Thermalfluids Lab-MEC 554/ Rev.

01-2016

UNIVERSITITEKNOLOGIMARA
FACULTYOFMECHANICALENGINEERING
________________________________________________________________________

Program
:
BachelorOfEngineering(Hons)Mechanical
Course :
ThermalfluidsLabII
Code
:
MEC554
________________________________________________________________________

TURBOMACHINARY

TITLE:Compressibleflowinconvergingdivergingnozzle

1.

OBJECTIVE

2.

Tostudythepressuremassflowratecharacteristicforconvergentdivergentduct.
Todemonstratethephenomenaofchoking.

THEORY

Thermalfluids Lab-MEC 554/ Rev. 01-2016

Thermalfluids Lab-MEC 554/ Rev. 01-2016

Thermalfluids Lab-MEC 554/ Rev. 01-2016

3.
EQUIPMENT

Theexperimentapparatusconsistsofacompressibleflowbenchequipwithdigitalpressuresensors.

4.
Experimentguidelines

Followtheinstructionsexplainbytheinstructorregardinghowtooperatetheexperimentapparatus.
Before starting the experiment, make sure that there is no blockage or object around the convergent
divergentnozzlethatwillinterferewiththeairflowintothenozzle.Connectthethreepressuretaptothe
appropriate pressure sensors. Start the experiment from zero velocity and then increase the air velocity
through the nozzle at a constant increment step (eg. 200 rpm) until reaching the maximum air velocity.
Makesurethatyourecordthe3pressurereadingatthenozzleopening,throatandexitforeachairvelocity
step. Repeat the experiment by decreasing the air velocity from maximum until zero velocity. The air
velocitycanbeadjustedbychangingtherpmoftheairblower.

(Experimental parameters can be adjusted according to the conditions and available apparatus at the
timetheexperimentisconducted.)

5.
Data

1. Calculatethemassflowratevaluesandtheremainingparametersrequiredusingtheformula
given.
2. Plotsthefollowinggraphs:
a.
vs(P0P2)
b.
vsP2
c.
vs(P0P3)
vsP3
d.
e. (P0P2)vs(P0P3)
3. Commentandanalyzethegraphs.Comparedthemaximumvaluesfor andtheminimumfor
P2/P0fromthetrialwiththetheoreticalvalues.

Thermalfluids Lab-MEC 554/ Rev. 01-2016

ExperimentID:

Date:

Ambientairtemperature:

Airdensity:

Atmosphericpressure:

Airspecificheatratio:

Convergentdivergentnozzlespecifications:

No.
reading

RPM

P1

P2

P3

(P0P1)

(P0P2)

(P0P3)

[krpm]

[kg/s]

Thermalfluids Lab-MEC 554/ Rev. 01-2016

UNIVERSITITEKNOLOGIMARA
FACULTYOFMECHANICALENGINEERING
________________________________________________________________________

Program
:
BachelorOfEngineering(Hons)Mechanical
Course :
ThermalfluidsLabII
Code
:
MEC554
________________________________________________________________________

TURBOMACHINARY

TITLE:PerformanceofPump

1.
OBJECTIVE

Toobtaintheperformancecharacteristicsforavariablespeedcentrifugalpumpoperatingat3different
impellerspeeds.Thepumpperformancecharacteristicsthatwillbestudyarepressurejump,power
requirement,flowrateinfluenceandpumpspeedinfluence.

2.
THEORY

Thermalfluids Lab-MEC 554/ Rev. 01-2016

Thermalfluids Lab-MEC 554/ Rev. 01-2016

Thermalfluids Lab-MEC 554/ Rev. 01-2016

3.
EQUIPMENT

The experiment apparatus consists of a water flow bench and centrifugal pump rigged with sensors to
measureswaterpressure,flowrate,pumpspeed,pumptorqueandelectricpowerconsumedbythepump.

4.
Experimentguidelines

Followtheinstructionsexplainbytheinstructorregardinghowtooperatetheexperimentapparatus.
Set the bench to only allow the water to flow through only one centrifugal pump. Power on the correct
pump.Allowthesystemtoreachasteadyflowconditionbeforerecordingthepressures,flowrate,pump
speed,pumptorqueandpumppower.Thespeedofthepumpiscontrolbyrotatingthepumpspeedcontrol
dialonthecontrolpanel.Tocollectdatafor3differentpumpspeeds,setthespeedcontroldialto100%,
75%and50%.
For every pump speed, collect at least 5 data points based on variable flowrate. The flowrate can be
adjustedusingthewaterflowcontrolvalvesituatedatthehighestpointofthebench.Theflowmetercan
beusedasaguidanceonsettingtheamountofwaterflowpassingthroughthepump.

