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Calculation of Reinforced Concrete Buildings with


Sap2000

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Calculation of
Reinforced Concrete
Buildings with
Sap2000

Book II of the Collection: Performancebased Earthquake Engineering - PBEE


Toledo Vlacev Espinoza

COMMUNITY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING

Peru
www.cingcivil.com

First Edition: July 2011

Calculation of Buildings of Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Sap2000

Publication Cingcivil: Earthquake Engineering and Structural 01


The
Author
ISBN

Community for Civil Engineering


CalculationofReinforcedConcreteBuildingswith

Forewo

Foreword

This publication is part of the collection on PerformancebasedEarthquakeEngineering PBEE,


heldforthecourseofthesamename,coursebytheVirtualCenterCommunityforCivilEngineering.

Thecollectionconsistsoffivebooksinthecalculationanddesignofreinforcedconcretebuilding
is covered, from linear to nonlinear calculation calculation to obtain the maximum displacement of a
building and the point of performance; the methodology proposed in the ASCE / SEI 4106 "Seismic
RehabilitationofExistingBuildings"standardreportssuchasFEMA440"ImprovementofNonlinearStatic
Seismic Analysis Procedures", FEMA P440A "Effects of Strength and Stiffness Degradation on Seismic
Response"continuesFEMAP695"QuantificationofBuildingSeismicPerformanceFactors",PEER/ATC721
"Modeling and Acceptance Criteria for Seismic Design and Analysis of Tall Buildings", to cite some
references. For the procedure for obtaining design loads, including the selfweight loads, overloads and
lateral earthquake loads, the standard ASCE / SEI 710 "Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
Structures"wasused,aswellasanalysisprocedures.Thedesignofthestructuralelementswasperformed
accordingtoACI31808,"CodeRequirementsforStructuralConcreteandCommentary".

Thefivebooksthatmakeupthecollectionare:

1.

Performancebased Earthquake Engineering, theoretical concepts and current SGP, then

apply concepts in a practical case in the following books in the collection are developed. The
topicsaremostlytranslationsofreportsandcurrentstandardsinEarthquakeEngineering.
2.

Calculation of Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Sap2000, an irregular building is


modeled

fifteenstories,thebasiccommandsaredevelopedforthedesignofthestructureandparameters
ofthemodelingaregiventoconsiderforanalysis.ChecksareperformedtoSap2000Etabsand
using spreadsheets, indicating the process of analysis. Calculated by the method of the
Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF), and the procedure for Modal Analysis of Spectral Response
develops.
3.

NonlinearStaticAnalysisPushoverinReinforcedConcreteBuildingstoPerformSap2000

and 3D, using 3D Perform Sap2000 and nonlinear static analysis to fifteenstory building is
performed to obtain the maximum displacement and the point of performance. Each result
accordingtoATC40,FEMA440andASCE/SEI4106,astheuseofthecurvesandcontoursof
backbone capacity is explained by using spreadsheets showing the whole process as the
formationofkneecaps.

vi

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CalculationofReinforcedConcreteBuildingswith

Forewo

4.

Time History Analysis in Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Sap2000 and Perform 3D by

Sap2000 Perform 3D and TimeHistory and Modal TimeHistory Analysis Linear and Nonlinear
develop,inordertocomparetheresultsoftheanalysisproceduresmadeinthepreviousbooks
intheseries.
5.

CollapseandFragilityCurvesforReinforcedConcreteinBuildingsasalastvolume

thecollectionandstudyofstructuralcollapseusingfragilitycurvesforeconomicassessmentand
damageinreinforcedconcretebuildings,seismiceventstodevelop.

Inadditiontothesepublications,theVirtualCenteryoucanfindvideosofeach,availabletousers
enrolledinthecourse.

This collection is intended to serve the research and all interested in knowing the current
methodologytobeappliedinEarthquakeEngineering,coveringmanygapseitherbytheuseoflanguageor
lackofliteratureontheseissues.

ParticipationofmembersandmembersoftheCommunityforCivilEngineeringinVirtualCenter
isappreciated,aswithouttheirsupportcouldnotmakethiscollection.

July2011,
ToledoVlacevEspinoza.

vii

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CalculationofReinforcedConcreteBuildingswith

Forewo

Table of Contents

Foreword.............................................................................................................................................................................vi
ListofFigures........................................................................................................................................................................x
IndexofTables...................................................................................................................................................................xii
1.

ModelingofIrregularBuilding15FloorswithSap2000.............................................................................................2
1.1.

DescriptionofStructure...................................................................................................................................2

1.2.

DevelopmentofSeismicDesignLoadsandRequirements...............................................................................5

1.2.1.

Seismicity.................................................................................................................................................5

1.2.2.

StructuralDesignRequirements.............................................................................................................6

1.3.
1.3.1.

PropertiesofConcrete............................................................................................................................7

1.3.2.

PropertiesofComponents......................................................................................................................8

1.4.

DefinitionofMaterial............................................................................................................................13

1.4.2.

DefineSections"Frame".......................................................................................................................14

1.4.3.

SectionsDefinition"Area".....................................................................................................................17

1.4.4.

DefinitionofPatternLoads(LoadPatterns)..........................................................................................20

1.4.5.

DefinitionofCaseDesign(LoadCases).................................................................................................23

1.4.6.

DefinitionofEffectiveMassSeismic.....................................................................................................25
DrawingModelinSap2000.............................................................................................................................27

1.5.1.

DisplayinPlan,Elevationsand3D.........................................................................................................27

1.5.2.

DrawingofFrameObjects.....................................................................................................................28

1.5.3.

DrawingObjectsArea............................................................................................................................38

1.5.4.

ViewingProperties................................................................................................................................44

1.5.5.

FiniteElementMesh.............................................................................................................................45

1.6.

Loads,ConstraintsandLimitations.................................................................................................................45

1.6.1.

AssigningLoads.....................................................................................................................................45

1.6.2.

RestrictionMapping..............................................................................................................................46

1.6.3.

AssignmentArmsTrucks.......................................................................................................................47

1.6.4.

AssigningRigidDiaphragms...................................................................................................................47

1.7.

AnalysisandReviewofResults........................................................................................................................48

1.7.1.

AnalysisModel......................................................................................................................................48

1.7.2.

ViewingResultsPostProcessing.........................................................................................................49

1.7.3.

ViewingTablesResults..........................................................................................................................49

AnalysisbyEquivalentLateralForceFLE...................................................................................................................52
2.1.
2.1.1.

DefinitionsinSap2000....................................................................................................................................10

1.4.1.

1.5.

2.

MaterialPropertiesandElements....................................................................................................................7

DynamicProperties........................................................................................................................................52
ApproximatePeriodofVibration..........................................................................................................52

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CalculationofReinforcedConcreteBuildingswith

2.1.2.

MassBuilding........................................................................................................................................53

2.1.3.

Damping................................................................................................................................................55

2.2.

3.

Forewo

AnalysisbyEquivalentLateralForce(ELF).......................................................................................................55

2.2.1.

ShearattheBase..................................................................................................................................56

2.2.2.

VerticalDistributionofSeismicForces..................................................................................................57

2.2.3.

DriftsandPeffects............................................................................................................................58

ModalAnalysisofSpectralResponse........................................................................................................................67
3.1.

NaturalVibrationPeriodsandModes............................................................................................................67

3.1.1.
AnalysisofEigenvectors(TakenReport:NewApproachesfortheDynamicAnalysisofLargeStructural
SystemsPaper.EigensolutionAnStrategyforLargeSystems,WilsonandItoh)......................................................68
3.1.2.
RitzVectorAnalysis(FromtheReport:NewApproachesfortheDynamicAnalysisofLargeStructural
SystemsPaper.DynamicAnalysisbyDirectSuperpositionofRitzVectors,Wilson,Yuan,andDickens)..................71
3.1.3.

3.2.

Periods,ModesofVibrationModalPartitionFactorsandPercentageofModalMassParticipation.
73
AnalysisofSpectralResponse.........................................................................................................................82

3.2.1.

DesignResponseSpectrum...................................................................................................................82

3.2.2.

ModalCombination..............................................................................................................................85

3.2.3.

