Northwest Ordinance- Three laws (1784, 1785, 1787) that dealt with the

sale of public lands in the Northwest Territory and established a plan for the
admission of new states to the union.
Shays Rebellion- A series of protests in 1786 and 1787 by American
farmers against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments
for debt.
Alexander HamiltonJames Madison- Virginia planter and political theorist known as the father
of the Constitution; he would become the fourth president of the US.
The Virginia Plan- fourteen proposals by the Virginia delegation to the
Constitutional Convention for a more powerful central governments giving
states proportional representation in a unicameral legislature.
The Great Compromise- A proposal calling for a bicameral legislature
with equal representation for the states in one house and proportional
representation in the other.
Three-Fifths Compromise- an agreement to count 3/5ths of a states slave
population for purposes of determining a states representation in the House
of Representatives.
Federalists- Supporters of the Constitution; they desired a strong central
government
Anti-Federalists- Opponents of the Constitution; they believed a strong
central government was a threat to American liberties and rights.
Bank of the US- National bank, proposed by Hamilton and funded by the
government and private investors, to ensure the countrys financial stability
Thomas JeffersonWhisky Rebellion- A protest by grain farmers against the 1794 federal tax
on whiskey; militia forces led by President Washington put down this
Pennsylvania uprising.
XYZ Affair- A diplomatic incident in which American Envoys to France were
told that the US would have to loan France money and bribe government
officials as a precondition for negotiation.
Second Great Awakening- An upsurge in religious fervor that began
around 1800 and was characterized by revival meetings.
Marbury v. Madison- Supreme court decision (1803) declaring part of the
Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional, thereby establishing an important
precedent in favor of judicial review.
The Louisiana Purchase- The US purchase of Louisiana from France for $15
million in 1803; the Louisiana Territory extended form the MS River to Rocky
Mountains.
Nationalists- Americans who preferred a strong central government rather
than the limited government prescribed in the Articles of Confederation.
War of 1812-

Treaty of Ghent- Treaty ending the War of 1812, signed in Belgium in

1814; it restored peace but was silent on the issues over with the US and
Britain had gone to war.
Second Bank of the US- Congress approved, had many of the same
powers and responsibilities as the first. Opened for business in Philadelphia
on January 1, 1817.
Era of Good Feelings- The period from 1816 to 1823, when the decline of
the Federalist Party and the end of the War of 1812 gave rise to a time of
political cooperation.
Andrew Jackson- General who defeated the Creeks at Horseshoe Bend in
1814 and the British at New Orleans in 1815; he later became the 7th
president of the US
The Missouri Compromise- Law proposed by Henry Clay in 1820 admitting
Missouri to the Union as a slave state ad Maine as a free state and banning
slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the latitude 36 30
John Marshall- Virginia lawyer and politician whom President Adams made
chief justice of the Supreme Court; his legal decisions helped shape the role
of the Supreme Court in American Government.
Monroe Doctrine- President Monroes 1823 statement declaring that
Americas closed to further European colonization and discouraging European
interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.
The Corrupt Bargain
Tariff of Abominations- Tariff package designed to win support for antiAdams forces in Congress; its passage in 1828 discredited Adams but set off
sectional tension over tariff issues.
John C. CalhounTheory of Nullification- Refusal by a state to recognize or enforce a federal
law within its boundaries
Nullification CrisisKitchen Cabinet- President Jacksons informal advisers, who helped him
shape both national and Democratic Party policy.
Indian Removal Act- Law passed by Congress in 1830 providing for the
removal of all Indian tribes east of the MS and the purchase of western lands
for their resettlement.
Trail of Tears- Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian
Territory in the winter of 1838, during which thousands of Cherokees died.
Nicholas Biddle- President of the Second Bank of the US; he struggled to
keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.
Nativism- the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established
inhabitants against those of immigrants
Erie Canal- A 350- mile canal stretching from Buffalo to Albany; it
revolutionized shipping in New York State.
Lowell Mills-

