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Calculation of
Reinforced Concrete
Buildings with
Sap2000
Peru
www.cingcivil.com
Forewo
Foreword
Thecollectionconsistsoffivebooksinthecalculationanddesignofreinforcedconcretebuilding
is covered, from linear to nonlinear calculation calculation to obtain the maximum displacement of a
building and the point of performance; the methodology proposed in the ASCE / SEI 4106 "Seismic
RehabilitationofExistingBuildings"standardreportssuchasFEMA440"ImprovementofNonlinearStatic
Seismic Analysis Procedures", FEMA P440A "Effects of Strength and Stiffness Degradation on Seismic
Response"continuesFEMAP695"QuantificationofBuildingSeismicPerformanceFactors",PEER/ATC721
"Modeling and Acceptance Criteria for Seismic Design and Analysis of Tall Buildings", to cite some
references. For the procedure for obtaining design loads, including the selfweight loads, overloads and
lateral earthquake loads, the standard ASCE / SEI 710 "Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
Structures"wasused,aswellasanalysisprocedures.Thedesignofthestructuralelementswasperformed
accordingtoACI31808,"CodeRequirementsforStructuralConcreteandCommentary".
Thefivebooksthatmakeupthecollectionare:
1.
apply concepts in a practical case in the following books in the collection are developed. The
topicsaremostlytranslationsofreportsandcurrentstandardsinEarthquakeEngineering.
2.
fifteenstories,thebasiccommandsaredevelopedforthedesignofthestructureandparameters
ofthemodelingaregiventoconsiderforanalysis.ChecksareperformedtoSap2000Etabsand
using spreadsheets, indicating the process of analysis. Calculated by the method of the
Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF), and the procedure for Modal Analysis of Spectral Response
develops.
3.
NonlinearStaticAnalysisPushoverinReinforcedConcreteBuildingstoPerformSap2000
and 3D, using 3D Perform Sap2000 and nonlinear static analysis to fifteenstory building is
performed to obtain the maximum displacement and the point of performance. Each result
accordingtoATC40,FEMA440andASCE/SEI4106,astheuseofthecurvesandcontoursof
backbone capacity is explained by using spreadsheets showing the whole process as the
formationofkneecaps.
vi
Forewo
4.
Time History Analysis in Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Sap2000 and Perform 3D by
Sap2000 Perform 3D and TimeHistory and Modal TimeHistory Analysis Linear and Nonlinear
develop,inordertocomparetheresultsoftheanalysisproceduresmadeinthepreviousbooks
intheseries.
5.
CollapseandFragilityCurvesforReinforcedConcreteinBuildingsasalastvolume
thecollectionandstudyofstructuralcollapseusingfragilitycurvesforeconomicassessmentand
damageinreinforcedconcretebuildings,seismiceventstodevelop.
Inadditiontothesepublications,theVirtualCenteryoucanfindvideosofeach,availabletousers
enrolledinthecourse.
This collection is intended to serve the research and all interested in knowing the current
methodologytobeappliedinEarthquakeEngineering,coveringmanygapseitherbytheuseoflanguageor
lackofliteratureontheseissues.
ParticipationofmembersandmembersoftheCommunityforCivilEngineeringinVirtualCenter
isappreciated,aswithouttheirsupportcouldnotmakethiscollection.
July2011,
ToledoVlacevEspinoza.
vii
Forewo
Table of Contents
Foreword.............................................................................................................................................................................vi
ListofFigures........................................................................................................................................................................x
IndexofTables...................................................................................................................................................................xii
1.
ModelingofIrregularBuilding15FloorswithSap2000.............................................................................................2
1.1.
DescriptionofStructure...................................................................................................................................2
1.2.
DevelopmentofSeismicDesignLoadsandRequirements...............................................................................5
1.2.1.
Seismicity.................................................................................................................................................5
1.2.2.
StructuralDesignRequirements.............................................................................................................6
1.3.
1.3.1.
PropertiesofConcrete............................................................................................................................7
1.3.2.
PropertiesofComponents......................................................................................................................8
1.4.
DefinitionofMaterial............................................................................................................................13
1.4.2.
DefineSections"Frame".......................................................................................................................14
1.4.3.
SectionsDefinition"Area".....................................................................................................................17
1.4.4.
DefinitionofPatternLoads(LoadPatterns)..........................................................................................20
1.4.5.
DefinitionofCaseDesign(LoadCases).................................................................................................23
1.4.6.
DefinitionofEffectiveMassSeismic.....................................................................................................25
DrawingModelinSap2000.............................................................................................................................27
1.5.1.
DisplayinPlan,Elevationsand3D.........................................................................................................27
1.5.2.
DrawingofFrameObjects.....................................................................................................................28
1.5.3.
DrawingObjectsArea............................................................................................................................38
1.5.4.
ViewingProperties................................................................................................................................44
1.5.5.
FiniteElementMesh.............................................................................................................................45
1.6.
Loads,ConstraintsandLimitations.................................................................................................................45
1.6.1.
AssigningLoads.....................................................................................................................................45
1.6.2.
RestrictionMapping..............................................................................................................................46
1.6.3.
AssignmentArmsTrucks.......................................................................................................................47
1.6.4.
AssigningRigidDiaphragms...................................................................................................................47
1.7.
AnalysisandReviewofResults........................................................................................................................48
1.7.1.
AnalysisModel......................................................................................................................................48
1.7.2.
ViewingResultsPostProcessing.........................................................................................................49
1.7.3.
ViewingTablesResults..........................................................................................................................49
AnalysisbyEquivalentLateralForceFLE...................................................................................................................52
2.1.
2.1.1.
DefinitionsinSap2000....................................................................................................................................10
1.4.1.
1.5.
2.
MaterialPropertiesandElements....................................................................................................................7
DynamicProperties........................................................................................................................................52
ApproximatePeriodofVibration..........................................................................................................52
2.1.2.
MassBuilding........................................................................................................................................53
2.1.3.
Damping................................................................................................................................................55
2.2.
3.
Forewo
AnalysisbyEquivalentLateralForce(ELF).......................................................................................................55
2.2.1.
ShearattheBase..................................................................................................................................56
2.2.2.
VerticalDistributionofSeismicForces..................................................................................................57
2.2.3.
DriftsandPeffects............................................................................................................................58
ModalAnalysisofSpectralResponse........................................................................................................................67
3.1.
NaturalVibrationPeriodsandModes............................................................................................................67
3.1.1.
AnalysisofEigenvectors(TakenReport:NewApproachesfortheDynamicAnalysisofLargeStructural
SystemsPaper.EigensolutionAnStrategyforLargeSystems,WilsonandItoh)......................................................68
3.1.2.
RitzVectorAnalysis(FromtheReport:NewApproachesfortheDynamicAnalysisofLargeStructural
SystemsPaper.DynamicAnalysisbyDirectSuperpositionofRitzVectors,Wilson,Yuan,andDickens)..................71
3.1.3.
3.2.
Periods,ModesofVibrationModalPartitionFactorsandPercentageofModalMassParticipation.
73
AnalysisofSpectralResponse.........................................................................................................................82
3.2.1.
DesignResponseSpectrum...................................................................................................................82
3.2.2.
ModalCombination..............................................................................................................................85
3.2.3.