MannersAnswers.................................................................................................................................86

Index...............................................................................................................................................................................100

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ListofFigures

List of Figures

FIGURE11:PLANTAFIRSTANDTHIRDFLOOR...................................................................................................................................3
FIGURE12:PLANTAFOURTHTHROUGHSIXTHFLOOR.........................................................................................................................3
FIGURE13:PLANTASEVENTHTHENINTHFLOOR..............................................................................................................................4
FIGURE14:PLANTAFIFTEENTHTOTHETENTHFLOOR........................................................................................................................4
FIGURE15:VISTS3DBUILDINGACOMPUTE..................................................................................................................................4
FIGURE16:CABLEOFCOLUMNSANDBEAMSUSINGTHEMODEL........................................................................................................10
FIGURE17:FORMNEWMODEL................................................................................................................................................11
FIGURE18:FORMQUICKGRIDLINES.........................................................................................................................................11
FIGURE19:MBEYONDCOORDINATEAXESCREATED.......................................................................................................................12
FIGURE110:MXPLODINGMESHAXESCARTESIANROUNDINETABS...................................................................................................12
FIGURE111:FORM"DEFINEGRIDSYSTEMDATA"FOREDITINGSCREENCOORDINATEAXES.....................................................................13
FIGURE1to12:CREATINGMATERIALUSEINAMODEL...................................................................................................................14
FIGURE1to13:CREATINGANEWSECTIONTOCOLUMNS................................................................................................................15
FIGURE114:PINITIALROPERTIESCOLUMNC1.............................................................................................................................16
FIGURE115:PROPERTIESACHANGEINALLCOLUMNSTOCONSIDEREFFECTIVESTIFFNESS......................................................................16
FIGURE116:REINFORCINGTOCONSIDERINTHEDESIGNPHASEINCOLUMNC1.....................................................................................16
FIGURE117:PROPERTIESTOCONSIDERINTHEDESIGNPHASEINCOLUMNC2.....................................................................................17
FIGURE118:PROPERTIESTOCONSIDERINTHEDESIGNPHASEBEAMV1............................................................................................18
FIGURE119:PROPERTIESTOCONSIDERINTHEDESIGNPHASEINTHEWALLM1..................................................................................19
FIGURE120:PROPERTIESACHANGEINTHEWALLSTOCONSIDERALLEFFECTIVESTIFFNESS.....................................................................19
FIGURE1to21:PROPERTIESTOCONSIDERINTHEDESIGNPHASEINTHEWALLM2..............................................................................20
FIGURE122:PROPERTIESTOCONSIDERINTHEDESIGNPHASEINTHESLABmezzanine...........................................................................20
FIGURE123:PARAMETERSPATTERNFORLOADINGCm.....................................................................................................................21
FIGURE124:PARAMETERSPATTERNFORLOADINGLIVE.................................................................................................................21
FIGURE125:PARAMETERSPATTERNFORLOADINGLiveUp.............................................................................................................22
FIGURE126:PARAMETERSPATTERNFORLOADINGSISMOX...........................................................................................................22
FIGURE127:PARAMETERSDEFINITIONFORLATERALLOADSIFYOUUSINGRATIOSFORTHEEARTHQUAKEINStreetaddressX..........................23
FIGURE128:PARAMETERSDEFINITIONFORLATERALLOADSIFYOUUSINGRATIOSFORTHEEARTHQUAKEINStreetaddressY..........................23
FIGURE129:ESPECTROIMPORTEDDESIGNFORMODALANALYSISBYSPECTRALRESPONSEASCE/SEI710.................................................24
FIGURE130:PARAMETERSTHECASELOAD"MODAL"..................................................................................................................25
FIGURE131:PARAMETERSTHECASELOAD"EQXX"StreetaddressX................................................................................................26
FIGURE132:PARAMETERSTHECASELOAD"EQYY"StreetaddressY...............................................................................................26
FIGURE133:DEFININGLAMASAEFECTIVASSMICA......................................................................................................................27
FIGURE134:MENU"DRAW"THESAP2000...................................................................................................................................28
FIGURE135:MENUCONTEXTUALTOOL"DRAWFRAME/CABLE/TEndon"............................................................................................28
FIGURE136:MENUCONTEXTUALTOOL"QUICKDRAWSECONDARYBEAMS".........................................................................................29
FIGURE137:DIBUJOBEAMSONTHEFIRSTFLOOR..........................................................................................................................30
FIGURE138:VISTAIN3DBEAMSDRAWNINTHEFIRSTFOURFLOORS................................................................................................30
FIGURE139:DIBUJOBEAMSONTHEFOURTHFLOOR......................................................................................................................31
FIGURE140:VISTAIN3DBEAMSDRAWNINFIRSTSEVENFLOORS.....................................................................................................31
FIGURE141:DIBUJOBEAMSONTHESEVENTHFLOOR.....................................................................................................................32
FIGURE142:VISTAIN3DBEAMSDRAWNINTHEFIRSTTENFLOORS..................................................................................................32
FIGURE143:DIBUJOBEAMSINTHETENTHFLOOR.........................................................................................................................33
FIGURE144:DIBUJOBEAMSINFIFTEENFLOORS............................................................................................................................33
FIGURE145:DIBUJOCOLUMNSINEJEOne....................................................................................................................................34
FIGURE146:DIBUJOCOLUMNSINEJETwo....................................................................................................................................34

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FIGURE147:DIBUJOCOLUMNSINEJEThree..................................................................................................................................35
FIGURE148:DIBUJOCOLUMNSINEJE4.........................................................................................................................................35
FIGURE149:DIBUJOCOLUMNSINEJEMay...................................................................................................................................36
FIGURE150:DIBUJOCOLUMNSINEJESix......................................................................................................................................36
FIGURE151:DIBUJOCOLUMNSINEJE7.........................................................................................................................................37
FIGURE152:DIBUJOCOLUMNSINEJEEight..................................................................................................................................37
FIGURE153:VISTAIN3DMODELWITHBEAMSANDCOLUMNSDRAWN..............................................................................................38
FIGURE154:DIBUJOWALLSCUTTINGINEJE3..............................................................................................................................39
FIGURE155:DIBUJOWALLSCUTTINGINEJEEight...........................................................................................................................39
FIGURE156:DIBUJOWALLSCUTTINGINEJEC.................................................................................................................................40
FIGURE157:DIBUJOWALLSCUTTINGINEJEF.................................................................................................................................40
FIGURE158:VISTAIN3DMODELWITHBEAMS,COLUMNSANDWALLSCUTTINGDRAWN.........................................................................41
FIGURE159:DIBUJOSLABOFFLOORSFORFLOORS1AL3.............................................................................................................42
FIGURE160:DIBUJOSLABOFFLOORSFORFLOORS4AL6.............................................................................................................42
FIGURE161:DIBUJOSLABOFFLOORSFORFLOORS7AL9.............................................................................................................43
FIGURE162:DIBUJOSLABOFFLOORSFORFLOORS10AL15.........................................................................................................43
FIGURE163:VISTAIN3DSTRUCTURALMODELWITHFULLITEMS......................................................................................................44
FIGURE164:VISTAMESHFLOORALLOCATEDFIFTEEN.....................................................................................................................45
FIGURE165:LADOLEFT:OPTIONSFORAPERFECTFITTING,RIGHTSIDE:OPTIONSFORAFIXEDSUPPORT........................................................46
FIGURE166:BRazorlightASSIGNEDARIGIDBEAMJOINTSCOLUMNBYDESIGNCAPACITYBY....................................................................47
FIGURE167:ELESSONTYPEOFANALYSIS.....................................................................................................................................48
FIGURE168:VISTAIN3DMODELTESTED....................................................................................................................................49
FIGURE169:RESULTSGRAPHICALLY........................................................................................................................................50
FIGURE170:FORMFORTHEPRESENTATIONOFRESULTSTABLES.......................................................................................................50
FIGURE171:RESULTSSHEARFORCEONTHEBASISOFFLE................................................................................................................50
FIGURE21:CORTANTESBYPISO................................................................................................................................................59
FIGURE22:PROFILEDRIFTINGINBOTHDIRECTIONSFORFLE.............................................................................................................62
FIGURE31:DFOREFORMADAMODO1T=2.11S,ANDFORTHEMODO2T=1.94S......................................................................79
FIGURE32:DFOREFORMADAMODO3T=1.49S,ANDFORTHEMODO4T=0.84S......................................................................79
FIGURE33:DFOREFORMADAMODO5T=0.73S,ANDFORTHEMODO6T=0.63S......................................................................80
FIGURE34:DFOREFORMADAMODO7t=0.45S,ANDFORTHEMODO8T=0.37S......................................................................80
FIGURE35:DFOREFORMADAMODO9T=0.30S,ANDFORTHEMODO10T=0.23S....................................................................81
FIGURE36:DFOREFORMADAMODO11T=0.18S,ANDFORTHEMODO12T=0.13S..................................................................81
FIGURE37:ESPECTRODESIGN...................................................................................................................................................83
FIGURE38:ESPECTROACCELERATIONOFDESIGN...........................................................................................................................83
FIGURE39:ESPECTROSPEEDDESIGN..........................................................................................................................................84
FIGURE310:ESPECTRODESIGNOFTRAVEL...................................................................................................................................84
FIGURE311:PROFILEDRIFTINGINBOTHDIRECTIONSFORSPECTRALMODALANALYSIS.............................................................................98

