s2ar015 Design of experiments via taguchi metros: orthogonal arrays - Conolswiki Design of experiments via taguchi methods: orthogonal arrays From Controls Wiki Note: Ei Video lett avilable for this setion! ‘Authors: Stephanie Fraley, Mike Oom, fen Terrien, John Zalewski Stewards: Ross Bredeweg, lessca Monga, Ryan Sekol, Ryen Wong, Date Presented: 12/5106; Revised: 1127107 1 First ound reviews for his page (htp//controlsengin.umich.cduivikiindex php Image: Taguchil ossReviews dos) 1 Rebutal for this page (http controls engin umich edu wikiindex php Image: TaguchiLossRebuttal.doc) Contents = Linoduction = 2 Summary of Taguchi Method + 2.1 Philosophy of the Taguchi Method + 2.2 Taguchi Method Design of Experiments 1 3 Taguchi Loss Function = 4 Determining Parameter Design Orthogonal Array + 4.1 Important Notes Regarding Selection ~ Use of Orthogonal Arrays 5 Analyzing Experimental Date 6 Advantages and Disadvantages 1 Other Methods of Experimental Design 8 Worked out Example 9 Extreme Example: Sesame Seed Suffering 10 Multiple Choice Questions + 10.1 Question 1 #102 Question 2 + 11 Sage’s Comer = 12 References Introduction The Taguchi method involves reducing the variation in a process through robust design of experiments. The overall objective ofthe method isto produce high quality product at low cost te the manufacturer. The Taguchi method was developed by Dr. Genichi Taguchi of Japan whe maintaised that variation. Taguchi developed a method for designing experiment to investigate how diferent parameters affect the mean and variance ofa process performance characteristic that defines how well the process is functioning, The experimental design proposed by Taguchi involves using orthogonal arrays to organize the parameters affecting the process and the levels at which they shouldbe varies. Instead of having to test al possible combinations like the factorial design, the Taguchi method tests pairs of combinations. This allows forthe collection of the necessary data to determine which faclors most aect product quality with a minimum emount of experimentation, thus saving time and resources. The Taguchi method is best used when there is an intermediate ‘numberof variables (3 to 50), few interactions between variables, and when only «few variables conteibute significantly. The Taguehi arrays can be derived or looked up. Small arrays can be drawn out manually; lage arays cen be derived from deterministic algorithms, Generally arrays ean be found online. The arays are seleeteé by the numberof parameters (variables) and the number of levels (sates). This is further explained later in this article, Analysis of variance on th collected data fom the Taguchi design of experiments can be used to select new parameter values to optimize the performance charactors. The data from the arays can be analyzed by potting the data and performing a visual analysis, ANOVA, bin yield and Fisher's exact test, or Chi-squaved test to test significance, In this article, the specific steps involved in the application ofthe Taguchi method will be described and examples of using the Taguchi method to design experiments willbe given, Summary of Taguchi Method Philosophy of the Taguchi Method 1. Quality should be designed into a product, not inspected into it, Quality is designed ino a process through system design, parameter design, and tolerance design. Parameter design, which wil be the focus ofthis article, is performed by determining what process parameters mos affect the product and then designing them to give a specified target quality of product, Quality "inspected into” a product means that the product is produced at random quality levels and those too far from the mean are simply thrown out hipecontros engin mich eduwikindex.shoDesign_of exprimonts_vi laguch|_metheds- orthogonal arrays weDesign of experiments via taguchi metros: orthogonal arrays - Conolswiki dion from a target. The product should be designed so that itis immune to uncontrollable environmental factors. In other words, the signal (product quality) to noise (uncontrollable factors) ratio should be high, 3, The cost of quality should be measured as a function of deviation from the standard and the losses should be measured system wide. This isthe concept ofthe loss function, or the overall