MannersAnswers.................................................................................................................................86
Index...............................................................................................................................................................................100
ListofFigures
List of Figures
FIGURE11:PLANTAFIRSTANDTHIRDFLOOR...................................................................................................................................3
FIGURE12:PLANTAFOURTHTHROUGHSIXTHFLOOR.........................................................................................................................3
FIGURE13:PLANTASEVENTHTHENINTHFLOOR..............................................................................................................................4
FIGURE14:PLANTAFIFTEENTHTOTHETENTHFLOOR........................................................................................................................4
FIGURE15:VISTS3DBUILDINGACOMPUTE..................................................................................................................................4
FIGURE16:CABLEOFCOLUMNSANDBEAMSUSINGTHEMODEL........................................................................................................10
FIGURE17:FORMNEWMODEL................................................................................................................................................11
FIGURE18:FORMQUICKGRIDLINES.........................................................................................................................................11
FIGURE19:MBEYONDCOORDINATEAXESCREATED.......................................................................................................................12
FIGURE110:MXPLODINGMESHAXESCARTESIANROUNDINETABS...................................................................................................12
FIGURE111:FORM"DEFINEGRIDSYSTEMDATA"FOREDITINGSCREENCOORDINATEAXES.....................................................................13
FIGURE1to12:CREATINGMATERIALUSEINAMODEL...................................................................................................................14
FIGURE1to13:CREATINGANEWSECTIONTOCOLUMNS................................................................................................................15
FIGURE114:PINITIALROPERTIESCOLUMNC1.............................................................................................................................16
FIGURE115:PROPERTIESACHANGEINALLCOLUMNSTOCONSIDEREFFECTIVESTIFFNESS......................................................................16
FIGURE116:REINFORCINGTOCONSIDERINTHEDESIGNPHASEINCOLUMNC1.....................................................................................16
FIGURE117:PROPERTIESTOCONSIDERINTHEDESIGNPHASEINCOLUMNC2.....................................................................................17
FIGURE118:PROPERTIESTOCONSIDERINTHEDESIGNPHASEBEAMV1............................................................................................18
FIGURE119:PROPERTIESTOCONSIDERINTHEDESIGNPHASEINTHEWALLM1..................................................................................19
FIGURE120:PROPERTIESACHANGEINTHEWALLSTOCONSIDERALLEFFECTIVESTIFFNESS.....................................................................19
FIGURE1to21:PROPERTIESTOCONSIDERINTHEDESIGNPHASEINTHEWALLM2..............................................................................20
FIGURE122:PROPERTIESTOCONSIDERINTHEDESIGNPHASEINTHESLABmezzanine...........................................................................20
FIGURE123:PARAMETERSPATTERNFORLOADINGCm.....................................................................................................................21
FIGURE124:PARAMETERSPATTERNFORLOADINGLIVE.................................................................................................................21
FIGURE125:PARAMETERSPATTERNFORLOADINGLiveUp.............................................................................................................22
FIGURE126:PARAMETERSPATTERNFORLOADINGSISMOX...........................................................................................................22
FIGURE127:PARAMETERSDEFINITIONFORLATERALLOADSIFYOUUSINGRATIOSFORTHEEARTHQUAKEINStreetaddressX..........................23
FIGURE128:PARAMETERSDEFINITIONFORLATERALLOADSIFYOUUSINGRATIOSFORTHEEARTHQUAKEINStreetaddressY..........................23
FIGURE129:ESPECTROIMPORTEDDESIGNFORMODALANALYSISBYSPECTRALRESPONSEASCE/SEI710.................................................24
FIGURE130:PARAMETERSTHECASELOAD"MODAL"..................................................................................................................25
FIGURE131:PARAMETERSTHECASELOAD"EQXX"StreetaddressX................................................................................................26
FIGURE132:PARAMETERSTHECASELOAD"EQYY"StreetaddressY...............................................................................................26
FIGURE133:DEFININGLAMASAEFECTIVASSMICA......................................................................................................................27
FIGURE134:MENU"DRAW"THESAP2000...................................................................................................................................28
FIGURE135:MENUCONTEXTUALTOOL"DRAWFRAME/CABLE/TEndon"............................................................................................28
FIGURE136:MENUCONTEXTUALTOOL"QUICKDRAWSECONDARYBEAMS".........................................................................................29
FIGURE137:DIBUJOBEAMSONTHEFIRSTFLOOR..........................................................................................................................30
FIGURE138:VISTAIN3DBEAMSDRAWNINTHEFIRSTFOURFLOORS................................................................................................30
FIGURE139:DIBUJOBEAMSONTHEFOURTHFLOOR......................................................................................................................31
FIGURE140:VISTAIN3DBEAMSDRAWNINFIRSTSEVENFLOORS.....................................................................................................31
FIGURE141:DIBUJOBEAMSONTHESEVENTHFLOOR.....................................................................................................................32
FIGURE142:VISTAIN3DBEAMSDRAWNINTHEFIRSTTENFLOORS..................................................................................................32
FIGURE143:DIBUJOBEAMSINTHETENTHFLOOR.........................................................................................................................33
FIGURE144:DIBUJOBEAMSINFIFTEENFLOORS............................................................................................................................33
FIGURE145:DIBUJOCOLUMNSINEJEOne....................................................................................................................................34
FIGURE146:DIBUJOCOLUMNSINEJETwo....................................................................................................................................34
ListofFigures
FIGURE147:DIBUJOCOLUMNSINEJEThree..................................................................................................................................35
FIGURE148:DIBUJOCOLUMNSINEJE4.........................................................................................................................................35
FIGURE149:DIBUJOCOLUMNSINEJEMay...................................................................................................................................36
FIGURE150:DIBUJOCOLUMNSINEJESix......................................................................................................................................36
FIGURE151:DIBUJOCOLUMNSINEJE7.........................................................................................................................................37
FIGURE152:DIBUJOCOLUMNSINEJEEight..................................................................................................................................37
FIGURE153:VISTAIN3DMODELWITHBEAMSANDCOLUMNSDRAWN..............................................................................................38
FIGURE154:DIBUJOWALLSCUTTINGINEJE3..............................................................................................................................39
FIGURE155:DIBUJOWALLSCUTTINGINEJEEight...........................................................................................................................39
FIGURE156:DIBUJOWALLSCUTTINGINEJEC.................................................................................................................................40
FIGURE157:DIBUJOWALLSCUTTINGINEJEF.................................................................................................................................40
FIGURE158:VISTAIN3DMODELWITHBEAMS,COLUMNSANDWALLSCUTTINGDRAWN.........................................................................41
FIGURE159:DIBUJOSLABOFFLOORSFORFLOORS1AL3.............................................................................................................42
FIGURE160:DIBUJOSLABOFFLOORSFORFLOORS4AL6.............................................................................................................42
FIGURE161:DIBUJOSLABOFFLOORSFORFLOORS7AL9.............................................................................................................43
FIGURE162:DIBUJOSLABOFFLOORSFORFLOORS10AL15.........................................................................................................43
FIGURE163:VISTAIN3DSTRUCTURALMODELWITHFULLITEMS......................................................................................................44
FIGURE164:VISTAMESHFLOORALLOCATEDFIFTEEN.....................................................................................................................45
FIGURE165:LADOLEFT:OPTIONSFORAPERFECTFITTING,RIGHTSIDE:OPTIONSFORAFIXEDSUPPORT........................................................46
FIGURE166:BRazorlightASSIGNEDARIGIDBEAMJOINTSCOLUMNBYDESIGNCAPACITYBY....................................................................47
FIGURE167:ELESSONTYPEOFANALYSIS.....................................................................................................................................48
FIGURE168:VISTAIN3DMODELTESTED....................................................................................................................................49
FIGURE169:RESULTSGRAPHICALLY........................................................................................................................................50
FIGURE170:FORMFORTHEPRESENTATIONOFRESULTSTABLES.......................................................................................................50
FIGURE171:RESULTSSHEARFORCEONTHEBASISOFFLE................................................................................................................50
FIGURE21:CORTANTESBYPISO................................................................................................................................................59
FIGURE22:PROFILEDRIFTINGINBOTHDIRECTIONSFORFLE.............................................................................................................62
FIGURE31:DFOREFORMADAMODO1T=2.11S,ANDFORTHEMODO2T=1.94S......................................................................79
FIGURE32:DFOREFORMADAMODO3T=1.49S,ANDFORTHEMODO4T=0.84S......................................................................79
FIGURE33:DFOREFORMADAMODO5T=0.73S,ANDFORTHEMODO6T=0.63S......................................................................80
FIGURE34:DFOREFORMADAMODO7t=0.45S,ANDFORTHEMODO8T=0.37S......................................................................80
FIGURE35:DFOREFORMADAMODO9T=0.30S,ANDFORTHEMODO10T=0.23S....................................................................81