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CalculationofReinforcedConcreteBuildingswith

IndexofTables

Index of Tables
TABLA11:COEFICIENTEDESITEBYASCE/SEI710FORCLASSOFSITEC.......................................................................................5
TABLA12:COEFICIENTEDESITEBYASCE/SEI710FORCLASSOFSITEC.......................................................................................6
TABLA13:CATEGORIESRISKFORBUILDINGSANDOTHERSTRUCTURESFORLOADSFLUIDS,WIND,SNOW,EARTHQUAKE,ANDICE...........................6
TABLA14:FACTORSRELEVANTTORISKCATEGORIESFORBUILDINGSANDOTHERSTRUCTURESFORLOADSFLUIDS,WIND,SNOW,EARTHQUAKE,AND
ICE................................................................................................................................................................................7
TABLA15:CATEGORYBASEDSEISMICDESIGNPARAMETERACCELERATIONRESPONSEFORSHORTPERIODS,....................................................7
TABLA16:CATEGORYBASEDSEISMICDESIGNPARAMETERACCELERATIONRESPONSEPERIOD1S,................................................................7
TABLA17:VALUESEFFECTIVESTIFFNESSOFINGREDIENTS,TAKENFROMASCE/SEI4106SUPPLEMENTNOne..........................................8
TABLA18:VSPECTRALACCELERATIONPERIODALUESVSDESIGNSPECTRUM,BYASCE/SEI710..............................................................24
TABLA19:CARGASAPPLIEDTOEACHFLOOR.................................................................................................................................46
TABLA21:VALUESPARAMETERSESTIMATEDPERIODAndX..........................................................................................................53
TABLA22:CFOROEFICIENTESLImitateSUperiorCALCULATEDINTHEPERIOD.........................................................................................53
TABLA23:CARGASsuperimposed..............................................................................................................................................54
TABLA24:MASAS,MASSMOMENTSOFINERTIAANDLOCATIONOFMASSCENTERS..................................................................................55
TABLA25:MASAS,MASSMOMENTSOFINERTIAANDLOCATIONOFCENTERMASSCALCULATEDBYETABS....................................................55
TABLA26:FUERZASBASESHEARINCASHANDCALCULATEDBYWEIGHTSAP2000....................................................................................57
TABLA27:FUERZASBASESHEARINCASHANDCALCULATEDBYWEIGHTETABS.......................................................................................57
TABLA28:FSIDESEISMICUERZAS,DUMPANDCUTTINGMOMENTSAPPLIEDTOEACHFLOOR......................................................................58
TABLA29:FAPPLIEDTOSEISMICUERZASDIAPHRAGMS,RESULTSTABLEETABS........................................................................................58
TABLA210:DERIVASBYFLEFOREARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONXCALCULATEDBYETABS.....................................................................60
TABLA211:DERIVASBYFLEFOREARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONAndCALCULATEDBYETABS.................................................................60
TABLA212:DERIVASFLOORBYFLEINTHEDIRECTIONX.................................................................................................................61
TABLA213:DERIVASFLOORBYFLEINTHEDIRECTIONY...............................................................................................................61
TABLA214:AXAMINATIONRAYLEIGHFORPERIODSOFVIBRATIONINTHESTEERINGX............................................................................63
TABLA215:AXAMINATIONRAYLEIGHFORPERIODSOFVIBRATIONINTHESTEERINGY...........................................................................63
TABLA216:CALCULATIONSTABILITYCOEFFICIENTFORADDRESSX,FORFLE........................................................................................64
TABLA217:CALCULATIONSTABILITYCOEFFICIENTFORADDRESSY,FORFLE........................................................................................65
TABLA31:PERIODOSANDCUMULATIVEPERCENTAGESOFINVOLVEMENTWITHMODALMASSCALCULATEDETABS..........................................73
TABLA32:PERIODOSANDCUMULATIVEPERCENTAGESOFINVOLVEMENTWITHMODALMASSCALCULATEDSAP2000......................................74
TABLA33:COMPARINGRESULTINGPERIODSANANALYSISRAYLEIGHANDVECTORSRITZ.........................................................................74
TABLA34:PAndERIODOSFFORRECUENCIASSAP2000ANDETABS...................................................................................................74
TABLA35:CALCULATIONPARTICIPATIONFACTORSFORTHEFIRSTMODE.............................................................................................76
TABLA36:CALCULATIONPARTICIPATIONFACTORSFORSECONDMODE...............................................................................................76
TABLA37:CALCULATIONPARTICIPATIONFACTORSFORTHETHIRDWAY..............................................................................................76
TABLA38:FACTORSMODALSHARE............................................................................................................................................77
TABLA39:PORCENTAJESMODALMASSPARTICIPATION...................................................................................................................77
TABLA310:FACTORSOBTAINEDWITHMODALSHAREETABS............................................................................................................77
TABLA311:FACTORSOBTAINEDWITHMODALSHARESAP2000..........................................................................................................77
TABLA312:PORCENTAJESINVOLVEMENTWITHMODALMASSOBTAINEDETABS...................................................................................78
TABLA313:PORCENTAJESINVOLVEMENTWITHMODALMASSOBTAINEDSAP2000................................................................................78
TABLA314:VALUESOFACCELERATION,SPECTRALANDTRAVELSPEEDSFORPERIODSOFFORMSSO85...
TABLA315:VALUESSPECTRALACCELERATIONOFTHEPERIODFOREACHCALCULATEDBYETABS...............................................................85
TABLA316:VALUESSPECTRALACCELERATIONOFTHEPERIODFOREACHCALCULATEDBYSAP2000............................................................85
TABLA317:DDisplacementofthepistonFIRSTLEVELMANAGEMENTX,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX....................................................86
TABLA318:DDisplacementofthepistonSECONDLEVELMANAGEMENTX,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX................................................87
TABLA319:DDisplacementofthepistonTHIRDLEVELINTHEDIRECTIONX,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX...............................................87
TABLA320:DESPLAZAMIENTOLEVELSANDTURNS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX.............................................................................87
TABLA321:DESPLAZAMIENTOLEVELS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONY...........................................................................................88

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IndexofTables

TABLA322:DESPLAZAMIENTOLEVELS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONXUSINGETABS............................................................................88
TABLA323:DESPLAZAMIENTOLEVELS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONXUSINGETABS............................................................................88
TABLA324:AMODALdecelerationFIRSTLEVELMANAGEMENTX,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX...........................................................89
TABLA325:AMODALdecelerationSECONDLEVELMANAGEMENTX,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX........................................................90
TABLA326:AMODALdecelerationTHIRDLEVELMANAGEMENTX,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX..........................................................90
TABLA327:ADecelerationsLEVELS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX.................................................................................................90
TABLA328:ADecelerationsLEVELS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONY...............................................................................................91
TABLA329:ADecelerationsLEVELS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX,CALCULATEDBYETABS...................................................................91
TABLA330:ADecelerationsLEVELS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONY,CALCULATEDBYETABS...................................................................91
TABLA331:FUERZASANDMOMENTSINTHELEVELS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX...........................................................................92
TABLA332:FUERZASANDMOMENTSINTHELEVELS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONY..........................................................................92
TABLA333:FOrcebaseshear,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX........................................................................................................93
TABLA334:FOrcebaseshear,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONY......................................................................................................93
TABLA335:FOrcebaseshear,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONXCALCULATEDBYETABS...........................................................................94
TABLA336:FOrcebaseshear,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONAndCALCULATEDBYETABS.......................................................................94
TABLA337:FUERZASCUTTINGBYLEVELS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX.........................................................................................94
TABLA338:FUERZASCUTTINGBYLEVELS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONY........................................................................................95
TABLA339:FUERZASCUTTINGBYAFACTORLEVELSOFCLIMBING1.40,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX..................................................96
TABLA340:FUERZASCUTTINGBYAFACTORLEVELSOFCLIMBING1.42,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONY..................................................96
TABLA341:DERIVASFLOORFORSPECTRALMODALANALYSISINTHEDIRECTIONX..................................................................................97
TABLA342:DERIVASFLOORFORSPECTRALMODALANALYSISINTHEDIRECTIONY.................................................................................97
TABLA343:CALCULATIONSTABILITYCOEFFICIENTFORADDRESSX,FORMODALANALYSIS......................................................................99
TABLA344:CALCULATIONSTABILITYCOEFFICIENTFORADDRESSY,FORMODALANALYSIS......................................................................99

xiii

modeling
building
irregular 15
flats with
SAP2000

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CalculationofReinforcedConcreteBuildingswith

ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000

1.

