Characteristics of Commonly Used Analog Filters A s w e have seen from our

discussion above, IIR digital filters can easily be obtained by beginning with an
analog filter and then using a m apping to transform the s -plane into the zplane. Thus the design o f a digital filter is reduced to designing an appropriate
analog filter and then perform ing the conversion from H(s) to H(z), in such a way
so as to preserve as much as possible, the desired characteristics o f the analog
filter. A nalog filter design is a w ell-developed field and m any books have been
written on the subject. In this section w e briefly describe the important
characteristics o f com m only used analog filters and introduce the relevant filter
parameters. Our discussion is lim ited to lowpass filters. Subsequently, w e
describe several frequency transformations that convert a low pass prototype
filter into either a bandpass, highpass, or band-elim ination filter.