FIGURE36:DFOREFORMADAMODO11T=0.18S,ANDFORTHEMODO12T=0.13S..................................................................81
FIGURE37:ESPECTRODESIGN...................................................................................................................................................83
FIGURE38:ESPECTROACCELERATIONOFDESIGN...........................................................................................................................83
FIGURE39:ESPECTROSPEEDDESIGN..........................................................................................................................................84
FIGURE310:ESPECTRODESIGNOFTRAVEL...................................................................................................................................84
FIGURE311:PROFILEDRIFTINGINBOTHDIRECTIONSFORSPECTRALMODALANALYSIS.............................................................................98
IndexofTables
Index of Tables
TABLA11:COEFICIENTEDESITEBYASCE/SEI710FORCLASSOFSITEC.......................................................................................5
TABLA12:COEFICIENTEDESITEBYASCE/SEI710FORCLASSOFSITEC.......................................................................................6
TABLA13:CATEGORIESRISKFORBUILDINGSANDOTHERSTRUCTURESFORLOADSFLUIDS,WIND,SNOW,EARTHQUAKE,ANDICE...........................6
TABLA14:FACTORSRELEVANTTORISKCATEGORIESFORBUILDINGSANDOTHERSTRUCTURESFORLOADSFLUIDS,WIND,SNOW,EARTHQUAKE,AND
ICE................................................................................................................................................................................7
TABLA15:CATEGORYBASEDSEISMICDESIGNPARAMETERACCELERATIONRESPONSEFORSHORTPERIODS,....................................................7
TABLA16:CATEGORYBASEDSEISMICDESIGNPARAMETERACCELERATIONRESPONSEPERIOD1S,................................................................7
TABLA17:VALUESEFFECTIVESTIFFNESSOFINGREDIENTS,TAKENFROMASCE/SEI4106SUPPLEMENTNOne..........................................8
TABLA18:VSPECTRALACCELERATIONPERIODALUESVSDESIGNSPECTRUM,BYASCE/SEI710..............................................................24
TABLA19:CARGASAPPLIEDTOEACHFLOOR.................................................................................................................................46
TABLA21:VALUESPARAMETERSESTIMATEDPERIODAndX..........................................................................................................53
TABLA22:CFOROEFICIENTESLImitateSUperiorCALCULATEDINTHEPERIOD.........................................................................................53
TABLA23:CARGASsuperimposed..............................................................................................................................................54
TABLA24:MASAS,MASSMOMENTSOFINERTIAANDLOCATIONOFMASSCENTERS..................................................................................55
TABLA25:MASAS,MASSMOMENTSOFINERTIAANDLOCATIONOFCENTERMASSCALCULATEDBYETABS....................................................55
TABLA26:FUERZASBASESHEARINCASHANDCALCULATEDBYWEIGHTSAP2000....................................................................................57
TABLA27:FUERZASBASESHEARINCASHANDCALCULATEDBYWEIGHTETABS.......................................................................................57
TABLA28:FSIDESEISMICUERZAS,DUMPANDCUTTINGMOMENTSAPPLIEDTOEACHFLOOR......................................................................58
TABLA29:FAPPLIEDTOSEISMICUERZASDIAPHRAGMS,RESULTSTABLEETABS........................................................................................58
TABLA210:DERIVASBYFLEFOREARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONXCALCULATEDBYETABS.....................................................................60
TABLA211:DERIVASBYFLEFOREARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONAndCALCULATEDBYETABS.................................................................60
TABLA212:DERIVASFLOORBYFLEINTHEDIRECTIONX.................................................................................................................61
TABLA213:DERIVASFLOORBYFLEINTHEDIRECTIONY...............................................................................................................61
TABLA214:AXAMINATIONRAYLEIGHFORPERIODSOFVIBRATIONINTHESTEERINGX............................................................................63
TABLA215:AXAMINATIONRAYLEIGHFORPERIODSOFVIBRATIONINTHESTEERINGY...........................................................................63
TABLA216:CALCULATIONSTABILITYCOEFFICIENTFORADDRESSX,FORFLE........................................................................................64
TABLA217:CALCULATIONSTABILITYCOEFFICIENTFORADDRESSY,FORFLE........................................................................................65
TABLA31:PERIODOSANDCUMULATIVEPERCENTAGESOFINVOLVEMENTWITHMODALMASSCALCULATEDETABS..........................................73
TABLA32:PERIODOSANDCUMULATIVEPERCENTAGESOFINVOLVEMENTWITHMODALMASSCALCULATEDSAP2000......................................74
TABLA33:COMPARINGRESULTINGPERIODSANANALYSISRAYLEIGHANDVECTORSRITZ.........................................................................74
TABLA34:PAndERIODOSFFORRECUENCIASSAP2000ANDETABS...................................................................................................74
TABLA35:CALCULATIONPARTICIPATIONFACTORSFORTHEFIRSTMODE.............................................................................................76
TABLA36:CALCULATIONPARTICIPATIONFACTORSFORSECONDMODE...............................................................................................76
TABLA37:CALCULATIONPARTICIPATIONFACTORSFORTHETHIRDWAY..............................................................................................76
TABLA38:FACTORSMODALSHARE............................................................................................................................................77
TABLA39:PORCENTAJESMODALMASSPARTICIPATION...................................................................................................................77
TABLA310:FACTORSOBTAINEDWITHMODALSHAREETABS............................................................................................................77
TABLA311:FACTORSOBTAINEDWITHMODALSHARESAP2000..........................................................................................................77
TABLA312:PORCENTAJESINVOLVEMENTWITHMODALMASSOBTAINEDETABS...................................................................................78
TABLA313:PORCENTAJESINVOLVEMENTWITHMODALMASSOBTAINEDSAP2000................................................................................78
TABLA314:VALUESOFACCELERATION,SPECTRALANDTRAVELSPEEDSFORPERIODSOFFORMSSO85...
TABLA315:VALUESSPECTRALACCELERATIONOFTHEPERIODFOREACHCALCULATEDBYETABS...............................................................85
TABLA316:VALUESSPECTRALACCELERATIONOFTHEPERIODFOREACHCALCULATEDBYSAP2000............................................................85
TABLA317:DDisplacementofthepistonFIRSTLEVELMANAGEMENTX,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX....................................................86
TABLA318:DDisplacementofthepistonSECONDLEVELMANAGEMENTX,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX................................................87
TABLA319:DDisplacementofthepistonTHIRDLEVELINTHEDIRECTIONX,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX...............................................87
TABLA320:DESPLAZAMIENTOLEVELSANDTURNS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX.............................................................................87
TABLA321:DESPLAZAMIENTOLEVELS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONY...........................................................................................88
xii
IndexofTables
TABLA322:DESPLAZAMIENTOLEVELS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONXUSINGETABS............................................................................88
TABLA323:DESPLAZAMIENTOLEVELS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONXUSINGETABS............................................................................88
TABLA324:AMODALdecelerationFIRSTLEVELMANAGEMENTX,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX...........................................................89
TABLA325:AMODALdecelerationSECONDLEVELMANAGEMENTX,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX........................................................90
TABLA326:AMODALdecelerationTHIRDLEVELMANAGEMENTX,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX..........................................................90
TABLA327:ADecelerationsLEVELS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX.................................................................................................90
TABLA328:ADecelerationsLEVELS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONY...............................................................................................91
TABLA329:ADecelerationsLEVELS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX,CALCULATEDBYETABS...................................................................91
TABLA330:ADecelerationsLEVELS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONY,CALCULATEDBYETABS...................................................................91
TABLA331:FUERZASANDMOMENTSINTHELEVELS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX...........................................................................92
TABLA332:FUERZASANDMOMENTSINTHELEVELS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONY..........................................................................92
TABLA333:FOrcebaseshear,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX........................................................................................................93
TABLA334:FOrcebaseshear,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONY......................................................................................................93
TABLA335:FOrcebaseshear,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONXCALCULATEDBYETABS...........................................................................94
TABLA336:FOrcebaseshear,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONAndCALCULATEDBYETABS.......................................................................94
TABLA337:FUERZASCUTTINGBYLEVELS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX.........................................................................................94
TABLA338:FUERZASCUTTINGBYLEVELS,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONY........................................................................................95
TABLA339:FUERZASCUTTINGBYAFACTORLEVELSOFCLIMBING1.40,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONX..................................................96
TABLA340:FUERZASCUTTINGBYAFACTORLEVELSOFCLIMBING1.42,EARTHQUAKEINTHEDIRECTIONY..................................................96
TABLA341:DERIVASFLOORFORSPECTRALMODALANALYSISINTHEDIRECTIONX..................................................................................97
TABLA342:DERIVASFLOORFORSPECTRALMODALANALYSISINTHEDIRECTIONY.................................................................................97
TABLA343:CALCULATIONSTABILITYCOEFFICIENTFORADDRESSX,FORMODALANALYSIS......................................................................99
TABLA344:CALCULATIONSTABILITYCOEFFICIENTFORADDRESSY,FORMODALANALYSIS......................................................................99
xiii
modeling
building
irregular 15
flats with
SAP2000
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
1.
ModelingofIrregularBuilding15FloorswithSap2000
Irregularfifteenstorybuildingofreinforcedconcreteispresentedconsistsofresistantmoment
framesandshearwalls.Foranalyzingthestructureofthefollowingtwomethodsarecarriedout:
AnalysisbyEquivalentLateralForce.
ModalAnalysisofSpectralResponseTriDimensional.
