Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 558

MCTOPHJI 3APYEEiKHhIX CTPAH

CO QllAJII13MA

PeJJ;9KQlIOHH.blU coaer cepmr: afwp;eMI1R ,D;. <D. MAP ROB (npencenareasj

B. H. BHHOrPA)J;OB

(3aM8CTRT8JIb npegc8p,aTeJln)

C. B. BACIIJIbEB

(OTBoTCTBeI'IHhlH CIH<p8Ta pb)

B. A. ,D;bHROB n. II. nU1TAJIOB B. B. 3EJIEHllH T. M.IICJIAMOB

A. X. ItJIEBAlICKIHl ,D;. E. RY3HEaOB

r. r. JIHTABPllH

Kpa'neaa

HCTOPHH

. BOJIrAPHH

(lTllllTCTseBBblll penanrop JlUHTOp HCTOplI'IeCKl:IX BayK

r. r. JIIITABPMH

C Ope61leUWUX 6p esc ell

oo nauiux oueil

MOCRBa «HaYRa» 1987

1

--, r") /

,kl :>, ~ \ ~ I o 1\)

r:) X

Pe~KOJlJlerHIl ro~ta:

E. H. EHJIYHOB

B. H. rPEBEHHI1JWB B. H. 3JIbIp,HEB

r. r. JII1TABPMH ,R.<D.MAPKOB

IIOAOOP HJI,llIOCrpal\Hii BhlUOJIHen

H. C. 3aXap.bllHOll:

X poaonorasecxaa raOJIIID;1:I COCrUBJIOlia aaropaan

HMeHHOll: YKaaareJiL cocrannen

JI. B. 3aoopOBcmnr,

7 H~ c/(:X;~~H:~ \ rt\

KOOO:OOO~'8 ~

042(02)-87 IIOJ\IIJilCIIOe © HaA&TentoCT8o .HaYKat, 11.187 1'.

i UElnpalll>llll1l r (i.~JlClla!l [l!l6r.<1~r'> -") 0101'1 • ...... 1-1. A. HtliPACOBJt

BBE~EHIIE K CEPHII~<KPATKHE IICTOPlIlIb

3APYBEJKHblX EBPOTIE1lCRIIX CTPAH

CO~HAnH3MA .

II()u(ma Hap: tflaIIIll3NlOM BO nropoji MnpOBoiI soiine, 40-JI8Tlf8 ROlopoi'r nrnpoxo OTM8'IaJIOCI> B 1985 r.,- BaJimeiiIIIuii: py6em B HCTOpUll naponon Mllpa. BhlJI pasfiar cTpaIIIHbIM spar 'l8JIOBe'IeCKOM D;HBUJlllaaD;IIn. 1l:opeHHhlM oopaaou II3M8HllJIaCI> OOIIJ;8CTB8HHa.II iKU3HI> lUI MlIornx crpanax. B pane CTpaH rrp01l30IIIJIII naponno-nenoapara'!pclme II COD;IIaJIllCTll'IeCKn8 peBOJIlOD;llIl, 00pa30BaJIaCI> MnpOBaH coIlltnmICTn'IeCKaH CIICTeMa. OCBOOO,Il;IIJIIICb OT KOJIOHIIaJIbHOro rne'ra M Horne napomr A31III II Atflplllm.

Ba npomenmae nOCJIe BTOPOi1: MlIPOBOiI BOHH!>I 40 C JIIIIlIHIIM JIeT II oom,ecTBeHHoM If rocyp;apcTHeHHOM YCTpoHcTBe paausrx crpan Mllpa "1)()1l30IIIJIlI rJIyooRlIe nepeuem-r. I13MeH8mHl B COD;IIaJIbHoii: n l~yXOB- 11011 ,KH3HlI naponos yCIIJIHJIII HX nnrepec R COOCTReHHoii UCTOPIIII, IUl'lUnaa C ;n:peBHeHlIIlIx BpeM8H. B crpanax, rrte noo8p:lIJIII COII,lIaJIIII~Tll'IeCKll8 P8BOJIIOD;llH, yTBeplR,L(aJIaCb MapKCIICTCRaH lJA80JIOrIIH, BbI}IIIIUaJIaCb aanaxa C HOBbIX n031ID;llH OCBeTIITb rrpOIIIJIOe II HaCTOHII\ee cnoero aapona, C03p;aBaJIIICb KpymfJ,re o606IqaIOIIJ;ne pafio rsr no RCTO- 111m II llCTOpJ1l1 KyJII.TyphI. I1 B CCCP B KOHI~e 40 - naxane 50-x ronon nanaxacr, noztroronna MHorOTOMHbIX TPY,L(OB no ncropnn BOJIraIlllH, HOJIbIIIH, 1JexOCJIOBaKlIll, IOrOCJIaBIIH, ROTOPbI8 OlJJIII II3;cJ;aHI.! II TetleHRe 10-12 JIOT. B 60-x - Ha'IaJIe 70-x rOiJ,OB ObIJIll H3)J,aHhl 'I nIOJ\e RHHrn no I1CTOPllII AJIOamfl1, PYMbIHIHI, Benrpna II r,lJ,p.

B xone patiorsr Rap: (lTllMH U3p;amUIMll MelR;cJ;Y COBeTCIHlMii Y'IeHbIM n n yqenbIMII )J.pyrnx COD;IIaJlIlCTII'IeCKHX CTpaH YCTaHonllJIIICb nenousie ROHTaKTbI II COTPY1lHIl'IeCTBO. <DOPMhI HaYl{HhIX CBl'I3eii CTaHOIlI1JIHCb see OOJIee MHorooopa3HbIMH H IIHTeHCHBHhlMlI. Paayxeerca, IIO:lHlmaIOT II crropmae BOllPOChl, II nexoropsre pa3JIIl'IUll B nonxozte Ii TDM HJIII HHhIM rrp06JIeM8M JI COOhITIIHM. BMeCTe C TeM lID Rap/VIIIHJII.llbIM aonpocasr OOIQeCTBeHHO-rrOJIIITH'IeCKOrO pa3BIITlI.II CTpaH CO- 1\IH1JIll3Ma, ITO ocaoaonoxararorumr npamtnnaa HHTepHaIl,IIOHa;rIlCTc Iwii IIOJIIITllRH IWMMYUHCTlI1WCKHX IT patio-nrx naprnir ~l:8JKp:y y'IeIIh1MlI COU;llaJII:ICTlI'IeCKHX CTpaH cymecrnyer OOIIJ;HOCTh nonxonon. II TOBaplIru;eCKIIX l(nCItYCCIIHX HX OO'be)],UHHeT BepHOCTh Mapr,CUCTCKO-

JWflHHCROMY yseamo, C'fpeMJIeHIIe K 06'b8KTHBHOii: nCTIIHe. .

D pe3YJIbTaTe OOIIJ;IIX YCIIJIIIM HaKOllJIeH 3na'lIITeJILHl,rii: onsrr B 00- JWCTII u3yqeHIUI HCTOPHII II I,YJIbTypbI COIVIaJIHCTTPleCRUX CTpaH. II MeHHO OH nan B03MOif(HOCTh npac'ryrrarr, 1\ C03AaHlIIO cepnn «HparHHX HCTOPIIH» COD;IIaJIIICTH'18CIUlX CTpaH Euporisr - AJIOaHIlII, BOJIrupan, BeHrpIIH, rAP, IIOJIbIlnr, PYMhIHHII, 1JexOCJIOBaKIIu, IOro{~JIaBHll' fICTOPlIlf RamAOM crpanu rrOCBHIQeHa OT,L(eJIhHaa xnnra.

5

A1I:a8eMUn !{. tP. Mapr;06

OUbIT cOD;naJIHCTH'leCKnX CTpaH HCRJIlO'lHTeJIbHO naasea B IDHpOROM naane Mem.I\ynapo,n;HbIX OTHorneHHH. B HeM acao II ortpeneaeaHO nupazeeaa MllPOJIro61IBaH BHeIIIHHH nOJUITURa - TBep,n;hlH KYPC na MupHoe cocyru;eCTBOBaHue II COTpy,n;Hll'leCTHO rocynapcrn C paanaxHhlM o6m;ecTBeHBhlM CTpOeM.

C031I,n;aTeJIbHaa pafiora aaponon COI\HaJIIICTll'leCRHX rocyrtapcrn nanpasneaa aa 6JIaro 'leJIOBeRa, aa ofiecne-renne MHpHoro rpyna, 8TH aanaxa, o,IVlaRo, npaxonarca penrarr, B YCJIOBUHX OOOCTpllBrnei'IcH B Mupe o6cTanoBKII, np,eOJIOrII1JeCROH 1WHrPPOHTaI\HH, paaBHaaHHOH arpeccnnnsma Kpyr8MH HMllepH8JIlI3M8, xoropsre lH1THeT8IOT aanpameHHOCTb nYTeM npHMOH yrpoasr BOMHhl. COIl,HaJIH3M ofinanaer orPOMHhlM MaTepHaJIbHO-TeXHll'leCRllM nOTBHI\HaJIOM. OH llMeBT see BOaMO}RBOCTII aaIQHTHTb II OTCTOHTb CBOH aaBOeBaHH.II. Bsrecre C TeM COI\lIaJIIICTHTIeCRHB crpansr Heo)J,HoRpaTHO aaJIBJIRJIH H aaHBJIJIIOT 0 caoea peIIHlMOCTII ,n;eHCTBOBaTb B aarepocax ofiecneneaaa Mnpa.

B «Kparl<HX nCTopHHX», paccaaauearomnx 06 HCTOPH'lBCI\I:IX cyzrsoax napnnon II AaJIeKOM UPOllJIOM, IIOI>aaaHa lICRJIro'lHTBJIbH8n IIno)J,OTBopnOCTh (',OTpYJI,Hn'leCTBa COI\naJIHCTH'leCRHX CTpaH CBro,n;HH. Mhl aaneeucn, tlTO cepnH «RpaTRHx lfCTOPHib HaM)J,eT OTRJIHR y COBeTCROro 'lHTaTeml, cnocoticrnya ofiorameamo ero aHaHUM 06 8TIIX crpaaax.

1',111<1(( I

TEPPHTOPIDI BOHr AP1UI C )1,PEBHERmMX BPEMEH )1,0 llPIIXO)J;A CJIABHH,

I ;(IJJ I'UpHH paCIIOJIom8na aa BOCTORe II OT'IaCTII B nerrrpe BaJI~aIl:i

u ,

I~ hOI'O lIOJIYOCTpOBa II BXOJJ;lIT B I{eJIOM B cpeJJ;1I38MHOMOPCKI'IH l'eol'pa.

IllIIIHlCl\lIH apeaa. OJJ;RaRO ItJIIIMaT CpeJJ;1l3eMHOllwpMI xapaK'repe~ illllllL AJIH IOiRHOH EOJIraplIlI·u Ee u3a6ammHCRHe paaonsr 6JI,alHe lIt) II pnpOJJ;nbIM YCJIommM R nynaacaoa AOJIlfHe B BII30BhHX PCKlI II Ce, IIOPIIOMY Ilpa-repaoaopsroj

lIecMOTpJI aa OTHOCIITeJIbHO ne60JIbllne paaaepsr rocy.n;apCl'B~ lumMaT, naannradrr, iiprropa Ii q.ayna Boarapaa OT.lUl'laID'ICa DOm,' iliUM pa3H006pa3IIeM_j IEOJIee KOHTlIn8UTaJIOli IWlIMaT CeB8paoii: tt' 1I(:06euuo ropacrsrx paaonos 3anaJJ;HOii EOJIraplIlI. 3RR'IHTeJIhllO Tell JIOO na qepHoMopCIWM nofiepeacse II na pasannax IOiRROii EOJIrapllll'

XOTH )J,O 40% repparopna CTpaH1,I COCTaBJIHlOT ropsr, caMbIe BbIe()~ urre na HUX He nocrararor 3000 M. 06HJIbRbI8 BOJJ;Hble MCTOqHIIRlI' IIJIOAopOJ],Hble 3eMJIM, TY'lUhle nacT6JI~a, pynnsre MeCTOpOmA,eHlla ~ :IIW'lHTeJIhHOe no npOT1DKeHHOCTH lJepHoMOpCI\Oe n06epemhe II'

6 ' Q,

HpeBJIe 06JIer'laBIUee 0 merme naceJIeHlIJI cenepa H iora CTpaHbI 1\3,\

110 cyme, BJJ;OJIb oepera, TaR II no MOplO,-Bce aTO C }J,anHllX BpeM.e~ 6n:aronpHHTCTBOBaJIO X03JIllCTneBHOH AeHTeJIbHOCTM JIIDAeii.

OT RAMEHHbIX OP¥AMll AO EPOH30BOrO TOIIOPA

'3eMJIH cospexenaok EOJIraplIlI 6bIJIlI OCBoeHbI qeJIOBOKOM npnMepl!~ 200 TblC. JIeT naaa)];, T. e. B auoxy paHnero naaeoznra (,l:1peBHeR8Afell uoro BORa). C Tex nop qeJIOBeR rrpOaUIBBJI 3)J,eCb IIOCTOHlIHO_J ,

ITepPI1TopllH Eonrapaa HBJIHeTCH qaCTLID nOCTO'lHOCpe.n.U30AIHo xopcxoro pernoaa, B ROTPpOM CJIOmHJIHCb }J,peBHeMIDlIe O'larH tJ;HBllJIlt: aamra IIH,[l,OeBpOneiiqel!i' BaJIKaHhl, B TOM qlICJIe 60JIrapmme 3el\l:JI~ HXO,ll,I1mI E 30HY paCIIpOCTpBHenllH TBRHX ApeBHIIX Ii C:;JeJJ;HeIleRODI.) I I\YJIhTYP, EaR RPHTo-MHI,eHCIwH" q.paIUIMcKaH, rpeRo-pIIMCRan: (all:~ Tll'laaH), :1 BOCTO'IHOXpnCTHaBcRaa (BH3aHTHiicKaH, IcJIaBHHO-6oJIrap, CHaJI}, a IIo3}J,Hee TBRllie TypeqRo-MycYJIbMaHCRaJI.

rrr nOBepxHocTHOM (RYJIbTypHOM) caoe IIO'lBbI bOJIrapHH apxeOJIO rn emeroJJ;HO HBXO}J,JIT nee HOBhIe noxaaarexscraa X03ffllCTBeHHOii ~ 06m;ecTneBHo-RYJIbTypnoii }J,eJITeJIbBOCTlI qeJIOBeKa aa npOTallieH GOJIee p:eCHTlI TbICJI'leJIeTUUd RaR M B npyrax MeCTax EBPOIIbI,IoCII:

HI.IMH 3aHJITHHMlI JIIOAell B nepnon paanero rraJIeOJIllTa 6hlJIlI co6~' paTeJIbCTBO JJ;IIRopacTym;lIx C'beJJ;o6Hblx paCTeEII,!!,) a'TaRllie PbI6Ha~

'Ia

JIOBJUI 11 OXOTa .1Ia' :j{pyUIILIX jJ.UfBOTfU>r~ (MaMOHTa, Typa, cesepaoro OJIeHR). TOJIbIW OHa OblJIa pa~HOHaJIhHOll JI:JUI OOJIblllOI'O KOJIJWRTIIBa mo;n;eif, Kam;o;bIM 113 KOTOPhIX Obm He cnocotien BbI/KIITb B OJJ;IlHOqKY. JIIDAl[ rorna ae anaaa HH nOCTORHHhlX /IUmllm;, Hil orna, He l[MeJIH aHII TaKil\e l[ peJIHrl'103HbIX npencraaneaaii.

Haunoro OOJIbme ll3BeCTHO 0 iHll3HlI qeJIOneRa cpejtnero naneoanra (100-40 TbIC. JIeT aasan) , xorna rrpoasomaa cep searrsre n3MeHe}nm B caMoK ~U31l'leclwii: npapono JIID;n;cii. <!>opMupOnaJIOCb 'lCJIOBe'lemwe oom;ecTBo, OCHOBaJIHOe rra I,PODHOpO;n;CTBeHHlJX (no srarepnnCRon JIHIHIll) CllJI3RX, T. e. rrepBOOhITHOOOm;IIHHblii crpofr, 8RaoraMHhIe (Be nonycnaiomae opaIWB Mel:I'JJ;Y po;n;CTBeHHIIRaMM) OO'be}J;UHeHlIlI (pomr), or BeCIWJIbKHX necarxon zto HeCKOJIbl{HX COTeB 'leJIOBeK, OblJUI COBMeCTHO ;o;OOhlB3rom;eii: II norpefiaaromea opranaaanaefi; 00'1,C,ll,MIIflThCH BbIHym,ll,aJIa meCTORaa nponaaoncrnenaaa aeotixonaMOCTI>: HlI HH,ll,IIBII;n;, HII HeOOJlhIIIaR rpynna He MOrJIH OOeCrre'IMTb cc6e rrporraramre rr 3am;ffTS'· 01' CrIJI npnpO/1.h1 H COCe,'l"HIl:X npamAe6Bf.JX OO'beAHHeHIIH. Ta me HeOOXO;n;lIMOCTh OOYCJlOBJUmaJla OTCYTCTBUe 1faCTHOH COOCTBeHHOCTU na iKU3HeUHoe rrpOCTpaHCTDO, iKllJIHll(e n Cpe,ll,CTBa nOTpeOJIeHmI. R aTOll anoxe OTHOCfIT YMeHHe ;o;oobIBaTb orom., ROTOPhlii OKOH'laTeJIbITO BbIp,emm 'IeJIOBeRa aa napcrsa npnponu.

y neaanepransna (TaR D aayxe 0003Ba'laIOT 'IeJlOBeRa TOll anoXII) 01JoPMJlHJIHC"b peJIIIrH03Hble npeJI.CTanJIeHHH, B COOTBeTCTBIIH C IWTOPbIMH OB CTaJI HOCMTh ynpamenaa II alllyJlCThl, XOpOHHTb yMcpmHX.

O,ll,HaKO nOJI.JIMHHO COBpeMeHHhIM no OOJlHRY (homo sapiens) OB CTaJI JIEmb H n03)1"HeMy naJIeO.III:fTY, .n;aTMpyeMOMY 40-10 ThIC.,!:{O H' a.