oss incurred upon the customer and society from a product of poor quality. Because the producer is also a member of society and because customer dissatisfaction will discourage future patronage, this cost to customer and society will eome back tothe producer Taguchi Method Design of Experiments The general steps involved inthe Taguchi Method areas follows 1. Define the process objective, or more specifically, a target value for a performance measure of the process. Ths may be a flow rate, temperature, et The target ofa process may also bea minimum or maximum; for example, the goal may be to maximize the output flow rate. The deviation inthe performance characteristic from the target value is used to define the loss function forthe process. 2, Determing design parameters affecting the process. Parameters are variables within the process that affect the performance measure such as temperatures, pressuces, etc that cau be easily contlled, The sumber of levels that the parameters should be vatied at must be specified, For example, @ temperature might be varied o alow and high value of 40 C and 80 C. Inereasing the number of levels to vary a parameter at increases the number of experiments ta be conducted, 3. Create orthogonal arays for the parameter design indicating the numberof and conditions for each experiment. The selection of ontbogenal arrays is based on the numberof parameters and the levels of waraton foreach parameter, and will be expounded below. 4, Conduct the experiments indicated in the completed aray to collect data oa the effect on the performance measure. 5, Complete data analysis to determine the effet of the different parameters on the performance measure See below fora pictorial depiction ofthese and addtional possible steps, depending on the complexity ofthe analysis. ‘Desermine te farts I eee Prue? en one a ie aoe Deen be naira periment OM) Tactor |] Macor |] wat tet || cena cone |} aterasion |] pan |] sovsmi |] ptt ot ‘abaon Haserment Phases {A detailed description ofthe exceution ofthese steps will be discussed next. htp//gamespiders.weebly.com: Taguchi Loss Function The goal of the Taguchi method is to reduce costs tothe manufacturer and to society fiom variability in manufacturing processes, Taguchi defines the difference between the target value ofthe performance characteristic ofa process, x, andthe measured value, y, asa loss function as shown below. hipecontros engin mich eduwikindex.shoDesign_of exprimonts_vi laguch|_metheds- orthogonal arrays 22‘anwa01s Desig of experiments via tag mets: ethogona rays - Conf L(y) = kely= 7) ‘The constant, the loss function can be determined by considering the specification limits or the acceptable interval, delta, c re ‘The dificlty in determining, is that «and C are sometimes dificult to de ‘he goat i forthe performance cheracersie value tobe minimized the loss fanetonis deine as follows: Uy) =ka® Where 1=0 1 the goal i forthe performance characterise vale to maximized, the loss function ie defined as follows ke =a ? ‘The loss functions deseribed here are the loss toa customer from one product. By computing these loss functions, the overall loss to soviety can also be calculated. Determining Parameter Design Orthogonal Array “The effect of many different parameters onthe performance characteristic ina condensed set of experiments ean be examined by using the orthogonal array experimental design proposed by Taguchi. Once the parameters affecting a process that can be controlled have been determined, the levels at which these parameters should be varied must be determined. Determining what levels of a variable to test requires an in-depth understanding ofthe process, including the minimum, maximum, and current value ofthe parameter. Ifthe difference between the minimum and maximum value of a parameter is Tange, the values being tested can be further apart or more values canbe tested Ifthe range of parameter is small then less values ea be tested or the values tested can be closer together. For example, ifthe temperature of a reactor jacket can be varied between 20 and 80 degrees C und itis knows that ‘the curren operating jacket temperstre is 50 degrees C,throe levels might be chosen at 20,50, and 80 degrees C. Also, the cost of conducting experiments must be