CC302 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

CONTENT
NO.

CONTENT

PAGE

1.

Topic of experiment

2.

Introduction

3.

Objective

4.

Apparatus

5-6

5.

Theory

6.

Procedure

8-9

7.

Result

10

8.

Calculation

11-13

9.

Question

14

10.

Discussion

15

11.

Conclusion

16

12

Reference

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CC302 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

TOPIC OF EXPERIMENT :

ELONGATION
INDEX

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INTRODUCTION
Aggregate is the main property of the performance of the pavement layers. The
gradation of aggregate is the blend of particle size of the mix that affects the density, strength
and economy of the pavement structure. There is various size of sieve to design the
proportion in a mineral aggregate mix. Aggregate grading is carried out to determine the
proportion of aggregate required from each stock pile to fit into the given specification
Elongation Index is the percentage by weight of particles in it, whose largest dimension (i.e.
length) is greater than one and four-fifths times its mean dimension. It is well known that
shape of aggregate plays very important role in Shaping the properties of concrete. Yet very
little attention is given in controlling the shape characteristics to optimize the properties of
concrete. The Indian standard codes do not even-mention the limits for Elongation and
Flakiness. Aggregates constitute 90 to 95 % volume of concrete and
influence

shape of aggregates

many a properties of fresh and hardened concrete. The properties of most

importance in a road making aggregate are its resistance to crushing, impact, abrasion and
polishing, it s specific gravity and water absorption and its grading and particle shape. As
aggregate obtained from different sources differ considerably in their constitution and
properties, inevitably they differ also with their engineering properties. It is necessary
therefore, to carry out various tests on aggregates to ensure not only that undesirable
materials are excluded from highway pavements but also that the best available aggregates
are included. Also for bitumen and tars, the most careful specifications with regard to the
design and construction of a bituminous road surfacing are of little value if the properties of
the bituminous binder used in the design are not adequately controlled. To ensure that the
material obtained has the desired qualities, a number of tests have been devised which
attempts to measure various binder properties for particular reasons.

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OBJECTIVE
1.

To examine the process capability of supplying aggregate and the quality assurance
provided to the end user.

2.

To investigate the effect of elongated aggregates on the strength and

workability of concrete.

3.

To improve the strength and workability of concrete with elongated aggregates.

4.

To determine the most suitable percentage elongated aggregates in the concrete mixes.

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APPARATUS
BIL APPARATUS
1.
Sieve

FUNCTION

A sieve analysis can be performed on any

type of non-organic or organic granular
materials including sands, crushed rock,
clays, granite, feldspars, coal, soil, a wide
range of manufactured powders, grain
and seeds, down to a minimum size
depending on the exact method
2.

Weighing Scale

To measuring instrument for determining

the weight or mass of an object.A spring
scale measures weight by the distance a
spring deflects under its load. A balance
compares the torque on the arm due to the
sample weight to the torque on the arm
due to a standard reference weight using a
horizontal lever.
3.

Elongation Apparatus

For determination of the elongation index

of aggregates. The mass of all elongated
particles as percent of the sample is the
elongation index. The Length Gauge has
stainless pins set in a brushed aluminum
base stamped with sieve fraction ranges
between pins.
4.

Metal sifters

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5.

Sieve shaker

A device used to shake a stacked column

of standard sieve-test trays to cause solids
to sift progressively from the top (large
openings) to the bottom (small openings
and a final pan), according to particle size

6.

Tray
A tray is a shallow platform designed for
carrying things. It can be fashioned from
numerous materials, including silver,
brass, sheet iron, wood, melamine, and
papier-mch. Some examples have
raised galleries, handles, and short feet
for support.Trays are flat, but with raised
edges to stop things from sliding off of
them

THEORY

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The particle shape of aggregates is determined by the percentages of flaky and

elongated particles contained in it. For base course and construction of bituminous and
cement concrete types, the presence of flaky and elongated particles are considered
undesirable as these cause inherent weakness with possibilities of breaking down under heavy
loads. Thus, evaluation of shape of the particles, particularly with reference to flakiness and
elongation is necessary.
The Flakiness index of aggregates is the percentage by weight of particles whose least
dimension (thickness) is less than three- fifths (0.6times) of their mean dimension. This test is
not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3mm.
The Elongation index of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles whose
greatest dimension (length) is greater than nine-fifths (1.8times) their mean dimension. This
test is not applicable for sizes smaller than 6.3mm.

