EURE

ISSN: 0250-7161
eure@eure.cl
Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile
Chile

Cariola, Cecilia; Lacabana, Miguel

La metrpoli fragmentada: Caracas entre la pobreza y la globalizacin
EURE, vol. XXVII, nm. 80, mayo, 2001, p. 0
Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile
Santiago, Chile

Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=19608002

Cmo citar el artculo

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H[SDQGLUODSREUH]DKDFHUODPVLQWHQVD\KHWHURJQHDDVFRPRD
DXPHQWDUODVGHVLJXDOGDGHVVRFLDOHV/D]RQDGHLQFOXVLQRLQWHJUDFLQ
VRFLDOVHUHGXFHOD]RQDGHH[FOXVLQVHH[SDQGHLQFRUSRUDQGRDXQDPSOLR
VHFWRUGHQXHYRVSREUHVDODYH]TXHODH[FOXVLQVHKDFHPVLQWHQVDFRQ
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x La profundizacin de la pobreza estructural expresada en el aumento de la
indigencia
x La emergencia de un nuevo segmento social de sectores medios
empobrecidos
x El incremento de la vulnerabilidad de los sectores medios
x La concentracin de los ingresos en un grupo menor de sectores no pobres
o de altos ingresos.



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x Los pobres estructurales, sujetos de la zona de exclusin, constituyen un
grupo social que arrastra las carencias derivadas del modelo econmico
anterior y sufre las consecuencias del nuevo. En este grupo es donde se
concentra tanto cuantitativa como cualitativamente una gran parte del
fenmeno de la extensin e intensificacin de la pobreza. Son el 20,5% del
total de hogares y ms de la mitad de los mismos experimenta una situacin
de indigencia (13%) derivada de la falta de ingresos del mercado de trabajo o
de estrategias econmicas de sobrevivencia basadas slo en el empleo
informal. Tienen un capital social y cultural limitado que permite a algunos
hogares superar problemas de sobrevivencia, pero les impide lograr un nivel
de integracin social ms amplio11. En este sentido operan los bajos niveles
de formacin alcanzados por los sujetos de este grupo social y tambin la
progresiva desvalorizacin de la educacin como mecanismo de movilidad
social. Los pobres estructurales tienen una territorialidad definida, una
pobreza visible, ya que habitan mayoritariamente en barrios de invasin o
bien en urbanizaciones populares construidas por el Estado en la periferia
metropolitana.
x Los nuevos pobres o sectores medios empobrecidos son el producto ms
evidente de la expansin de la pobreza asociada a las transformaciones en el
trabajo y a la cada de los ingresos. Llegan a constituir ms de un tercio del
total de hogares, entre los cuales existe un grupo altamente excluido (11%)
cuyos bajos ingresos provienen principalmente del empleo informal y quienes
harn el trnsito hacia la pobreza estructural en la medida en que no logren
mantener las condiciones de satisfaccin de sus necesidades bsicas. Al
grupo de empobrecidos no se les puede atribuir una territorialidad definida.
En parte es una pobreza invisible, de puertas adentro, de sectores medios
tradicionales empobrecidos recientemente, cuyos oficios y profesiones se han
degradado en trminos de ingreso e incluso socialmente. Existe un subgrupo

con capital social y cultural acumulado en el perodo anterior donde

funcionaron los canales de ascenso social. Sus recursos en conocimientos,
informacin, relaciones sociales y su preferencia por la educacin por sobre
otras necesidades los diferencia del subgrupo de pobres moderados que
ascendieron pero fueron devueltos a su condicin de pobres por la crisis. Si
bien privilegian el mbito privado para buscarle solucin a la cada de sus
ingresos, eventualmente se involucran en el mbito pblico a travs de
movilizaciones para defender sus derechos.
x La evidencia emprica indica que el grupo de pobres moderados o "pobres
en ascenso", producto del modelo econmico anterior, sufri masivamente
los efectos de la cada de los ingresos. Sin embargo, algunos de ellos (5,3%)
que haban logrado salir de la condicin de pobres con necesidades bsicas
insatisfechas no pudieron revertir la cada de los ingresos. Primero transitaron
a no pobres, por haber superado su necesidad de vivienda, y luego a nuevos
pobres. Paralelamente, un grupo de estos pobres moderados (7,2%) fue a
incrementar directamente la pobreza estructural mientras que slo un 4,2%
logr mantenerse con ingresos por encima de la canasta bsica, en su mayora
en condiciones de vulnerabilidad. El grupo de pobres moderados tiene su
carencia principal en la falta de vivienda adecuada; presenta una
territorialidad difusa, disperso por diversas reas degradadas de la ciudad,
compartiendo algunos hbitats con los pobres estructurales.
x Los no pobres son algo ms del 40% de los hogares y constituyen tambin
un grupo heterogneo. Ms de la mitad de ellos se encuentra en la zona de
vulnerabilidad y el resto corresponde al subgrupo que ha concentrado la
mayor parte de la riqueza en este perodo. El primer subgrupo est
constituido por sectores medios con un capital social y cultural acumulado
cuyos ingresos, en gran parte ligados al sector informal, los ubican en la zona
de vulnerabilidad. En el segundo se encuentran sectores de altos ingresos y
aquellos sectores medios ascendentes producto del nuevo modelo econmico
que han logrado integrarse en las actividades econmicas exitosas, finanzas,
comunicaciones, servicios sofisticados a las empresas, comercio y servicios
personales de lujo relacionados, en algunos casos, con los distritos de
comando de la metrpoli. Es un subgrupo social con una territorialidad
definida, cuyos hbitats son emblemticos, muestran smbolos de integracin
a la modernidad y a la globalizacin a la vez que se constituyen como
exclusivas reas cerradas.
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