considered when determining the numberof levels ofa parameter to include inthe experimental design. Inthe previous example of jacket temperature, it would be cst prohibitive to do 60 levels at! degree intervals. Typically, the numberof levels fr all parameters in the experimental ‘design is chosen t be the same to aid in she selection ofthe proper orthogonal say. Knowing the numberof parameters and the number of levels, the proper orthogonal aray can be selected, Using the array selector table shown below, the name of the appropriate array can be found by looking at the column and row corresponding tothe numberof parameters and number of levels. Once the name has been determined (the subseript represents the number of experiments that must be completed), the predefined array can be looked up. Links ae provided to many of the predefined arrays given inthe array selector table. These arrays were ereated using an algorithm Taguchi developed, and allows for cach variable and setting to be test equally. or example, if we have three parameters (voltage, temperature, pressure) and two levels (high, low), it ean be seen the proper atray is 4, Clieking on the fink L4to view the L4 array, itean be seen four differen experiments ate given in the array. The levels ‘designated as 1, 2,3 ele. should be replaced in Use aray with the actual level values to be varied and P1, P2, P3 should be replaced withthe actual parameters (0, voltage, temperature ce) Array Selector Links to Orthogonal Arrays “The following inks are connected o images of the orthogonal array named inthe Hin tile Léamay L¥ Any Lo Amy LI? Amray hipecontros engin mich eduwikindex.shoDesign_of exprimonts_vi laguch|_metheds- orthogonal arrays ais2ar015 Design of experiments via taguchi metros: orthogonal arrays - Conolswiki LI6 Array 16 Amy LS Aray 125 Amray 127 Aray 132 Anay 132 Amay L36 Array Ls0Amray Important Notes Regarding Selection + Use of Orthogonal Arrays Note 1 The aray selector assumes that each parameter has the same numberof levels. Sometimes ths isnot the ease. Generally, the highest value willbe taken corte difference willbe split The following examples offer insight on choosing and properly wsing an orthogonal aray. Examples | and 2 focus on array choice, while Example 3 will demonstrate how to use an orthogonal aray in one ofthese situations. Example 1 Example 3: A react’ bchavior is dependent upon impeller model, mixer speed, the contol algorithm employed, and the cooling water valve type. The possible values for each areas follows: Impeller model: A,B, or Mixer speed: 300, 380, or 400 RPM. Control algorithm: PID, PL or P Valve type: buterfly or globe There ar 4 parameters, and each one has 3 levels with the exception of valve type. "The highest number of levels is 3, so we will usea value of 3 when ehhoosing our orhogonsl array, Using the array selector above, we find that the appropriate orthogonal aray is Lo: hipecontros engin mich eduwikindex.shoDesign_of exprimonts_vi laguch|_metheds- orthogonal arrays ane‘apan015 Design of experiments via taguchi metros: orthogonal arrays - Conolswiki When we replace P1, P2,P3, and P4 with our parameters and begin filing inthe perametr valuss, we find tha the L9 array includes 3 levels for valve ‘ype, while ou system only has 2. The appropriate strategy isto fill in she ene for PA=3 with 1 or2 ina random, balanced way. For example oe | ected based on the number of parameters and levels includes more parameters than are used inthe experimental design, ignore the additional parameter columns. For example, ia process has 8 parameters with 2 levels each the 12 array should be selected according tothe array selector. As can be seen below, the L12 Array has columns for 11 parameters (PI-PL1). The right 3 columns should be ignored. Analyzing Experimental Data (Once the experimental design has been dctermined and the tials have been caried out, the measured performance characteristic from each tial can be used to analyze the relative effect ofthe diferent parameters, Te demonstrate the dala analysis procedure, the following L9 array will be used, but the principles can be transferred to any type of erry. In this array, it can be seen that any number of repeated observations (tials) may be used, Ti, represents the different rials with i= experiment number and j~ ial number. It should be noted that the Taguchi method allows forthe we of a noise matrix including extemal factors affecting the process outcome rather than repeated trials, but this is outside of the seope of tis article. 