PROCEDURE
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STEP 1

Weight of plain sieve before the aggregate are

put in the tray.

STEP 2
Deliberate 2000g sample of aggregate and
arrange sieve by following the data.

STEP 3
The sample of aggregate is put in sieve
shaker to vibrate.

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STEP 4
Deliberate mass aggregate for once parts of
sieve.

STEP 5
Use metal length gauge to slot the suitable
aggregate for this test.

STEP 6
Mix all the retained aggregate (M3) and
deliberate elongation index. Weight of the
aggregate that cannot past at the length
gauge.

STEP 7
Calculate total mass (M1) of aggregate and
percentage of aggregate retained. Write the
balance after discharge mass less than 5 %
(M2)

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RESULT
Elongation Index = (M3 / M2) x 100

Aggregat
e Size
Fraction

Weight of
plain sieve
(g)

Weight of
sieve and
aggregate
(g)

Mass
aggregate
(g)

Percentage
of retained
(%)

Mass
balance
(g)

37.5

1415

1450

35

1.76

28.0

1505

1505

20.0

1355

1464

109

5.48

109

14.0

1131

2074

943

47.39

943

10.0

1203

1732

529

26.58

529

6.3

1020

1394

374

18.79

374

100%
Retained
(mm)

TOTAL

M1= 1990

M2= 1955

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CALCULATION
i)

Mass Aggregate(g) = Weight of sieve and aggregate(g) Weight of plain

sieve(g)
a) Aggregate size fraction = 37.5
Mass Aggregate(g) = Weight of sieve and aggregate(g) Weight of plain
sieve(g)
= 1450 g 1415 g
= 35 g
b) Aggregate size fraction = 28.0
Mass Aggregate(g) = Weight of sieve and aggregate(g) Weight of plain
sieve(g)
= 1505 g 1505 g
=0g
c) Aggregate size fraction = 20.0
Mass Aggregate(g) = Weight of sieve and aggregate(g) Weight of plain
sieve(g)
= 1464 g 1355 g
= 109 g
d) Aggregate size fraction = 14.0
Mass Aggregate(g) = Weight of sieve and aggregate(g) Weight of plain
sieve(g)
= 2074 g 1131 g
= 943 g
e) Aggregate size fraction = 10.0
Mass Aggregate(g) = Weight of sieve and aggregate(g) Weight of plain
sieve(g)
= 1732 g 1203 g
= 529 g
f) Aggregate size fraction = 6.3
Mass Aggregate(g) = Weight of sieve and aggregate(g) Weight of plain
sieve(g)
= 1394 g 1020 g
= 374 g

ii)

Percentage of Retained (%) = Mass aggregate Total Mass aggregate 100

a) Aggregate size fraction = 37.5
Percentage of Retained (%) = Mass aggregate Total Mass aggregate 100
= 35 g 1990 g x 100
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= 1.76 %
b) Aggregate size fraction = 28.0
Percentage of Retained (%) = Mass aggregate Total Mass aggregate 100
= 0 g 1990 g x 100
=0%
c) Aggregate size fraction = 20.0
Percentage of Retained (%) = Mass aggregate Total Mass aggregate 100
= 109 g 1990 g x 100
= 5.48 %
d) Aggregate size fraction = 14.0
Percentage of Retained (%) = Mass aggregate Total Mass aggregate 100
= 943 g 1990 g x 100
= 47.39 %
e) Aggregate size fraction = 10.0
Percentage of Retained (%) = Mass aggregate Total Mass aggregate 100
= 529 g 1990 g
= 26.58 %
f) Aggregate size fraction = 6.3
Percentage of Retained (%) = Mass aggregate Total Mass aggregate 100
= 374 g 1990 g
= 18.79 %
iii)

Mass balance (g) = Mass aggregate (g) if Percentage of retained % is

< 5 % = 0 ;> 5 % = transfer value of mass aggregate
a) Aggregate size fraction = 37.5
Mass balance (g) = Mass aggregate (g) if Percentage of retained % is
< 5 % = 0 ;> 5 % = transfer value of mass aggregate
= 1.76 %
=0g
b) Aggregate size fraction = 28.0
Mass balance (g) = Mass aggregate (g) if Percentage of retained % is
< 5 % = 0 ;> 5 % = transfer value of mass aggregate
=0%
=0g
c) Aggregate size fraction = 20.0
Mass balance (g) = Mass aggregate (g) if Percentage of retained % is
< 5 % = 0 ;> 5 % = transfer value of mass aggregate
= 5.48 %
= 109 g