ModelingofIrregularBuilding15FloorswithSap2000

Irregularfifteenstorybuildingofreinforcedconcreteispresentedconsistsofresistantmoment
framesandshearwalls.Foranalyzingthestructureofthefollowingtwomethodsarecarriedout:

AnalysisbyEquivalentLateralForce.

ModalAnalysisofSpectralResponseTriDimensional.

The analyzes were performed using the SAP2000 (version 15), the results of this program are
evaluated with Etabs and spreadsheets. The Sap2000 and Etabs are analysis and design programs
developedbyComputersandStructures,Inc.,Berkeley,California.

1.1.

DescriptionofStructure

Thebuildinghas15levelstocalculate,itisirregularinplanandelevation.Thefirstlevelhasa
heightof5meterscalculation,theremainingfloorsare4feettall.Theoverallbuildingheightis61meters.

The lateral force resisting system consists of a dual system of special momentresisting frames
reinforcedconcreteshearwallsandreinforcedconcrete,connectedbyreinforcedconcretebeamsalso.The
compressivestrengthofconcreteis350Kg/cm2,and
yieldstrengthofreinforcingsteelis4200Kg/cm2.

Mezzanine slabs are considered solid slabs that guarantee behavior as rigid diaphragm. The
overall dimensions and size of the elements can be seen in the map accompanying this document. In
Figures11to14,youcanseethedistributionplanofthebuilding,andinFigure15therearetwo3Dviews
conductedwithEtabs.

In the case ofa modeling foundation is considered, forpractical purposes considering the soil
structureinteraction,suchasshoesconnectedsurface.

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CalculationofReinforcedConcreteBuildingswith

ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000

Figure11:Plantthefirstandthirdfloors.

Figure12:Groundfromfourthtosixthfloor.

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CalculationofReinforcedConcreteBuildingswith

ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000

Figure13:Plantoftheseventhtotheninthfloor.

Figure14:Plantofthetenthtothefifteenthfloor.

Figure15:3Dviewsofthebuildingtobe
calculated.

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CalculationofReinforcedConcreteBuildingswith

ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000

1.2.

DevelopmentofSeismicDesignLoadsandRequirements

1.2.1.

Seismicity

Tocontinuewiththeproposedmethodology,inlinewithrecentguidelines(ASCE/SEI710),the
cityofBerkeleyinCaliforniawillbechosenastheplacewherethebuildingislocated.Youcanusethe"Java
Ground Motion Parameter Calculator" tool for obtaining the relevant parameters for the assessment of
seismic hazard and seismic design spectrum, available on the website of US Geological Survey
(http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/designmaps/buildings.php).

Theparametersofspectralaccelerationforshortperiodsandperiodsto1second,andAre
1.923and0.739respectively.Theconditionofthesoilisverydense,accountingforaClass
SiteC,thenforvaluesofcorrespondstoavalueofAndforvaluesof
corresponds to a value of (SeeTables11

and12).Belowispresentedthe
summaryofthecalculationsforthebasicgroundmotion:

Table11:CoefficientofSiteaccordingtoASCE/SEI710forSiteClassC.

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CalculationofReinforcedConcreteBuildingswith

ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000

Table12:CoefficientofSiteaccordingtoASCE/SEI710forSiteClassC.

The is the period where the horizontal part of the design response spectrum intersects the
descendingportion(constantspeedoraccelerationinverselyproportionaltoT)spectrum.

1.2.2.

StructuralDesignRequirements

AccordingtoASCE/SEI710,thebuildingwillbeclassifiedasRiskCategoryIII,asthefailureof
thebuildingmayhaveasubstantialrisktohumanlifeandisnotdesignedasanessentialfacility(SeeTable
13).ThereforeshallhaveoneSeismicImportanceFactor()Of1.25(SeeTable14).

TheSeismicDesignCategoryDwillbe,accordingtoASCE/SEI710(SeeTables15and16),as
, And .

Table13:Riskcategoriesforbuildingsandotherstructuresforfluidloads,wind,snow,earthquake,andice.

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Table14:Factorsofimportancefortheriskcategoriesforbuildingsandotherstructuresforfluidloads,wind,
snow,earthquake,andice.

Table15:SeismicDesignCategorybasedontheparameterresponseaccelerationforshortperiods,
.

Table16:SeismicDesignCategorybasedontheparameterofaccelerationresponseperiods1s.

Theseismicforceresistingsystemisformedinbothdirectionsbyadualsystem

porchesandwalls.Table12.2.1ofASCE/SEI710providesthedesigncoefficientsandfactorsforvarious
systemsresistanttoseismicforces.SectionD3ofthetable,havewallsReinforcedConcreteSpecialCourt,
whichbelongtothedualsystemswithspecialmomentresistingframestobeabletowithstandatleast25%
ofprescribedseismicforces,whichcorrespondthefollowingvalues:

ResponseModificationCoefficient,R:7.0
SobreresistenciaFactor,:2.5
DeflectionAmplificationFactor,:5.5

Resistanttoseismicforcessuchsystemdoesnothaverestrictionsontheheightofthe

building
.

1.3.

MaterialPropertiesandElements

1.3.1.

PropertiesofConcrete

ThemodulusvaluefornormaldensityconcretecanbetakenaccordingtotheACI31808/8.5.1,
asfollows:

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Theconcreteusedinthesuperstructurecolumns,structuralwalls,beams,slabs

mezzanines,hasthefollowingproperties:

Density: 2400 kg / m3. Compressive Strength of Concrete: 350 Kg /


cm2. Steel Effort Creep: 4200 Kg / cm2.
Modulus: 280 624.30 Kg / cm2.
Cutter Module: 0.417 x EC117 = 020.33 Kg / cm2.
Poisson's ratio

0.20.

1.3.2.

PropertiesofComponents

1.3.2.1.

Stiffness

Therigiditiesofthecomponentsshouldtakeintoaccountthebehaviorbending,cuttingandaxial
deformationsslipreinforcement.AccordingtotheASCE/SEI4106Section6.3.1.2,thefollowingvaluesfor
thelinearcalculationofthebuildingwillbetaken:

Table17:Valuesoftheeffectivestiffnessofthecomponents,takenfromtheASCE/SEI4106
SupplementNo.1.

They work with the values presented for effective rigidities in Table 11, only the following
changesaremade:1)Theflexuralstiffnessofbeamsprestressednot,accordingtotheATC40,willbetaken
as;and2)Theshearstiffnessincrackedwallswill.

1.3.2.2.

SectionsColumns

Four types of columns, one of which is square and the rest are circular columns have. The
propertiesforeachtypearelistedbelow:

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ColumnC1(square)

Cant gross

60 cm.

Width

60 cm.

Coating + bracket + rod / 2

6 cm.

Flexural Stiffness

0.70

Shear Stiffness

0.40

Torsion Rigidity

Will not be considered.

Diameter

60 cm.

Coating + bracket + rod / 2

6 cm.

Flexural Stiffness

0.70

ColumnC2(loop)

Shear Stiffness

0.40

Torsion Rigidity

Will not be considered.

Diameter

80 cm.

Coating + bracket + rod / 2

6 cm.

Flexural Stiffness

0.70

ColumnC3(loop)

Shear Stiffness

0.40

Torsion Rigidity

Will not be considered.

Diameter

90 cm.

Coating + bracket + rod / 2

6 cm.

Flexural Stiffness

0.70

Shear Stiffness

0.40

Torsion Rigidity

Will not be considered.

C4column(loop)

1.3.2.3.

SectionsBeams

Twotypesofbeamshave.Thepropertiesforeachtypearelistedbelow:

BeamV1(30x60)

Cant gross

60 cm.

Width

30 cm.

Coating + bracket + rod / 2

9 cm.

Flexural Stiffness

0.50

Shear Stiffness

0.40

Torsion Rigidity

Will not be considered.

80 cm.

BeamV2(30x80)

Cant gross

Width

30 cm.

Coating + bracket + rod / 2

9 cm.

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Flexural Stiffness

0.50

Shear Stiffness

0.40

Torsion Rigidity

Will not be considered.

InFigure16youcanseethesummarytableofsectionsforbeamsandcolumns.

Figure16:Pictureofcolumnsandbeamstobeusedinthe
model.

1.3.2.4.

SectionsinMuros

Consideringthethicknessoftheshearwalls,therearetwotypesofwalls.Thepropertiesforeach
typearelistedbelow:

WallM1

Thickness

30 cm.

Coating + bracket + rod / 2

6 cm.

Flexural Stiffness

0.50

Shear Stiffness

0.50

M2Wall

Thickness

35 cm.

Coating + bracket + rod / 2

6 cm.

Flexural Stiffness

0.50

Shear Stiffness

0.50

1.3.2.5.