The analyzes were performed using the SAP2000 (version 15), the results of this program are
evaluated with Etabs and spreadsheets. The Sap2000 and Etabs are analysis and design programs
developedbyComputersandStructures,Inc.,Berkeley,California.
1.1.
DescriptionofStructure
Thebuildinghas15levelstocalculate,itisirregularinplanandelevation.Thefirstlevelhasa
heightof5meterscalculation,theremainingfloorsare4feettall.Theoverallbuildingheightis61meters.
The lateral force resisting system consists of a dual system of special momentresisting frames
reinforcedconcreteshearwallsandreinforcedconcrete,connectedbyreinforcedconcretebeamsalso.The
compressivestrengthofconcreteis350Kg/cm2,and
yieldstrengthofreinforcingsteelis4200Kg/cm2.
Mezzanine slabs are considered solid slabs that guarantee behavior as rigid diaphragm. The
overall dimensions and size of the elements can be seen in the map accompanying this document. In
Figures11to14,youcanseethedistributionplanofthebuilding,andinFigure15therearetwo3Dviews
conductedwithEtabs.
In the case ofa modeling foundation is considered, forpractical purposes considering the soil
structureinteraction,suchasshoesconnectedsurface.
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure11:Plantthefirstandthirdfloors.
Figure12:Groundfromfourthtosixthfloor.
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure13:Plantoftheseventhtotheninthfloor.
Figure14:Plantofthetenthtothefifteenthfloor.
Figure15:3Dviewsofthebuildingtobe
calculated.
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
1.2.
DevelopmentofSeismicDesignLoadsandRequirements
1.2.1.
Seismicity
Tocontinuewiththeproposedmethodology,inlinewithrecentguidelines(ASCE/SEI710),the
cityofBerkeleyinCaliforniawillbechosenastheplacewherethebuildingislocated.Youcanusethe"Java
Ground Motion Parameter Calculator" tool for obtaining the relevant parameters for the assessment of
seismic hazard and seismic design spectrum, available on the website of US Geological Survey
(http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/designmaps/buildings.php).
Theparametersofspectralaccelerationforshortperiodsandperiodsto1second,andAre
1.923and0.739respectively.Theconditionofthesoilisverydense,accountingforaClass
SiteC,thenforvaluesofcorrespondstoavalueofAndforvaluesof
corresponds to a value of (SeeTables11
and12).Belowispresentedthe
summaryofthecalculationsforthebasicgroundmotion:
Table11:CoefficientofSiteaccordingtoASCE/SEI710forSiteClassC.
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Table12:CoefficientofSiteaccordingtoASCE/SEI710forSiteClassC.
The is the period where the horizontal part of the design response spectrum intersects the
descendingportion(constantspeedoraccelerationinverselyproportionaltoT)spectrum.
1.2.2.
StructuralDesignRequirements
AccordingtoASCE/SEI710,thebuildingwillbeclassifiedasRiskCategoryIII,asthefailureof
thebuildingmayhaveasubstantialrisktohumanlifeandisnotdesignedasanessentialfacility(SeeTable
13).ThereforeshallhaveoneSeismicImportanceFactor()Of1.25(SeeTable14).
TheSeismicDesignCategoryDwillbe,accordingtoASCE/SEI710(SeeTables15and16),as
, And .
Table13:Riskcategoriesforbuildingsandotherstructuresforfluidloads,wind,snow,earthquake,andice.
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Table14:Factorsofimportancefortheriskcategoriesforbuildingsandotherstructuresforfluidloads,wind,
snow,earthquake,andice.
Table15:SeismicDesignCategorybasedontheparameterresponseaccelerationforshortperiods,
.
Table16:SeismicDesignCategorybasedontheparameterofaccelerationresponseperiods1s.
Theseismicforceresistingsystemisformedinbothdirectionsbyadualsystem
porchesandwalls.Table12.2.1ofASCE/SEI710providesthedesigncoefficientsandfactorsforvarious
systemsresistanttoseismicforces.SectionD3ofthetable,havewallsReinforcedConcreteSpecialCourt,
whichbelongtothedualsystemswithspecialmomentresistingframestobeabletowithstandatleast25%
ofprescribedseismicforces,whichcorrespondthefollowingvalues:
ResponseModificationCoefficient,R:7.0
SobreresistenciaFactor,:2.5
DeflectionAmplificationFactor,:5.5
Resistanttoseismicforcessuchsystemdoesnothaverestrictionsontheheightofthe
building
.
1.3.
MaterialPropertiesandElements
1.3.1.
PropertiesofConcrete
ThemodulusvaluefornormaldensityconcretecanbetakenaccordingtotheACI31808/8.5.1,
asfollows:
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Theconcreteusedinthesuperstructurecolumns,structuralwalls,beams,slabs
mezzanines,hasthefollowingproperties:
0.20.
1.3.2.
PropertiesofComponents
1.3.2.1.
Stiffness
Therigiditiesofthecomponentsshouldtakeintoaccountthebehaviorbending,cuttingandaxial
deformationsslipreinforcement.AccordingtotheASCE/SEI4106Section6.3.1.2,thefollowingvaluesfor
thelinearcalculationofthebuildingwillbetaken:
Table17:Valuesoftheeffectivestiffnessofthecomponents,takenfromtheASCE/SEI4106
SupplementNo.1.
They work with the values presented for effective rigidities in Table 11, only the following
changesaremade:1)Theflexuralstiffnessofbeamsprestressednot,accordingtotheATC40,willbetaken
as;and2)Theshearstiffnessincrackedwallswill.
1.3.2.2.
SectionsColumns
Four types of columns, one of which is square and the rest are circular columns have. The
propertiesforeachtypearelistedbelow:
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
ColumnC1(square)
Cant gross
60 cm.
Width
60 cm.
6 cm.
Flexural Stiffness
0.70
Shear Stiffness
0.40
Torsion Rigidity
Diameter
60 cm.
6 cm.
Flexural Stiffness
0.70
ColumnC2(loop)
Shear Stiffness
0.40
Torsion Rigidity
Diameter
80 cm.
6 cm.
Flexural Stiffness
0.70
ColumnC3(loop)
Shear Stiffness
0.40
Torsion Rigidity
Diameter
90 cm.
6 cm.
Flexural Stiffness
0.70
Shear Stiffness
0.40
Torsion Rigidity
C4column(loop)
1.3.2.3.
SectionsBeams
Twotypesofbeamshave.Thepropertiesforeachtypearelistedbelow:
BeamV1(30x60)
Cant gross
60 cm.
Width
30 cm.
9 cm.
Flexural Stiffness
0.50
Shear Stiffness
0.40
Torsion Rigidity
80 cm.
BeamV2(30x80)
Cant gross
Width
30 cm.
9 cm.
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Flexural Stiffness
0.50
Shear Stiffness
0.40
Torsion Rigidity
InFigure16youcanseethesummarytableofsectionsforbeamsandcolumns.
Figure16:Pictureofcolumnsandbeamstobeusedinthe
model.
1.3.2.4.
SectionsinMuros
Consideringthethicknessoftheshearwalls,therearetwotypesofwalls.Thepropertiesforeach
typearelistedbelow:
WallM1
Thickness
30 cm.
6 cm.
Flexural Stiffness
0.50
Shear Stiffness
0.50
M2Wall
Thickness
35 cm.
6 cm.
Flexural Stiffness
0.50
Shear Stiffness
0.50
1.3.2.5.
MezzaninesectionsSlabs
Youonlyhaveonetypeofmezzanineslab,aflatslabwhichbyitslength/widthratiocouldbe
consideredasonewayslab.Itspropertiesareasfollows:
SolidSlab(evaluatetotwoway)
Thickness
17.5 cm.
1.4.
DefinitionsinSap2000
ThefirstthingtodoistodefinetheSap2000materials,sections,loadpattern,designcases,
designspectrum,andseismiceffectivemass.Onceitenterstheprogramcreatesa
10
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
newmodelfromthemenu"File/NewModel",orbyclickingthetool,orwiththekeycombination"Ctrl+
N".Accesstheform"NewModel"forthecreationofamodelwillbebasedonaprogramtemplate,orstart
fromscratchamodel(seeFigure17).
In item you must choose the units that will work, those that may change at any time according to the
requiredresults.Theinitialunitsforthemodelwillbe.
Figure17:FormNewModel.
Figure18:FormQuickGridLines.