TOMlIhI nporpecoa 3aMeTBO YClWplIJIHCh B flUOXY Me30JIMTa (cpenHeRaMeIIHoro BeRa - 10-7 ThIC. no H. a.}: JIIOJJ;lI 1I306pemr JIyH H crpensr, opy;n;HH HB ROCTH npora; nOMMMO OXOTbI na xpynntrx mHBOTHhlX 60JIbmHM OO'be,!:{HHemioM, OeBORJIll OXOTy n na MemUIX, B O;rl,HRO'IRY llJIH MaJIOll: rpynnoii: 3aBlIcMMoCTh 01' npapozm YMClIbIIIIIJIaCb. B03HIHOIH aanacsr nanm. nepBoobITHOOOn~lIlIHbIrI crpoit ynpOQIIJICH. POA" OCT8B8JICH, rrprr OTCYTCTB1!H M8JtOH Cell<n,II, M8TepuHCI,HM: POA"CTBO BeJIOCh no CJ\IIHCTBeHHO nocroaepnoa meHCHOM JIllHMn. OfimecrseaHaH pOJIb JI\fHIIlI.nHbI oblna BeCbM8 3Ha'lIITeJIbHOi1. MnOrO'IIIC.lIeHHbJe crarvortra, naofipamaionme mCHll(IIHy, IIMeJIII pllTyaJIbHblH xapasrep: no-urtanacr, MaTh - npapop.,I'ITeJIhHIIII,a, OCHOBaTeJIbHHI\a po;a:a.

(CoxpaHIlBIIIHCCH B nenrepax H300panl:eHHH rOBopHT 0 craaorotsaaa nepaofisrrnoro HCKYCCTBa, CBH3aHHoro C TpY}J;OBhIMH rrpOI\CCCaMH II MarnqeCKIIMII OOpJIJJ;aMH, CBU;n;eTeJIl:'CTBOllaBIIIIIMII 06 onyxorsopeaaa CIIJI npaponn n nOI\JIOH9HMn mHBoTHbIM-ToTeMa~ (BooopamaeMbIM npe,u:R8M II nORp01JIITeJlHM P0.ll.8). Ha'l8nOCb 06'1>e.ll.HHelIlIe 6JIII3ROpo,u:CTBeHHbIX PO;r:J;OB B 60JIee Rpyum,re 06'be,ll,IlHCHHlI (nnejreaa}. B anoxy HeOJIlITa (nnaoxauennoro aexa - 7-5 ThIC . .11:0 B. a.) nacryrrlIJIH OC06CHIlD BamRble nepesressr, Om'! npmmnJIUCh BO DeeX c¢epax mM3He;n;ea'l'OJILHOCTII "leJlOneHa. Pe3Ro B03pOCJIa casra 'lIICJIeHHOCTh JIIO.u:eii. iBncoxoro eoaepnrencraa ,ll,OCTlIrJ1H pasnoofipaaasra xaMeJJlIhle IDJ1HlllOnaHHhle opynaa: Tonop}'I C RpyrJIhIM oTBepCTlIeM JJ;JIH

14

J!I1POIIHIIIIOfO crspzaaa (PY'IKH), xpeuaeasre gOJIHpOBaHHI>Ia HOlliH, UIlIWHOlJHl'IKH CTpeJI H IWInrii:, uonore, 6YJI8Bhl. fC6oJI.bmHM MRCTepCT- 110M H3rOTOBJIHJIHCI> OPYP;IIH HB ROCTH H pora (HOJIHI:, maaa, 111'JlbI, Iqllolllm). jlleJIoBeK BaY'llIJICH AeJIaTI> nocyny lIB rxansr, IIJIeCTlI PhIIiOJIOUUbIe cera, npHCTI> 1I TImTI> mepcrr, 1I BOJIOKHa KOHOllJIII, BbIAeJI .. IIIIlTL KO}lnI )l,JIH 06YBlI II O)l;elli)l,hl, BOBBOP;IITI> nOCTOJIB:Hhle n\IIJIl:1~a 11 .~TI)oHTh soxpyr HIlX YKpeIlJIeHHH, CQ.CTOnI.IJ;He 1:[3 BaJI8 H uamrcazta.

I 'JWBHOe llie COCTOnJIO B TOM, 'lTO (mop;n CTaJIII nepexozmrr, I, paaIItWIIlUlQ npHpyqeHHhIX llilIBOTHhlX (KRlIIHOrO Ii MeUKOI'O CKOTa) u: It IIlll1MHTIIBHbIM wopMaM BeMJIe.n:eJIIrJ!.:;,JX03fIllCTBO npeapamanocs }f3 supucuaaaajomero» B «npoaaaonameea.j 3eMJIe.n:eJIHa CIW,L1Ie 6bIJIO ennau ao C perynapaoii o6pa6oTIwii IIO'lBhl B O.n:HOM MecTej OHO 6hIJIO MOTbJjKHhIM.\MoTbIry nenaaa H3 pora, KOCTI:I, CYKOBaTOM rraJIIHI. B03- J!UJlhlllaJIH npoco, fI'lMeHh, nOJI6y (nweHHrr;Y-0p;H03epmIHI{Y).

B MeI1;HO-KaMeHHYIO 3IIOXy (xaJIKOJIHT) , aaaepnranuryrocsr J{

III TbIC. 11.0 H. a., nepB06I>ITHOo6rrr,HHHbIH CTPOH 11;0CTltr pacnaera H IIC'I'ylIlfJI B CT8ll.H10 paaJIOmeHIIH_! l'RYJIbTypa 60JIrapCRlIX 3(JMOJIT, CO('.THIlJIlIJIa rorna OpraHII'IHYro '1aCTb KYJIbTypbI ncero BOCTO'lHOrO Cpe- 1\IIaOMHOMOPb1I.\ KhlmaH xacrt, COBpeMCHHOll BOJIrapIIIl ObIJIa O)1,HMM 1101 nerrrpon M:e,ll,HOH MeTaJIJIyprMM ncero aroro apeaJI~ ApXCOJrorlI IUlIUJIII IIITOJII.HH pynnanoa 11.0 10 H nasce 27 M fJIyOHIlOli. OCHOBHbIM u aaHfl'rHHMH ObIJIII 3eMJICp;eJIIIe H CROTOBOp,CTBO. BhlJIO II3BCCTHO H IHIHDTpap,apCTBO.,' 06HapymeHbI OCT8TIUI CCJICHlIH, HaC'IHThlBaBllrnc OT :.!.f1-30 I:J.O 100 llilIJIIIIII;. XaJIKOJIlITll.'lCCRlIe CMa (OJIIl3 JIYI1:0rOpbH, IlIYMeH8, Pyce) cyrrr,eCTBOBaJIH ThICH'lCJIeTlIHMII, C KYJIbTypHbIM CJIO(1M )];0 12 M. BOJIbIIIeceMellHbIe ROJIJICKTIIBhl CTaJIII ll.eJIIITbCH ua M8- JlhlO CeMI>H. HeCKOJIbRO 60JIbllilIX ceMeH COCTaBJlRJIH pOp,OByIO ofimauy, a HCCKOJIbRO 06rrr,UH - IIJIeMH.

B 3ll0XY XaJIKOJIHTa p;06I>IBaJIH II aOJIOTO. OTI\PhlTl1Ie B MOrlIJIaX npe,Il;MeTbI CBlIp,eTeJIbCTBYIOl' 06 HMy~ecTBeHHOM ncp8BeHCTBe II arpariyrax BJI8CTII Y OTp,eJILHbIX JIHrr;. 'YJIY'lmeHlle Opyp,IIll, 3aHHTHe MeTHJfJJyprHcu, YCffJICHIIe POJIII CROTOBO,lJ;CTB8, Y1J:aCTlIDlimeCH CTOJIRHOIIOJIHH Mem)J.:y nJIeMeH8MlI npnaena K npeofinanaamo B ofimecrne pcna MylK'IHHhI. Bpan CTaJI naTpIIJIOHaJIbHbIM. Hacrynana spa narpnap, \HT~,

'H3BeCTHbI II RYJILTOBMe coopyarenaa TOll 3IIOXII. fJIaBHhIMII OhIJIlr l~yJII>T lIIaTeplI-3eMJIII H n:YJIbT COJIHrr;a. ll.n:OJII.I npe,Il;cTaBJIfIJIII anrponoMopqmblc II 300MopqlIIbIe WHrYPKH. II01J:llTaJIHCb raroaa RyJIbT MepTuux (ax XOPOHUJIU C lleIJ~aMII, sepa B aarpotiuyro lliII3H1), KYJIbT BOllilVI, RYJrhT npenxos. MCI>YCCTBO TOM: nopsr ROpO;qHO aOCTpaIfTR£:j

IhrTeHClIBHOC pa3JIOIRenlIe ncpBOOI.ITlIOOOrrr;HHHOH {flopMarr;UlI OTIIOClIT K 6POH30BOMY BeRY (3000-1200 rr. ,[\0 H. 8.). BpOH3a IIJI811HTI'.J[ npn OOJIee BIIaKoii: rexncparype, '1eM Mep,b, a oOJIa.naeT 60JIee IllorCORIIMH paOO'IIIMH Ka'lCCTB8MH. CHaQ8JIa na OTJIIITbIX KyCKOB opon3bI nenra rrOJIYQ8JIII C rrouomsro KOBIm, HO JIHTl>e COBepmeHCTBOlIaJIOCb - CKOPO OHO IIO'lTII He TpeOOBaJIO ROBKl'I (sema OTJIIlBaJIH B ('IWT(H3JIbHbIX iPopMax). HacTymIJIO BpeMH Crrerr;H3JIII38n,IIIf rrpoH3BOlJ,(''I'B3, BPOH30BbIe ronopsr OOJIer'lHJIll pac'IIIcTKY neca, rr03BOJIIIJIlI pacIIIHpIITb IlOJIH ,[\JI.II nocena, nepearn OT MOThllliHoro aeMJIeneJIHH K

15

naIIIeHHOUY C llCIIOJIb30B3HHeM mMBO'rHbIX B Ki\"'1eCTBe THrJIOBOH CH.JIH. CT3JUI B03!{eJI.bIn3TJ, HMHrHYlO nnrennny. IlOJIY'lHJIlI nmpoxoe pacnpocrpanenae BUHorpal1:apCTBO, OIlOm;enO,llCTIlO II ca):(OBO)J,CTBO. MOJIOJJ;HHK xpynaoro poraroro CHOTa nepeCT8JIH aaOllBaTh: OUI, CTaJI rraXOTHLIM mrrBOTHbIM. Ha nepnou MeCTe Cpe,llII IIIHCHOrO CROTa 0l{8- aanacr. OBI(a. Hcnnm.aonann B xoaaiicme II KOHil, HO same OH CJIyiKHJI )l,JIH 1l0eHHLIX n;eJIeH.

IE STIOxy OPOlI3LI rrpHMeHHJIH YJRe II TJ\aI(KlIll CTaHOI{ u npnxnTIIBHLIH rOn'IapULIM I\pyr. Ilocyna ll3rOTODJIHJIaCb B otinnrpnou accoprmrenro: RPYIIuaH H MeJIKaH, JIOTII,en3H, JIaKOBaH, nOJIHBnaH, yxpanrennaa HpKHM OpnaMeITToM/

Haanoro B03POC B ry SIJoxy oOMen. HOOOXOAJIMOe }J,JIH npOII3BOI1:crna OPOH3bI oaoao (1 1J:aCTb aa 9 'IaCTOH Mep,II) He JJ;OObIBaJIOCb na BOCTOI,e BaJIKaH. Ero nonyxana nYTeM OOMona. lIcnOJIb30BaHIIe JIOurann KaK nepxonoro II BbI01J:Horo iKIIBOTJIorO, a TaKilW 1J:eThlpeXKOJIeCHOH IIOB03InI OOJIer1J:HJIO oOII~eHlIe MemJJ;Y OTf(aJIeHHI,IMH nOCeJIeHHHMIl, cnyamno pasnarmo TOprOllJIH. OOrr:t;CCTBO CTOHJIO aa noporo aroporo pa3p;emlHIIH TpY)J,a, T. e. BLT)1;eJ1emm pCMeCeJIB OCOOLIH pO)J, AeHTeJIbnOCTH.

IlepBoobITHOOOIII,HHHbIH CTPOH, omraxo, OCTaBaJICH rocnoncrnyror:qnM, C03)laBUJIIICb JIHmb npO~nOCbIJIKH nepexona K KJIaCCOBOMY 06- IIJ;eCTBy. ¥rJIyoHJIllCr, IIMYTII,eCTBenHI,Ie pa3JIH'IIIJI. ¥C1JJIIIJIIlCb MemI1JIeMOHHbIe pacnpn. BJIaCTBOBaJIII nopH)J,KII B08HHOH )J,eMORpaTIIlI. ilOJIBJIHJIOCI:. mryntecrnemroe nepaBeHCTBO. Y CIIJIllBaBIIIyIOcR P0;rJ;OBYIO aaarr, MaHlma B03MomnOCTb JIerKOrO otioramenna rrYTeM rpa6ema cooeneii. Ilnemnrx nepeCTaJIII YOIIBaTh, npespamaa B pafion. HaCTYnlIJIO BPOMJI nocrenenaoro nepexona J, nepaoaanaar.asra <popMaM rocYl1:apCTBenHOH oprarraaarran o6m;eCTB!!1

IIPOll30llTJIll nepeuerrsr II B c<{Jepe HCKYCCTBa. 1300-1200 rr. )J,O H. a. p;aTHpYIOT 3HaMOHIITblH BbIJI'lIITPbIHCRHH 30JIOTOH KJIap; KYJIbTOBbIX npeznreron. Ero II3~eJIIIJI nopaararor COBepmOHCTBOI\I TeXHIIKH, II8RII(eCTBOM MO~eJIIIpOBKU, paaBIITI,IM 8CTeTHlJeCRHM BKyCOM. EOJIee OT'IeTJIIIBLIMII CTaJIll perlIOH3JIbHbIe KYJILTypHLIe o TJIHlJllJI , ocotiermo R Conopaotr BOJIrapHII, rne npereprren H8MeHeHIIR AaiKe pHTyaJI aaxoponoumi. 00MJIIl me K tory OT Banrenacnoro xpefira THrOTeJIH norrpenmcMy B 1iYJnTypHOM OTHomeHHH R 8reiiCIwMY MHpy, JIX CRR3H C rpCTfOCliOH HYJ[ f,TypOH yrrpO'IRJIHCJJ, KaK II KOHTaKTLI C Ilepenaeii II MaJwi1 A3HOiI.

<PPAHIIJ1IIJ;bI If IIX CY,I'(bBA

~o JWIJl~a II TLIC. AO H. 8. nHll'IeClmii: COCT8B HaCeJIeHlIH Baananexor« IIOJIYOCTPOBII naYKO neII3BeCTeu. l\pynHble rrepexensr B anoxy urOll:n.I CIIHaam,I C lItnrpa:U;HHMH B npsneaax apeana, rrpaaaaaaexoro ]WJJLIOOJI 1.)0 mmoenponejtnea, HaCeJIHBIDllX HO TOJIbRO 'Iac'!'I, repparopmr 1 rcpo)"lneii: II Tlenrpam.aoii A31IlI, HO II PH)]; OOJIaCTeii: BOCTO'IBo~,U;enTpaJJI,UOM II IOro-BoCTO'lno:ii Eaporrsr,

I Ilponecc IWHCOJIIr~an;HII rpesscsoa aaponaocm CBJI3an C p;ByMJI BOJIHaMII MlIrpan;HH 1I3 ceaepasrx pafionoa aaaaannoro apeana EBPO-

16

tllol: nepnyro II I II TbIC, no H, a. IIpe,rr;CTaB,'1HJIll axeumr, Hx KYJlbTypa upuiuna aa CMeIIY I'PHTCIWM. BTOpyIO COCTaRlIJlH )J,opnMI\bI (OK. 1200 r. 110 II. 8,). OHII npaaecna C C060H lReJIe30 II YHII'ITOIRHJIlI Il,OHTPbI II xn i-icIWii (MI1IWnCKOM) I\YJlbTypLI, HO 1I MHO roe BOCrrplIHHJlll 01' nee, ( :JtllH fIlIe axefinen, nopnanen If aBTOXTonOB ;J,aJIO na-tano rpexecnoa

till P,O;'(IIOCTIIJ .

l'orna me aa BaJlKaHaX IWHCOJI11p;lIpOnaJlIICb II npyrne aanoeapol'l·ii(~l\.ne HapO,J:(M, B TOM 'IlICJIe IIJIJlllpnilIl,bI II cppaRlli1Qb!~ ¢paRIIllQbI IIIIPPBbIe yrrOMllnaIOTCH B «Hnnane» I'oaepa: OHM Y'IaCTBOBaJIII B TPOHIIC1Wll BOMne (OJ" 1200 r. ):10 H. s.). ITo pexe CTpYMO (CTP11MO- 11,\) oonTaJIH MRKe):lOrrn;bI, COCTaBJIHBlIIIIe BeTBb cppamIMQeB, HO 1I0,I\II('IH'JIIIHJCH aaTeM CIlJlbHOMY rpe'IeCROMY BJIlIHIJIIIO. H.PYIIHhIM PO,[(CTIU\IIII[,IM cppaRIlilQaM naponox B fiaccefiae Mopaasr 1I HniImeM Iloziy- 1I1I11t.e ObIJIII MeabI (MIl3bI). f(DopMlIpoBaIlHe cppaRIIi:imwll HapO,I\HOCTII l'OllPprnaJIOCb B anOXII rr03)],Hew OPOH3bI II )ROJIe3a, T. e. C ceperurasr [I ThW. )19 ROHI\a I TbIC. )],0 H. 3. 3eMJIII qJpaI{lIilqeB npOCTUpaJIIICb 0'1' l\aprraT no 8rerrCRoro MOPH U OT qeplloro MOpH P;O Mopansr II MHlml~OHIm. I13J3eCTHO AO 90 cppaKJIllCItIIX nneuerr, KpynHeHWIlMJI 1I3 uoropsrx ObIJIII OP;PII3bI (na IOrO-BOCTOIW, DO ¢paRlIJI) 11 reTbI II AaRil If JleBOOepembe II OT'laCT11 B npaaofiepean,e HH)RHe:rO ,lJ;YHaH.j

iEIQe BO npexena I'ouepa cppaRUMIJ:bI ObIJIH JI3DeCTBbI ImR 3eime- 11OJlbI~bI II CROTORO!(bI. CJIaBIlJ£HCb cppal\IlMCKJIe ROHlI, BoopyiIwHIle, f'innllI,re ROJIeCHlIIl,bI; cppaImll:I~U TOprOnaJIII aepaou, BHHOM, Me,[(OM, IUWfWM, Jlorna,n;bMIl, RomaMlI, IWpaMJIKOM, PbI6oM, Tl\aITHMIT;

