Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 6

 i_ L?t|h@?

|t
Wkh Vlpsoh{ dqg Gxdo phwkrgv doorz xv wr vroyh pd{lpl}dwlrq dqg Plqlpl}dwlrq
sureohpv vxemhfw wr vhyhuh uhvwulfwlrqv=
 Iru wkh Vlpsoh{ phwkrg wkh frqvwudlqwv pxvw eh doo  dqg wkh frqvwdqwv rq
wkh uljkw0kdqg vlgh pxvw eh srvlwlyh
 Iru wkh Gxdo phwkrg wkh frqvwudlqwv pxvw eh doo  dqg wkh frhflhqwv lq wkh
remhfwlyh ixqfwlrq pxvw eh srvlwlyh1
Prvw uhdo zruog sureohpv lqyroyh d pl{wxuh ri  dqg  frqvwudlqwv dqg qhlwkhu wkh
Vlpsoh{ qru Gxdo phwkrg lv dssolfdeoh1 Wkh elj P phwkrg lv d zd| wr h{whqg wkh Vlp0
soh{ phwkrg wr pd{lpl}dwlrq sureohpv zlwk d frpelqdwlrq ri  dqg  frqvwudlqwv1
Vxfk frqvwudlqwv duh uhihuuhg wr dv Pl{hg Frqvwudlqwv1 D vwdqgdug sureohp wdnhv wkh
irup
F @ f4 {4 . f5 {5 . === . fq {q
d44 {4 . d45 {5 . ===d4q {q  e4
d54 {4 . d55 {5 . ===d5q {q  e5
s  frqvwudlqwv
===
ds4 {4 . ds5 {5 . ===dsq {q  es
d+s.4,4 {4 . d+s.4,5 {5 . ===d+s.4,q {q  es.4
d+s.5,4 {4 . d+s.5,5 {5 . ===d+s.5,q {q  es.5
t  frqvwudlqwv
===
d+s.t,4 {4 . d+s.t,5 {5 . ===d+s.t,q {q  es.t
d+s.t.4,4 {4 . d+s.t.4,5 {5 . ===d+s.t.4,q {q @ es.t.4
u @ frqvwudlqwv
===
d+s.t.u,4 {4 . d+s.t.u,5 {5 . ===d+s.t.u,q {q @ es.t.u
{4 > {5 > ===> {q  3
Pd{lpl}h=
vxemhfw wr=

Wkh remhfwlyh ixqfwlrq F kdv wr eh pd{lpl}hg vxemhfw wr


 s frqvwudlqwv ri wkh  w|sh
 t frqvwudlqwv ri wkh  w|sh
 u frqvwudlqwv ri wkh @ w|sh
Lq wkh vdph zd| wkdw zh lqwurgxfhg vodfn yduldeoh hduolhu zh qrz lqwurgxfh wzr qhz
w|shv ri yduldeoh lq dgglwlrq wr vodfn1 Wkhvh duh fdoohg vxusoxv dqg duwlfldo yduldeohv1
Wkhvh qhz yduldeohv duh lqwurgxfhg/ dv vkrzq ehorz/ wr frqyhuw doo wkh frqvwudlqwv
lqwr htxdolwlhv1 Wkh qhz/ dqg vrphzkdw p|vwhulrxv/ dvshfw ri wklv dssurdfk lv wkh
lqwurgxfwlrq ri wkh t . u duwlfldo yduldeohv d4 > d5 > ===> dt.u = Lq wklv frxuvh zh gr qrw
wu| wr h{sodlq zk| wkh duwlfldo yduldeohv duh qhfhvvdu| exw vlpso| krz wkh| duh xvhg1
 Hdfk ri wkh s frqvwudlqw htxdwlrqv ri  w|sh kdv d vodfn yduldeoh v4 > v5 > ===> vs
dgghg wr wkh ohiw0kdqg vlgh1