In the "Select Template" section choose "Grid Only", and the form opens, "Quick Grid Lines",
verifythatthetabselectedis"Cartesian"toworkwithagridofcoordinateaxesbasedonCartesianaxes
(SeeFigure18).In"NumberofGridLines"weenterthe
11
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
numberofaxestobeusedineachdirection,"Xdirection"willhave8axes"Ydirection"willhave8axes,
and"Zdirection"willhave16axles(numberoffloorsincludinggroundlevel).In"GridSpacing"weenter
wheelbases (distances can then be edited if different values are taken, as is usual), in "X direction" is
entered8"Ydirection"4isentered,and"Z
direction"isentered4Onceyouhaveenteredthevaluesweclickonthe(SeeFigure18)button.Andthe
programpresentsthemainwindowwiththegridaxesinthreedimensions(seeFigure19).
TheEtabsSap2000andhavetheadvantageofworkingwellwithcylindricalaxesoramixtureof
Figure19:Meshcreatedcoordinateaxes.
Figure110:MeshMixCartesiancylindricalshaftsinEtabs.
12
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Toeditwheelbases,name,colors,etc.,doubleclickwiththeleftmousebuttonanywhereonthe
meshcreatedaxes,orbyclickingtherightmousebuttononanyopenareaonthesalesandcontextmenu
choose"EditDataGrid"orweenterthemenu,"Define/GrideCoordinateSystems".Wearepresentingthe
"Coordinate / Grid Systems", in that form can generate a new mesh coordinate axes or edit an already
createdform.Weverifiedthatthesystemofaxes"GLOBAL"isselectedandclickonthebutton
,Whichwewillopenanewform,"DefineDataGridSystems",wherewecanedittheaxis
properties.Checkingwiththeplanemodel,thedistancesbetweentheaxesintheXandYdirectionsareOK,
theonlychangewillbeintheZdirection(floors)andtheheightofthefirstflooris5meters;theninthe
"DisplayasGrids"sectionselect
,Thenthe"ZGridData"row"1"andcolumn"Spacing"sectionweenterthevalue"5"(seeFigure
111).Weclickonthebuttontwicetoexittheformsusedand
weeditedthemeshaxes.
Figure111:Form"DefineGridDataSystem"foreditingmeshcoordinateaxes.
Thenextstepistodefinethematerialtobeused.
1.4.1.
DefinitionofMaterial
WiththematerialpropertieslistedinSection1.3.1,weproceedtocreatethematerialSap2000.
Throughthemenu,"Define/Materials"orthetool,youhaveaccesstotheform
13
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
"DefineMaterials",youcanseethatbydefaultmaterialsgeneratedbytheprogram,weclickonthebutton
to generate a new material with properties as shown in Figure 112. Clicked the button to create the
material.
Figure112:Creatingthematerialtobeusedinthemodel.
Atanytimeyoucanusethecalculatorprogram,placinginatextboxyouneedanumericvalue
andpressingthe"Shift+Enter"keys.
YouclickOKandexittheform"DefineMaterials"withnewmaterialcreatedandreadytousein
thefollowingphases.
Thenextstepistocreatethesections,andtheirpropertiesforuseinthemodeldrawing.
1.4.2.
DefineSections"Frame"
For the creation of onedimensional elements "Frame" is entered using the menu: "Define /
SectionProperties/FrameSections",oralsobythetool.Accesstheform"FrameProperties"Thenwillfrom
whichwecanimport,create
Copy
Amended
deletesections.
14
,And
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
1.4.2.1.
Columns
Fromtheform"FrameProperties"createanewsectionbyclickingonthebutton
Inthefollowingform"AddFrameSectionProperty"choose"Concrete"in"Frame
SectionPropertyType"sectionandthen"Rectangular"isselectedinthe"ClicktoAddtoConcreteSection"
section(seeFigure113),sowehaveaccesstotheform"RectangularSection".
Figure113:Creatinganewsectionforcolumns.
CreatecolumnC1,intheform"RectangularSection"weentertheinitialpropertiessuchasthe
name of the section, the material used, and the dimensions (see Figure 114). We click on the "Set
Modifiers..."buttontomodifythestiffnessofthesection,asshowninFigure1
15, we click on the button to return to form "Rectangular Section". We click on the "Concrete
Reinforcement"buttonandintheform"ReinforcementData"definethepropertiesforthereinforcement
sectionforboththelongitudinalreinforcementtothecross,atthisstageofthecalculationisnotnecessary
toindicatethenumberordiameterofthe"real"bars,asyouwillbeaskedtheprogramtogiveusthedesign
later in the review phase of design should create sections with "real" reinforcements for the program to
checkwhetherornotitmeetsthedesignrequirements.
We entered the data as seen in Figure 116 and click on the button to return to the form "Rectangular
Section"andclickthebuttonagaintoreturntotheform
"FrameProperties",sowehavecreatedtheC1column.Thesameprocedureisperformedforthe
missing sections, circular sections choosing changing the parameters for varying the gross stiffness and
performthecalculationwiththeeffectivestiffness,andspecifyingthecircularreinforcementcolumns.Figure
117canbeseentheinitialproperties,variationsinstiffnessandreinforcementforthecircularcolumnC2.
15
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure114:InitialpropertiesfortheC1column.
Figure115:Propertiestomodifyallcolumnstoconsideractualrigidities.
Figure116:ReinforcementtoconsiderinthedesignphaseincolumnC1.
16
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure117:PropertiestobeconsideredinthedesignphaseincolumnC2.
1.4.2.2.
Beams
Aftercreatingthefourkindsofcolumns,thetwotypesofbeamschoosingrectangularsections
with the same procedure for defining columns are created. Figure 118 can be seen the forms used to
createthebeamV1.
Oncethe04columnsandthetwobeamsaretaken,weclickonthebuttonontheform"Frame
Properties",andwewillhavecreatedthesectionsusedinthemodeldrawing.Thenextstepistocreatethe
sectionsusedintheshearwalls.
1.4.3.
SectionsDefinition"Area"
We entered through the menu, "Define / Section Properties / Area Sections", or the tool to
definesectionswewilluseinshearwallsandfloorslabs.Theprogramwe
willdisplaythe"AreaSections"forminwhichwecanadd
Copy
Amended
andclear
17
onesection.
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure118:PropertiestobeconsideredinthedesignphaseinV1beam.
1.4.3.1.
WallsCourt
Intheform"AreaSections"select"Shell"inthe"SelectSectionTypeToAdd"section,thenwe
clickonthebutton
tocreateasectionwiththeparameters
suitableforuseinshearwalls.Twotypesofshearwallswhicharedistinguishedbyhavingits
thickness.
Intheform"ShellSectionData"weenterthepropertiesasseeninFigure119.Weclickonthe
button to adjust the properties to use the effective stiffness in the walls (see Figure 120). We click on
buttontoreturntotheform"Shell"SectionData"andclickthebuttonagaintoreturntotheform"Section
Area".
WiththesameproceduretocreatetheM2sectionwall.Forms
M2forthewallcanbeseeninFigure121.Beinginthe"AreaSection"form,weclickonthebutton
returntothemainprogramscreenhaving
definedsectionstobeusedinshearwalls.
18
to
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure119:PropertiestobeconsideredinthedesignphaseintheM1wall.
Figure120:Propertiestochangeatallwallstoconsideractualrigidities.
1.4.3.2.
SlabsEntrepisos
To define the sections to be used in slabs entrepisos the same procedure for the shear walls
continues.
FormsandvalueseachpropertycanbeseeninFigure122.Noreductioninthecalculationofthe
effectivestiffnessisnotapplied,asaslabisconsideredinfinitelystiffandcalculatedholdingitinmindthat
worksasarigiddiaphragm.
19
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure121:PropertiestobeconsideredinthedesignphaseintheM2wall.
Figure122:Propertiestobeconsideredinthedesignphaseintheslabmezzanine.
1.4.4.
DefinitionofPatternLoads(LoadPatterns)
In addition to its own weight loads (which comes by default in the program, "DEAD") five
additionalloadsgeneratedpattern:superimposedloads(CM),liveloadsreducedinmezzanine(LIVE),loads
onroofs(LiveUp)andseismicbuildingforanalysisbythemethodoftheequivalentlateralforce(FLE)loads,
seismicloadsaregeneratedineachdirection(SISMOXandSISMOY).
20
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Thestandardloadsaredefinedintheform"DefineLoadPatterns",enteringthemenu,"Define/Load
Patterns",ortool
Intheform"DefineLoadPatterns"canbeadded
Amended
Amended
(Patternsoflateralloads),anddeleteload
patterns.
1.4.4.1.