IOCIIOHY 91WHOMU'IeCKoro pa3BHTlIH CPP3I\lIWCIWfO otimecrsa B rrep- 110 ii nOJIOBIIHe I TLIC. no H. 3. COCTaBIlJIO ORJIa,'1;811IIe MeT3JIJIyprneft }I\OJI(I:IU, upnaamtree }{ xpyrrnstx c,n;BlIraM B X03.l1MCTBe II COI\JIaJIbHOH f'ljlYRType." Pa3BlITIIe IDJIO HeCIWJIbRO paamaan rrYTHMH It cesepy or I :nm\aHCRlIX rop, rrte 6bIJ[ oOJIee CypOIILIM IWHMaT, 11 R IOry OT HUX. II II roro-aarrane IPPaIUII1 6JIlI3 PYJ\HbIX MeCTOpOmJleHUll naxoztanacs II l'.rfanHhle MeTaJTJIyprIPleclme nerrrpst. PeMeCJIO nee oOJ[ee cneunamr.uiponanocs. OOHapYiI~eIIbI Macrepcrme, ym:e pafioranmne aa PbIllOli. BJIH3 RYJIbTOBbIX MeCT (rranpmrep, Y IPIIJIIIrrnoIIOJIIT - cppalmiiI' till ii IIYJInY,I\ena, cOBpeMeHHl:'Il1 IIJIOB,Il,IlB) rrOHBIIJIlICb TopmIHQa. 'lupronsre nYTH CBH3bIBaJlII cppaKHMIIeB C coce,J:(HMII.·PacQBeT cppaRII.tl:- 4'''((11'0 06~eCTBa npaxonarca aa V-IV BB. ,I\O H. a. 3eMJIep,eJIIIe CTaJIrI [JIWH'IaTeJIbHO nanreansnr, OCHOBaHHbIM aa IlCrrOJIb30BaHIlIT meJII':llIoro JIeMeXa, CeHJIII nmeHIIIJ:Y, poao., H'lMeHb, npoco, JIeH, xenonJIIO, n03,n;eJIbIBaJIlI nnaorpart, WPYI'TbI, nsrpanranana OBOW;U. BOJIblliO- 1'0 p<l3BIITIIH ,n;OCTIIrJIIT OBl.\eBop;CTBO II ROHeBop;CTBO.

C VIII ,n:o I\OHl~a VII n. 1\0 H. 9. coaepntanacr, T31\ Ha3hlBaeMaH un.!f rmal! rpexecxaa ROJ[OHII8aQlI.lI, aaxsarnanraa II cppaRIIllCKIIe paito- 111.1 OT CaJIOHlIRCRoro 38JIIlna AO YCTLI! ,lJ;YHaH. BblJIlI OCHOBaHbI ra- 1(110 ropozia (n6J1IICbI), RaT, BIl3aHTIIll (c 330 r. H. a. I\oHcraHTJIHOIIOJI r., conpexenasra CTaMOYJI), CaJIMlI)J;ec (MllAIIH), AnOJIJIOHIIJI (Co:IIIIWJIb), AHXIlaJI (Iloxopr.e), Mecanfipaa (MeceMopHH, MecHMBpHH, 114.(~eop), Oneco (Bapaa), ,lJ;IloHlICOnOJIl, (BaJIT[lIR), I\aJIaTIIC (MaHI'II.IIHH), TOMU (KoHCTaHIJ:a), Hcrpoc (Hcrpnn), 06IQeCTBeHHoe yCTp(liieTBo IIOJIIICOB-KOJIOHIIM (rrexoxpa TIl'leCKoe,· apIfCT01\paTlI'IeCKoe)

17

18

COOTn8TCTBOnaJIO nopanxaa n nOJIllCaX-MeTponOJIlIHX. IIepBoHa'IaJII>Ho Bpamp;e6HbI8 OTHOrn8HHH C rp8'l8CKHMH roponasrn CIII8HHJIUCb MHpHhlMH. Ha notiepexcse 06pa30naJIaCb aorta caarsaa: cppaKHHU)I rrpOEIIKJIH B ropona, IIOJIY'IaH npana rpaacnaacraa H coneiicraya paonpocrpanemno cppalmiicKOH KYJIbTYPbI, rpexccxoe BJIIIHHH8, B CBOIO 0'10- perlb, OXIJaTblBaJIO 6JIH3JreiKa~yIO onpvry, 06YCJIOBIIB nOCT8II8HHYIO 3JIJIIIHH3aU;llIO iKIIBIIIIIX 3f);eCh cppalmHIJ;8B. GBH31I C rpesecanaa ROJIOllJIllMU YCKOPllJIH pa3DIITII8 cppal\IInCIwro 06~OCTIJa.

CPpaKIIifcKaH IIJIeMeHHaH apliCTOKpaTIiH OKpeIIJIa 1\ cepertane

I TbIC. no H. a. 8HCIIJIyaTaTJ,:Im CBOOOf);RI>IX 06~HnnHKoB CTaHOBIiJIaCb perYJIHpHoM. 06IIJ,llH3 npenpamanacs B TCppHTOpnaJIbHYJO, COC8,[1- C1\yJO, YTBepiKp;aJIOCI> upano coficrnennocra OOIT(IIHHHKa na naxo rHbIii na;(8JI. I1Myru;ecTnelIHaH f);HrprpepeHIJ,HaIJ;IlH BeJIa I{ ooe;a:HoIIIIJO 'raCTII 06IT(IIHIIIIIWB, nonanasmax B 3aBIICIIMOCTb. IIJI811I0IIHbIC COlO3bI nOCUJIH B08HHO-IJ,8MoKpaTlI'leClmii xapaxrep, aeam ynopnyro 60PbOY ,n;pyr C npyrox. B03IIIII{JI1i BoeHnO-nOJIIITH'1eClmO II peJIHrH03HbIe JJ;eHTpbI. Boxpyr iKIIJIHIT( DOiKlleM nstpacrann npyrrasta nOCeJI8HHH, a aaT8M YKpeUJIeHHhle ropona, Talmo, nanpmrep, KaK Y CIty,n;yM (AztpaaHOIIOJIb, 3;:l;lIpHe) na MapIIIJ;e II I\aOIIJIe B BepXOBbHX TYIIgiKII, OCHOBaHHbIB o.n;pIl3aMll. C VI B. 11;0 H. a. aa CMeHY HaTypaJIbHOlIIY npnxonan .n;eHeiKIIhlM OOMeH. Hypcaponann rpenecxae II nepcmrcrcae MOIIeTbI; 'leKaHIIJIII B rpeuecxax MaCTepCKnx CIJOIl MOReThI H cppaKHiiCKlIe napsxn,

<DpaIUIMcKaH COID3I10-IIJIeMennaH apliCTOKpaTIIH IICnOiJ,BOJIh CTanOBHJIaCb paOOBJIa,[leJIb'leCKoH. PaObI HCnOJIb30BaJIIICb B CKOTOBO,[lCTBe, B pyzranxax, B xasecrne npncnynr. Ho OCHOBHYIO poas nrpana no-npeacaeuy CBOOO;:l;Hble OOIT(I1HHHKll. Pation 'laCTO COhlBaJIII B rpeqeCKlle rrOJIIICbI. K cepennae I TbIC. iJ,O II. a. Ha'raJIOCb CTaHOBJIeHII8 rocynapcrs.

GIla QaJIaB03I1HKJIO H8CKOJIbKO rocyztapcrneaasrx OO'be.n;HHeHIIu MeiK}],y CrpYMoM II Bapnapox, B,[IOJIb rrotiepearsa 3rcuCIwro MOpH II BO cDpaKIIll, cperra KOTOPhlX CUJIbHeMIIIIIMII OhlJIH onpnacnnev OfipaaoaaHIIID na pyfieace VI - V BB. no H. a. OOIIIllPHOM O;qpH3CKOii )l;epmaJ3hI CIIOCOOCTBOllaJIa OOm;aH onaCHOCTI> co CTOPOHbl rrepcon - 'lepe3 3eMJIII IPpaKHllIJ;8B llJllI IIOXO}],OM BOHcKa lJ:apHH B 514-513 rr. ,[10 H. a. rrpOTHB CI\HTOB, a 3aTeM H BOMClm nepcos BO BpeMH rpexo-nepcanCKIIX BOHH. .I'ocynapcrno 0P;P1l30B oxnarsraano na aanane nO'lTII nee COBpeMeHIIbIe oOJIrapCIme 3eMJIlI II BhlXOP;IIJIO aa nx npenenrr na ccnepO-BOCTORe If IOrO-BOCTOKO. EOJIbIIIIIIICTllO rpeaecsnx ropononIWJIOHHM, ocofienao H3 qepIIoMopCKOM notiepexn,e, rrplI3HaJIO cynepeHIITeT Onpnscxoro napcrna. OAPll3CKaH nepacasa nonrrepacaaaaa OTHOIIIOHlIH c rpO'leCImMII nOJIHCaMII (ocofieano AcpIIHaMR) II co CKHcpaMH. Hannsrcmero pacnnera OHa ;qocTIHJIa B V n. zto H. 9.

C VI- V BB. ):10 H. a. wpalmnCKlIe aeMJIH BOIlIJIII B apean B03,'WMCTBUH rpCqeCKOM KyJIbTyphl, CJIaOO aarporryanreii, O)l,HaIW, ceascnyro TOppHTopmo. Esrr rcpecrt.amma OCTanaJICH OeJ\IIbIIII. PeSKMe U3MeH8IIMH nporepnen ofipaa iK1I3HH 3naTII. rronnepranmejica aJIJIHH1I3an,lllL B ropop,ax HHCll,PHJIOCb CTpOIITeJIbIIOe IICltYCCTBO rpexon: IIJlaHHpOBHa, BO;qOIIpOBO}:l, xaaanaaanna, KOJIOIIUa}:lbI, CTaTYIi. 6ap8JIbecpbr.

I

1

UPC:\MC'1'b1 H3 Enulla 113 eena Bhlll'IIITPUH

'JaC;l'L KJlalla, n311;1,CHROrO 6JUI3 CeJItI .TIeTJUIL\a ;rIone'leKoro OKpYl'8

;z.plumUC1l8R I'POOHlIL\8 a KaaaHllhlKe

f

/

19

BB03HJIOCh MHOmeCTBD rpesecxax :sem:en II lf3.n;eJIHH lfCKYCCTBa. BIIO::l y,n:OBJIeTBOpHJI rrpemp,e ncero aanpocsr BHaTII. rOpo,n:a-KOJIOHHH paasanaJIIICb II OCHOIlHOM II paxxax rpenecnoa It.yJIhTyphl.

Op,HaKO ,npOA0J!iW.lJIH pasnana'rsca II c06CTBeHHO 4paRHMCKlIe I\yJIbTypa II IICl'YCCTIIO. COXpaHHJIllCb RyJIhThl tPpaRIIH:CIm:x 60roB 'II GOTURh. rJIaBHYro porrs llrpaJI ItyJIhT COJIHI(a, 6hI.lIa pacnpocrpaneaa nepa II 6eCCMepTHe AYUIll, cYII(eCTBonaJI ItyJIhT B03pom,n:eHIIH npnpo,n:hl - see sra BepOIlaHlIH OTpa3IIJIllCh II norpotiansaoa paryane. Ilo:RJIOHJIHCb ooraM, tPpaI\IIHl\hl COBepIIIam1: JlWpTBOrrpliHornemIlI, 06hJlI~ HO xponaasre, 1I3peARa II mepTBY npllHOCIIJIII JIIOp,OH:. Ilear.io iKepTBOnpnaomeaait 6lJJIO CTpeM.IleHlle ,n:06n:ThCH ypoaraa, IIJIOp,0l!0;pm. qacTo mepTBenHhIM iRllIlOTll:bIM OlW3bIBaJIaCL cofiaxa, EeCLMa'rronyJUIpHbIM 6bIJI KYJIhT TaR naasrnaenoro cppaRlliiclwro KOUHHRa '(scanHllRa): Hali:p,eHo ));0 noayropa ThlCH'l 1I306pamOHllM ROIIHllKa B 350 reorpadnrsecxax nyUI\TaX BOJIfRPllll_J' IIo'lHTaJICH TRRme KyJIbT )l.llOHllC!,I, Dpa3,Il;HeCTBa B 'leCTh CRa30'IIIOro 60ra-noBn;a OptPeH II ,lJ;:uoHllca HOCIIJIR oprlI~leCl{Rii: Xap3I{TOp.

Maoroe 06 ncxyccrne tPpaRlltl~en 1I3BeCTIIO no ueKpOnOJI}IM. TaM 06HRpymeHbI llle,qeBpbI roneaapnoro llCl,YCCTBR - aooxopdmsre YKpaIDeRlIlI 113 30JIOTa :n 6pOR3bl. PaCn;B8T cPPRKlltlCKOrO nCltYCCTBa npnXO,qMTCJl na IV - HR'IaJIO III B. R TOll: anoxe OTHOCET 3HaMeHllTYIO Ka3aHJIbmCI~Yro rpofinmty. Ee n;neTHhIe pOCITnCM paCCRa3hIBaIOT He TOJIbl{O ° EyJIhTe MepTBhlX; 110 II 0 6h1Te 1I npanax JI\llBbIX. 3U3MeHlIT :n IIaHarroplIIIITcKHH aoaoron KJIa)); nucoxoxynoarecreenasrx caamenHhlX npep,MeToB (,qllCK, KyIllBlIH, aoosropdmsre 11 aHTpoIIoMopqlHble PlITOHbI - CllMBOJIhl BJIaCTH). Ha,IleJIllH MCrrOJIHeHhl MeCTHoro KOJIOpara, XOTH II 0plIeHTHpoBRUbl aa JIY'IlllIe rpe-recsae II nepoancnne 06pa3I1,hl. IIHRqe rosopa, RaR 11 paHee/KYJIhTypa BOCTOllHbIX BaJIRRH cayxrana MOCTOM MeiEJ'(y Enponoii II A31Iei!_.,

Ra3aHJIhlKCKaH rpofimma n gpyrne menespsr ne 'InCTO q,paRllUCHIle naxarnuna: OHII rrpe,llCTaBJIJIJIII canrea rpexo-diparmiicxoro UCKYCCTBa. Ho II <iJpaRlfllIl,bI oxaaamr CepI.e3HOe B03,n:eH:CTBile na rpeneCKYIO RYJIhTYPY. WpaKIdi:clme 60mecTBa Apec II ,lJ;noHIIc IllUPOKO pacnpocrpaaanncs B rpe'leCKOM MUpO. KYJIbT ,l1;lIoHliCa npIPl3CTeH K CTaHOBJIeHllIO rpexecaoa rparenna U KOMeAHU. OPtPeH rpesn 110'111- TaJIU He sreaee, 'IeM tPpaKHiin;LI. He 6hIJIO HU onaoro napojta, nYJIhTypHoe BJIlIHHlle xoroporo aa rpexoa cpaBHIIMO C CPPaIt.UMCRHM.

O,IlpII3CKaJl nepzsana OKRaaJIaCb aenpoaaoii. IIpll3HaKM ee pacnana CTamI HBHbIMll K cepennne IV n. no H. a. KPU3llC paOOBJIa)\eJIh'lecxoro rpeaecrcoro noaaca coanan YCJIOBllH ,IlJIJI HOB oro rOCYJl,apCTneHnoro 06'be,Il'RneHHH <ppaRIIUn;eB, lIO aTOMy nouemana aI\CIJaHCUJI M3- KeAoHCKIIX n;apeH.

U:eHTp MaKO)l,OHCKOll nepacansr JIeiRaJI B BepXOBMIX Bncrpnnu.

Yme B V B. no H. 3. no n;apCTBO HrpaJIO 60JIbInYro pOJIb B IIeJIorrOHCCCRllX noimax, a B IV B. CTaJIO rereMOHOM na EUJIRaaax. TIo CBoeMY Cl'POIO OHO 6hIJIO CXO,Il'BO C KJI3CCJPIeCHll paOOBJIa,IleJI:b'I8CRI1- Mll, HO C aaMeTHhlMU nCpeiRUTRaMII rrepn06I.ITHoOOtu,llHBbIX o'raomenUll. BJIacT}, napa npeBpaTHJIaCI. B MOHapXl'l'IecKYIO B nepsoa nOJIOBllHO IV B. ,Il0 H. a. ITo KYJIbType, B oc06eHHocTH no KyJIhType BbIC-

2Q

IIIllm oorraansaoro CJIOH, Maxenoncaoe n;apCTBO 6bIJIO 6mI3KO R /

Ijll"lt'CKUM rOCYJ\RpCTBa:~L IIpIIlllO)];lIIHM R BJI3CTII B 359 r. )];0 H. 3.

~1.1I.'111lT1I II B 342-339 rr. rrOJIOllilIJI KOHDQ OAPlI3CKOMY I{apcTBY.!

~ 11111,1[\0 .MaKeIl:OHCR3H .n;epmaB3 6bm3 neIl:OJIrOBe'IHoil:: rrOCJIe CMepTH t\.IP'I;CaH)J;pa B 323 r. AO II. a. ero 06rrIIIpHoe rOCY,[I;apCTBO pa3BaJIU-

110(,1 •.