MezzaninesectionsSlabs

Youonlyhaveonetypeofmezzanineslab,aflatslabwhichbyitslength/widthratiocouldbe
consideredasonewayslab.Itspropertiesareasfollows:

SolidSlab(evaluatetotwoway)

Thickness

17.5 cm.

1.4.

DefinitionsinSap2000

ThefirstthingtodoistodefinetheSap2000materials,sections,loadpattern,designcases,
designspectrum,andseismiceffectivemass.Onceitenterstheprogramcreatesa

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newmodelfromthemenu"File/NewModel",orbyclickingthetool,orwiththekeycombination"Ctrl+
N".Accesstheform"NewModel"forthecreationofamodelwillbebasedonaprogramtemplate,orstart
fromscratchamodel(seeFigure17).
In item you must choose the units that will work, those that may change at any time according to the
requiredresults.Theinitialunitsforthemodelwillbe.

Figure17:FormNewModel.

Figure18:FormQuickGridLines.

In the "Select Template" section choose "Grid Only", and the form opens, "Quick Grid Lines",
verifythatthetabselectedis"Cartesian"toworkwithagridofcoordinateaxesbasedonCartesianaxes
(SeeFigure18).In"NumberofGridLines"weenterthe

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numberofaxestobeusedineachdirection,"Xdirection"willhave8axes"Ydirection"willhave8axes,
and"Zdirection"willhave16axles(numberoffloorsincludinggroundlevel).In"GridSpacing"weenter
wheelbases (distances can then be edited if different values are taken, as is usual), in "X direction" is
entered8"Ydirection"4isentered,and"Z
direction"isentered4Onceyouhaveenteredthevaluesweclickonthe(SeeFigure18)button.Andthe
programpresentsthemainwindowwiththegridaxesinthreedimensions(seeFigure19).
TheEtabsSap2000andhavetheadvantageofworkingwellwithcylindricalaxesoramixtureof

Cartesian and cylindrical axes (see Figure 1


10).

Figure19:Meshcreatedcoordinateaxes.

Figure110:MeshMixCartesiancylindricalshaftsinEtabs.

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Toeditwheelbases,name,colors,etc.,doubleclickwiththeleftmousebuttonanywhereonthe
meshcreatedaxes,orbyclickingtherightmousebuttononanyopenareaonthesalesandcontextmenu
choose"EditDataGrid"orweenterthemenu,"Define/GrideCoordinateSystems".Wearepresentingthe
"Coordinate / Grid Systems", in that form can generate a new mesh coordinate axes or edit an already
createdform.Weverifiedthatthesystemofaxes"GLOBAL"isselectedandclickonthebutton
,Whichwewillopenanewform,"DefineDataGridSystems",wherewecanedittheaxis
properties.Checkingwiththeplanemodel,thedistancesbetweentheaxesintheXandYdirectionsareOK,
theonlychangewillbeintheZdirection(floors)andtheheightofthefirstflooris5meters;theninthe
"DisplayasGrids"sectionselect
,Thenthe"ZGridData"row"1"andcolumn"Spacing"sectionweenterthevalue"5"(seeFigure
111).Weclickonthebuttontwicetoexittheformsusedand

weeditedthemeshaxes.

Figure111:Form"DefineGridDataSystem"foreditingmeshcoordinateaxes.

Thenextstepistodefinethematerialtobeused.

1.4.1.

DefinitionofMaterial

WiththematerialpropertieslistedinSection1.3.1,weproceedtocreatethematerialSap2000.
Throughthemenu,"Define/Materials"orthetool,youhaveaccesstotheform

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"DefineMaterials",youcanseethatbydefaultmaterialsgeneratedbytheprogram,weclickonthebutton
to generate a new material with properties as shown in Figure 112. Clicked the button to create the
material.

Figure112:Creatingthematerialtobeusedinthemodel.

Atanytimeyoucanusethecalculatorprogram,placinginatextboxyouneedanumericvalue
andpressingthe"Shift+Enter"keys.
YouclickOKandexittheform"DefineMaterials"withnewmaterialcreatedandreadytousein
thefollowingphases.
Thenextstepistocreatethesections,andtheirpropertiesforuseinthemodeldrawing.

1.4.2.

DefineSections"Frame"

For the creation of onedimensional elements "Frame" is entered using the menu: "Define /
SectionProperties/FrameSections",oralsobythetool.Accesstheform"FrameProperties"Thenwillfrom
whichwecanimport,create
Copy

Amended

deletesections.

14

,And

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1.4.2.1.

Columns

Fromtheform"FrameProperties"createanewsectionbyclickingonthebutton

Inthefollowingform"AddFrameSectionProperty"choose"Concrete"in"Frame
SectionPropertyType"sectionandthen"Rectangular"isselectedinthe"ClicktoAddtoConcreteSection"
section(seeFigure113),sowehaveaccesstotheform"RectangularSection".

Figure113:Creatinganewsectionforcolumns.

CreatecolumnC1,intheform"RectangularSection"weentertheinitialpropertiessuchasthe
name of the section, the material used, and the dimensions (see Figure 114). We click on the "Set
Modifiers..."buttontomodifythestiffnessofthesection,asshowninFigure1
15, we click on the button to return to form "Rectangular Section". We click on the "Concrete
Reinforcement"buttonandintheform"ReinforcementData"definethepropertiesforthereinforcement
sectionforboththelongitudinalreinforcementtothecross,atthisstageofthecalculationisnotnecessary
toindicatethenumberordiameterofthe"real"bars,asyouwillbeaskedtheprogramtogiveusthedesign
later in the review phase of design should create sections with "real" reinforcements for the program to
checkwhetherornotitmeetsthedesignrequirements.
We entered the data as seen in Figure 116 and click on the button to return to the form "Rectangular
Section"andclickthebuttonagaintoreturntotheform

"FrameProperties",sowehavecreatedtheC1column.Thesameprocedureisperformedforthe
missing sections, circular sections choosing changing the parameters for varying the gross stiffness and
performthecalculationwiththeeffectivestiffness,andspecifyingthecircularreinforcementcolumns.Figure
117canbeseentheinitialproperties,variationsinstiffnessandreinforcementforthecircularcolumnC2.

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Figure114:InitialpropertiesfortheC1column.

Figure115:Propertiestomodifyallcolumnstoconsideractualrigidities.

Figure116:ReinforcementtoconsiderinthedesignphaseincolumnC1.

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Figure117:PropertiestobeconsideredinthedesignphaseincolumnC2.

1.4.2.2.

Beams

Aftercreatingthefourkindsofcolumns,thetwotypesofbeamschoosingrectangularsections
with the same procedure for defining columns are created. Figure 118 can be seen the forms used to
createthebeamV1.
Oncethe04columnsandthetwobeamsaretaken,weclickonthebuttonontheform"Frame
Properties",andwewillhavecreatedthesectionsusedinthemodeldrawing.Thenextstepistocreatethe
sectionsusedintheshearwalls.

1.4.3.

SectionsDefinition"Area"

We entered through the menu, "Define / Section Properties / Area Sections", or the tool to
definesectionswewilluseinshearwallsandfloorslabs.Theprogramwe
willdisplaythe"AreaSections"forminwhichwecanadd

Copy

Amended

andclear

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onesection.

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Figure118:PropertiestobeconsideredinthedesignphaseinV1beam.

1.4.3.1.

WallsCourt

Intheform"AreaSections"select"Shell"inthe"SelectSectionTypeToAdd"section,thenwe
clickonthebutton

tocreateasectionwiththeparameters

suitableforuseinshearwalls.Twotypesofshearwallswhicharedistinguishedbyhavingits
thickness.

Intheform"ShellSectionData"weenterthepropertiesasseeninFigure119.Weclickonthe
button to adjust the properties to use the effective stiffness in the walls (see Figure 120). We click on
buttontoreturntotheform"Shell"SectionData"andclickthebuttonagaintoreturntotheform"Section
Area".

WiththesameproceduretocreatetheM2sectionwall.Forms
M2forthewallcanbeseeninFigure121.Beinginthe"AreaSection"form,weclickonthebutton
returntothemainprogramscreenhaving
definedsectionstobeusedinshearwalls.

18

to

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Figure119:PropertiestobeconsideredinthedesignphaseintheM1wall.

Figure120:Propertiestochangeatallwallstoconsideractualrigidities.

1.4.3.2.

SlabsEntrepisos

To define the sections to be used in slabs entrepisos the same procedure for the shear walls
continues.
FormsandvalueseachpropertycanbeseeninFigure122.Noreductioninthecalculationofthe
effectivestiffnessisnotapplied,asaslabisconsideredinfinitelystiffandcalculatedholdingitinmindthat
worksasarigiddiaphragm.

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Figure121:PropertiestobeconsideredinthedesignphaseintheM2wall.