SuperimposedLoads,CM
Insidetheform"DefineLoadPatterns"ishasadefaultDEADloadinthe"SelfWeightMultiplier"
columnisthevalueof"1"(100%),whichtellstheprogramtocalculatetheweightofstructuralcomponents
aredrawninthemodel,ifyouwantedtoincludeapercentageofownweightcanvarythevalueof"1"to
theright.Inanycaseloadmayincludetheweight,butitisadvisabletohaveanindependentpattern.
Generateloadssuperimposedpatternwherealldeadloadwillenter(finishing,mechanical,etc.),
chargingparameterscanbeseeninFigure123.Oncethevaluesareenteredclickonthebuttontocreate
thenewload.
Figure123:ParametersfortheCMloadingpattern.
1.4.4.2.
ReducedLoadsVivas,LIVE
Theprocessofcreatingthereducedliveloadisequaltothesuperimposedload,theparameters
canbeseeninFigure124.
Figure124:ParametersforloadingpatternLIVE.
21
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
1.4.4.3.
RoofLoadsVivas,LiveUp
Theprocessofcreatingroofloadsissimilartotheloadscreatedabove,theparameterscanbe
seeninFigure125.
Figure125:ParametersforloadingpatternLiveUp.
1.4.4.4.
SeismicLoadsforFLE,SISMOXandEARTHQUAKEAND
In seismic loads for static lateral force by the equivalent analysis, the change from the loads
created above is that by choosing it as a "Quake" (earthquake or earthquake) the "Lateral Auto Load
Pattern"columnwillbeactivated;fromsaidcolumnwecangeneratealateralloadregulationsintroducing
loadsdirectlyappliedtothecenterofmass,orbytheratioofbaseshearseismic("UserCoefficient").
InFigure126youcanseetheparametersforthelateralloadinthedirectionX.Once
sideloadingcreatedbyclickingthebutton
proceedtoedit,inFigure1to27
theinputvaluesareobserved.Thenclickonthebutton
toreturntotheform
"DefineLoadPatterns".
The process is similar to the lateral load generated by user coefficients seismic load in the Y
directioninFigure128maybeseentheloadparametersintheYdirection
Oncethesixloadspattern(includingDEAD)youhave,youclickonthebuttontoclosetheform
"DefineLoadPatterns"andacceptthepatternsdefined.
Thenextsteptodefinetheloadcasesforspectralmodalanalysis.
Figure126:ParametersforloadingpatternSISMOX.
22
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure127:ParametersdefinitionforthecaseoflateralloadsusingusercoefficientsfortheearthquakeintheX
direction
Figure128:ParametersdefinitionforthecaseoflateralloadsusingusercoefficientsfortheearthquakeintheY
direction
1.4.5.
DefinitionofCaseDesign(LoadCases)
1.4.5.1.
JoinSpectrumDesign
Todefinethespectrumofdesignisthroughthemenu,"Define/Functions/ResponseSpectrum"
orbyclickingthetool
;youhaveachoiceofdesignspectraaccording
regulations,fileincomeorincomespectrumvaluesmanually."FromFile"willbechosen
fromthe"ChooseFunctionTypetoAdd"sectionandthenclickonthebutton,thefileofthespectrumis
located,verifiedthatithaschecked,andclickingthebuttonyouwillseethedesignspectrum.
InFigure129youcanseetheform"ResponseSpectrumFunctionDefinition"with
valueschosen.Ifdesired,youcanclickthebuttontochangethedatamanuallyortosharethemodelwithout
theneedofimportedfile
spectrum.Youclickonthebuttontoreturntotheform"Define/Functions/Response
23
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Spectrum",againclickonthebutton
willbegeneratedandthedesignspectrumforusein
modalanalysisofspectralresponse.
InTable18thevaluesforthedefinitionofthedesignspectrumareappreciated.
Figure129:SpectrumimportedforthemodalanalysisofspectralresponseaccordingtoASCE/SEI710design.
Sto
Sto
Sto
0.00
0.0916
0.50
0.2287
4.00
0.0286
0.02
0.1191
0.60
0.1906
5.00
0.0229
0.04
0.1466
0.70
0.1634
6.00
0.0191
0.06
0.1741
0.80
0.1430
7.00
0.0163
0.08
0.2015
0.90
0.1271
8.00
0.0143
0.10
0.2289
1.00
0.1144
9.00
0.0113
0.20
0.2289
1.50
0.0762
10.00
0.0091
0.30
0.2289
2.00
0.0572
0.40
0.2289
3.00
0.0381
Table18:Valuesvsperiodspectralaccelerationofthedesignspectrum,accordingtoASCE/SEI710.
1.4.5.2.
LoadCaseforModalAnalysisofSpectralResponse
Once you have the design spectrum load cases for the modal analysis of spectral response is
created.Weenteredthroughthemenu,"Define/Load Cases"orbyclickingthetool,intheform"Define
LoadCases"wecanadd,edit,copyanddeleteloadcases.Inthat
canbeseenformthesixpatternsloadedwithaloadtype"LinearStatic",further
haveacase"MODAL"theprogramisautomaticallygeneratedandmadethecasethatthemodalanalysis
(eigenvaluesandcharacteristic,modalparticipation,etc.).
24
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Selecttheevent"MODAL"andclickonthebuttonontheform"LoadCaseDataModal"changed
the method of evaluation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors type "Ritz Modes" from the "Type of Modes"
section.Theremainingparameterstoenterare
ItcanbeseeninFigure130.Weclickonthebuttontoacceptthechangesandreturntotheform"Define
LoadCases."
By clicking the button define the earthquake in the X direction, values and parameters can be
seeninFigure131,thescalevalueisequalto9.81(valueoftheaccelerationofgravity)intheXdirection,
the design spectrum does not have its values multiplied by this constant, and thus the program will be
consideredforthecalculation.IntheYdirectionthescalevalueisequalto2,943andtobeconsideredfor
theanalysisintheXdirection30%
contributioninthetransversedirection(Y).Weclickonthebuttonandyouwillhavecreatedthecasefor
modalanalysisofspectralresponseinthedirectionX.Thesameprocedureisappliedtogeneratetheload
caseintheYdirection(seeFigure132).Backintheform"DefineLoadCases"
weclickonthebuttontoreturntothemainscreenwithdynamicanalysiscasescreated.
1.4.6.
DefinitionofEffectiveMassSeismic
Theseismiceffectivemassisenteredfromthemenu:"Define/MassSource"ortool
. According to the ASCE / SEI 710 considered 100% load its own weight and dead loads, but as the
buildingisnotastorewillnotbeconsideredapercentageofliveloads.InFigure133youcanseetheform
"DefineMassSource"withthechosenparameters,youclickonthebutton
toacceptthechangesandreturntothemainscreenSap2000.
Figure130:Parametersforthecaseof"MODAL"charge.
25
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure131:Parametersforloadcase"EQXX"directionX.
Figure132:Parametersforloadcase"EQYY"directionY.
26
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure133:DefinitionofEffectiveSeismicGround.
1.5.
DrawingModelinSap2000
1.5.1.
DisplayinPlan,Elevationsand3D
TodrawthemodelmustSap2000toolsarehelpfulforviewingfromdifferentanglesofviewand
inplan,elevationor3D.Belowarepresentedthemostimportant:
Toolsmovement:
"MoveUpinList"and"MoveDowninList"withthefirstofthetoolsyoucanmove,for
example,anelevationviewonAxisAAxisBimmediately,orplanview6thfloortofloorplanview
7Thesecondofthetoolsmeets
withthesamefunctionbutinreverse.Onlyactivatedinelevationandplanviews.
ToolsViews:
"Pan"tooltoperformpanningmotionmodelinagivenview,
"SetDefault3DView"
showsa3Dviewofthemodelbydefault.
:"SetXYView"toolthatshowsplanviewsorviewsintheXYplane.
: "Set XZView" tool that shows elevation views or views in the XZ plane.
View"toolthatshowselevationviewsorviewsintheYZplane.
thatservestorotatethe3Dview.
27
: "Set YZ
"Rotate3DView"tool
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
1.5.2.
DrawingofFrameObjects
Fromthemenu"Draw"youhaveaccesstothetoolswithwhichtheelements"Frame","Area",
etc.willbedrawn(SeeFigure134).Themostimportanttoolswillbedeveloped.
Figure134:Menu"Draw"theSap2000.