7 ZI Th) ha [es | Tea | a | Tse er | Tea ri |r Te | Tez Tere ‘To determine the effect cach variable has on the output, the signal-to-noise ratio, or the SN number, needs the calculated for each experiment conducted, ‘The caleulation of the SN forthe ist experiment in the array above is shown below for the ease ofa specific target value ofthe performance ‘characteristic. Inthe equations below, yi isthe mean value and si isthe variance. yi is the value of the performance characteristic for a given experiment. Where hipeicontros engin umich eduwikindex.shoDesign_of exprimonts_vi laguch|_metheds- orthogonal arrays wi‘apan015 Design of experiments via taguchi metros: orthogonal arrays - Conolswiki = Experinent number = Trial number = Number of trials for experiment 7 For the case of minimizing the performance characteristic, the following definition ofthe SN ratio shouldbe calculated For the case of maximizing the performance characteristic, the following definition ofthe SN rato should be calculated: SN; = =10 log [i= ‘| iM ‘After calculating the SN ratio foreach experiment, the average SN value is caleulated for each factor and level. This is done as shown below for Parameter 3 (P3) in the aray gw... _ (Suet Swat Sa) SNpaa 3 gw... _ (Swat Svs + Sz) SNoy 7 Once these SN ratio values are calculated foreach factor and level, they are tabulated as shown below and the rage R (R = high SN - low SN)of the SN foreach parameter i caleulated and entered into the table. The larger the R value fr a parameter, the large the effect the variable has on the process. This is because the same change in signal causes a larger effect onthe output variable being measured, Pe Sherr | Steas [ Shee | SNPs ‘stb | sta | shea | SNe iSnb1s | srbas | See9 [SHES Ber [ me eee | ee Please refer to the Worked Out Example fora numeric example of how the data an Advantages and Disadvantages hipecontros engin mich eduwikindex.shoDesign_of exprimonts_vi laguch|_metheds- orthogonal arrays wr‘apan015 Design of experiments via taguchi metros: orthogonal arrays - Conolswiki ‘An advantage of the Taguchi method is that it emphasizes a mean performance characteristic value close fo the target value rather than a value within certain specification limits, thus improving the product quality. Additionally, Taguchi's mothed for experimental design is straightforward and easy to apply to many engineering situations, making it a powerful yet simple tol, It an be used to quickly narrow down the seope of a research project orto ‘Mdentify problems in a manufacturing provessffom data already in existence. Also, the Taguchi method allows for the analysis of many different parameters without s prohibitively high amount of experimentation. For example, a process with 8 variables, each with 3 states, would require 6561 (3°) experiments to test all variables. However using Taguchi's orthogonal arays, only 18 experiments are necessary, or less than 3% of the original number of experiments. In this way, it allows forthe identification of key parameters that have the mast effect onthe performance characteristic value so that further experimentation on these parameters ean be performed and the parameters that have lite effect can be ignored, ‘The main disadvantage of the Taguchi method i thatthe results obtained ar only reltive and do not exactly indicate what parameter has the highest effect onthe performance characteristie value. Also, since orthogonal arrays do not tet sl variable combinations, this method should not be used with al ‘lationships between all variables ate needed. The Taguchi method bas been criticize inthe literature for difficulty in accounting for interactions between parameters. Another limitation is tha the Taguchi methods are offline, and therefore inappropriate fora dynamically changing process such as simulation study. Furthermore, since Taguchi methods deal with designing quality in rather than correcting for poor quality, they are applied most effectively at early stages of process development. Afler design variables