Figure122:Propertiestobeconsideredinthedesignphaseintheslabmezzanine.

1.4.4.

DefinitionofPatternLoads(LoadPatterns)

In addition to its own weight loads (which comes by default in the program, "DEAD") five
additionalloadsgeneratedpattern:superimposedloads(CM),liveloadsreducedinmezzanine(LIVE),loads
onroofs(LiveUp)andseismicbuildingforanalysisbythemethodoftheequivalentlateralforce(FLE)loads,
seismicloadsaregeneratedineachdirection(SISMOXandSISMOY).

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Thestandardloadsaredefinedintheform"DefineLoadPatterns",enteringthemenu,"Define/Load
Patterns",ortool

Intheform"DefineLoadPatterns"canbeadded

Amended

Amended

(Patternsoflateralloads),anddeleteload

patterns.

1.4.4.1.

SuperimposedLoads,CM

Insidetheform"DefineLoadPatterns"ishasadefaultDEADloadinthe"SelfWeightMultiplier"
columnisthevalueof"1"(100%),whichtellstheprogramtocalculatetheweightofstructuralcomponents
aredrawninthemodel,ifyouwantedtoincludeapercentageofownweightcanvarythevalueof"1"to
theright.Inanycaseloadmayincludetheweight,butitisadvisabletohaveanindependentpattern.
Generateloadssuperimposedpatternwherealldeadloadwillenter(finishing,mechanical,etc.),
chargingparameterscanbeseeninFigure123.Oncethevaluesareenteredclickonthebuttontocreate
thenewload.

Figure123:ParametersfortheCMloadingpattern.

1.4.4.2.

ReducedLoadsVivas,LIVE

Theprocessofcreatingthereducedliveloadisequaltothesuperimposedload,theparameters
canbeseeninFigure124.

Figure124:ParametersforloadingpatternLIVE.

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1.4.4.3.

RoofLoadsVivas,LiveUp

Theprocessofcreatingroofloadsissimilartotheloadscreatedabove,theparameterscanbe
seeninFigure125.

Figure125:ParametersforloadingpatternLiveUp.

1.4.4.4.

SeismicLoadsforFLE,SISMOXandEARTHQUAKEAND

In seismic loads for static lateral force by the equivalent analysis, the change from the loads
created above is that by choosing it as a "Quake" (earthquake or earthquake) the "Lateral Auto Load
Pattern"columnwillbeactivated;fromsaidcolumnwecangeneratealateralloadregulationsintroducing
loadsdirectlyappliedtothecenterofmass,orbytheratioofbaseshearseismic("UserCoefficient").
InFigure126youcanseetheparametersforthelateralloadinthedirectionX.Once

sideloadingcreatedbyclickingthebutton

proceedtoedit,inFigure1to27

theinputvaluesareobserved.Thenclickonthebutton

toreturntotheform

"DefineLoadPatterns".
The process is similar to the lateral load generated by user coefficients seismic load in the Y
directioninFigure128maybeseentheloadparametersintheYdirection
Oncethesixloadspattern(includingDEAD)youhave,youclickonthebuttontoclosetheform
"DefineLoadPatterns"andacceptthepatternsdefined.
Thenextsteptodefinetheloadcasesforspectralmodalanalysis.

Figure126:ParametersforloadingpatternSISMOX.

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Figure127:ParametersdefinitionforthecaseoflateralloadsusingusercoefficientsfortheearthquakeintheX
direction

Figure128:ParametersdefinitionforthecaseoflateralloadsusingusercoefficientsfortheearthquakeintheY
direction

1.4.5.

DefinitionofCaseDesign(LoadCases)

1.4.5.1.

JoinSpectrumDesign

Todefinethespectrumofdesignisthroughthemenu,"Define/Functions/ResponseSpectrum"
orbyclickingthetool

;youhaveachoiceofdesignspectraaccording

regulations,fileincomeorincomespectrumvaluesmanually."FromFile"willbechosen
fromthe"ChooseFunctionTypetoAdd"sectionandthenclickonthebutton,thefileofthespectrumis
located,verifiedthatithaschecked,andclickingthebuttonyouwillseethedesignspectrum.

InFigure129youcanseetheform"ResponseSpectrumFunctionDefinition"with
valueschosen.Ifdesired,youcanclickthebuttontochangethedatamanuallyortosharethemodelwithout
theneedofimportedfile
spectrum.Youclickonthebuttontoreturntotheform"Define/Functions/Response

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Spectrum",againclickonthebutton

willbegeneratedandthedesignspectrumforusein

modalanalysisofspectralresponse.
InTable18thevaluesforthedefinitionofthedesignspectrumareappreciated.

Figure129:SpectrumimportedforthemodalanalysisofspectralresponseaccordingtoASCE/SEI710design.

Sto

Sto

Sto

0.00

0.0916

0.50

0.2287

4.00

0.0286

0.02

0.1191

0.60

0.1906

5.00

0.0229

0.04

0.1466

0.70

0.1634

6.00

0.0191

0.06

0.1741

0.80

0.1430

7.00

0.0163

0.08

0.2015

0.90

0.1271

8.00

0.0143

0.10

0.2289

1.00

0.1144

9.00

0.0113

0.20

0.2289

1.50

0.0762

10.00

0.0091

0.30

0.2289

2.00

0.0572

0.40

0.2289

3.00

0.0381

Table18:Valuesvsperiodspectralaccelerationofthedesignspectrum,accordingtoASCE/SEI710.

1.4.5.2.

LoadCaseforModalAnalysisofSpectralResponse

Once you have the design spectrum load cases for the modal analysis of spectral response is
created.Weenteredthroughthemenu,"Define/Load Cases"orbyclickingthetool,intheform"Define
LoadCases"wecanadd,edit,copyanddeleteloadcases.Inthat
canbeseenformthesixpatternsloadedwithaloadtype"LinearStatic",further

haveacase"MODAL"theprogramisautomaticallygeneratedandmadethecasethatthemodalanalysis
(eigenvaluesandcharacteristic,modalparticipation,etc.).

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Selecttheevent"MODAL"andclickonthebuttonontheform"LoadCaseDataModal"changed
the method of evaluation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors type "Ritz Modes" from the "Type of Modes"
section.Theremainingparameterstoenterare
ItcanbeseeninFigure130.Weclickonthebuttontoacceptthechangesandreturntotheform"Define
LoadCases."
By clicking the button define the earthquake in the X direction, values and parameters can be
seeninFigure131,thescalevalueisequalto9.81(valueoftheaccelerationofgravity)intheXdirection,
the design spectrum does not have its values multiplied by this constant, and thus the program will be
consideredforthecalculation.IntheYdirectionthescalevalueisequalto2,943andtobeconsideredfor
theanalysisintheXdirection30%
contributioninthetransversedirection(Y).Weclickonthebuttonandyouwillhavecreatedthecasefor
modalanalysisofspectralresponseinthedirectionX.Thesameprocedureisappliedtogeneratetheload
caseintheYdirection(seeFigure132).Backintheform"DefineLoadCases"
weclickonthebuttontoreturntothemainscreenwithdynamicanalysiscasescreated.

1.4.6.

DefinitionofEffectiveMassSeismic

Theseismiceffectivemassisenteredfromthemenu:"Define/MassSource"ortool

. According to the ASCE / SEI 710 considered 100% load its own weight and dead loads, but as the
buildingisnotastorewillnotbeconsideredapercentageofliveloads.InFigure133youcanseetheform
"DefineMassSource"withthechosenparameters,youclickonthebutton
toacceptthechangesandreturntothemainscreenSap2000.

Figure130:Parametersforthecaseof"MODAL"charge.

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Figure131:Parametersforloadcase"EQXX"directionX.

Figure132:Parametersforloadcase"EQYY"directionY.

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Figure133:DefinitionofEffectiveSeismicGround.

1.5.

DrawingModelinSap2000

1.5.1.

DisplayinPlan,Elevationsand3D

TodrawthemodelmustSap2000toolsarehelpfulforviewingfromdifferentanglesofviewand
inplan,elevationor3D.Belowarepresentedthemostimportant:
Toolsmovement:

"MoveUpinList"and"MoveDowninList"withthefirstofthetoolsyoucanmove,for
example,anelevationviewonAxisAAxisBimmediately,orplanview6thfloortofloorplanview
7Thesecondofthetoolsmeets
withthesamefunctionbutinreverse.Onlyactivatedinelevationandplanviews.

ToolsViews:

"Pan"tooltoperformpanningmotionmodelinagivenview,

"SetDefault3DView"

showsa3Dviewofthemodelbydefault.
:"SetXYView"toolthatshowsplanviewsorviewsintheXYplane.

: "Set XZView" tool that shows elevation views or views in the XZ plane.
View"toolthatshowselevationviewsorviewsintheYZplane.
thatservestorotatethe3Dview.