"Draw Frame / Cable / Tendon", this tool allows you to draw lines, either in plan views,
elevation or 3D view. The program will allow us to access a table that we can choose the line
type,propertyorsectioncreated,itwillbetransmittedifthe
momentsbetweenelements("Continuous")ortheitemdoesnotforwardnowbecomingapatella
("Pinned"),with"PlanOffseetXYNormal"elementcandrawaparalleldistancetothepointswe
choose;with"DrawingControlType"wecandrawparallellinestoaglobalaxisinparticulartoany
angle,ordrawinglineswithagivenlength(seeFigure135).
Figure135:Contextmenuof"DrawFrame/Cable/Tendon"tool.
28
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
"QuickDrawFrame/Cable/Tendon",thisoptioncandrawlinesbyclickingonthegrid,inan
automaticmanner,unlikethepreviousoptionneededtospecifytwopoints.Theotherversatility
ofthistoolisthatitallowsustodrawlinesbyselectingaregion.Itcanbeusedinplanviews,
elevationsand3D.
"Quick Draw Braces" tool to draw in plan and elevation views. It is used for drawing steel
bracesorstruts,whichprovidediagonalbracingtoimprovelateralstiffnessofstructures.
"Quick Draw Secondary Beams", this tool is also used in plan views. Used to draw joists
mezzanines, transmit moments or simply supported. Can you draw the beams in the area
formingtheintersectionsofthegridischosensothatthebeams
havingagivenortheentireareahasanumberofgirders(seeFigure136)apart.
Figure136:Contextmenuof"QuickDrawSecondaryBeams"tool.
1.5.2.1.
DrawingofBeams
Figures137to144,youcanseethedrawingprocessofthebeams.Thebeamsaredrawnina
planviewandthencopiedtotheotherfloors.Thedrawingcanbedoneoneononewiththetoolselected
orentireareacoveringthebuildingwiththetool.Itmusthave
carefulinchoosingthepropertyofthe"Frame"Abeamelement(sothatlateryoudonothaveto
change).Fromthemenu:"Assign/FrameSections..."ortoolcanbeassigned(editormodify)theproperties
once you select an item drawn. In Figure 137 the drawing of the beams on the first level is observed.
Secondaryaxestodrawthecouplingbeamsontheaxes3and8weredrawn.
Thenextstepistocopythebeamsfromsecondtofourthlevel,selectingall.To
copyweenterthemenu"Edit/Replicate"orbythetool;inthe"Replicate"tab"Linear"inthe"Increments"
on"dz"formweenterthevalueof"4"and"Incrementdata"value"3"(copythemtothetopthreefloors).
Figure1383Dviewisobservedwithbeamsdrawnonthefirstfourfloors.Wearelocatedonthefourth
floor,deleteandeditsectionsofthebeamstomodify.Thenproceedtocopythemtotheupperfloors.The
wholeprocessissimilarforalllevels.InFigure144aviewseenin3Dbeamsdrawnonall15levels.
29
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure137:Drawingofthebeamsonthefirstfloor.
Figure138:3Dviewofthebeamsdrawnonthefirstfourfloors.
30
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure139:Drawingofthebeamsonthefourthfloor.
Figure140:3Dviewofthebeamsdrawnonthefirstsevenfloors.
31
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure141:Drawingofthebeamsontheseventhfloor.
Figure142:3Dviewofthebeamsdrawnonthefirsttenfloors.
32
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure143:Drawingofthebeamsonthetenthfloor.
Figure144:Drawingofthebeamsinthefifteenfloors.
33
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
1.5.2.2.
DrawingofthePillars
Thecolumnsaredrawninelevationviews,takingcaretodrawthemwithsectionsforeachmodel
element.Figures145to152columnsareseenineachaxisintheXdirection,andFigure153youcansee
the3Dviewofthemodelincludingthebeamsandcolumns.
Figure145:DrawingofthecolumnsintheAxis1.
Figure146:DrawingofthecolumnsintheAxis2.
34
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure147:DrawingofthecolumnsinAxis3.
Figure148:DrawingofthecolumnsinAxis4.
35
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure149:DrawingofthecolumnsonLine5.
Figure150:DrawingofthecolumnsintheAxis6.
36
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure151:DrawingofthecolumnsintheAxis7.
Figure152:DrawingofthecolumnsintheShaft8.
37
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure153:3Dviewofthemodelwiththebeamsandcolumnsdrawn.
1.5.3.
DrawingObjectsArea
Thetoolshavetodrawtheshearwallsandslabsare:
"Draw Poly Area", with this tool we can draw elements "Area" which are polygons, points
needtobeintroducedonebyonetothedrawingelement.Activatedinplanviews,elevationand
3D.Wewillbetriggered,aswellasforother
tools,a"PropertiesofObject"tablemayvarydependingonthechosentool,soyoucanchoose
thetypeofsection.
"Draw Rectangular Area", this second option lets you draw elements "Area" rectangular,
promptedustwopointsforplotting.Thelimitationisthatyoucanonlyuse
inelevationandplanviews.
"QuickDrawArea",thisisanothertoolthatisonlyactiveinplanandelevationviews.Clicking
onaninternalsiteofthegridwedrawanobjectwhoseboundariesaretheintersectionsofthe
grid.
1.5.3.1.
DrawingtheWallsofCourt
Shearwallsaredrawninelevationviews.AllthewallsaredividedeverymeteronthewallsintheY
direction,andevery0.75metersinthewallsintheXdirection(menu"Edit/EditAreas/AreasDivide...").
InFigures154to157shearwallsinthecorrespondingaxesareobserved,andFigure1583Dviewwith
beams,columnsandshearwallsdrawn.
38
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure154:IllustrationoftheshearwallsinAxis3.
Figure155:IllustrationoftheshearwallsintheShaft8.
39
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure156:IllustrationoftheshearwallsinAxisC.
Figure157:IllustrationoftheshearwallsinAxisF.
40
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure158:3Dviewofthemodelwiththebeams,columnsandshearwallsdrawn.
1.5.3.2.
DrawingthemezzaninesSlabs
Mezzanineslabsaredrawninplanviews,takingcaretochoosetherightfulpropertyandisdrawn
byclickingonthepointsthatformtheperimeter.Inthecentralareaofthebuildingisthepresenceofan
opening for the stairs, we recommend drawing the tiles leaving empty rectangles that area, since the
Sap2000nothaveatoolforopenings.
Slabscanbedrawnaspolygonalorrectangularelements(preferablyrectangular,topreventthe
lossofmasswhendefiningthefiniteelementmesh).Theprocedureistodrawafloorslabandcopyitto
similarstories.
Figure159to 162you cansee the tilesdrawn fordifferent levels, and Figure 163 have a 3D
viewofthemodelwithallstructuralelementsdrawn.
Using the "Area Mesh" command from the menu: "Assign / Area / Automatic Area Mesh", is
assignedtotheslabsofmezzaninefiniteelementmeshwithelementshavingdimensions1
meterx1meter.Usetheoption
in"AlongEdgefromPoint1to2"enterthevalue"1"and"AlongEdgefromPoint1to3"alsoenterthevalue
"1".
Youmustbecarefulwiththelocalaxesoftheslabsamagentaindicatethattheaxis3
(Equivalent to the Z axis) is reversed, and red indicates that the Local axis 3 is subject to the global axes.
Section1.5.4tellsyouhowtoviewthepropertiesoftheelementsincludingthelocalaxes.Forthewalls,the
localaxesareimportantinthecasethatwouldapplylateralloadsupthewall,asinthecaseofloadsfrom
thegroundorfloor.
41
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure159:Illustrationoftheslabmezzaninefloorsfor1stto3rd.
Figure160:Illustrationofthemezzanineslabfor4thand6thfloors.
42
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure161:Illustrationoftheslabmezzaninefloorsfor7thto9th.
Figure162:Illustrationoftheslabmezzaninefloorsfor10thto15th.
43
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure163:3Dviewofthemodelwiththefullstructuralelements.
1.5.4.
ViewingProperties
The previouspicture shows where sections used in each element areappreciated, it is not the
defaultdeliveryprogram.Theprogramprovidestheoptiontoshowanumberofpropertiesoftheelements
such as the label or name assigned, type section local axes, etc .; You can also show extrusion view
elements"Area"fillers,etc.
Inthetoolbaristhe"SetDisplayOptions..."below
mentionsomeoftheoptionsofferedbytheprogramtodisplaythepropertiesoftheobjectscreated.
"SetDisplayOptions...",showssomeofthepropertiesofthenodes,"Frames","Areas"solid,
"Links"andotherfeatures.
GeneralSection
:Itshowstheextrudedmodelview.