are specified, use of experimental design may be less cost effective. Other Methods of Experimental Design ‘Two other methods for determining experimental design are factorial design and random design. For scenarios with a small numberof parameters and Jevels (1-3) and where each variable conteibuces significantly, factorial design (hup:/controls.engin.umich.eduivikiFindexphp/Design_of_experiments_via_factorial_designs) can work well to determine the specific interactions between variables. However, factorial design gets increasingly complex with an increase inthe numberof variables. For large systems with many variables (50+) where there are few interactions between variables, random design can be used, Random design assigns each variable a state based on a uniform sample (ex: 3 states = 0.33 probability) forthe selected number of experiments. When used propery (in a large system), random design usually produces an experimental design that is desired, However, random design works poorly for systems witha small numberof variables. ‘To obtain a even better understanding ofthese three different methods, is good to get a visual ofthese three methods. Ie will lustrate the degree of ficiency for each experimental design depending on the number of variables and the number of states for each variable. The following will have the ‘three experimental designs forthe same scenario, Scenario. You have a CSTR that has four() variables and each variable has three or two states. You are to design an experiment to systematically test the effet of each of the variables inthe eurent CSTR, Those vassabes ean rake the following values Ipelles: model A.B, or C ‘Motor speed for mixer 300,350, e: 400 RPM (Control aleritim: PID PI. oe Pealy Cooling water valve type: buttery or slobe Experimental Design #1: Factorial Design By looking a the # variables endif states, there should bea tolal of 54 experiments because (Simpler) ‘Bspeeds) Scontrollers\2valves)=54, Here's alist ofthese $4 experiments A.200P1.5 2,200.8 A.300P1,S A.300FID,G 4 3007.6. B.300P1.5 B.200P.8 B.300PI.G BW0FID.G 5 SOP. 3001.8 C.S00P.8 C.200PI.G ¢ A00PID.G C.200P.G A 350PI.5 A,S0P.B A 3S0PI.G A 360FID GC A 3609'S. 5 350PI.5 6,807.8 B 350PI.G 8 360FID GB SOP. C360P1.8 C.350P.8 C.360PI.G ©.A50PIO,G C.250P.6 A.400PI,8 2,400.8 A'400PI,G A AODPID'G A A00P'S. 5.400.PID.8 8 400PI,8 6400.8 B.A0DPI.G B AODPID.G 8 4002. ©,400,P10.8 ¢,400PI,8 C.400P,8 C.400PI,G C.400PID.G C.400P,.6 Experimental Design #2: Taguchi Method Since you know the # of states and variables, you can refer tothe table above in this wiki and obtain the correct Taguchi aay, Ittums out to be a L9 aay. Lo \ With the actual variables and states, the L9 array should look like the following: hipecontros engin mich eduwikindex.shoDesign_of exprimonts_vi laguch|_metheds- orthogonal arrays m2s2ear01s Design of experiment via taguchi metros: orthogonal arrays - Controls wiki Evperiment| Inpeller|[Moterpeed| Contrl | Valve L a su | ap |e 2 a 360 ps6 e 2 | ap] 6 7 © 00 2 [6 @ c su | aD | 2 c rm | ar Experimental Design #3: Random Desiga Since we do not know the numberof signal recoveries we want and we don! know the probabilities of each state to happen, it wil be difficult to construct ‘random design table, It will mostly be used for extreme large experiments, Refer to the link below to help you obain a better grasp on the random design concept. inp: groups esi mit duldljoumal_clubypapes!CS2-Candes-Romberg05.paF Worked out Example NOTE: The data for he following example isnot real, and details pertaining to microprocessor fabrication may not be completely accurate. A microprocessor company is having difficulty with its eurent yields, Silicon processors are made on lage die, cut into pieees, and each one is tested 10 ‘match specifications. The company has requested that you run experiments to increase processor yield. The factors that affect processor yields are temperature, pressure, doping amount, and deposition rate 2) Question: Determine the Taguchi experimental design orthogonal array. The operating conditions for each parameter and level are listed below: = A: Temperature = AT= 100°C = A2= 150°C (eurent) = A3= 200% = B: Pressure = BI=2 psi = B2=5 psi (current) = B3- 8p = C: Doping Amount 2 Cla 3% nc = D: Deposition Rate = DI=0.1 me's = D202 mpis (current = D3=03 mys 8) Solution; The L9 orthogonal array should be used. The filed in orthogonal array should look like ths: “Experiment Namiber | Temperature] Pressure] Doping Amount] Deposition Rate] i 200) ni 4 o4. 