H III B. )1;0 H. 8. na TeppHTopUII rppaRHiiu;eB pa3BepnYJI3Ch tlopl.oa HHail,OXOB - rrpeeMHHKOB AJIe.RC3Hp,pa. BUpO'IeM, OAPU3bI CO~pamIJIn He3aBIIClIMOCTb B UPIIMOPCKHX paiionax II B 212-211 rr. )111 II. 21. oCllo6op,IIJIHCb, II3rHaB MaHe.u.OHCRlIe rapHlI30HbI. O.'l.HaKO ,YHpl'fmeHlIIO napcrna cppaKHlfI{eB rrOMeIDaJIII 3aTHmHbIe (AO Ha'IaJIa 11 B. AO H. 3.) BoilHhl C rpesecxaxa roponaau. Cenaparnau OXBaTlIJI IW(' 3eA.rmI rppalmiin;eB. IIOHBlImrCI. I1reCTHLIe ,u:llnaCTIIH. IIOJUITII'IeI:H'y10 necTa6uJIhHOCTb ycannnan ynanox afWHOllfIIrm II ToprOBJIlI.

BJIACTb PIIMA II BII3AHTIUI

1111!\rlHra;lIaCb BOBaH anoxa - snoxa pllMCKoro BJIaJ],bl'l8CTBa. ¥TBep)11111 caoe rOCIIOp'CTBO na sanane Cpep'II3eMHOMopbH, pIIMJIlIHe npa- 1~·I.v lHIJIH R aaBOeBaHIIJlM na BOCTOKe~ C Ha'IaJIa II B. AO H. a. OHII ~1·.II.TmJUI HaTUCR na Maxenoncxoe rtapcrno, cocenane ¢paKHil:cKue 1,"Pll rrOllfOraJIH MaKeAOHqaM.iOAHaKo K cepezraae CTOJIeTHH pIIMJIHBe 1',11 OM IIJUI conporunxeane MaKe,o:OHqeB H rpe'IeCRIIX IIOJIHCOB (roponou-rocynapcra}, OEJIap;eB TaIGKe 'IaCTbIO IPPUKHllCI\lIX aeMeJIb. II II()CCTaHIIH MaKep,OUI{eB 149 r. ,u:o H. a. npOTIIB PIrMa nplIH.llJI1I Y'lilcnw II IPpaElIiiU;bI. B 80-x roztax I B. ,0:0 H. 3. OUIl nonnepzsaaa II POTIIB PMMJIJlH II MUTpIIJl.a Ta IIOHTlIlrCKoro. Torp;a pnMJUIHe B3)'!JIII II nnerr Bom,o:H IPpaRHii:cKoro nJIeMeHII MeP;OB Cnaprana, aHaMOHIIToro nOlIl/VI BOCCTaHHH paOOB B Hramm B 74-71 rr, no H. 3. Pa3011B M urpanara B 65 r. no H. a., pUlIfJIHHe CTamI paCIDHpHTb CBOH sanoeIIUllfHl BO <DpaKIIH./

Hnacrr, PIIMa B MaRep'oHHH H na 3eMJIHX IPpamriio.eB yTBepmll:a.IIIlC[' C TPYI\OM. BOPb6a TO aaryxana, TO paaropanacs CHOBa. \Ra aeMJill IppaKuil:qeB nOCHraJIH 11 cenepnsre COCeil:H: BpeMeHHO, B 50-xI1Il'lnJIe 40-x rOJ],OB I B. ,11,0 H. <I., Han: 3aOaJIRanCKIIMH paiionaMH, II TOM QlICJIe Hap; rpe'IeCRlIlIfH npmropcxmra roponasnr, YCTanOBHJI 1'111)(1 rocnoncrno naps aanyaaiicnoro ,Il,aRO-reTCIWro napcrna Eypelinna.

r rOCJIe y6uifcTna «ne-rnoro: ntnrrnropa PUMa rail IOJIlIH Ileaapa " -'It. r. ,[1;0 H. 3. Banrmma CTIlJTIf 0i\IInM H3 TeaTpOB PlIMCKHX rpamJlllllc·.lmX BOHR. <DpaKuHTl;bI TO npU3HanaJIU BJI8CTb Pnxa, TO orsepra.rill p·o. II3BecTHbI RpYIlHr.!O BOCCTaHlfH qJpaKulIIl,eB npOTIIB PlIMJIIlH B :~1, 26 H 44 rr. H. a. Ilocne BOCCTaHIIlI 44 r. <DpaKIIil:cKoe n.aPCTBO 1'11,1.110 npeapameno B rrOJl'IUIIeHHbIe PH My rrpOBUHn;IIlI. Erne pauee na j'lIPPlfTOpUlI Me30n, aa Eanxarrana, 6LIJIa OT'laCTII nnenena pHMCRafl "11M uuncrpanna. Tenepi, aTOT pernon CTaJI nponnmmea Me3HH (MII- 1111 JI, MnCIIH), lnmlO'IaBmeii npmrynaiicxae 3eMJIII npmrepno OT coupeM4111110rO Benrpana 11,0 l.Jepnoro MOpH.;

21

B rrpOBl'IHn;RIOl1>paRIIH Bom.'III reM (Eaml:aHcRHH xpefier}, PoJl,O II hI , IInpMH, PIma, Bl1TOIIIa, pasanna Mem)JS Mpaaopaux, qepHbIM, 8reiicKMM MOPHMH H 'laCTb rrpoaamraa Maxenonaa. B 86 r. Me3RH 6LlJIa pasnenena aa Bepxmoio (ofinacrr, K rory OT .u.YHaJI Melli)];Y Bearpanoa II JIoMOM) II HmRHlOlO, COOTB8TCTBOBaBJUYIO coBpeMeHIIOM Cenepnoji Bonrapaa. B03HlIIma II rrponaanaa Manaa CKIHIHI:JI <)J;06pYJl,iI\a). KaK rrorpanaxuoa (;0:0 noxoperraa pllMJIHHaMH p,aROn sa )J,YHaeM Jl navaze II B. H o6pasoIlamm rrpOfll:lHn;nH .n;aKluI) IIpOB1nn~llH pHMrrJIBe y,l1;eJIflJUI Me3HII ocofioe DBHMaHIIe: 3;J;eCb CTOHJIO MBomeCTEO PlIMCKHX JIenIOHOB; npOBO):\HJIaCb TIO.ilHTIIKa aRTIIBHoii KOJIOH1l3alJ,HH aaxaaseunsrx SeMeJIh; YCTpaJIBaJIHCh TIOC8- JIeHllR B8TepanOB, Rai'!-eJIH8MhIX 3eMJIeii: II 06JIa/l:aBIli1IX naJIorOBblMlI JIhrOTaMH.

H. tory OT Baaxaacxoro xpsfira pm,:lCRaH ROJIOHll3an;UH ohlJra Menee IfHTCRCIfBROll. Bo WpamIH Yll,eJIe,TIO HeMaJIO $paKHIfcRl1X ceit C 061n;HHHhlM 3eM;'leBJIap,eHIIeM II HM(lHUii: 1JpaKllIIcKOii a pncroxpa HIlI. lflpuKm~icKaH 3HaTI>, na HOTOPYIO OIIHpaJIHCh puxcxne BJlaCTH, noJIy'IaJIa npasa pnucxoro rpantnancrna II rrpeBpaIn;aJIaCh E pa60BJIa;p:eJIhIIeCHYIO napanae C PIIMCKOii. Coanananacs BIIJIJlhI, OCHOBaBHhle na ,)KCIIJIyaTaU;lIlI paOOB II apeanaropon H pacnoaaraanraeca OOhJ1lHO rr06JIII30CTH OT roponon. 8TO 6hl;'l1I ItpynHhl8 X03H1ICTBeUHhIe KOMHJIBKChl C POCKO[[[HhIMII TOCIIOP;CKIfMH IIOM8m,8HHRMR, Bogorrp0l30110M, KaHUJIH3aIl,neii:, 6aHJlMII, canaan, ITOpTHn:aMH, a II03i\JIee - B 8IlOXY «aapaapcxnxs narrreCTBnii - l:I C KperrOCTHhIMH coopyllieHliJBm. i

Cerra HaxOJl,nJJUCh B IIOi\IIHH8HHII Y roponon. CeJILCKUe a'HTe.Tlll He pacnonaraan un c05CTB8HHOCTblO B ropozrax, -lUI rrpaBoM Y'IacTHH II ax 06u~eCTBenHoM iKlI3HlI. CenOM yrrpaunnn MarllCTp. On OTBe'IaJI aa BhIIlOJIIl81me 06H3aTe:lhCTB rrOCeJIHH rrepep, 1JUCROM. OJ:u;y~aJlCH. OCTPblii He;cJ;OCTaTOK pa6o<urx PYR. «Bapnapon», nouasmax B IIJ18H, ceJIHJllI na rrOJIOmeHIIH nOJIy3uBHcnMhIX Ii.peCThHH, 06R3UHHhlX IT;'laTHTh HaJIorH U H8CTH BOIIHCKYIO CJJyil\6y; HX nponanana II HUCJIe):\OBa;rIl BMeCTe C HX 3BlIOIelI. Talmo nOCeJT8H~hI 6hlJIU ua Baaxaaax npenIIIeCTBCHHHRaMH KOJIOHOli. A C06CTBOHHO ROJIOnaT, corrponomnasmaiiCH npHKpenJIeHIIOM cBo60gJIhIX RpecThHH K 3eMJIe H JlH'lBOCTH rOClIOJl,I1Ha, npU1ll8JI CIOi\a B III n.

Oco6eHHo RpymIl,IMH Hi\HIepaTOpcRHe HMBHIIH 6hIJIIl n lIIc31UI.

POMaHII3aIl,IHI conepmanacr. 3gCCh 6I:.ICTpham TCMnaMH, rorna RaE K lory OT Banxancxoro xpefira H B MaKe)J,OBHll oaa HaTOJlKHYJIaCb aa CUJIhHoe npOTHBOi\ei1cTBUe rpenecxoro 8THOKyJIhTypHoro ::meMeHra. Aa rr pnMCKIIX rapllH30HOB, COJI nerepanos II HMeHHll mmepaTopa BO cPpmUIH 6hlJIO MeHhIII8.

Ha MOCTe narepea PHMCKRX JIerIIOnOB B Me3HII I>hlpaCTa;'lH 05- C.'lYiftHHaBIIIH8 llX n.OCeJIeHllH,npenpaTHFlillneCH B YRpenJIeHHbIB ropona. TnK ITO AynalO E0311RKJIH CHHrlIi\ynYM (BeJIrpaA), BUMHHall,HY1l1 (ROCTOJIaId, BOHOHHJl (BnAHH), AypocTpopYM (CHJmCTpa, )J,plIcrpa), HOllO (CBlIUlTOn) II AP., a no BHyTpeHHHX paaoaax=Monraaa (MHXallJIOBfpa)J,), A6pIITYC (Paarpan) B np. I'opona B MaKen;OHHH, cymeoraonannrao c IV B. Jl,O n, 8., nepeHHIBUJIll, HanpOTHD, ynauox. Coxpaannact, JIllIIIh ~IaCTh IIX (<DHmmrrn, CToon, <DeccaJIO-

22

1111 hll - nO-CJIaBJIHCl\U COJIYUb, cospesreausni ropon CaJIOHlIKII). IIJj'''i\a <PpaKIIU TaKJI\8 cna-rana H8 nOJIY'la.TIU npau pHMCl{OrO rpazs(jIIJl'TlJa II HaXOp;IIJIlICb Il 60JIbIIIOii 3aBIICIIMOCTII OT PUMCKUX nauet'llll1IWB, IWK II B I'peIJ;HH, OmHBJIelJH8 HaCTYUUJIO TOJIbIW n nauaae II II., xorrra, nonytran npasa ropO)J;OB, IIO)J;IHIJIUCb KaK pafioananem'lI'l'1iIIC nerrrpsr crapsre WpaKI.dicltH8 IIOCeJI8HHH CepP;IIIW (Cponen, ~ :",IIIIH), Bepoe (Aarycra Tpaana, Crapa-Baropa), IIaYTaJIIIH ( IIIOCT8HAHJI). Hx P;OJIIliHOCTIIhle JIIUJ;a (nypnansr) no crapoa aIIT:U'I!loil Tpa)1,Un;HII cIICnOJIlIH.~III cnOII OOJIaaHHOCTII 6C3B03M83):(HO.

J ~ Ul\mepaTopCKUX canrycax (UMeHHHX) BO (,I)paKl1H ocofienao III10I\1!8ra.'1H ItOH8nOp;CTBo If ounenoncmo. BJIaCrH II00III:PHJIU aaus'If41 IlHHOrpap;apCTBOM. AI{TUBHO nenacs p;o6bFIa M8)1,11, !B8JI8Sa, ao- 111'1'01, cepetipa.. PYP;HlUUI 6hlJII1 COOCTBeIIHOCTbIO rocynapcrsa. 3p;eCh 11111(101\0 HCIIOJIb30BaJICH IpYA pa60B. BOJIee rpern 0pY{I\ei'lHoro IIpO- 11.\11I1!~CTila HMuepmi cocpej.\O'lO'lHnaJlOCb BO <DpaKHH.B 170-230-e ,'0,11,[ OaJIK3HCKUe rrponIIIIIIHH rrepenmHami paCIJ;nCT, BamHbIMH TOpIHI!!.IMII Marlic-rpaJIHMll CTaJIIi npoaenenmae pllM.lHmaMU crparern'11'(,.lme ,r(oporli. I1x 06CJIymllBaJIH ,r(opmKlIble CTaHIJ;1l1l co CMeHBbIMlI Jllllllap;bMII II IIOCrOJIJIhIMII nnopaan. I'oponcxae peMCCJIeHIIIIKH 6b1JIH II/HllilIcam,J I{ ROJIJIerHHM - 06'bep;nHeHIIHM MeJIRUX nponaaozrareJll'ii, cnaaannsrx 06H3aTe.TIbCTBaMII nepen WllCKOM, IIpoH3Bop;HTeJlH 1\~1J\(','Jldi ObIJIH II IlX rrpO,r(aBIJ;aMH: JIanKa COBMe~aJIaCb C MaCTepl'I(lJii, ,OCHOBHLIM Cpe!l:CTBOM 06paIll,eHIIH na psnnce CTaJIa plIMCKaH MOlieTa (COJIU,ct.).

I] peMH pIIMCKoro rocnoncrna 03HaMeHOBaJIOCb peIIIllTeJIbHbIM H3- 1IIIIIlaUUeM OCTaTIWn IIepno6bITIIO06rn.UHHoro CTpOH II. YTBepm~eHHeM IInfi()B.lai~eJlblI8CI{HX OTHOIIIeHllii, ocofiermo B Meana, XOTH AO rrpa\11/111 PUMJIHH B COll,naJIblIO-,HWHOMIPleCROM OTHomeHUII OHa 6blJIa ~WIII'C paasnra, ~IBM U>paRUH, Ho D l~eJIOM game n Me3uH pafion III,IJIO MeHbIIIe, 'IeM B nepenonsrx PHMCKIIX nponannanx, Onaaxo, I'I~JI U B MeaHH pafionaaneane eIII:e pa3BHBaJJOCb no nOCxOl~HIII:eM, B caPowii MeTpOlIOJIHH II 60:l8e pa3BUTbIX lIpOBnHI~lHIX: OHO y,I\e IIpHXO)IIIJIO B ynanox. OCilOIlHYIO xracoy 3eMJIeJ~e.'IhIIeB Meaza COCranJIHJIH l'cllooop;Hhle xpecn.aae ~ HaJIOrOlIJJaTe.TILII~Hlm I,a3UhI; OIIU IIOp,JICmaJill 'raKme peKpYTCKIIl\f nafiopan. cl'i'pn3Hc pa60BJIai~eHIIH aaxaa THJl Mo:nno B cepenane III E., II ero HacTynJICHHe 6hIJIO ycxopeao Irl'OpmeHHeM «aapnapon». ~~CH,'JI1JfC.lI orIIYCR patios aa nOJIIOj eXOAHbIe upuueccra rrpOHCXOAUJIH II no <PpaKuII. C 212 r. no 3AllKTY m.mepaI'opa KapaKaJJJII>I Bee IIOJ':J\3IIHhW lfMrrepHH (HpOMO patina) 06peJIll upuuu pasrcxoro rpaumnrrcrna. Mopa ara npeCJIC!IOHaJIa npexme see- 10 ~IH:lcRaJIhIIbre qeJIH: 1I0BIHlIlOC'I'U Tl,lJ1C)1 I\a3HOH pacnpoorpananacs HTIlJ.llIe aa nee nacenenne l-IMIICPllH, C cepennusr III B, IIO'I1'H ,D,Ba I'I'WIOTHH Pmrcaaa UMIICPHfI BOJIa TJlmeJIhle BonuM c r01'aMII. KpOl\o18 10'1'1111, B nMnepHIO BTOpra.lIHCb 6yprYH)l,hI, KaJlIIbI, repynsr, 6acTap- 111>1, lICBRll, TanwaJIbI, rynmr n ztp, B 270-272 rr. pIIII1JIJUre OblJIII UI,IIIYiKIWHbl OCTanUTb aanynaacnae BJIaACIUlH n .namiB. BaJlRaHbI ',hllaaJInCb apeaoir OOpr:.OhI, aa ROTOPOH peuraaacs CYAbOhl uMIIepnH. Ih."IIHO eIDAa BIll-IV BB. OhIJI HarrpaBJICH rJIaBHbIH ynap (mapIInpOII»~

23

fT~ppnToplIa II. ceuopy OT BammHCKfJfO xpefira (re~m) pacnanaJIaCb B III-IV BIl. B ClTHOh:YJlbTypHOM OTHOIIIemUI na ABe 30Hbl: 66JlhIIIUiI "IaCTh BHYTpeHHIIx panonos ObIJJa nUlHOCThIO PO"WHll3IIPOnana. Ha "lJepHollIOpClimI ITOOep8i),h8, B 30Il8 rpOTlCCli:HX roponoa C lIX 9JI:1HHIl311POB1HlHDll OJipyroH, ~()M:lHHipm~allH rpe'-mcKHt'I. RahlE. 11: rpe,,[8CRH8 It:yJlhTypHble TpaIJ,HI\lllI. J1UIIIh K08-rAe B nepesrrax Me3IIll B IV B. cOXpaHHJIUCh cppalmiicRIIO ObIT 1I HyJlbTypa, ocofienno 1Ia I'exe.l

.r J ,.. ,_.

c C yrJlY0.JOH1I8M ynanaa paOOBJlaAeJJh'IeCKOrO crpos BCe 6o;rree 06-

Hapynnm8,'IOCb aIWlIOllIIfTreCIW8 npeODJIa)J,aHH8 BOCTO'lllbIX npoBllHIIHi:L B 330 r. IBIIlepaTOp }{OHCTaHTIIH I BemIKIIH nepenec cronnny 1I3 Puna B BU3aHTuii (OH CTaJI Ha3bIBaTLCH }{OHCTaHTIIHOIIOJl8M), 01'CTpOlIfI ero C Heo6LI'HtiiHOII OhICTPOTOii H Be.lIIHmJI8IIIIe:M:. B 395 1'. npoasomen ocpnIIHaJIbHhIii pasnen IIMrrepHII na Bananayio H BOCTO'IHYIO. C rex nop pa3BITTHe 6YA"yru;I1X 60JlrapClnfX TCPPHTopu¥r COBepiuanocr, B paxxax BOCTO'lHOPHMCIWII (BHsaHTHHClwii) lUtmepnH.