:Weshowthe"Area"fillings.
SectionJoints(Nodes)
:Itcontainsrestrictionsonthenodes.
:Itshowsthespringsassignedtothenodes.
SectionJoints,Frames,Area,Solids,Links
:Itshowsthelabelsornamesassignedtotheelements.
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ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
:Itshowsthesectionsoftheelements.
:Itshowsthelocalaxesoftheelements.
Haveitpresentedsomeoftheoptions"SetDisplayOptions...",towhichmay
quickly display some properties of objects for easy identification and editing if necessary. Note that in the
Sap2000,localaxesaredisplayedincolor;Localaxesare"1","2"and"3",totheirrightfulred,greenandcyan
colors,respectively.
1.5.5.
FiniteElementMesh
Section1.5.3.2cameforwardasassigningameshfiniteelementsmezzanineslabs.Fromthe"Set
DisplayOptions..."toolcanbedisplayedontheassignedscreenmeshisselectedandtheprogramwillask
ifyouwanttogeneratethemodel
analysis,withapositiveresponseandthereisnoproblemifyoucanseethemesh.Themesh,
inthisbuilding,isoptimized,sinceallnodesintersect.Inconfigurationsthatarenotsymmetricalisnecessary
toperformanoptimizationofthemeshandpreventloadtransmissionerrors.InFigure164youcanseethe
meshgeneratedslightlyonthefifteenthfloor.
Figure164:Viewofthemeshassignedtothefifteenthfloor.
1.6.
Loads,ConstraintsandLimitations
1.6.1.
AssigningLoads
Only loads entrepisos slabs be allocated per type loads are shown in Table 19. To assign a
distributedloadmezzanineslabslabisselected,youenterthemenu
"Assign/AreaLoads/UniformShell"orthetool.Intheform"AreaUniformLoads"is
45
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
choose the type of load pattern, the units are checked and the "Uniform Load" section the value
correspondingtothebox"Load",Enteringthecoordinatesystemwillbethe"GLOBAL"(youdonothavea
differentsystem),andtheaddresswillbeinthedirectionofgravity(default).
Youhavetocompletetheentryprocessloadsinallslabs.
Level
15
Area1
without
LiveUp
Area2
LiveUp
CM(Tn/m2) LIVE(Tn/m2)
0.275
0.3
14
480
480
0.275
0.3
13
480
0.275
0.3
12
480
0.275
0.3
11
480
0.275
0.3
10
480
0.275
0.3
480
0.275
0.3
800
0.275
0.3
800
0.275
0.3
800
0.275
0.5
992
0.275
0.5
992
0.275
0.5
992
0.275
0.5
1312
0.275
0.5
1312
0.275
0.5
320
192
320
LiveUp
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Table19:Loadsappliedtoeachfloor.
1.6.2.
RestrictionMapping
Thenextstepistoassignconstraintstothemodel,orthesupportsonthebasenodes,doesnot
havelateralsupports.Perfectabutmentsareassignedincolumnsandfixedsupportsintheshearwalls.We
arelocatedatZ=0levelandselectthenodesthatcorrespondtothecolumnsand
we enter the menu "Assign / Joint / Restraints", or the tool and choose the button on the form "Joint
Restraints".Weclickonthebuttonandwewillassignedabutments
perfectinthebasesofthecolumns.Theprocedurefortheshearwallsisrepeatedbutchoose
buttonontheform"JointRestraints"toassignfixedsupports.
Figure165formoptions"JointRestraints"forthetwoformsofsupportareshown.
Figure165:Left:embeddingoptionsforperfect,rightside:optionsforafixedsupport.
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ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
1.6.3.
AssignmentArmsTrucks
AsrecommendedbyASCE/SEI4106SupplementNo.01,asrequiredinthedesigncapacity,the
ratio of the sum of the nominal moments of the columns and the sum of the nominal moments of the
beamsisgreaterthan1.2andmodeleimplicitlybindingonlyrigidarmsareassignedtothecolumnsandnot
tobeams(seeFigure166).
Toassignrigidarmsorhorns,allcolumnsareselectedandusingthemenu:"Assign/Frame/End
(Lenght) Offsets" or also through the tool, you have access to the form "End Frame Length Offsets"; by
meansofthisformcanbeenteredstiffarms
automaticallythereforeselectoption
Andinthetextbox
"Rigidzonefactor"weenterthevalueof0.5,weclickonthebutton
toallocate
armsrigidcolumns.
Tofacilitatetheselectionofcomponents,usingthemenu"Select"hasanumberofoptionssuch
aschoosingitemsthatsharecertainspecificpropertyorselectitemsthatsharecertainparameters.
Figure166:Rigidarmsassignedtothebeamcolumnjointsaccordingtocapacitydesign.
1.6.4.
AssigningRigidDiaphragms
Toassignrigidslabsmezzaninediaphragms,thenodesofafloorandthemenuselect"Assign/
Joint / Constraints", we have access to the form "Assign / Define Constraints" select "Diaphragm" in "
ChooseConstraintTypetoAdd"andclickon
;Wewillopenanewformthatwilltelltheprogramthecoordinatesystemandtheaxis
youwanttolimittheelement,anameisplacedandclickon
toacceptandwillbeassignedtotheselectedfloorrigiddiaphragm.
Diaphragmscanalsobeassignedbyselectingallnodesinthemodel,exceptforthenodesatthe
base,butdifferinthecoordinate"Z"inordertofacilitateourwork.
Aftercompletingalltheabovestepstothissectionintheprevioussections
Thischapterwilldevelopasrunningthemodelanalysisashavingtheresultstables.
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ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
1.7.
AnalysisandReviewofResults
1.7.1.
AnalysisModel
Fortheanalysismodelisenteredbythemenu:"Analyze/SetAnalysisOptions..."andselectthe
"SpaceFrame"buttoninthe"FastDOFs"section,withthiswetelltheprogramthat
performathreedimensionalanalysis(seeFigure167).Weclickon
toreturntothemain
screen.
Figure167:Choosingthetypeofanalysis.
In the "Analyze" menu also has the "Create Analysis Model" command used to generate and
displaythefiniteelementmesh,the"ModelAlive"thatallowsustomodelchangesonceyouhavedone
thecalculationwithouttounlockthe"SetLoadCasestoRun"to
selecttheloadcasestorun(alsoactivebeforerunningthemodel"RunAnalysis").
Thenextstepistorunthemodel.Onthemenu:"Analyze/RunAnalysis",orbyclickingthetool,
orviathekeyboardwiththe"F5"key,enteredtheform"SetLoadCasesto
Run",whereyouhavetheoptiontotelltheprogramtorunloadcasesandwhicharenot,evenif
youwanttoactivatethe"ModelAlive".
Clickingthebuttonthescanstarts.AnymistakeSap2000notifyuswithamessageonthescreen,
youcanalsodisplaytheexecutionorrealtimeanalysis,wherewefollowtheprocess.
Uponcompletionoftheanalysistheprogramgivesusthemodeldeformedtoacaseload.In
Figure168youcanseethemodelafteranalysis.Thentheresultscanbedisplayedgraphicallybymeansof
tables.
48
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure168:3Dviewofthemodelanalyzed.
1.7.2.
ViewingResultsPostProcessing
Theprogramprovidestheresultsforeachloadcaseorcombinationthathasbeendefined.We
canhaveaccesstotheresultsgraphicallytoolbaratthetop
,Oristhe"Display"menu.
We can visualize the undeformed model deformed by the action of a load diagrams of axial,
shearforcesandmoments.InFigure169youcanseetheresultsofthetwotypesproducedmomentsto
load.
Thenthemodulecanbeusedtodesignandresultshavereinforcedareasnecessaryelements.
1.7.3.
ViewingTablesResults
ManyoftheresultsSap2000delivery,suchastheshearatthebase,arepresentedintablesthat
caneasilybeexportedtospreadsheetssuchasExcel.
Todisplaytheresultstables,youenterthe"Display/ShowTables"menu.
InFigure170theform"ChooseTablesforDisplay"isshownontheformyouhavemanyoptions
tochoosetodisplaytheresults,choosingoneormoreloadcases,ifagroupofitemsisselectedalsoyou
canseetheresultsonlyforthatgroup.
Figure171Tableshearforcesisobservedatthebaseforanalysisbytheequivalentlateralforce,
forexample.
49
ModellingofaBuildingwith15FloorsSap2000
Figure169:Resultsgraphically.
Figure170:Formforsubmissionoftheresultstables.
Figure171:ResultsoftheshearatthebasefortheFLE.
50