Cotton gin- Device used for removing seeds from cotton. Eli Whitney
invented.
Short-staple cotton- A variety of cotton with short and tightly packed bolls
of fiber in which the plants seeds are tangled.
Southern societySlave codes- Laws that established the status of slaves, denying them basic
rights and classifying them as the property of slave owners.
Transcendentalism- A philosophical and literary movement asserting that
God exists within human beings and in nature, and that intuition is the
highest source of knowledge, opening the way to the transcendent- that
which lies beyond the range of normal experience.
Temperance Movement- Effort to instill temperance, moderation, or
abstinence in the consumption of alcoholic drinks
Cult of Domesticity- the belief that womens proper role lies in domestic
pursuits
Horace Mann- Educator who called for publicly funded education for all
children and wa head of the first public board of education in the US.
Manifest Destiny
Adams-Onis Treaty- Treaty between the US and Spain in 1819 that ceded
Florida to the US, ended any Spanish claims in Oregon, and recognized
Spanish rights in the American Southwest
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- Treaty (1848) in which Mexico gave up
Texas above the Rio Grande and ceded New Mexico and California to the US
in return for $15 million.
William Lloyd Garrison- Abolitionist leader who founded and published The
Liberator, an antislavery newspaper.
Frederick Douglas- Slave living in Baltimore that tried to escape.
Wilmot Proviso- an 1846 measure that would have closed any territory
acquired from Mexico to slavery; it was defeated in the Senate.
Compromise of 1850- Plan intended to reconcile North and South on the
issue of slavery; t recognized the principle of popular sovereignty and
included a strong fugitive slave laws.
Kansas-Nebraska Act- an 1854 law creating the Kansas and Nebraska
territories and allowing residents to decide whether to allow slavery within
their borders.
Popular SovereigntyJohn Brown- Abolitionist who fought proslavery settlers in Kansas in 1855;
he was hanged for treason after seizing the US arsenal at Harpers Ferry in
1859 as part of an effort to liberate southern slaves.
Pottawatomie Massacre- John Brown murdered five proslavery men living
along the Pottawatomie River south of Lawrence.

Dred Scott Decision- Slave who sued for his liberty in the Missouri courts,
arguing that four years on free soil had made him free; the Supreme Courts
1857 ruling against him negated the Missouri Compromise.
Harpers Ferry- Town in present-day West Virginia and site of the US arsenal
that John Brown briefly seized in 1859
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Crittenden Compromise- Block of constitutional amendments. Called for
extending the Missouri Compromise line westward across the continent,
forbidding slavery north of the line, and protecting slavery to the south;
maintaining the interstate slave trade; and required federal compensation to
slave owners who were unable to recover fugitive slaves from northern
states. Senate defeated proposal.
Fort Sumter- Fort at the mouth of the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina,
scene of the opening engagement of the Civil War in April 1861
Conscription Act- Law passed by Congress in 1863 that established a draft
but allowed wealthy people to escape it by hiring a substitute or paying the
government a $300 fee.
Union PartyGeorge McClellan- US general tapped by Lincoln to organize the Army of
the Potomac; a skillful organizer but slow and indecisive as a field
commander. He replaced Winfield Scott, who retired at the end of 1861, as
general in chief of Union forces.
Emancipation Proclamation-Lincolns order abolishing slavery as January
1, 1863, in states in rebellion but not in border territories still loyal to the
Union.
First Battle of Bull Run- Where Confederate soldiers forced federal troops
to retreat in the first major battle of the Civil War, fought in July 1861.
Antietam- Site of a battle that occurred in September 1862 when Lees
forces invaded Maryland; both sides suffered heavy losses, and Lee retreated
into Virginia.
Vicksburg- City that was key to control of the Mississippi River, held by the
Confederates until mid-1863.
Gettysburg- Site in Pennsylvania where in July 1863 Union forces under
General George Meade defeated Lees Confederate forces, turning back
Lees invasion of the North.
March of the Sea- Shermans march through Georgia from Atlanta to
Savannah in late, 1864, during which Union soldiers carried out orders to
destroy everything in their path.
Appomattox Court House
Freedmans Bureau- Agency established in 1865 to aid former slaves in
their transition to freedom, especially by administering relief and sponsoring
education.
Republicans Factions:
1. Conservative-

2. Radical3. ModerateLincolns Reconstruction Plan

Wade-Davis BillJohn Wilkes Booth- Actor and southern sympathizer who on April 14, 1865
five days after Lees surrender, fatally shot President Lincoln at Fords
Theater in Washington. Part of a small group of conspirators who were
supposed to kill several high officals.
Andrew Johnson- TN senator who became Lincolns running mate in 1864
and who succeeded to the presidency after Lincolns assassination.
Restoration
Radical Reconstruction- Group within the Republican Party during the Civil
War and Reconstruction that advocated for abolition of slavery, citizenship
for the former slaves, and sweeping alteration of the South.
Black Codes- Laws passed by the southern states after the Civil War limiting
the civil rights of freed people and defining their status as subordinate to
whites.
13th Amendment- abolished slavery
14th Amendment Constitutional amendment, ratified in 1868, defining
American citizenship and rights and restricting state authority and the
political activities of former Confederates.
15th Amendment- prohibited states from denying the right to vote because
of a persons race or because a person had been a slave.
Civil Rights Act 1866 Specified that no state shall make or enforce any
laws which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the US;
nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without
due process law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal
protection of the laws.
Scalawags Derogatory term for white southerners who aligned themselves
with the Republican Party during Reconstruction.
Carpetbaggers- Derogatory term for the northerners who came to the
South after the Civil War to take part in Reconstruction.
Negro RuleCompromise of 1877- Name applied by historians to discussions around
the disputed presidential election of 1876; in the end, Republicans gained
their presidency, and southern Democrats received some concessions.