. Hawking m nhim v tr Gio s Ton hc Lucas ti
i hc Cambridge t nm 1979 n nm 2009.
Hawking cng ni ting vi vic vit nhng cun sch ph bin khoa hc trong
ng tho lun l thuyt ca ng cng nh v tr hc ni chung; cun Lc s
thi gian ng trong danh sch bn chy nht ca Sunday Times trong thi gian
k lc 237 tun.Hawking mc mt cn bnh v thn kinh vn ng lin quan ti
hi chng teo c bn, khin cho ng hu nh lit ton thn v phi giao tip qua
mt thit b h tr pht ging ni. ng kt hn hai ln v c ba ngi con.

Ngun: Wikipedia
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking

Bn c bit?