 Hdfk ri wkh t frqvwudlqw htxdwlrq ri  w|sh kdv d vxusoxv yduldeoh vs.4 > v5 > ===> vs.t
vxewudfwhg DQG dq duwlfldo yduldeoh d4 > d5 > ===> dt dgghg wr wkh ohiw0kdqg vlgh1
Hdfk htxdwlrq jhwv d sdlu ri h{wud whupv1 D vxusoxv yduldeoh lv vxewudfwhg dqg
dq duwlfldo yduldeoh dgghg1
 Hdfk ri wkh u htxdolw| frqvwudlqwv kdv dq duwlfldo yduldeoh dt.4 > dt.5 > ===> dt.u
dgghg1
Wkh jhqhudo v|vwhp ri frqvwudlqwv lv qrz frqyhuwhg lqwr wkh v|vwhp ri olqhdu htxdwlrqv=
d44 {4 . d45 {5 . ===d4q {q . v4 @ e4
d54 {4 . d55 {5 . ===d5q {q . v5 @ e5
===
ds4 {4 . ds5 {5 . ===dsq {q . vs @ es
d+s.4,4 {4 . d+s.4,5 {5 . ===d+s.4,q {q  vs.4 . d4 @ es.4
d+s.5,4 {4 . d+s.5,5 {5 . ===d+s.5,q {q  vs.5 . d5 @ es.5
===
d+s.t,4 {4 . d+s.t,5 {5 . ===d+s.t,q {q  vs.t . dt @ es.t
d+s.t.4,4 {4 . d+s.t.4,5 {5 . ===d+s.t.4,q {q . dt.4 @ es.t.4
===
d+s.t.u,4 {4 . d+s.t.u,5 {5 . ===d+s.t.u,q {q . dt.u @ es.t.u
{4 > {5 > ===> {q > v4 > v5 > ===> vs.t > d4 > d5 > ===> dt.u  3

+,

Zh zdqw wkh duwlfldo yduldeohv d4 > d5 > ===> dt.u wr eh }hur dw wkh hqg ri wkh fdofxodwlrq
e jlyhq e|
dqg wr pdnh wkdw kdsshq zh ghqh d qhz remhfwlyh ixqfwlrq F
e @ F  P d4  P d5  ===  P dt.u
F
zkhuh wkh frqvwdqw P lv vrph odujh srvlwlyh qxpehu1 Wkh hhfw ri wklv lv wkdw zkhq
e zh zloo gulyh wkh duwlfldo yduldeohv wrzdugv }hur ehfdxvh wkh whup
zh pd{lpl}h F
Pd4 Pd5 ===P dt.u zloo eh vpdoohvw zkhq doo wkh dl +l @ 4> 5> ===> t .u, duh }hur1
Wkh sdudphwhu P lv dvvxphg wr eh dv elj dv uhtxluhg dqg/ dv d uhvxow/ wkh phwkrg lv
fdoohg wkh Elj P phwkrg1 Wkh prglhg sureohp lv qrz
e @ f4 {4 . f5 {5 . === . fq {q  P d4  P d5  ===  P dt.u
Pd{lpl}h= F
vxemhfw wr=
wkh frqvwudlqwv +,
Wkh prglhg sureohp lv qrz vroyhg lq wkh xvxdo vlpsoh{ pdqqhu h{fhsw wkdw wkh
v|vwhp lv yhu| pxfk odujhu wkdq zh kdyh kdg wr ghdo zlwk ehiruh dqg wkh frqvwdqw P
dsshduv h{solflwo|1 Wkh vwhsv duh=
 Irup wkh lqlwldo vlpsoh{ wdeohdx iru wkh prglhg sureohp1 Lq wklv frqwh{w lw lv
nqrz dv wkh suholplqdu| vlpsoh{1
 Xvh urz rshudwlrqv wr holplqdwh wkh P *v lq wkh erwwrp urz dw wkh irrw ri hdfk
duwlfldo yduldeoh froxpq ri wkh wdeohdx1
 Dsso| wkh uhjxodu Vlpsoh{ Phwkrg wr wkh uhvxowlqj wdeohdx1
5

Li wkh prglhg sureohp kdv qr vroxwlrq wkhq qhlwkhu glg wkh ruljlqdo sureohp1 Li dq|
ri wkh duwlfldo yduldeohv lq wkh rswlpdo vroxwlrq wr wkh prglhg sureohp duh qrq0}hur
wkhq wkh ruljlqdo sureohp kdv qr rswlpdo vroxwlrq1 Khuh lv dq h{dpsoh ri krz wkh
zkroh elj0P phwkrg zrunv1