'HOReII I V -VI Bel, OTllle'ICHhI YCIIJreH1l8M xpaaaca. PaOOB BCl' Tfaru;c nap,CJUlJlII Y'IaCTKOM, nponpamaa n MeJIKIIX 3amICIlMhIX 38MJle)l.e.Tl~I\eB. c OHH rrOCTerrCHHO CJIIlBaJIHCb C KOJIOHaMll, 60JlJ,mllHCTBO KOTOPhIX B IV - V BB. 5hI.TIO npnxperrneno Ii: 3e;\fJle. nOJlOHhI aecrrrr rroBHrrHOCTlI II B IlOJlh3Y rocnon II B IIO.TIL3Y cpIIcKa. CnOOOAHQC otinnnnros KpecThHHcTBO, 3aAaBJICHROe THlI,CJlhIMH aarypam.nsnra naaorana II oTpa6oTKaMII, pa30pHJIOCb. Ero BOHIICKaH IIOBIIHHOCTb 3a!IICIUIJlaCb usmaaroii neuer: aa :;)TIl cpencrna rocYAapCTBO COACPma;so HaeMHbI8 BOHCKa II «1jJ8P,epaTOB» - YKOMnneKTonaUUble II3 «aapuapoer OTPHAbI, paasremerrnsre na Banxanax.

I'ner rocynapcrsa YCIIJIJiI.lIClI 11 B roponax, q.rreHhI peMCCJleRHOTOproDbIX KOJIJI8rnH 6hlJIH npIIKpeIIJIeUhl K caoexry P8MCCJIY n 1)6ll- 3alIbI BROCHTb RaJIorU 11: 'IoprOBbIe nouranasr. B YCJlOBIIHX YfJlYOJleHIIH RpU3IIca aHTII'IHOrO rrOJIIICa (y pHMJIIIH - MYHlII\HIJlm) ropoataae, TfJIellhl roponcxoii 06~HHhI, TepmIII CDOH YTIaCTKII B npnnaaneararn;eii ropony CeJlhCKOll oxpyre: JIX 3aXBaThIBa.lIlI HPYUHbl8 3e!>meBJlanem.nsr, rOCY;rI,apCTBO npnnpeIIIIJIO RypHaJlOB (yrrpasnreaea ropOAOB, OTB8'laBIlll'IX H 3a nx cBa6menne) K fiX Il,OJUKHOC'l'RM; OTBeTCTBeRHble sa coop HaJIOl'OB II COIl,epmaHIIB 06ru;eCTJlBnHhIX 3J\8HIIH, He rronynaumHO n.:JUTI,I aa ;rr.OJIlliHOCTb KypnaJIbl pa30pHJIIICb.

\"xY;~UIeHHe 3KOHOl\IIPIBCHOll: KOH1,JOlIKTYPhI, pasoperrae CBo60AHoro KpeCTbHHCTBa, POCT HaJIOrOB, HamCCTJUIH «napaapon», numrrn'IeCI<an necTa6IIJlbHOCTb, rrpOII3BOJI 'll1JIOBHlI'lflCTl.Ia - Bce »TO 060CTPH.TIO COI(lIa.TIbBble npOTHBOpC'IlIII; MB0jHeCTlW JIIoJ(eii: OhIJIO .ratnerro JIMYIlJ;8CTBa II oxara. BCIIhIXJIB8JnI BOCCTaHIH[ pafion R nWIQHon. B 364 r. yrnercnnoe JIaCeJleHIIB <DpaRIIH rrpIIRJIJlO ysacme H JlOCCTaHIIII Ilpoxormn, a B 378 r.- B M.IITeme roron-rpaneparon, He BLInecnrrrx npOH3BOJIa BJI8.CTei1. B 6HTBe C BOCCT8.BIDUlUH nOI'n6 lIllUIepaTOp BamlllT. 1J1npIlJlOCb ABHiI{eHnB CRaMapOB «<pu350HmUWB}), pa- 30PUIlI1I1IXCfl CJl060;~nhIX, 6erJlhIX ROJlOHOn II paOOB •

. }{PyrrHhle IWJlHCHII.II rrpOJICXO)'J)fJIH IIa rr01IBe peJllIrl103H1:'Ixpa3HO~ r.'H1CIIii, IIOHIIHJlHCb MHOrOTIHCJf8HHhIe 60rOC.lIOBClme epecn. XPU:CTHaUCTBO pacnpocrpananocs na Eameauax C RaTI8.JI8. Hameii: apsr, no

24

fil,I.'IO rOHlIII10H penaraeil. KOHcTaHTHH I npexparan rOHeHHH n: cax IIPlllJHJI XPlICTFIaHCTBO nepen CMepThIO. Vme npn HeM xpncrnaucxaa 1\I'jlIWBb CTaJIa npIIBIIJIernpOBaHHOfI opraanaauaea. EmICROilbI IlpIIofil'UJIll orpoxnoe nnnanae B roponax. IIPII npeemnrsax KOHCTaHTlma ~ /lIlCTII8HCTBO crano oqnrI{lwm,Hofr peJIHrneir: rrpeCJIe;n;OnaHlIHlII rrot{ilnpl'aJIIICh nee, He pas;n;e.'UIBIIIHe oqllIu;naJIbHYIO ;n;OKTpl'IHy. fB VI B. lIoGe;'\uJIo OpTO;n;OKCaJlbHOe narrpaBJI8HH8 (npaeocaaaae) , normepara- 1IIII'1'.10e BiIaCTHMH. .HabI'leCKHe, B TOM lIHCJI8 ¢paKHHCK1I8 1I rpeue- 1'1(110, KYJIhTbI cypono npecxenosanacs.

HameCTBIHr «napsapom TeM BpeM8HeM nnpacraan.. Oco6emfO OllycTOilllITeJILHhlM ObIJIO OIWJIO cepenansr V B. nananenae rylIHOB. M uoaeecrno cen II roponoa OI:oIJIll CMeT8HI:oI' C aana a8}'IJIH, COTHn TbI(',II'! JIIO.n:eii: y6IITbI 1IJIB ynenensr B pa6CTBO. Harieru t-yrraon, rOTOB, IIPIJ'fo60JIrapn013TOpUJlI1Cb KaI-KJ\bIe nUTb-IlIeC'Ib" JIeT, nopoii emerop',IHI_ «Bapnapsr» .n:OXO~VlJIli no CTeH CTOJIHIJ;hI. 10CTlIHIIarr I (:"527- ~I(;;'), ormpaacr, aa pocypcsr BOCTOlIHbTX rrp 0 mnrn:nii , npncTyIIIUI Ii IIIIlHT\II:03HOM nporpasore yxpenneaaa rpannn. B.n:oJIF. AYHaH OhlJIa OTcrpoena 11:3 HeCKOJIhRHX COT xpenooreir MOII'\HaH JIlIHIIH 060POHbl, IIIHmOC'1'll BO MHOIKeC'1'Be 6UJIl{ B03Be)J,ElHhl Z EO BRyT-peHHllX -pai'ionux. : ITo crpOIITe;'IbCTBO R rrpOp;OJImIITeJILHhle BOlmbI IOcTYlIIJIana C I~eJlhIO U'I'1l0eBaHUf{ l1TaJIllU y OCTrOTOB, ACPPIIKH Y Banp;aJIOB, a 'I'afO-f,e (,opJ.6a C Ilepcaeir aa JIa3IIKY (na KaBKa3e) H ApMeulIIO TUiHKIIM I'ipl'MeneM JIerJIH aa rrJIelJ:II napona. Ho HaTHCK «aapsapons ObIJI Hey!\tlpmlIM .. Cpenn HIIX yme B HR'IaJIe npasnenan IOCT1IBHal1a nee IIOJI suryto onacaocrr, CTamI npe.n:CTaBJIHTh Jl.JlH lIMIIeplI1I CJIaBHue._

I'ocnoncrao PlIMJIl'[H, yrnepzsnenae XpIIC'I'HaHCTBa II HameCTBHH ~ 1111 puapom OOYCJIOBIIJIII xopenasre rrepeuema B 9THOKYJIhTypROi!: lllll:1II1I Ba.rxaa. J

B I-IV BB. aa BaJIKaHaX yrnepaoranacs pIIMcKaH J-iYJIhTypa, uu x BaTHBrnaH npezsne ncero ropona. JIa Thlllh CTaJIa mIlllu;naJIbHbIM I\:lMI'OM. B roponax aa ~oPYtIaX (WIHTpaJIhHhlX rU1ow;aiU1x) B03)J;BlIl'UJmer. 06II'\eCTBeHlIhle 3;n;aHIIH: On6JlHOTeKU, TepMhI (6aHlI), 'reaTpbI, ~nlllllIOHbI, xpaxrsr. 3p;aHllu yxpatnanaer, CTaTYJlMlf ooroB II mmepa'I'0IWlJ, 6ape.!lbepaIlIH, n:lleTIfhlllHf M03aHR811HI, IWJIOHHa.n:aMH, ,n;eRopa'l'IIIlIIOH POCIlfICLIO. Ilposorurnacr, BOHorrpOBOI-l: II KaHamI3aI\IIH, MOCTlI,1111(:], ymIU;hI II Aoporli. C YTBepm.n:eHlIeM xplICTlIaHCTBa nearpansnoe M~I(~TO B apxnrexrype ropona aaaana I~epROBb-Oa3IIJII1Ra.

II a fiepery qepnoro MOPH, B IOiHHOM Maxeztorraa 1I BO !DpaKHII 1'0' paHffJIOCb rpexccxoe H J.1I,1JJIHHaOB8rmoe rracenerme C OTO Ky,TJbTyp- 111.1 M II oco6eHHocTHMII. Tpa)J;III\IIH cPp aImHc Iwii Ky.rrhTyphI ynepxrana- 11111'1. B OC-HOBHOM B CeJILCIwi-i MOCTIlOCTIT J\ tory OT BaJIKaH, ocofien- 1111 II ropusrx paiionax (n Pononax, no Te'leHIIIO CTPYUU). Ho II U'I'II rpammaa II3MeHfJJlHCh I!O.n: lW3;:r.ellcTBlieM KyJIbTyphI rpexon 1I • 1111 I'BapCKHX)} ruresreu, OCw\aBllIUX na BaiIJ\ClHax. OrpoMIIbIU HIIBe'III py 10II'\lIM <paKToPOM B c¢epe KyJIbTyphI 6hIJIO xpacrnaacrno, crna!II II BaUIIIee 8THll'IeCKIIC OT.'IHlIIIlI, R na lIaJIY C.'IaBHHCI\UX BTOP}[WHlUi 4llpu 1\I1Ho;hI He COXpamJJIlICr. 8THlItJ:eCK!I KaR OC06hIH napon, Ilponecc ,"'II HOB.:IeHHf[ <ppaKHllcKOli naponnoc'nc B CUJIY BHemHenOJiliTIl'leCKllX V4'"IIIlBlLii (MaKei"\OHCROe II paxcxoe aaB08BaHlIH) He ,n:OCTlIr rrOJIHOrO

25

easepnrenaa. B Me3IIII B BOJIRaX nOCeJHlHn:eB-«BapBapOB» paCTnOpIIJIHCh ne rOJIhKO tPpaKllun:1I, no 11 pOMaHII311ponaHHhIe iRllreJIll, llMeBmile paamro 8THIPleCKlle IWpHII.

CJIOiHHee 06CTOlIT .n:eJIO C <p pamriicmu,r I{YJILTypHI.IM aacaenaesr. ::hreMeHThl ¢paRuii:CIwii: KYJIhryphI, YCBoeHHhIe KaK rpeuaxa, rax II «napaapana» cauoro paanoro arnn-tecxoro npOIICX01J\p;eHIIH, a ~IOmer OhITh, II coxpaaenaste J3 JIOIle xpucrnanoaon pcnaraa ocrarxaxa C06CT}JeHIfO tPpaKHiicKOTO lIaC8JI8nHn, npoc.:ronnIBaIDTCH BO MHOTHX c¢cpax CJIOmIlllmoiicH 3J(eCh II031~HCC oomapCKOII KYJIhTypbI. 3TH aJIeMClIThI OrpaaIIJIIlCh B KOJIOpnTC napomrsrx rrpaanaecrs (KpaCOlJ:HI>lC, B MacKapap;Hhrx onemmax, xyxepcrrae nrpsr, necrnaapcmo eHCKyCCTBO XOlI,JJ;eHlllI 60CHKOM lID paCKa.1JeHHhIM YrJIfIM) , B ocofienHOCTnx naponncii OP;ClI\JI,bl, B YH.pamCrnIHX, B 06hl'laax, CBfI3aUHhIX co cMeRoii: npenen rona, B MY3hIKe. Ha xpacraancnae J,YJIhThl «CBHThlX),-BOIIHOB (CB. ,n;HMllTpnH Ii CB. I'eoprna ) 6hlJIlI nepenecema 'IepTbI H3hl'IeCKoro KyJIhTa tPpaKHllCKoro xomraxa. COXpaRIIJICfI PJI;n; TorrORllMOB, neponanasrx OT <ppmmHII.CB.

PeJIIIKThl (ppaKnii:cKoii I\llBHJIH3aI~HlI B c.lIaBftHO-6oJIrapCROH

aym.rypo orcrynaror, onnarro, na nropoii IIJraH cpaBHHTeJIhRO C B03- ]l,eil:cTBHcM rpelw-pIIMCKoii: II.H}lHJIII3aII.IHI, a C IV n, BOCTO'IHOXpnCTHaRCKoil (naaanrmicson}, B paxxax xoropon B Te~IeHHe JIOJIYTbI-CH'IeJIeTliH no 3aCCJIeHHH IIOJIyocTpoBa CJIaJlHHaM paaaaaanacs II BlIp;OH3MeHJIJIaCh caxa t}>paKnii:cKafI KyJIhTypa.

I'saea II··

CJIABHHE II ITPOTOBOJIr APbI )1;0 BCTPE"llII B IIO)1;YHABbE

BEJIIUtOE IIEPEGEJIEHI1E HAPO)_J;OB, CJ1ABffHE

11 BOCTOlJHOPI1MCKAJI MMIIEPI1JI

(:oupeMeHHalI HaYKa cxaraer CJIaBHlI o,qHOH aa BeTBeH aanoenponeaI\!'B, oifJoplIIIIBmeHCH B I ThlC. no H. 3. na TeppHTopHH OT cperraero )llJl'rrpa no OP;Phl (Onepa), IIoJIaraIOT, 'ITO paaee ncero CJIaBHHe Ha- 4~I':lJUH peraoa Mellip:y Jlafiori (8JIbOOll) II Onpoii. GaMbII\{ nepnsnr l'IIII,'WTeJIbCTBOM 0 CJIaBHHaX (non 1I1\{8n8M «neaenoa») npnaaaicr COUOIIl;8HlIe IIJIIIHIIH Crapnrero OT I B. H. a, 0 senenax B KOH~e TOro IIUJla naurer II PHMCKIIH IICTOPIIR Ta~HT, npoTIlBonOCTaBJIHIOID;lIH BX HO'IOBHlIKaM II YKa3bIBarom;IIIr oOJIee 06IllIIpHhlll apean aI\TIIBHOCTlI 4~JlarHnL

rOTCKIIii HCTOPIIK Hopnan (cepeznma VI E.) coofiman, 'ITO B ero IlpellI.fI C'-laBHH Ha3bIBamI He TOJIbRO (m8He.n:aMII)}, no 1I (!CRJIaneHaMII» (II rpe-recxox npOH3IIOIII8HlIH «(CKJIaBlInaMIIf» H «aIITaMID>. )7me B '/Ox ronax IV B" KaR IIIIIIIeT OH, B BOCTO'IHOll Espone cyntecrnoIIIUI BoeHHO-IIOJIIITH'leCKHI'r COI03 aHTOB (no npOHCXo/Hp;eHHIO 3TO ItPUHCKIIH 3THHKOH, KOTOPblii cocena nepeHeCJIII na CJIaBHH, 3aHHBIIIIIX 'I'l'PPUTOPIIII «ClmifJoB» - IIpaHCRBX TIJIeMeH). «Croraneuu» naCeJI.fIJIII 'I'nl':~a 3eMJIlI OT Cpe):(Hero DOIl,YlIaBb.fl aa aanane II OT BIICJIhl na ce- 11411'8 P;O )_J;H8CTpa aa BOCTORO, a aHThl npOJlUmaJIH Memp;y )_J;H8CTPOM II I~HeTIpOM. Haase rOBOpJl, nepeC8JIeHII8 CJIaB.fIH CTaHOBIIJIOCb see 410.'100 llHTeHCIIBHbIM.