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: "Set YZ

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1.5.2.

DrawingofFrameObjects

Fromthemenu"Draw"youhaveaccesstothetoolswithwhichtheelements"Frame","Area",
etc.willbedrawn(SeeFigure134).Themostimportanttoolswillbedeveloped.

Figure134:Menu"Draw"theSap2000.

"Draw Frame / Cable / Tendon", this tool allows you to draw lines, either in plan views,
elevation or 3D view. The program will allow us to access a table that we can choose the line
type,propertyorsectioncreated,itwillbetransmittedifthe
momentsbetweenelements("Continuous")ortheitemdoesnotforwardnowbecomingapatella
("Pinned"),with"PlanOffseetXYNormal"elementcandrawaparalleldistancetothepointswe
choose;with"DrawingControlType"wecandrawparallellinestoaglobalaxisinparticulartoany
angle,ordrawinglineswithagivenlength(seeFigure135).

Figure135:Contextmenuof"DrawFrame/Cable/Tendon"tool.

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"QuickDrawFrame/Cable/Tendon",thisoptioncandrawlinesbyclickingonthegrid,inan
automaticmanner,unlikethepreviousoptionneededtospecifytwopoints.Theotherversatility
ofthistoolisthatitallowsustodrawlinesbyselectingaregion.Itcanbeusedinplanviews,
elevationsand3D.
"Quick Draw Braces" tool to draw in plan and elevation views. It is used for drawing steel
bracesorstruts,whichprovidediagonalbracingtoimprovelateralstiffnessofstructures.
"Quick Draw Secondary Beams", this tool is also used in plan views. Used to draw joists
mezzanines, transmit moments or simply supported. Can you draw the beams in the area
formingtheintersectionsofthegridischosensothatthebeams
havingagivenortheentireareahasanumberofgirders(seeFigure136)apart.

Figure136:Contextmenuof"QuickDrawSecondaryBeams"tool.

1.5.2.1.

DrawingofBeams

Figures137to144,youcanseethedrawingprocessofthebeams.Thebeamsaredrawnina
planviewandthencopiedtotheotherfloors.Thedrawingcanbedoneoneononewiththetoolselected
orentireareacoveringthebuildingwiththetool.Itmusthave
carefulinchoosingthepropertyofthe"Frame"Abeamelement(sothatlateryoudonothaveto

change).Fromthemenu:"Assign/FrameSections..."ortoolcanbeassigned(editormodify)theproperties
once you select an item drawn. In Figure 137 the drawing of the beams on the first level is observed.
Secondaryaxestodrawthecouplingbeamsontheaxes3and8weredrawn.
Thenextstepistocopythebeamsfromsecondtofourthlevel,selectingall.To

copyweenterthemenu"Edit/Replicate"orbythetool;inthe"Replicate"tab"Linear"inthe"Increments"
on"dz"formweenterthevalueof"4"and"Incrementdata"value"3"(copythemtothetopthreefloors).
Figure1383Dviewisobservedwithbeamsdrawnonthefirstfourfloors.Wearelocatedonthefourth
floor,deleteandeditsectionsofthebeamstomodify.Thenproceedtocopythemtotheupperfloors.The
wholeprocessissimilarforalllevels.InFigure144aviewseenin3Dbeamsdrawnonall15levels.

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Figure137:Drawingofthebeamsonthefirstfloor.

Figure138:3Dviewofthebeamsdrawnonthefirstfourfloors.

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Figure139:Drawingofthebeamsonthefourthfloor.

Figure140:3Dviewofthebeamsdrawnonthefirstsevenfloors.

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Figure141:Drawingofthebeamsontheseventhfloor.

Figure142:3Dviewofthebeamsdrawnonthefirsttenfloors.

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Figure143:Drawingofthebeamsonthetenthfloor.

Figure144:Drawingofthebeamsinthefifteenfloors.

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1.5.2.2.

DrawingofthePillars

Thecolumnsaredrawninelevationviews,takingcaretodrawthemwithsectionsforeachmodel
element.Figures145to152columnsareseenineachaxisintheXdirection,andFigure153youcansee
the3Dviewofthemodelincludingthebeamsandcolumns.

Figure145:DrawingofthecolumnsintheAxis1.

Figure146:DrawingofthecolumnsintheAxis2.

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Figure147:DrawingofthecolumnsinAxis3.

Figure148:DrawingofthecolumnsinAxis4.

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Figure149:DrawingofthecolumnsonLine5.

Figure150:DrawingofthecolumnsintheAxis6.

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Figure151:DrawingofthecolumnsintheAxis7.

Figure152:DrawingofthecolumnsintheShaft8.

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Figure153:3Dviewofthemodelwiththebeamsandcolumnsdrawn.

1.5.3.

DrawingObjectsArea

Thetoolshavetodrawtheshearwallsandslabsare:

"Draw Poly Area", with this tool we can draw elements "Area" which are polygons, points
needtobeintroducedonebyonetothedrawingelement.Activatedinplanviews,elevationand
3D.Wewillbetriggered,aswellasforother
tools,a"PropertiesofObject"tablemayvarydependingonthechosentool,soyoucanchoose
thetypeofsection.
"Draw Rectangular Area", this second option lets you draw elements "Area" rectangular,
promptedustwopointsforplotting.Thelimitationisthatyoucanonlyuse

inelevationandplanviews.

"QuickDrawArea",thisisanothertoolthatisonlyactiveinplanandelevationviews.Clicking
onaninternalsiteofthegridwedrawanobjectwhoseboundariesaretheintersectionsofthe
grid.

1.5.3.1.

DrawingtheWallsofCourt

Shearwallsaredrawninelevationviews.AllthewallsaredividedeverymeteronthewallsintheY
direction,andevery0.75metersinthewallsintheXdirection(menu"Edit/EditAreas/AreasDivide...").
InFigures154to157shearwallsinthecorrespondingaxesareobserved,andFigure1583Dviewwith
beams,columnsandshearwallsdrawn.

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Figure154:IllustrationoftheshearwallsinAxis3.

Figure155:IllustrationoftheshearwallsintheShaft8.

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Figure156:IllustrationoftheshearwallsinAxisC.

Figure157:IllustrationoftheshearwallsinAxisF.

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Figure158:3Dviewofthemodelwiththebeams,columnsandshearwallsdrawn.

1.5.3.2.

DrawingthemezzaninesSlabs

Mezzanineslabsaredrawninplanviews,takingcaretochoosetherightfulpropertyandisdrawn
byclickingonthepointsthatformtheperimeter.Inthecentralareaofthebuildingisthepresenceofan
opening for the stairs, we recommend drawing the tiles leaving empty rectangles that area, since the
Sap2000nothaveatoolforopenings.
Slabscanbedrawnaspolygonalorrectangularelements(preferablyrectangular,topreventthe
lossofmasswhendefiningthefiniteelementmesh).Theprocedureistodrawafloorslabandcopyitto
similarstories.
Figure159to 162you cansee the tilesdrawn fordifferent levels, and Figure 163 have a 3D
viewofthemodelwithallstructuralelementsdrawn.
Using the "Area Mesh" command from the menu: "Assign / Area / Automatic Area Mesh", is
assignedtotheslabsofmezzaninefiniteelementmeshwithelementshavingdimensions1
meterx1meter.Usetheoption

in"AlongEdgefromPoint1to2"enterthevalue"1"and"AlongEdgefromPoint1to3"alsoenterthevalue
"1".
Youmustbecarefulwiththelocalaxesoftheslabsamagentaindicatethattheaxis3

(Equivalent to the Z axis) is reversed, and red indicates that the Local axis 3 is subject to the global axes.
Section1.5.4tellsyouhowtoviewthepropertiesoftheelementsincludingthelocalaxes.Forthewalls,the
localaxesareimportantinthecasethatwouldapplylateralloadsupthewall,asinthecaseofloadsfrom
thegroundorfloor.

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Figure159:Illustrationoftheslabmezzaninefloorsfor1stto3rd.

Figure160:Illustrationofthemezzanineslabfor4thand6thfloors.

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Figure161:Illustrationoftheslabmezzaninefloorsfor7thto9th.

Figure162:Illustrationoftheslabmezzaninefloorsfor10thto15th.

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Figure163:3Dviewofthemodelwiththefullstructuralelements.

1.5.4.

ViewingProperties

The previouspicture shows where sections used in each element areappreciated, it is not the
defaultdeliveryprogram.Theprogramprovidestheoptiontoshowanumberofpropertiesoftheelements
such as the label or name assigned, type section local axes, etc .; You can also show extrusion view
elements"Area"fillers,etc.
Inthetoolbaristhe"SetDisplayOptions..."below

mentionsomeoftheoptionsofferedbytheprogramtodisplaythepropertiesoftheobjectscreated.
"SetDisplayOptions...",showssomeofthepropertiesofthenodes,"Frames","Areas"solid,
"Links"andotherfeatures.
GeneralSection

:Itshowstheextrudedmodelview.