(Experimental parameters can be adjusted according to the conditions and available apparatus at the
timetheexperimentisconducted.)

5.
Data

1. Recordtheperformancecharacteristicvaluesinatable.Otherperformancecharacteristicthatcan
notbegaineddirectlycanbecalculatedusingtheformulagiveninthetheorysection.(Becareful
ontheparametersunit.)
2. Plot the performance graph (Please refer to the graph shown in the theory section). The
performancecurvesthatareofinterestarepowercurve,efficiencycurveandpumpheadcurve.
3. Analyzeanddiscusstheplots.

Thermalfluids Lab-MEC 554/ Rev. 01-2016

ExperimentID:

PumpSpeed,N:

Date:

rpm

rad/s

Watertemperature:

Waterdensity:

No.

Electric
motor

PumpInput

Pumpoutput

Power,
Pm

Torque,
Tshaft

Shaft
Power,
Wshaft

Volume
flow
rate,Q

[kW]

[Nm]

[kW]

Efficiency,

Water
head,
hp

Output
power,
Pf

[m]

[kW]

[100%]

Inletpressure,
P1

Discharge
pressure,P2

Thermalfluids Lab-MEC 554/ Rev. 01-2016

ExperimentID:

PumpSpeed,N:

Date:

rpm

rad/s

Watertemperature:

Waterdensity:

No.

Electric
motor

PumpInput

Pumpoutput

Power,
Pm

Torque,
Tshaft

Shaft
Power,
Wshaft

Volume
flow
rate,Q

[kW]

[Nm]

[kW]

Efficiency,

Water
head,
hp

Output
power,
Pf

[m]

[kW]

[100%]

Inletpressure,
P1

Discharge
pressure,P2

Thermalfluids Lab-MEC 554/ Rev. 01-2016

ExperimentID:

PumpSpeed,N:

Date:

rpm

rad/s

Watertemperature:

Waterdensity:

No.

Electric
motor

PumpInput

Pumpoutput

Power,
Pm

Torque,
Tshaft

Shaft
Power,
Wshaft

Volume
flow
rate,Q

[kW]

[Nm]

[kW]

Efficiency,

Water
head,
hp

Output
power,
Pf

[m]

[kW]

[100%]

Inletpressure,
P1

Discharge
pressure,P2

Thermalfluids Lab-MEC 554/ LS 5/ Rev. 01-2016

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
________________________________________________________________________
Program
Course
Code

:
:
:

Bachelor Of Engineering ( Hons ) Mechanical

Thermalfluids Lab II
MEC 554

HEAT TRANSFER LABORATORY SHEET

TITLE : HEAT CONDUCTION SIMPLE BAR
1.

OBJECTIVE

Investigate Fouriers law for linear conduction of heat along a simple bar.

2.

THEORY
If a plane wall of thickness (x) and area (A) and thermal
conductivity (k) supports a temperature difference (T) then the
heat transfer rate by conduction is given by the equation:

dT
Q k A
dx
Assuming a constant thermal conductivity throughout the
material and a linear temperature distribution, this is:

T
Q k A
x

3.

EQUIPMENT

The equipment is shown in the figure below.

Thermalfluids Lab-MEC 554/ LS 5/ Rev. 01-2016

4.

Experiment Guideline

Select an intermediate position for the heater power control (e.g. 10 W) and allow sufficient time for
a steady state to be achieved before recording the temperature (T) at all 9 sensor points (T1 to T9)

). Remember to measure the distance between

and the input power reading on the wattmeter ( Q
each temperature sensors. This procedure should be repeated for other input powers (e.g. 20 W
and 30W) up to the maximum setting of the control. After each change, sufficient time must be
allowed to achieve steady conditions.
5.

DATA
HEATER

SAMPLE REGION

COOLER

x (mm)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

x (m)

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

Test

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

(W)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

A
B
C
1. Plot the temperature profile along the entire length. This should reveal three distinct sections of
straight lines (corresponding to the heater, brass sample, and cooler) having a slope of
approximately T/x.
2. Convert the measured temperatures to degrees Kelvin by the following formula:

T K T C 273.15
3. Calculate the cross-sectional area (A) of the circular cylinder by using the equation:

d2

4. The brass sample region is the region of interest. Ignore all other temperature measurements
except T4, T5, and T6 and calculate the thermal conductivity of the brass. This is the slope of the
straight line in the brass sample region alone (plotted in 1), given by the equation:

Q x
A T

W
units

m K

5. Find published values of brass in books or on the Internet. Compare the value you obtained
with these values. Which type of brass does your results best compare with (e.g. yellow brass,
red brass etc.)? Discuss any source of error in your measured results. Students should
comment on how changing the average temperature affects the thermal conductivity.