4 150 2 3 03. a 150 5 2 mn 6 350) 8 4 02 1 200) 2 2 02 @ 200) i 4 03) hipecontros engin mich eduwikindex.shoDesign_of exprimonts_vi laguch|_metheds- orthogonal arrays anes2ar015 Design of experiments via taguchi metros: orthogonal arrays - Conolswiki This setup allows the testing ofall four variables without having to run 81 [-3*-(3 Temperatures)3 Pressures}(3 Doping Amounts)(3 Deposition rates separate tral, +) Question: Conducting thre trials foreach experiment, the data below was collected. Compute the SN ratio foreach experiment for the target value ease, create a response char, and determine the paremeters that have the highest and lowest effect an the processor yield. Temperature] Pressure] Doping Amount] Deposition Rate] THalt | Trial? | Trials | Nean i 300) zi 4 oa. 73 | 02a | 707 | 90a 4 150 2 3 03. 738 | 702 | 623 | 734 a 150 5 2 o1 73 | 765 | 509 | 503. 6 350) é 4 02 29 73 | 932 | 065 1 200) 2 2 02 was | 623 | 557 | 609 @ 200) 5 4 03 99 [932 | e7a | 932 »b) Solution: Shown below isthe calculation and tabulation ofthe SN rato (87.3 + 82.3 + 70.77 Sma 19218.0 Si = 87.3" + 82.3" + 70.7? = 19393.1 Spy ~ Spay = 19393.1 — 192480 = 145.0 /3)(19248.0 ~ 145.1) 145.1 SN = 10 | YN)(Sm = Ke og tt Mu 1) 10 log Shon below isthe response table, This table was erested by calculating an average SN value foreach factor. A sample caleulation is shown for Factor B (pressure): hipecontros engin mich eduwikindex.shoDesign_of exprimonts_vi laguch|_metheds- orthogonal arrays a2rawzors Design of experiments via taguchi metres thogonal arrays = ContolsWik (19.5 4 17.6 + 22.2) Nm = : —198 QL4 4143 + 240 SN — SES tO) - ) L199 (19.3 + 20.24 20.4 SNpy — RE) os 3 The effect ofthis factors then ealel ted by determining the range: A= Mor — Min = 23.0-198=3.2 ean be seen that deposition rate has the largest effect onthe processor yield and that temperature has the smallest effect on the processor yield Extreme Exampl Sesame Seed Suffering Problem: You have just produced ene thousand 55 gallon drums af sesame vil forsale to your distibutors, However, just before you are to ship oil, one of your employees remembers that one of the oil barrels was temporarily use to store insecticide and is almost surely contaminated. Unfortunatly, all of the barrels look the same, One barrel of sesame oil sells for $1000, while each assay for insecticide in ood oil costs $1200 and takes 3 days. T. expensive, What do you do? for insectide are extremely Solution: Extreme multiplexing. This i similar to using a Taguchi method but optimized for very sparse systems and specific cases. Fr example, instead of 1000 barrels, let us conser 8 barrels for now, one of which is contaminated. We could test each one, but that would be highly expensive, Another solution isto mix samples from each barrel and test the mixtures Mix barrels 1,234 —> Sample A ‘Mix bartels 1,25,6-—> Sample B Mix barrels 1,3,5,7 > Sample C We claim that from testing only these three mixtures, we ean determine which ofthe 8 barrels was contaminated. Let us consider some possible results of these tests, We will use the following label scheme: /-t/-y4/-in order Of A, B,C, Thus, +r, indicates A and C showed contamination but not B. Possible Result 1: The only barrel not mixed in was #8, so it is contaminated Possible Result 2:~-,- Barrel #4 appears in A, hut not ix B and C. Since only A retumed postive, bare #4 was contaminated Possible Result 3 Barrel #6 appears in B, but notin A and C. Since only B returned positive, barrel #6 was contaminated, We can see that we have 2° = 8 possible results, each of whieh corresponds to a panicl the reader to figure out barrel being contaminated. We leave the rest of the cases for Solution with 1,000 barrels: Mix samples ftom each barrel and test mixtures. Each mixture will consist of samples ftom a unique combination of 500 barrels, Experiments required ~fog,(1000)-~10. Solution with 1,000,000 barrels: Experiments required = logy(1000000)—-20 Thus, by using extreme multiplexing, we can greatly reduce the # of experiments needed, since th