:Weshowthe"Area"fillings.

SectionJoints(Nodes)

:Itcontainsrestrictionsonthenodes.

:Itshowsthespringsassignedtothenodes.

SectionJoints,Frames,Area,Solids,Links

:Itshowsthelabelsornamesassignedtotheelements.

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:Itshowsthesectionsoftheelements.
:Itshowsthelocalaxesoftheelements.
Haveitpresentedsomeoftheoptions"SetDisplayOptions...",towhichmay

quickly display some properties of objects for easy identification and editing if necessary. Note that in the
Sap2000,localaxesaredisplayedincolor;Localaxesare"1","2"and"3",totheirrightfulred,greenandcyan
colors,respectively.

1.5.5.

FiniteElementMesh

Section1.5.3.2cameforwardasassigningameshfiniteelementsmezzanineslabs.Fromthe"Set
DisplayOptions..."toolcanbedisplayedontheassignedscreenmeshisselectedandtheprogramwillask
ifyouwanttogeneratethemodel
analysis,withapositiveresponseandthereisnoproblemifyoucanseethemesh.Themesh,

inthisbuilding,isoptimized,sinceallnodesintersect.Inconfigurationsthatarenotsymmetricalisnecessary
toperformanoptimizationofthemeshandpreventloadtransmissionerrors.InFigure164youcanseethe
meshgeneratedslightlyonthefifteenthfloor.

Figure164:Viewofthemeshassignedtothefifteenthfloor.

1.6.

Loads,ConstraintsandLimitations

1.6.1.

AssigningLoads

Only loads entrepisos slabs be allocated per type loads are shown in Table 19. To assign a
distributedloadmezzanineslabslabisselected,youenterthemenu
"Assign/AreaLoads/UniformShell"orthetool.Intheform"AreaUniformLoads"is

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choose the type of load pattern, the units are checked and the "Uniform Load" section the value
correspondingtothebox"Load",Enteringthecoordinatesystemwillbethe"GLOBAL"(youdonothavea
differentsystem),andtheaddresswillbeinthedirectionofgravity(default).
Youhavetocompletetheentryprocessloadsinallslabs.

Level
15

Area1
without
LiveUp

Area2
LiveUp

CM(Tn/m2) LIVE(Tn/m2)
0.275

0.3

14

480

480

0.275

0.3

13

480

0.275

0.3

12

480

0.275

0.3

11

480

0.275

0.3

10

480

0.275

0.3

480

0.275

0.3

800

0.275

0.3

800

0.275

0.3

800

0.275

0.5

992

0.275

0.5

992

0.275

0.5

992

0.275

0.5

1312

0.275

0.5

1312

0.275

0.5

320

192

320

LiveUp

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

Table19:Loadsappliedtoeachfloor.

1.6.2.

RestrictionMapping

Thenextstepistoassignconstraintstothemodel,orthesupportsonthebasenodes,doesnot
havelateralsupports.Perfectabutmentsareassignedincolumnsandfixedsupportsintheshearwalls.We
arelocatedatZ=0levelandselectthenodesthatcorrespondtothecolumnsand
we enter the menu "Assign / Joint / Restraints", or the tool and choose the button on the form "Joint
Restraints".Weclickonthebuttonandwewillassignedabutments
perfectinthebasesofthecolumns.Theprocedurefortheshearwallsisrepeatedbutchoose

buttonontheform"JointRestraints"toassignfixedsupports.

Figure165formoptions"JointRestraints"forthetwoformsofsupportareshown.

Figure165:Left:embeddingoptionsforperfect,rightside:optionsforafixedsupport.

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1.6.3.

AssignmentArmsTrucks

AsrecommendedbyASCE/SEI4106SupplementNo.01,asrequiredinthedesigncapacity,the
ratio of the sum of the nominal moments of the columns and the sum of the nominal moments of the
beamsisgreaterthan1.2andmodeleimplicitlybindingonlyrigidarmsareassignedtothecolumnsandnot
tobeams(seeFigure166).
Toassignrigidarmsorhorns,allcolumnsareselectedandusingthemenu:"Assign/Frame/End
(Lenght) Offsets" or also through the tool, you have access to the form "End Frame Length Offsets"; by
meansofthisformcanbeenteredstiffarms

automaticallythereforeselectoption

Andinthetextbox

"Rigidzonefactor"weenterthevalueof0.5,weclickonthebutton

toallocate

armsrigidcolumns.
Tofacilitatetheselectionofcomponents,usingthemenu"Select"hasanumberofoptionssuch
aschoosingitemsthatsharecertainspecificpropertyorselectitemsthatsharecertainparameters.

Figure166:Rigidarmsassignedtothebeamcolumnjointsaccordingtocapacitydesign.

1.6.4.

AssigningRigidDiaphragms

Toassignrigidslabsmezzaninediaphragms,thenodesofafloorandthemenuselect"Assign/
Joint / Constraints", we have access to the form "Assign / Define Constraints" select "Diaphragm" in "
ChooseConstraintTypetoAdd"andclickon
;Wewillopenanewformthatwilltelltheprogramthecoordinatesystemandtheaxis
youwanttolimittheelement,anameisplacedandclickon

toacceptandwillbeassignedtotheselectedfloorrigiddiaphragm.
Diaphragmscanalsobeassignedbyselectingallnodesinthemodel,exceptforthenodesatthe
base,butdifferinthecoordinate"Z"inordertofacilitateourwork.
Aftercompletingalltheabovestepstothissectionintheprevioussections

Thischapterwilldevelopasrunningthemodelanalysisashavingtheresultstables.

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1.7.

AnalysisandReviewofResults

1.7.1.

AnalysisModel

Fortheanalysismodelisenteredbythemenu:"Analyze/SetAnalysisOptions..."andselectthe
"SpaceFrame"buttoninthe"FastDOFs"section,withthiswetelltheprogramthat
performathreedimensionalanalysis(seeFigure167).Weclickon

toreturntothemain

screen.

Figure167:Choosingthetypeofanalysis.

In the "Analyze" menu also has the "Create Analysis Model" command used to generate and
displaythefiniteelementmesh,the"ModelAlive"thatallowsustomodelchangesonceyouhavedone
thecalculationwithouttounlockthe"SetLoadCasestoRun"to
selecttheloadcasestorun(alsoactivebeforerunningthemodel"RunAnalysis").

Thenextstepistorunthemodel.Onthemenu:"Analyze/RunAnalysis",orbyclickingthetool,
orviathekeyboardwiththe"F5"key,enteredtheform"SetLoadCasesto

Run",whereyouhavetheoptiontotelltheprogramtorunloadcasesandwhicharenot,evenif
youwanttoactivatethe"ModelAlive".

Clickingthebuttonthescanstarts.AnymistakeSap2000notifyuswithamessageonthescreen,
youcanalsodisplaytheexecutionorrealtimeanalysis,wherewefollowtheprocess.
Uponcompletionoftheanalysistheprogramgivesusthemodeldeformedtoacaseload.In

Figure168youcanseethemodelafteranalysis.Thentheresultscanbedisplayedgraphicallybymeansof
tables.

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Figure168:3Dviewofthemodelanalyzed.

1.7.2.

ViewingResultsPostProcessing

Theprogramprovidestheresultsforeachloadcaseorcombinationthathasbeendefined.We
canhaveaccesstotheresultsgraphicallytoolbaratthetop
,Oristhe"Display"menu.

We can visualize the undeformed model deformed by the action of a load diagrams of axial,
shearforcesandmoments.InFigure169youcanseetheresultsofthetwotypesproducedmomentsto
load.
Thenthemodulecanbeusedtodesignandresultshavereinforcedareasnecessaryelements.

1.7.3.

ViewingTablesResults

ManyoftheresultsSap2000delivery,suchastheshearatthebase,arepresentedintablesthat
caneasilybeexportedtospreadsheetssuchasExcel.
Todisplaytheresultstables,youenterthe"Display/ShowTables"menu.

InFigure170theform"ChooseTablesforDisplay"isshownontheformyouhavemanyoptions
tochoosetodisplaytheresults,choosingoneormoreloadcases,ifagroupofitemsisselectedalsoyou
canseetheresultsonlyforthatgroup.
Figure171Tableshearforcesisobservedatthebaseforanalysisbytheequivalentlateralforce,
forexample.

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Figure169:Resultsgraphically.

Figure170:Formforsubmissionoftheresultstables.

Figure171:ResultsoftheshearatthebasefortheFLE.

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