Thermalfluids Lab-MEC 554/ LS 5/ Rev. 01-2016

Experiment ID:
SAMPLE REGION

HEATER

COOLER

x (mm)
x (m)
Test

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

(W)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

Thermalfluids Lab-MEC 554/ LS 4/ Rev. 01-2016

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
________________________________________________________________________
Program
:
Bachelor Of Engineering ( Hons ) Mechanical
Course
:
Thermalfluids Lab II
Code
:
MEC 554
________________________________________________________________________
HEAT TRANSFER LABORATORY SHEET
TITLE : FORCED CONVECTION
1.

OBJECTIVE

Demonstrate the use of extended surface (finned or pinned) to improve the heat transfer in forced
convection.
2.

THEORY
Heat transfer from an object can be improved by
increasing the surface area in contact with the air by
adding fins or pins normal to the surface. This can be
seen in Newtons Law of Cooling, which defines the
convection heat transfer rate:

Q h As Ts T
The effect of the surfaces can be demonstrated by
comparing finned and unfinned surfaces with a flat
plate under the same conditions of power and flow.

Thermalfluids Lab-MEC 554/ LS 4/ Rev. 01-2016

3.

EQUIPMENT

Control rectangular heated surfaces will be used to study heat transfer through forced convection.
The surfaces are shown in the figure below. The finned surface consists of 9 fins that are each 0.1
m high and 0.068 m wide. The pinned surface consists of 17 pins that each have a diameter of
0.013 m and are 0.068 m long. (Make sure that you observed and take measurement of the surface
geometry when you performed the experiment to confirmed the actual dimensions.)

4.

Experiment guidelines

Place the heat exchanger into the test duct and record the ambient temperature (T). Set the heater
power control to 75 W. Allow the temperature to rise to 80C then adjust the heater power control to
20 W. This will prepare the heat exchanger for the experimental condition needed.
To collect the heat exchanger surface temperature reading, start the stopwatch, wait 5 minute and
record surface temperature (Ts).
Repeat the steps above to obtained data for other conditions (eg. air velocity 0 m/s, 1 m/s, 2
m/s.). To introduce air flow in the duct, turn the fan speed control to start the fan. Adjust the fan
speed control to give the desired air velocity. The air velocity can be measure using a thermal
anemometer.
The experiment can be repeated for different type of heat exchanger.
(Experimental parameters can be adjusted according to the conditions and available apparatus at the time
the experiment is conducted.)

Thermalfluids Lab-MEC 554/ LS 4/ Rev. 01-2016

5.

Data

Experiment ID:
Surface geometry:
Ambient air
temperature, T :
Power input, :

Air velocity [m/s]

Heater Temperature,
Ts [ 0C]

Ts - T [ C]

H [ W/(m C)]

0
1.0
2.0
2.5

1. Calculate the temperature difference (TsT) and record on the data table.
2. Calculate the surface area of the base plate (Abase).
3. Calculate the convection heat transfer coefficient (h) from the equation:

Q
As Ts T

4. Replace the flat plate with the finned surface plate and repeat the experiment. Then replace
the finned surface with the pinned surface plate and repeat the experiment. An equation for
the surface areas (As) of the finned and pinned plates are shown below:

A finned 9 L w Abase
plate

A pinned 17
plate

DL
2

Abase

5. Plot graphs of air velocity versus surface temperature (Ts-T) of each plate. Compare the
ability of each plate surface to disseminate heat by convection.

Thermalfluids Lab-MEC 554/ LS 4/ Rev. 01-2016

Experiment ID:
Surface geometry:
Ambient air
temperature, T :
Power input, :
Air velocity [m/s]

Heater Temperature,
Ts [ 0C]

Ts - T [0C]

H [ W/(m0C)]

Heater Temperature,
Ts [ 0C]

Ts - T [0C]

H [ W/(m0C)]

Heater Temperature,
Ts [ 0C]

Ts - T [0C]

H [ W/(m0C)]

Experiment ID:
Surface geometry:
Ambient air
temperature, T :
Power input, :
Air velocity [m/s]

Experiment ID:
Surface geometry:
Ambient air
temperature, T :
Power input, :
Air velocity [m/s]