experiments scales with logy of barels) instead of Hof barrels Multiple Choice Questions hipconiros engin mich eduwikindex.shoDesign_of exprimonts_vi laguch|_metheds- orthogonal arrays wwe‘apan015 Design of experiments via taguchi metros: orthogonal arrays - Conolswiki Question 1 You are producing decaffeinated coffee using supereritical carbon dioxide as a solvent, To optimize the effectiveness of caffeine removal, you would like to test 2 different posible pressures of CO2, 3 possible temperatures, 3 ratios of CO2 to coflee beans, 3 residence times of supercritical COD with beans, and 2 different procedures for preroasting the beans prior to caffeine extraction. What i the most appropriate method to design your optimization experiments? A. Factorial design B. Toguchi methods Random design . None ofthe above. Coffee should never be decaffeinated Solution: To perform a full faetrial experiment, you'd need to aecount for: (2 pressures)(3 temperatures)(3 ratios)3 times)2 roasts) = 108 experiments! ‘Thus, fuctoral design isnot practical choice: a good rule of thumb is 1-3 variables with few states for a manageable factorial analysis. However, selecting 3 forthe number of levels and consulting the array selector, we soe that an L18 array will suffice for ® Taguchi analysis. 18 is a much more feasible number of experiments than 108, Finally, random design is only practical when »50 variables ae involved and few will have signifieant impact ‘onthe system, which isnot the case here. Thus, although the author is of the opinion that choice “D” has significant merit the corect answer is “B’ Question 2 Which ofthe following is inconsistent with the Taguchi philosophy of quality contol? A. Variation isthe opposite of quality B. Interactions between parameters alfecting product quality are unimportant and should never he considered . Customer dissatisfaction isthe most important measure fr process variation, and should be minimized D. A high signal ro noise ratio (SN) should be present in a process to make it robust against uncontrollable factors that would eause variation Solution: Choiee “A” is another way of expressing point 3 ofthe Taguchi philosophy above. Similarly, choice °C” is another way of expressing the cost funetion, and choice ‘Dis consistent with philosophy 2. Although its true thatthe Taguchi methods do not seeount well fr interactions between variables, choice “Bis incorrect fortwo reasoas. 1) Par-wise interactions between variables are accounted for in Teguchi orthogonal arays. 2) Negligbility of interactions berween parameters isnot so much a central tenet af Taguchi philosophy as a necessary simplifying assumption. An analog is decoupling of MIMO systems. Since applying this assumption yields good results, ii consistent with Taguehi thinking to say that makes it valid Sage's Corner Raising Tamagatchi using the Taguchi Method Applying the Taguchi Method o a Heat Treatment Process for Stee! hipecontros engin mich eduwikindex.shoDesign_of exprimonts_vi laguch|_metheds- orthogonal arrays wwes2ar015 Design of experiments via taguchi metros: orthogonal arrays - Conolswiki Powerpoint Slides with No Narration (hitp|/cntrols.engin.amich.cduwikiindex.phpImage:Taguchi_Method leat_Treatment_of_ Stee. ppt) References Vuchkoy, LN. and Boyadjieva, LN. Quality Improvement with Design of Experiments: A Response Surface Approach. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht, 2001 hanp/www.0e ith ae in/~apte\CV_PRA_TAGUCHIINTRO.him hip: www-york ac-uk/depts/maths/tables/orthogonal.htm _npviwoww fieequality orghites/www_freequality_org'Jocumeatstools/Tagarray_filestamatcx hia Roy, R. K., A Primer on the Taguchi Method, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1990. Ravella Sreenivas Ruo, C, Ganesh Kumar, R. Shelly Prakasham, applications: A critical epprisal Biotechnology Joumal 3:510-82: 4. Hobbs (2008) The Taguchi methodology as 2 statistical tool for biotechnologiea! Rewieved from "hp/controls engin umich.eduwikilindex.php/Design of experiments via taguch! methods: ohogonal arrays" 1 This page was last modified on 12 August 2013, a 06:34 ‘= Content is available under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. hipecontros engin mich eduwikindex.shoDesign_of exprimonts_vi laguch|_metheds- orthogonal arrays wae