TpYP;HO COMlIeBaTbC.fI B TOM, 'ITO yme B nepDI.IO CTOJIeTHH namea ',111['[ CJIaB.fIHe lIaXOIl,IIJIUCb B IWHTaKTe C PHMCROll IIMlrepH8H: 06 ,''I'IIM cnIIp;eTeJIbCTBYIOT RJIall,hl PHMCKIIX cepefipaasrx MOHeT Toro lIJ14'MeHll E pa3HLIX ROHlJ,ax CJraBHHCKoro MHpa, Il,JIIIT8JILH08 coxpaneml(' B CJTaBHHCKOM snoce IIMeHIl pIIMCRoro nsrneparopa Tpaaaa, saIIOPII::tTO;UI AaKHn (B na-rane II B. H. 3.), 3HaROMCTBO CJIaB.fIH C rpa(111(lIHMll nonoro H3I.I'I8CRoro plIMCKoro rrpaarmaxa KaJI8np;(nO/l: '1II.IIWHHeM KO.T[e~a), rrponmcnoaeuae R CJIanHHaM PUMCKOH Mephl ,'1.11 I Y'IlIX ren - KBap;paI-ITUJIa (<<'lCTBOpmW»). XOTII JI cnopar 0 CTe'1111111 npeeMCTB8HHOCTlI Momny srarepaanr.noii HYJIhTypOH CJIaBHH H 'III> IHI3I.IBaeMOlr qepIHlxoBCIWii l\ym'Typoii, caua STa npeeac-nsenHIII'TI. nplI3Ha8TCH HCCOMIWllIIOll. llOJIH3THII'IeCRaH lJepHHxoBCRaa uy.u.rypa OXBaTbIBa:la nurporcaii pernon B CeBepHOM Ilpasepaouopse II'" (l4'PXOBIIii: Ileana H lllT30lmii: )_J;U8npa AO nepxoaajr Cepora II YCTI,J{ «111'1'<1 (cesepaoro npnrona AYHaH), T. 8. OOHIlMaJIa Cpennee H HaxcW'., I Innnenponr,e, nee IIop;HeCTpOBb8 II 3Ha'IllTe.T(I.HylO qaCTb xapnarqll)l'l) apeana II HIIJlUleJl,YHaiicRoro JIeBo6epCllibH. CJIOfRHJIaCb <ITa llitll'l)[Wpa3BHTaH R)'JIbTypa BO II - IV na, non CHJIbHhlM Bos.n:ellCTBH"14 PUMCROH B ee TIpOBIIH~lIaJIbHOM napaaare, 3anagHhlii apeaa LIep-

27

28

HRxonCIWll Kym.TypLI He MeHee 100 JIeT COBrrap,3JI C BOCTO'lHhIMlI aeMJIRMH PHMCIWll nponaanaa )1.aRlllI. CJ1Cp;OBaTCJILHO, B milDpMlIemm 9TOll Kym,Typhl Y'IaCTBOH3J1II II pOMaHH30BaHHhlc <ppaKHllclme n:reMCaa ,1J;aIWB. B llPC1(eJIaX 1.IepHRxoBClwii BLIjIBnCHa sona 3apy6IlIlell,KOil KyJIbTYPhl II - III BB., 3aHH~IaBIJ1alI pajionsr MClHAY J(HCCTPOM, ,lJ,ncrrpm,1 II Eyrou. ,nJIJI nee xapanrepna npanaa CBlIHb co C.'13 IllIRCKOll RYJILTypoii VI-VI II BB.

[r.TI3BHbIJ.llI 33HHTlIHMH CJIaTIlIH B VI-VI I nn. OLWII 3CM.1Ie):IC.'lHC II CKOTOBO)J,CTBO. 1I\CJIC3HLIC COlliHUKII 1I ceprnr Haiip;CHLI B caMhlX pa3HLIX }WHJWX cnanaucxoro ~mpa. CcmUI IIlUCHJlll,Y, 1PIJlleHL, npoco, onec, poacr., nsrpannraann OBOIIJ,H. B Ra'ICCTBC THrJIOBOro mllBOTnoro lICIlO.TIb30n3JIH rnanasra 06pa30M JTOmai\L, nnOCJlCil,CTBlUI aa rore 6hIKa (Bona). Paanonmrn TaKjRC ROpOB, CBRHCiI, oneu, ROJ, Il,OMaII1- BIOlO lITllIJ;Y. Pa:mlfBaJIUCL II pCMCCJla: lIOMRMO 'ICPHOM MeTa .. tnyprna (go6hl'I3 iRCJIe33 ChlpO/l:YTHhlM cnOCOOOM) II KY3HC'IHoro nena, 6hlJUl H3BCCTIIhI TI,a'ICCTBO, nepenoofipaficrna, IwnwnCHHoe P;CJlO, ron-rapnoe rrpmI3BO;rl:CTBO (TaR Ha3D1BaCMafl JICnHalI lICpaMIIRa, cnenaanan OT PYRlI). BOJIee OhlCTPhlMH TCMnaMl1 paauanarracr, CJIUBlIHCKne nJICMeaa, KOTOPhlC 6Ll.TUI TCCHce CBfl3aHhI C lI03,1J;IIeaBTll'IHhlM MUpOl!: (rpe'ICCKllMll rrpIl'ICprrOMopcIUIMII roponaurr, PIIMCHI:IMH rrpOBIIHll,llJJMIl B IIoP;YHaBLe). tPOPMhI lHH3Hll n 6hlTa CJIaBlIH B CCBepHLIX 11 ceaepoBOCTO'IHhIX pernonax OTJIII'Ia.'IUCh 60JlLIDeii: apxaaxuocrr.to: xorrta HR lOrc Y C.1JanflH rOCrrOfl:CTBOBaJIO namennoe 3eMJICp;CJIHC, na CeBCpE) eute rrpaKTlmona,:ulcL nOp,CEJKa :II nepeaor.:

Haafionee Ha;rl:emHLIlIflI apXeOJIOrII~Ie'c\mMlI '. rrpaananaun C.:JaBJIIIcxoro arnoca C'IHTalOT rrpHMoyrOJILHylO B nnane nOJIY38MJIflHKY c nellKoll-KaMeHKolI B Ofl:HOM H3 YI'JIOB, JICnHYIO KcpaMIIKY npaa.csoneasnoncxoro TJIIJa II B OC06ClIIIOCTIl norpetiam.aun oOPlIA, 3RRJIlO'I3IOIIlUll:ClI )3 rpyrrocoxoxenaa C aaxoponeanea OCTaHKOB B cocynax JIJlII flMax. 'IIpeiJ:TIO'HlTaJIII CJialHIHC COJlIITLCH B JIeCOCTelIHo.i:i BCHO, 06hIllHO y BOgOCMOB (pert, pY'ILeB, 60JIOT, 03Cp). Ceaa pacnonaranacil'H(3):l,3l\1ll, ,KlllIilliW - mr60 pH;:I,al\Ul (ym>111,3MH), JIllOO T3Rme rneap;aMII. B03l\IOlHJW, rUB3p;oBOC pacnonomcnae }mIJlUll~ YKa3LIBaeT na pacrran OO;rJJIIIoII cexn,a: npeoteranana yrne M anan ceMhH, HO oml3- Rile pO/l,IIIJlI eIIJ,e 6blJlII csaaamr 06Ill,llllII:l X03HiicTBCIIHhlMll nurepecaMIl II RJIall,CJlII COIlMCCTHO OCIIOBHhIMII cpencrsaaa llP01I3B0i1.CTB8:. B VI - VII BB. conepnrancn, EHJ~RMO, rrepexort OT pononon n repplITOpnaJILHOH (3eMJIe/l:8Jlb"lIeCIWll) 06m;UHe •

. I

Cnanane Bepnm[ B sarpofinyro ntlI3Hb. IIo;:JToMY c.TIY'Ia.l0cb TaJ{,

'ITO nocne I;:QIIl]llHhI My/na nnona )J,05POBOJlbHO mna aa cneprs II cynpyron XOpOIIllJllI RMeCTe. CJIaB.f[U9 onyxornopnna CIIJlhl npnponsr. noB"JIOH.f]"JIHCb HCTOTfHIIRaM II pornasc. Ho OLlJI y CJJaBlIH II IJ,e:lbI1r nanTeOH naamciiulIIx 50 ron, fJlaBHhIMH If3 KOTOpbIX HBJlH.1l1CL Ilepyn, 60r-rpOMOBepmCll" rnopen MOJIHHii:; Bexec-Bonoc - oor 60raTCTB8:, CROTOllOiJ,CTBa, IIJIO_rr:OBIlTOCTU, lJ:am60r - 60r CBeTa H eOJIHIl3, MaKOiliL - 60rIIHfl II 30 OIlJIIIlI, Jlana - IIORpOflIITe:rbHlIIJ,a ~I06BlI 11 fipaxa H np.

tIIepeCeJICHIIfl CJl3BflH rrpCllCTaBnHJIII nocaennnn aran TaR naasrnaeuoro B&JIIIKOrO llCpeCeJIeHIIlI HapO):\OB, BhI:maHHoro npOIlCI.;CO:lt1

IIII,VTpeHHero COn;HaJILHO-3IWHOMI111eCIWro pa3BIITHH: nepexon K npolfaBo)\Hrn;eMY x03JIilcTBY (3eMJISp;eJIIIIO II CIWTOBOP;CTBY) OfiYCJIOBIIJI 1II10()X01VIMOCTh n 3aRperrJIeHHH aa IWjHAhIM POp;O-IIJIeMeHHhlM ofi'hep;lIIlI'lHlOM onpenerrenaoro llilI3HClIIloro rrpOCTpaUCTBa, HO B TO me BpOMil _. B ClIJIy :UWTenCHBHOC'I1I nepnoaa-ransusrx (rrpIiMIITlIBHhlX) IIW[lM 3eIlIJIe,r(OJIHJI II pOCTa HaCeJIOHMjJ =norpefiona,« pacumpenna HyJII.TIiBHpyellIhlx 3ellIeJIL H nOlICKa BanGo.lIee 6JIarOrrpIIJITHhlX .n;JIJI 11(1)(()HIIJI X03I1UCTEa TOPPHTOpHH. Coxeranae aeMJIOAeJU1J1 CO CROTOBOP;- 1''1'110111 H BLlBeJIO MHOfHe CJIaBHIICKue IIJIeMeHa B J1eCI)CTeIlHyIO 30HY, j I V -VI Ell. cpena «napnapont 6l>IJIO lIIHpOlW pacnpocrpaneao npen-' C'I'ill!.1fOHHe, 'ITO HUH60JIee lIJIO)l,OPO,I\IIbIe 3eMJIH HaxO)J,JITCH E PHMCfWii:

II MllHpIIII, K nepeCeJI8HlUIM IIo5y:m:.n;aJIO TaIOI,e rOCIIo,r';CTBO y CJI(lBJIH It V-VI BB. CTPOH noenaok .n;eMoKpaTHH. Bojina C ~eJIbIO aaxnara Ill)or.Jlll1 CTUJIa na AJIHTeJIbHhlll rrepaon eCTeCTBeUHblllI COCTOHHHeM qr;I!(CCTBa. «Bapnapsr», B TOM lJIICJIC II CJIaDRnO, 6hlJJH XOpOIllO ocneWMJIOUhl 0 TOM, 'ITO ne TOJIbKO IIJIOP;OPO)J,IIbIe no-mer, lIO H naHOOJIee I iururan nQOhllJa MOi!,eT 6hlTb HanHeHa Il roponax H cenax lomepHH. j (o:JTOMY' lIOCTCIIeRIIO 0503HaqaJIOCb OClIQBROe aarrpaazeane cnananfli[1X rrepcceneuHii B V-VII BB.- K rpamrnaa, a 3aTeM II B npene"11.1 BOCT01IHOPHMCKOM HMlIepHH (BH3aIITIIH).

1303 MO iIUIO , CJIaBHIIO IIOHBIIJIHCI, B Ilonynasse necrera pano.: Hann uyne caxrorc rYIIIICIwro nallICCTBIiH, a MOil>eT 6r.ITb, lJaCTb IIX Ilr.IJra YBJIelJeHa CIOp;a npa IIPOP;BIUHOHlllI rYHHOB H3 BOCTOlJHOii B 3aIIU)\lIyro Espony. B anoxy ATTHJIbI (YM. B 453 r.) B ilaHHoHHH 6WI uuuccren HaIIHTOK non Ba3BaHlIeM ({Meg», rrOMBHKH no yxepnrexy o(,o:maTlaJIHCb CJlaBRIICI{HM H3HMenOHaUlIeM «crpana» . Bo BCJJIWM r,'r y-rae, cnanane 3aCeJIlIJIII IIaHHoHHlO II ulIlliuep:YHaiicRoe JIenooeIIn;IILe 1\ I\OH~Y V - HalJaJIY VI B., rne HX IIOCeJIOnHJJ OTCTOJlJllf na \IH~UIIOH nepcxon OT ,[(ynaH no npenropaii l{aprraT B.n;OJIb JIeBhlX trpnIllIwn peKII. 13 narrane VI B. ({CIOIaBHHhl}) 3aHIIMaJIlI npocrpaucrno "I' oacceiiHa IIpYTa II Cepera go Ilaaaoacxoa naaansr, a «aBTbD), IIr.IIlIO)J,llilIe na ioro-aanane K AyuaiicKoMY YCThIO, 5hlJIH HX BOCTOlJIII.I~IH COCOJ~HMI!: Memgy 518-527 1'1'. OhlJI ocymecraaen nepasrji nalilli' aHTOB IIa 3Cj\Om: mnrepaa,

CHCTGMaTlPIOCKHMlI IIOXO)J,hl CJIaBHH na nnanerma llMrrepHII CTaJIII I: nuuana npannerraa IOCTlUIHuIIa I (527-565). Ilermon lJaCTbro go(il,I'1 H .rrBJIRJIHCh nnenasre, IWTOPbIX JIIIOO noanparnana aa nsrayrr, JIn60 i Ifipm:n;a.l11 B patios. Pa6CTBO IJOCHJIO uarpuapxansmra xa paxrep:

IlI1(iLI 6bIJIH .n;OMallIIIlTMI1 cnyrasca, y'racTBOBaJIH BMeCTO c rOCIIo;n:llHOM II noennsrx noxonax, a 'Jope3 nexo'ropoe IIpOMH IJOJIY'laJIH CBOOO/\Y If ~1()rJlll OCTUTbCH B CJI8nHlICltllX noconenanx KaJt IIOJIHonpaBHhle lJJIeUI,[ 05rn;eCT1Ja. n ~CJIOM I1MynWC'l'llOIlUaH AI1¢¢epeHI~J:Ia~IlR BO BTO,,(Iii rrononuae VI B. OLIJlU 01[\0 ue3Ha'IHTeJIbIloii:, XOTH yillC IlOJlBlI'[OCI, npano coficmenaocru na l~BHmHMoe UllIyu~eCTDO, npoacxo.tano II!IIWIIJ18HWe 6oraTcTB, OC060lIIIO B cpene nonnaxaiomenca llJIeMeHHOll: fijHtcTOKpnHn, PYlwfiDl\Hllnreu Ha6eraMlI na HMrrepllIO.

Bce naafionee Bajf\HhlO BOIIPOChl jJ\1I3HH IIJIeMOHH fiJIH llJIeMeHIIO- 10 COI03a penraaacs na 06rn;eH CX()lme soopyaeennsrx Mym'IHn, HJIIlCTh Dom.n;JI eme ::m:mJ\llJIaCL na auroparere, XOTH yme THTOrCJIa

29

K npeapameaaro B HaCJIOJl,CTBCUHYIO.'I BU3'aHTllHCKHll: nacareas cepe,IlJl:HI>I VI n. ITPOKOUllll: l{ecapulICKIIll: rOBopHT 06 05ru:ecTBcHHOM crpoe caanaa KUK 0 «)J,8MORpanUI». CYIIJ,8CTneIIIII.Ie nepeueust nacTynffJIli K py5emy VI-VII BB. 05 051IJ,eCTBeHHoM YCTPOHC1'B8, BO~ HIICIWii: TaKTIIK8 II 6hlT8 CJTal1JIH Co06l:0;a8T nR3aHTIIllCI\llH rrOJIKOBO~ tl.8IJ" craarrraji asrrreparopox, MaBpllKfrii (582~602). B TO BpeMH yrrponnnacr, BJIaCTb BmKl~eH, nenoropsre U3 BIlX l103rJIallJUIJIH T8pPl1~ ropaansnsre nJIOM8HHbI8 06'he!1.lweHHH (IHI3aHTllHIJ,bI HM8HOnaJIII STIIX Bom,'l,eif «peRt::aMH» - Rnn3hJIMH).: B rrO,'l,'1IIIIDHHH peRCOB n&XO;l:HJIHCL HeCIWJIbI<O BOiK,n:eii: (apxonron) nJIOMen, npe!1.CTaBllT8JIII apacrospaTIIll, PO)J,lI'1lI, 3H3TIIbI8 JUOAH rtpaamuero nJI8M8IUI, JHPIHO npenannsre JIHn;a. IIO-BII)J,IIMOMY, C PJI}1,OBhIX 06Il(IIUHHKOB ym8 B3tICKIIBaJlUCh aaTypaJIbHbt8 notiopu, npennaanaaaauraecn na 05ru:eCTBeHIlhIC Hy/Kill>I (C031J:aHIle 061IJ,CCTB8HHbIX 3anaCOB, cpezrcrn na BblKyn mIeHHhlX, ira conepacanae mp8~I8CTBa II na mcprBonplIHomeHllR II T. 11.). 3TH cpencrna BC8 QaIIJ,8 yaypnnponana B CBOIO nOJIb3Y KaH3I. U ero OKpymeRIIe.