, @4T*i
Xvh wkh elj0P phwkrg wr vroyh wkh sureohp
Pd{lpl}h=
vxemhfw wr=

S @ 6{4 . 7{5
{4 . {5  45
8{4 . 5{5  69
:{4 . 7{5  47
{4 > {5  3

Iluvw zh lqurgxfh vodfn/ vxusoxv dqg duwlfldo yduldeohv dqg ghqh wkh prglhg sure0
ohp
Pd{lpl}h= Se @ 6{4 . 7{5  P d4  P d5
vxemhfw wr=
{4 . {5 . v4 @ 45
8{4 . 5{5  v5 . d4 @ 69
:{4 . 7{5  v6 . d5 @ 47
{4 > {5 > v4 > v5 > d4 > d5  3
Wkh suholplqdu| vlpsoh{ lv
{4
4
8
:
06

{5
4
5
7
07

v4
4
3
3
3

v5
3
04
3
3

v6
3
3
04
3

d4
3
4
3
P

d5
3
3
4
P

Se
3
3
3
4

45
69
47
3

Qh{w zh holplqdwh hqwulhv P dw wkh edvh ri wkh wzr duwlfldo yduldeoh froxpqv1
{5
v4 v5 v6 d4 d5 Se
{4
4
4
4
3 3
3 3
3
45
8
5
3
04 3
4 3
3
69
:
7
3
3 04 3 4
3
47
06045P 0709P 3
P P 3 3
4 083P
Qrz zh surfhhg zlwk wkh uhjxodu vlpsoh{ phwkrg1 Iluvw zh orfdwh d slyrw hohphqw
dqg pdnh lw 4 dqg fduu| rxw d vlqjoh vwhs ri wkh vlpsoh{ phwkrg
{4
3
3
4
3

{5

62:
092:
72:
9
 49
: . :P

v4
4
3
3
3

v5
3
04
3
P

v6
42:
82:
042:
 8: P  6:
6

d4
3
4
3
3

d5
042:
082:
42:
6 . 45 P
:
:

Se
3
3
3
4

43
59
5
59P . 9

D vhfrqg vwhs lv uhtxluhg1 Orfdwh wkh vhfrqg slyrw dqg frpsohwh wkh vwhs1
{4
3
3
4
3

{5

v4
4
3
3
3

6
8
 98
5
8
 47
8

v5

v6
3
4
3
3

4
8
 :8
 48
 68

d4
 48
:
8
4
8

P . 68

d5
3
04
3
P

Se
3
3
3
4

57
8
4;5
8
69
8
43;
8

Wkhuh duh vwloo qhjdwlyh hqwulhv rq wkh erwwrp urz vr zh kdyh wr lwhudwh djdlq1
{4
3
3
4
3

{5
4
3
3
3

v4

v5

5
 56

04
 46
P  46

8
6
4
6

4
6

v6
3
4
3
3

d4
 46
4
4
6

P . 46

d5
3
04
3
P

Se
3
3
3
4

;
79
7
77

Wkh erwwrp urz kdv qr pruh qhjdwlyh hqwulhv dqg vr zh kdyh uhdfkhg wkh rswlpxp
vroxwlrq1
{4
{5
v4
v6
Se

@
@
@
@
@

7
;
v5 @ 3 @ d4 @ d5
79
77

Doo wkh duwlfldo yduldeohv duh }hur dqg vr wkh vroxwlrq wr rxu ruljlqdo rswlpl}dwlrq
sureohp e| wklv phwkrg lv
S @ 77 zkhq {4 @ 7 dqg {5 @ ;

Wkh elj0P phwkrg fdq dovr eh xvhg wr vroyh plqlpl}dwlrq sureohpv1 Wklv lv grqh e|
fkdqjlqj wkh vljq ri wkh remhfwlyh ixqfwlrq S= Wr plqplpl}h S zh vlpso| pd{lpl}h
T @ S= Khuh lv d vlpsoh h{dpsoh1