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d) Aggregate size fraction = 14.0

Mass balance (g) = Mass aggregate (g) if Percentage of retained % is
< 5 % = 0 ;> 5 % = transfer value of mass aggregate
= 47.39 %
= 943 g
e) Aggregate size fraction = 10.0
Mass balance (g) = Mass aggregate (g) if Percentage of retained % is
< 5 % = 0 ;> 5 % = transfer value of mass aggregate
= 26.58 %
= 529 g
f) Aggregate size
Mass balance
Percentage of
< 5 % = 0 ;> 5
aggregate

fraction = 6.3
(g) = Mass aggregate (g) if
retained % is
% = transfer value of mass
= 18.79 %
= 374 g

Elongation Index = (M3 / M2) x 100

M3 = 423 g
M2 = 1955 g
Elongation Index = (M3 / M2) x 100
= (423 / 1955) x 100
= (0.216) x 100
= 21.6 %

QUESTION
1. Discuss how the shape and the elongation of the rock can effect the strength.
Irregularly-shaped rocks

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For the problem of aggregate strength, rounded, irregular, the perfect angle. Crusting and
long form is not suitable because it is difficult to produce and hollow will produce less but
workability bond strength between the cement and aggregates in concrete is very high.
Important to make sure stones are clean. If there is a layer of clay, it will cause a new bond
weakening of cement and water demand will increase concrete that really compact.
Aggregates that have smooth surfaces and glass can provide good workability but have low
bond.

DISCUSSION
The elongation index test is used to determine the quantity of aggregate particles that
are elongated instead of cubicle in shape. According to British Standard Institution (BSI-812,
1975) classifies aggregate into six classes that are rounded, irregular, angular, flaky and
elongated and elongated. The rounded, irregular and angular for special purpose are group
into the category an equidimensional or cuboidal. The aggregate are flaky, elongated, flaky
and elongated or equal dimension are determined by the ratio of the shortest, the largest and
average diameter of the particles. From the experiment, firstly we separate aggregate sample
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by sieving into different size fraction, each falling within a narrow size function is essentially
a single-size aggregate.

The sieve size rage are (20 40) mm, (14 10) mm and (10 6.3) mm. From the
data experiment, we made the calculation and discussed by the all group member. When this
experiment is doing, we make some experimental error such as when sieving process is being
take place. For examples, the aggregate may not trough sieve by machine and some of
aggregate we shake manually by hand. Besides, the error do occur when the weighing the
amount of aggregate that we need. The careless attitudes that we gauge the particles
separating by hand. Maybe we pass the particles to the wrong gauge. It is because we have
separate too many particles in the short time.

CONCLUSION
Based on the objective for this experiment is to identify the elongation index of the
given aggregate samples. Aggregate particles are classified as elongation when they have a
length (greatest dimension) of more than 1.8 of their mean sieve size. The elongation index is
found by separating the elongation particles and expressing their mess as a percentage of the
mass of sample tested. From the experiment, the mean 14.2 (sieve 10mm) and elongation
index is 21.6 %. We can classify the sample as the elongation sample. As a conclusion, the
sample that we tested are elongation. This will cause the increase of void in the mix. If we
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use in highway construction, we must doing more compaction to ensure that the void meet
the prescribe specification

REFERENCE
INTERNET

http://salsoil.co.uk/Aggregates/BS_Elongation_812/Elongation%20Index%20BS

%20EN%20933.pdf
http://www.engineeringcivil.com/what-is-the-significance-of-flakiness-index-andelongation-index.html
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http://www.durocrete.com/Flakiness.pdf
http://www.highwaysmaintenance.com/aggtext.htm
http://www.scribd.com/doc/22568870/Flakiness-Elongation-Index

BOOK

British Standards Methods of determination of particle shape BS 812, Part 105, 1989.i
Kenneth N.derucher and George P .Korfiatis, Material for civil and highway

engineers, Prentice Hall, NJ 2nd edition,1988.

Harold N. Attkins, Highway materials, soils and concretes, 3rd edition, Prentice
Hall,1990.

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