M3neCTHhl UM8Ha BO/KjI,eH «CKJIaBHIIOB» - MYCOKMJI, Apnaracra, Ilnporaora, nom)J,eii alITOB - ,lJ;o6peaTa, I{eJIaraCTa II I1p,apU31Hl. ABapCKIIii xaran (BepXOBJlI.IH rrpaaarem.) II BH3anTHii:n;hl aaaan, "ITO y CJIaBJlH na JIeBOM fiepery AYHaR 6bIJlO MIlorD rrpOlIOBOJIbCTBIIH II pasaoro poga 60nlTCTBR. BHSRHTHHcmm IIOJIHTHKH 11 lJ,nIIJIOMRTbI orracanncr, o6'LelIlIHeHlIff CJIaBJIH nOA BJIaCl'bI{) onnoro KHH3H II CTapanacs UOCCOplITb MX .APyr C i\pyrOM, npIIBJICI\aJl O;l:IUIX na cnOIO CTOPOHY II senn iKecToRyIO 60PLOY C ,n;pyruMII. B03YCJIOBHO, T8CHblO CEHBIl, MJIPHhle II BpaiI\;o:c6HbIe, CJIaBHH IIo,n;YHaBLJI C mmepaeii (BbICOIwpa3BHTI:I11 rocynapcrsoa) YCKOPllJIU TCMIIbI ax 06m,eCTBeH-

noro pa3BfiTUH. i

CyJJ;bObI nO)J,YHaHCKHX cnauan B VI -VII BB. nanexo ne onanaROBhl. TOT aHTcKlIH COI03, I<OTOPbrII paaxemanca no COC8;:J;CTBy C IIMneplIOH 6.'I1I3 YCThH AYHaa, c 40-x ronon VI 11. rraXO,Il,1I.1ICfl n npymeCTBeHHblX OTHOIIWHMJIX C f\oHcTalITlIHOIIOJIeM. Jlanrr, I-l 002 r., nocne rroxona nporas CJIaBlIH noiicK aaapcxoro xarana, aliTI.I, noBlI,!1.IIMOMY, OTOIIIJlH OT iW:IhTbI )J;YHafI K COBepO-DocTOKy 11 rrpepnann CDOM CBR3H C m,mepneH .

. IIaHHoHclUIe CJlRBJIHe, cosepruanntao c KOIIl~a 20-x rO;cJ;OB VI IL cnon aatiern no npaaxymccrey na aeM.'IU t~amvlalVI.I1 II IlmrnpIIKa, rrorrana B 60-x ronax non llJIaCTh asapon, rrpHohIBIlIHX crozra xo-reBoii oprtoii 1I3 CTell8R BOCTO'lHOrO Ilpaaaonr.a II OCHOBallllHlX B IlanIIOHlIll BOOHHO-nO.lIlITII'I8CROe OO'h8JJ;IIHCHH8, }{OTOpOe no Tll1'y:ry nOIRl(JI anapou (xarana) rrpHHHTO 0003Ha'laTb I<aK AnapcKfIir xaraaar. HaxOJJ;RCh, neponrno, B CIIJlbHOli crenerra aam1ClIMOCTH 11 I~OIITpe repparopaa xaranara (B fiacceiiae Tacsr), CJIIlDJIHe coxpanrnra noROTOpyIO anronoumo na ero nepadiopna. ORn COCTaBJlJl.lflI ClTIBI'10- cnoe OO:!bIDHHCTBO nO)J,lJ:aHHhlX xaraaa, DJIOCIIJTll ]1 Oro IIOJIh3Y )J,aHT, If BhIIIOJIHHJII1 rpynonste IIOBUHHOCTU (n '1acTHOCTII, CTpOllJIn cyna ,Il,JIlI asapcxoro BOli:cKa, HaHO/lI1JIU nepeupansr ~ICpe3 peKII). V'IaCTBOBaJIII OHU B noxonax xaraaa na HMITOpHIO. B 582 r. xaran aaxnaTIIJI BlI3aHTlIHCKUM ropO.)1;-KpeITOCTb CHPMHH (Cpex, CpeMcKa-MIITpo-

30

uarta ) ITa npanox 6epery CaBLI, npo6IIB )'.(JIJI cefia 6pemh n BlI3aH'1'lIiiClWH 060pOHe. Ho CJIaB.IIHe TIaHHoIIHH, XGfJ,IIBJlIlle c anapaxa B lIuGorll na llMIIepHIO, CTPOMlIJIHCL R ne3allllCHMOCTH OT xaraaa.

Ocofiernro ynopnyro caMOCTO.llTeJIhHYIO 60Pb6y C nxnepnea Be.TIH r.nnumre IIPClf\HCil: pHMClwrr npOBHIIII.lHI )J;muUI, IKUBIIHIe BMeCTC C U(',1'IlTIWMH pOMaIlII3HpOBaHIIOl'O MeCTHoro HaCe.TICHH.II H 3aITHMaBUHre 11 OI:llOBJIOM TeppUToprrIO McmilY AYHacM H H'apnaTall1M. IhreHHo 3TU "Jll1IHIHC (nx Ha3hIBalOT TaKlf\O «60JIrapCKllMln> H OT.rIIPIlle OT cep6ow pnaTCItOll rpYIIIIhI) coaepnrana 'laCThIO nam.nne nOXOAhl aa IIMII1'PIUO, nocrm-aa IIO'lTII CTeH caxoro KOHCTaIITIUIQIIOJIlI, B lWHl\C V I - na-rane VII B. mrrrepaa opranaaoaaaa HOCIW.TILKO xpyrmux ill(('rIOHHI~Hj;'I nporrm «p;aRIIiicKIIX» cnan JIH. Onnoupcueano, XOTlI II rll·:tycneJlTHO, npeTen;LIOBaJI IIa RlJaCTb lIa,q HHMH H anapcnair xaran. II 1i02 r. IIIImepaTOp Manpaxmi nOBeJIeJI CHOHM BoiICI{uM, conepmnnIIIIIH Yl1-a'lHbIM IIOXOP; sa J(yuaH, nepe3I'1Mon3Th B 30MJIe C.1aBHH, cnafi)Ii'll!! ce6H aa HX C'l8T B Te'QeHH8 3HMhl. BOHH!.I B OTnOT aa ;)TOT 1II'IIIW3 nonnana MJITem, rrpOB03fJIaCHJHI HMrrepaTopOM coruuxa cDORY 1\ Y IllmI C ;O:YHallCKOH rpauausr, p;BHHYBrrHICh ua !(OllCTaUTUnonOlIb. I klwpe MaBpII:RI'IM 6hlJI cueprnyr II y6RT. C rex rrop 01\:0.110 80 .TIeT IIlJii(~l\a RMIlepHH HO JTOflBJIHJHICb ua p;ynui1cRoM pyfieace OT HH30BHH 110101 )W IK8JIe3HLIX Bopor.

OT HAEErOB R 3ACEJIEHI:IIO HMllEPCIUIX TIPOBHHIJ;l1il

II )ltl!;JBH rronyaaacaax CJIaBHH nacrynan HOBbIH aran ~ OT aafieron 1111 aOMJIH BII3aHTlIH K npO'lHOMY nx ocnOCHHJO. Ilponecc IIOCTerr8H- 1101'11 lIPOHI'IRlIoneHH.II CJIaBHH, ocotieano B ropnsrx paaoaax (B nerrr- 1111 II ira aanane rrOJIYOCTpona), B03MOlf\IIO, Ha'laJICH erne n nepnoii II11J1OIIHH8 VI B. I1epeJIOMHOH 6bIJIa, O,,qHaRO, cepemrua CTOJleTIUI: 11 [,:10/51 r. caananc, conepnran JIeTOM II oceHbIO IIOXO,n: aa IIMIIe- 1'1110, nnepasre OCT3JII1Ch 3DMonaTb B ee npenenax, 0 TOM, 'lTO cna- 1111114. naxaaa paCCeJIHThCH aa reppUTopHH HMrrepHH, n rOM l.fIICJIe BO IllplllmlI, 6JIH3 WCCcaJIOHlU\lI II B I'peuan, ente P;O B3HTIHI CHPMI1JI 1IIIIIpUMII, cootimaer 11 cnpHHCRHl1 aBTOp - COBpeMeHHHR C06hITHH 111111111[ 8IfJeCCRI:lH. CJl3B.lIHe, IIHIIIeT OH, a3xnaTIIJIH B 580 r. 1I1l10rO tfll'lI)\OB If nperrocren, 3aHHJIlI 3eMJlIO <m rrOCeJJI:lJIlICb B HeIr CRoGOi~- 1111, 01,3 crpaxa, xax B cnoeit COGCTBOlll:IOih, a lJ03,qIIoe (R 584 r.) 111111 fiY)l;TO OLI YiKe «pa300raTOmJ, HMOIOT 30JIOTO II cepe6po, raGYHLI UlIlIl'ii n MHoro opyxran If oGy ue II hI BoenaTb 6oJIce, '!CM POMUI» (I', 1', BH3aHTllil:l\bI).

I )(~HOllHhIM MeTop;OM aaCeJJOIIIIH Banxan CJIaBJUIaMII 6bI:ro I\IaC, uepeCeJIeHHe, IWTOPOMY IIpe;LIrneCTnOBaJIH RpYIIHhW noopyzsenIlUna/WHHR, rrpHBo,qHBIlllle R rraiI.eHHIO xpenocraa, II3rHaHHIO na,"iiclHiX BJIaCTeH JI rapH1l30HOB. B 584 r. CJlaBHHe, yme 060CHOIlJeCH Herr0ll.RJleRy OT cDeCCaJlOIIHKH, npe,qIIpHHJlJIH IIOIIhlTRY "I,I'Tb 9THM BTOphIM JIO 3Ha'l8HHIO nOCJJe KOHcraHTRHOrrOJf.ll nenrLlMIICpHli. B 586 r. ropon 6bIJI CHona ocazanerr anapaxn II non-

31

nJIaCTHF..[MH IIM cnaaanasnr. IIocJIe neYIIH <In CJJaBHHe He YIIIJ[ff Br>{(lCTe c xaranou aa .n;YHaii:: OHII OCTaJIllCL B rpell,IIH, B Maiceuonan H ,[lame p,OCTlIfJIH Ilenononneca, rue IlX rrocenenua cox.paHFlJJHCL C rex nop B Te'IeIIl1e ceMH-BOCbMH CTOJfeTIfll:. OCHOBIIblM MCCTOM BTO meHull )J,JIJI naHHOHCImx CJJaBHH 6hlJI paaon YCTbl1 MopaBLI CniiT'lIJ(ynYMoM (Benrpanosr}, n3HTbIM asapaxa n 585 1'., a «p;aKln'1cKIIX» ciranna - paRoH iHe.'I83HbIX 13o])oT If ycrr,n pexz MOK. .He IICKJUO'Ieno, OJl,HaIW, 'ITO B KOJroHu3al~I1U Y'IaCTBOBami II peceneurtsr II3 GaJIeo OTp,aJIeUHhIX pe1'lIOHOB CJJanlHICKOrO Mnpa: aTOM CBrrp;eTe.'If:,CTilyeT ccsrranenae TIaCTH nanM8HonamrH crrauancx ... ",, nJIeMeII aa Banxanax C nx Ua31:laIIIUIMH n BOCTO'IHOi1. II Tlenrp Rofr Enpone. Hecxorpa na OTCYTCTBHe C 602 r', ynm.umaHull 06 Tax B HCTOqmmaX, CnOn;I{(pWleCrm aHTCKHC nCIIl,H 06HapyJH'HBatOT MHOfIIX paiioaax Eannancnoro nOJIYOCTpOBa. 0 TOM, 'ITO anrta TIOCJIe rroxona asapou He 6hIJIH conepmemro OTpC3aHbI OT 3er.reJIb HMlIOPHH, CBHp,eTCJIbCTBYIOT KJIa)1:bI BH38lITIrirCKUX llcII~efr VI-VII DB. na TOPpH~opnlI arrrou.

'~"iI\e B KOHIl,e VI B. MHomeCTllO CJ1aBHHCJUlX nOCTOl1HllbIX IIOCOJI8RIrIT 6IoIJIO ocrronano rrpaKTIFf8CHil ITO RceMy BaJ[K8ncKoMY rronvOCTPOBY, B TOM 'll1CJIe H na cesepo-aauane, rne 060CHOnaJIHCL npuOhIBIlIHe CIO}..\a B 20-30-x ronax, VII B. CJIaBflHCKlle lIJIeMClTa co P: 60B H xopnaros. TIO-BHJl,HMOJliIY, 11;0 602 T. JIHIIIb OjJ,HH patron WI Banxanax erne He nonsepranca CJlaBHHCH:OH KOJIOHI1:3au;riH - 9TO TeppHTOpHH Me/KAY BaJIRanCKHM XPC6TOM H P;YHaeM, T. e. MeCTO, eraamee IWJIhr6eJIIoIO EO.'1TapCI{01'O roCyjJ,apCTBa. 3TOT pernon B 110- CJrel~Hei1 xernepra VI - ncpnsrx roriax VII n. CTaJI apCHOH nenpePbIflTIbIX BOHR BH3aUTHHIl,CB, cnanan, anapon, OR flBJHIJICJ{ nOCHHOIr 6a3011: nr.mepIIil II ee lWHCTllHfIX npOTilB cnasmr JIBHOOep(mu .. H,' Oco- 6eHHO I{PYIIHaH (<BOJIHa» CJI8BHHCKHX nepecencuuen rrocnenonana BCJJeJ( aa naI\eHMeM IHI3aHTl1HCKOii rpanama na Aynae. TOTf~a, ChOpee ncero, 6LIJlfI 3aCGJIeHM HMH TaKiI,€ Me3HH If MWI8JI CrnHrnJH. Cnanane nepeceotanncs YiRe JWJIbIMM CJJamnnmMH (rrJICMCHRbum COI03aMH- B08nHO-TepplITopn:aJrbHLJMII OO'be)llmeHMHMH), namp;al1 M;) ROTOPbIX rrpO'HIO OBJIageBaJIa onpep;€JIelUIOir TeppHTopUCH;: B IW'IR,:ro VII n. CJJ an HIre, nOCeJIHmnMCCl1 n MaJ\e)J;oIlIIH, ::lnMpe II Ceucpuoii rpeIl,HH, conepnrana na CBOIlX cyrtax ne parcne nananerraa na I" 1- OOP€iHb€ H OCTpOBa 3reHcRoro H llOHIf'IeCIWro lIwpeu. B 61, I 620 rr., o6pa30BaB RPYUHbIH COI03, l103rJIUBJIJ1mmrjlcfI BOII{;:J:eM UMCHII Xanoa, OlIR npermpanaxa HOByIO nonsmcy Bal1T!. <D ca.tlonITRY· Ocana, o,lJ,wmo, BHOBT> He yJ~aJUlCb. XaIVlH norno. l~ nfe Bom,!.'\II 06'b8p,lIlieIlIIR ncryrnura B neperonopsr C Xal'aTIOM c n JIOmeHueM C0103a npOTHB t;l)ccCajIOHlIRH, ofiemaa aa nouonrs 601'a nrrary. Ho xaran, HBJUmTHiicrr C OrpOMI1bIM anapO-C.lJ8BHHCRHM B CKOM 'Jepe3 naa rona, npa uepnsrx neynarax ocarnr npCl\n01IOJI JIY'JHTL 60raToe orcrynnoe or Cal\UIX I'oIJO'KaH.

R TO~{y I1peMeHII IWIITpOJIHpyeMhw xaraHOM ,WMJfII co CJTan CKllM naCOJIOHHCM llKJ1IO'IaJIII Hmn H Cpeneu, CaMJ1 n,e auapsr ne npOJiUmaJIM. B 20~30-x rO)J,8X VII a, II pe3YJIbTaTe H8 csnepo-aanan CBa'!a.TJa xopBaTCRHX, a aal'eM cepfcanx

32

IIIIJIO rOCrrOp;CTBO asapon II aTOM paaoae II H AaJIMaI\IUl. B paarpoxe (tl\U,pC}B B AaJIMaIl,HH IJIaBRYKl porn, csrrpana xopna'rst.:

13 626 r. xar au opraaaaonan rpaanaoaayro 3Kcrrep;n:qHIO rrpOTHB I \o}JcTanTIIHOrrOJIH BMeCTe C nonnnacr HhIMII aMy C.TIaBHHaMII II npo'1ofiOJIrapaMII, 3aKJIIO'IIIB cornamenae C nepcaxn, rrO;rJ;eTynIIBIIIHMH K U:IIIIlTCKllM npep;MeCThHM ropona. Anapcrcae rrOJI'lIlIII.a IIOTeprreJIII nopuJHCHIIe, cQp;e:iJ:CTBonamrree OOOCTpeHHIO paanopos aaapon co CJHl.BHIIHMH.IIocJIe 626 r. BJIaCTh xaraaa nap; CJIaB.HHaMll R lOry 01' AYHaR II Canst PYXHYJIa, BHYTpn xaranara nOJIbIXaJIH BOCCTaHlHl CJIaBHH II upurofionrap. Asapsr nepecraxn nrparr, cyr::qeCTBeHHYIO POJIh na BaJIuunax. C.'laBHHe ocranacs B CYIIIHOCTH ep;nHCTBeHHbIM cepscansnr II POTIInlIllKOM nMnepIIIT B Enporre.