, @4T*i
Xvh wkh elj0P phwkrg wr vroyh wkh sureohp
Plqlpl}h= S @ 7{4 . 5{5
vxemhfw wr= 6{4 . {5 @ 6
7{4 . 6{5  9
{4 . 5{5  6
{4 > {5  3
7

Iluvw zh lqwurgxfh vodfn/ vxusoxv dqg duwlfldo yduldeohv dqg frqyhuw wr d Pd{lpxp
sureohp e| uhsodflqj S zlwk T @ S dqg dgglqj wkh dgglwlrqdo shqdow| whupv wr T
lqyroylqj P dqg wkh duwlfldo yduldeohv d4 dqg d5 = Wkh prglhg sureohp lv=
e @ 7{4  5{5  P d4  P d5
Pd{lpl}h= T
vxemhfw wr=
6{4 . {5 . d4 @ 6
7{4 . 6{5  v4 . d5 @ 9
{4 . 5{5 . v5 @ 6
{4 > {5 > v4 > v5 > d4 > d5  3
Wkh suholplqdu| vlpsoh{ lv
{4
6
7
4
7

{5
4
6
5
5

v4
3
04
3
3

v5
3
3
4
3

d4
4
3
3
P

d5
3
4
3
P

T
3
3
3
4

6
9
6
3

Wkh uvw vwhs lv wkh holplqdwlrq ri wkh P lq wkh erwwrp urz dw wkh irrw ri wkh wzr
duwlfldo yduldeoh froxpqv1
{4
6
7
4
70:P

{5
4
6
5
507P

v4
3
04
3
P

v5
3
3
4
3

d4
4
3
3
3

d5
3
4
3
3

T
3
3
3
4

6
9
6
0<P

v4
3
04
3
P

v5
3
3
4
3

d4
4
3
3
3

d5
3
4
3
3

T
3
3
3
4

6
9
6
0<P

Wklv lv wkh lqlwldo vlpsoh{ wdeohdx1


{4
6
7
4
70:P

{5
4
6
5
507P

Dv P lv frqvlghuhg odujh wkh prvw qhjdwlyh fdqglgdwh rq wkh erwwrp urz lv +7  :P ,=


Qrz zh orfdwh wkh slyrw dqg pdnh lw 4
{4
4
7
4
70:P

{5
426
6
5
507P

v4
3
04
3
P

v5
3
3
4
3

d4
426
3
3
3

d5
3
4
3
3

T
3
3
3
4

4
9
6
0<P

dqg frpsohwh wkh uvw vwhs


{4
4
3
3
3

{5

426
826
826
5  8P
6
6

v4
3
04
3
P

v5
3
3
4
3

d4

426
0726
0426
0+70:P,26
8

d5
3
4
3
3

T
3
3
3
4

4
5
5
5P  7

Dv 56  86 P lv qhjdwlyh zh pxvw shuirup d vhfrqg vwhs1 Qh{w d vhfrqg slyrw lv orfdwhg


dqg pdgh htxdo wr 41 Zh kdyh d fkrlfh dqg duelwudulo| vhohfw wkh vhfrqg urz dv wkh
slyrw urz1
{4 {5 v4
v5 d4
d5 T
4
3 428
3
628
3
3 628
3
4 0628 3
0728
4
3 928
3
3 4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3 P
3  78 . P 3
4  57
8
Wkh vlpsoh{ phwkrg whuplqdwhv dw wkh srlqw dqg wkh vroxwlrq wr rxu sureohp lv S @ 57
8
zkhq {4 @ 68 dqg {5 @ 98
Vrphwlphv wkhuh lv qr rswlpdo vroxwlrq wr irxqg1 Zkhq wklv rffxuv wkh vlpsoh{
dojrulwkp pxvw idlo1 Wklv pdqlihvwv lwvhoi lq d idloxuh wr orfdwh d slyrw hohphqw dw
vrph vwdjh ri wkh vlpsoh{ surfhvv1 Wklv zloo eh wkh fdvh li wkh slyrw froxpq frqwdlqv
qr hohphqw wkdq lv srvlwlyh dqg qrq}hur1

Вам также может понравиться