K nepaoir 'leTBCp'fJiI VII B. OTHOCIITCH OKOH'IaTeJIhHOe otpopxrzreIme aa rrOJIYOCTpon8 20-25 CJI aBII HnH, Kamp;aR 113 KOTOPbIX HOCll.lIa COOCTBCHHoe namcenoaanae. Cpena nax ObIJIa n CJIaBI'lHHR CeMb POilOB (IIJIll CeMb IIJIeMeH). OHa CJIOmIIJIaCb, rrO-Bup;IIMOllIY, eure B JII~B06epembe AYHaR, n COCTaBJIHBillHe ee c.TIaBHHe, nepeCeJIHBIUnCb II MHCIIIO II ,n;oopy:p;my, ynepacana, BIIP;IlMO, B CBoeH BJIaCTH nOCJI8 ncpenpaBhl n 'iaCTb 3eMeJIb 38 ,I!;YflaeM.

r1\ cepcnnne VII B. CJI8BIIHe CTaJIH OCHonHhlM p;eIlWrpal!>H'IeCKIIM 4imKTopOM na Banuanax, aaauettne xo roporo noapacrano B aarrpaaneHWll C IOIa aa CCHep II C lOI'O-BOCTor,a na cenepo-aarran, MeCTHoe 1'[]()'(JeCKOe II pOMaHH3IIpOnaHHoe naCC.'1CIIIle coxpaWIJIOCL TJIaBHbIM oopa30M B rrpl'l6pcIItHoii noaoce, B ynenesumx roponax C rrx CeJIb- 4'lwn oxpyroii, B uexnropsrx lHIyTpeHHlIX paaonax CDpaRllll, I'penna, I fCJIOIIOHH8Ca II B ropax - Ponorrax, IIllH!J;8, 'uIIIJapCIWM naropse, • lacrr, roponon (na qepHoM Mope Mem,J,y BaJ[RaHaMIi n YCTbeM Ayuna II na /J;aJlMaTnUCKOM rrofiepexn.e}, BH~HMO, COXpaHIIJIa aBTOHOM 1110 U CBR,m c 1\0HCTaHTlIHOIIOJIeM neaoa nana CJIallHHCRIIM Bom!\lIM. CeJIbCKOX03RllcTneHHaH ,J,8HTeJIbHOCTL roponcaa, l{aK 31'0 BIIp'HO 113 npauepe CDeceaHOHIIKH, 6bIJIa crecaena. Censcnoe aBTOXTOHuoe HaCCJIeHIIe, no llceH nepOHTHOCTII, 0I\a3aJIOCb B OO.llbUIOH aaan- 4CIfM@CTII 01' pyxononamero CJIOR npanrear.rtea. ITo COOOll\eHIIIO MIIx anxa Capmicnoro, B 584 r. anapsr U cnanaae rOBOpIIJHI mJ1TeJIHM: «8Llxo,u;uTe, ceirre If amurc, Mbl D03b.\r8M B Ka'leCTBe l~aHII TO.TIbRO IIOJIOBHHY)) •

n.TIOTHOCTL MeCTIIoro HaCCJJeHHH PC3KO yrraaa, HO OOI:qaH qnc.'ICHHOCTh aBTOXTOHOB ObI,'W erne 3IHl'nITe.TIbHon: ecxa K ceaepy 01' IOlliHbIX paiionon <1JpaRI'lII H MaR8p,OHIIll OHIT ObIJIII B X-XI BB. I\CCHMII.TIIIponaHbI CJlaHIIIIaMH, TO B 1OIImoH cDpaRuII, n I'penan II na r Iennnonnece p;eMorpaqlIJ'lecKaR xapruna R XI B. B n;8..'IOM CTaJIa IlpHMO npornnorroaomnoii. OcooeHHo penxmr, O;rlHaRO, M8CTlIoe na(:c:rerrne, KPOMC rrpuopclIUloii nonocsr, 6bIJIO B VII B. na 38MJIRX MC;E;U' AYI~UCJtl II EaJI1,UHC101M xpctirou.

IIOCeJI811IIe B HOllUM ecreoruenaoreorpadnrseoxoa 1I K;IIIMa TI:PleC1WM apeane, p;JIHTeJIbIlOe nponrananne pnrr:OM C aBTOXTOHaMH, OCBoeuue Jl.1!O;r:J;OPO,n;HblX, na 11110 KYJIbTI1B11 pyesrsrx 38Mcm, co CJIOlRIIBllHMCH arpapHo-xo3Hi1cTBCIIITT>JM I\OMn.n(,I(COM, YCIIOOHHe lIICCTHOii arporexlHlKII, nCrrOJIb30BallHO I10HJ.lX 0PY)\Hi1: rpyna - see :.lTO CIIOCOocTBoBa-

2 RpaTKalI JlC10Pilfi BonrapHIl

33

34

CnaB>lUCIHllI l:epalllllIllt YlI~VIII BB., Han~effHaB B CKnHeTpeHe1l0~,

• BpaqaHCKO~1 If IlJIeBenCKO:t.l oRpyrax

JIO :lna'lHTeJIhHOMY nporpeccy B 3KOHOMHKe CHaBlIH, B 70-x ronax V I I B. mHTeJIH ct>ecCaJIOHHRH 3aRynaJIH nponcaorlcraae (sepao, l'illoollhle II cynrensre \fJPYRThl) y CJIaDHH <DecCaJIIIIL

H3MeHeHHJI ROCHYJIHCh H CI\oTOBOp;'leCRHX a3HlITnH ClIaBfIH. Ha III'PB()O MeCTO B xasecrne MHCHoro CROTa, OTTeCHEB KpyrrHI.r!i: pora'l'I,lji CKOT, BbIlliJIH OBll,hl II R03hI, 3aTeM CBIIHhII, MOJOD;HlIK KPYTIHD- 1'1) poraroro CIWTa nepeCTaJIII aafianarr, DOOOII\e: 6hlK cran naxor"IolM nmBOTHhlM, a KOPOB nepncana rJIaBHblM 06p3aOM pap;H MoaOK3,

:v' CKOPJIJIOCh pa3BlITHe Y CJIaBJIII H caxsrx paaaocfipaaasrx pexerun: ocofieano 3HR'IIITeJIhHhlMH 6hIJIH ycnexn B Mer3.lIoo6pa6oTK8, IIIIJIlOTIaH oPY}KeIlHoe ,!1;eJIo, II B cY,!1;oCrpOeHIIII (¢JIOT CJIaBJIH gOCTH"IJI oxpecrrrocreii canoro I\oIIcTaHTHHOIIOJU!).

X03HllCTBeIIHbIii: rrporpecc OOYCJIOBIIJI 3aM8TlJbJe rr8peMCH1I IT B "'I\llaJIhHoii: cdiepe, COBepmaJICJI nepexon Dr 3eAIlI8;l,e,11<r8CRDll ((', PO,!1;OBhIMH rrepeacarxaaa) OOrn:HHI>I R cocencaoir; rraXOTJI1Il1 nanea .. po upamanca B coficraenaocrr, 06nrIIHHIIKa (aJIJIOg), JIHIDb yrDAbJI !U~'I'UBaJIIICh B pacnopaacenna Bcell ofimamr. IIOJIBJIelllle aJIJIDJla 0.0- ,Vl~JlOlllIJIO yrJIYOJIeHHe HMyrn:ecTBeHHoM ,lJ,HrpWepCITl\llal\ITII. KDJIDHaTnuo oTHomeHIIH, nraporco pacnpocrpaaenasre aa BaJK3HaX H8KaHYIlU nOCeJIeHIIJI CJIaBJIH, PYXHYJIlI na 60JII,rneii: tJaCTII nOJIyocTPOB3 (U1('IIOnOpoTHo. Pa6onJIall,OJIb~I8CKHe nvrJIJlhl, ocnoaaumre aa TpYAe PHOOH II rrpIIKpeIIJIeIIHbIX I( 30MJle II JIII'IHOCTH rDClIOi\IIHa KDJIOHDB, 11101.:111 CMeTeIlbI enapaapcxmr: HameCTmIeM. CJIaBIlIIc!(alI 06II\IIH3 n .'llxpaHIIBlliaHCJI 06nrIIIIU MCC'THhIX 3eM.JIC1'leJIblWD CTaHIT nCXO;r\HhlM 1111(~TIITYTOM B o\fJopMJIeHIIll HODhlX, \fJeo):(aJIhHbIX rrp0I13BO;l,CTB8HHblX I li'llomeHlIu.

l'aOCTno He rrOJIY'IllJIO Y CJIaDJIH 3Ha'IlITCJIhHorD paanaraa II noc<II! lI!'peCeJ!eHIIJI n I1pe)J,eJIbI HIIIIIepIIH. Op;HaRO IID3I!I11U! COIOBHO-llne~1!lIlllOii apacronparan yxpenanacs. KH1I3bJI pacnoaaraan P,PYlI\llHa~111, '1,T1eIlhI KO'TOPblX oGJIa):(aJIII Gorree coneprrrenaux BODpymeHlleM II, UllpOllTHO, Be ObIJIH, rrO,!1;06HO TIPyrllM OOrn:IIHHHKaM, 3aHlIT1I TIDjll~(!I(IICBHLrM Tpy,n:OM aa 3CMJIe. TpaT(HqIIII CTPOH BDeliHoer p,eMOKpaTIU! II(I(',TOrreHHO yXO,!1;HJI1I B npomnoe. IIOCJIe):(IIIIe nafiern CHaBlIH sa Eaa- 1(IIIIUX B KOHqe VII B. ObIJIH nanpannensr yll\8 He na cocennne IUllI H'I'/lItJIOHHbIe paaorrsr cauoro nOJIYOCTpOBa, a na OCTpOHa II MaJIOa3ITii.'I(On IIoOepemhe. CJIaBHHCKaH 3HaTh ncrynana na lIYTh YCITJIeHITff uucunyararmn connexsnnanoa. C Ojl,HOlI CTOPOH1I, ee npencranarem II upouecce nocrenonaon nOpMaJIIISaU;HII oraornernril C Bll3aHTIIllCKIIMlI IOPOlWMll npaotintanacr, H rpC1ICCJWH I,YJIhTYpC, 3anJI31IBaJIIT CBJl3H I 11l1;WHTIIllCKOH 3HUTLIO If llamo npHOOpCTaJIH D eo CP0/18 npaaepscen- 111111, rOTODhIX K cOTpyp,IHttJOCTny nporna coficrnennoro (KDHCTaHTII- 1IIIIIfI.:lbcKoro) rrpaBHTCJIhCTIHI. C )\pyroii CTOpOIlhl, aro D6II\eHHe DeJID I. 1'/I(',l\oJIY B cpene caMoii ccraunucxoa apIIcTOI,pan!II: l[aCTL ee craaa

I'PPMHTLClI It CJIIIHIIlHO C )lu:mHTlIiicROH 3HaTbIO, I( IID.lIy<reumo BIll- 11011 X iIOJImHOCTCil: H TIITyJIOB B HMnepCIWM UCpapXI!lI.' aTOMY ClIOIIffl'TIlOBaJIU aI,THBHalI BTf3aHTHllCIWf[ ,!1;lIIIJIOMUTIIlI II nenooponcraen-

"1011 !lOeHHOe p;aBJIeHHe aa CJIaBIIIIHH. IIo;)TOMY He crryqaHHO, l[TD, He'!llI'pH na 60JIee oJIarOnpHlITHbIe YCJIOBHlI X03a}!CTBeHHoro pa3BHTITJI , '11111" IUIil B IOlKHhlX paUOIIaX, ycneurnee rrOJIlITll'leCRII YKpelIJIll.1I!ICb

2* 35

CJIaBIIHUH na cenepe, B OT,TJ;aJIeHlUI OT naaanrmicnax BOeHIJO-OOJIl'ITll'1eCRIIX :u;eHTpOB.

C 80-x rOAOD VI B. no 70-x ronoa VII n, CJIRBRHe Maxenoaaa, SImpa, cDeccRmlII, o6pa3YH xpynasre COJ03hl, 5 paa npezmpmnraana rrOrrhlTI>II OBJIRiWTb <PecCa.JIOHIII>OH, rne C.'WBHHCNRH apl1CTOI'paT!UI paCC'll1TbInaJIR YTBepgHTb C1Wll rrQ.1IHTH'1eCKllll IJ;eHTp, CTpeMHCb K co- 3/l:aHllJO coficraeaaoro rOCYJI,apCTBeHHoro OO'he{(llHeHHH. Ho CJIaBHHaM He XlJ8TlUIO noeaaoro OIILITR }l/IH OCai1,hl CTD.llb MOIIJ;HOH ~.fITa,J;eJnr, JWK ne XBaTHJIO CIIJIOTICHHOCTH 1I CP;lIHCTBR. OTpa311B IIOCJI8gIIHft naTHCK na <peCCUJIOHllKY, BH3RHTUiiIJ;hl rrpnCTYIIHJIlI l~ rrJIaHOMeplIOMY OTBoen8HIIIO 3RXna'IeIIIJblX CJIaJlRH8MH repPHTopHif.

'Yffie B 20~30-x ronax VII B., BO speua paccenenna na Banrcanax xopaaroe H cepfion, BU3aHTUiicK0ll1Y H~lIlepaTOpy yp,anOCh npIIo6peCTH B HUX COf03HlUWR npOT1IB anapou. nepshli-i naeHHbrI! rroXO):\ nporns CJIaBHH, 060CHounBumXCH ua 3ClMJIJIX BU3aHTJIYI, rrpep;npanan B 657/58 r. H~mepaTOp KoncTaHT II. l{acTh B3HThIX llM n rraerr CJla£flH 6bIJla rrepecenena B Manyro A3HIO rr a3'IHc.'I8:H3 B HMnapcxoe noiicxo.

1\0 Bpel\1CHIl naroji ocanu CVeCcaJIOHllKIl CJIallHHe, ffiIIHilllle n ee orrpeCTHQCT1-rX If Go;ree oTga.rreHHhIX !>feCTaX, OI-\OJIO nOJICTO;I8TIIH IIO,LJ;AepiIUIB3JIIl MlIpHhle OTHOlllenIIJI C <HUM roponox. B 678 r. IIOCJIbI asapcxoro xarana, a TaKlK8 «(P8KCD!!, ;H\3apXOB II raCTaJlbgoB» cnaBRH sarranasrx pariorroa rrcnyocrposa, onacaacr, naCTYIIn8HIfH IB1IIepHH, rrpn6bIJIll B l\oHcTaHTllHOnOJIh C npe.D;JIO;:heHHeIlI Jlr1llpa. B TOM fRe ro)];y BII3aHTIlii:cKne noncrca paarponnnu CJIaIHIIIcRllii: COlO3 na CTpYMe, OTKpbIB ceGe nopory K @eccanOHIIKC. lJepea -10 JleT )10C.'I8).l,OBaJIa xpynnaa ::lKCrre.IlInHIH, B peSYJIhTaTe xoropoa BusaUTlllIIJ;hI .::\0- limn no cDeCCaJIOHllI>lI, pa36IlJIU CJIaBflH 1I MIIOlKeCTBO IIX nepecexaJIU B Maay» A3UIO. K TO My npeuena .a:amumaMli mrnepna CT8JIll ztparynnrsr, JRllDIlille 1\ cenepy OT <!lccca.;rOHlllOL B xone nacrynJIeHHH BII38H'I1IIUl,BB na CJIaEl'1Il B03Hm~a;lH BoeUHO-a,'l,MlIHHCTpanIBHhle nponannna (q:H"lMhl). K 685 r. 6hl.TIa coanana q>cMa fDparunr, B rrOC.JIe,n:YIOIIVW WITb JIeT - W6M8 8JI.'Ia(~bl.

O~l,HaKO p;nH TIOJIIwro nog'flUIeHHH CJIaBHH MaKe,rr.OHllIl, Snupa, I'peuan, IICJIOnOIIHeca IlOTpeOOB8JIOCb eure 60JIee )1,BYX sexon: iJ,alKe B HD'Ia.JIe X B., 6Y.1l:YQII ylJie XpHCTIIiUIaMH, C.'!81lHIW OTp:eJIhHbIX peraouon COXpDl:I.RJm IlHyTpellHJOro an'IOllQl.UnO, a npexeaaxa OTKa3bIBaJIHCb npII3HaBa Th nnacrr, IIMIIepaTopa. Hexrrroprae CJIaBlIlIlUI VIII _. IX BB. RDJIHJJHCb ITOfl:.iHTInO npororocvnapcraaua, OlWIPIa T8JIbnan KOHCOJIlI):WIJ.lIH KOTOphlX B rrOJIHTIFleCKne npOQHhIC C8MOCTOHTe.TILHhle opranu;rMbI He rrpOU30IIIJla JIHilih B CIIJIY ImeJIIunX nplI"'lIIH. CJIaBHIIHn n H83H8HHH HOCIVIH, nOl~o5Hhle rocyp,apcTBeUHhlM, ITO H8- n);!eHOBamIIo rOCIIO;U;CTBonaBIIIero n 06'hep;HHenHII C;'IaBHHCKoro nJICMelIll. TaI\OBhI BaiilOHIITHH B Snnpe, AparYBlITHH, Carvnarna, Bep3H:TIIR B MarWgOHlfII, BeJJSHTHR 1l [DeCCaJIHn, 110 TJIUBC xoropoii ne VIII B. CTQHJI lIwrym,eCTBeHHhlr'r 1\HH3J> Axauap,

l.JTO RacaeTCH CJIaBlIHIIU CeMh PO/l,OB, TO CBe)];eHHll 0 Heii iW I\oHI:l;a 70-x rO,'l;OB VII .. B. He IIMeerCJI. B03Monmo, K ce CToneTHH, lIO RpaiiHeii. Mepe, "'laCTh CJIaBHH aTUX MeCT, T. e.

86

II Ho6pY;rJ,mH, HOMHH3JIbHO npII3HaJIa CYBepeHlITeT lIMnepaTOpa 11 '111('.JHmaCb ~eT\epaTaMII IIMnepIIII, 06H3aHHblMU aannnnart, P;ynaHC'I(!IH py6em: c;Deo~aH YTBepmp;aeT, "'ITO naK;myne BTOpmeHl1H npoTOJIOO,lIrap 38MJIII 6m13 ,l..{YHaH HaXO;rJ,lIJIIfCb <moil. BJIaCTbIO XpI1eTlIclH» ('1'. (J, BII3aHTlIiiu;eB).

IIPOTOBOJIfAPbI no BCTPEQI1 CO CJIABHHAMII B AOJIllHE Al1HAH

It k-rupaa nporofioarap H lIaCTII cna HHIl TeCHO nepenneranacs II )],0 l'I):W1HlUl Ilcpaoro Bon rapcxoro ~apcTB~ B npouecce ofipaaoaanaa Ilul>1oro rOCY)J;apCTBa npanuaana yvacrne 06a napona. 13 CBH3H C il'I'tlM He06xo,l:\HMO ROpOTKO OCTaHOHHTbCH aa cYJ\L6ax nporofionrap 110 !IX npaxona BO rJIaBe c Acnapyxo» H Hll30IlbEM ~YHaJ:l.

l(d Ipororionrapsr», T. e. (Wep/lWHU,I8 60,T[rapLI»,- YCJIOHHLI[r na.v'IIII.I~t TCPMHII, ofioaaa'rarourak (B OTJIJllIlIe OT 60JIrap - IOffiUOCJIaIiIlIH',IWll 3THnQeCROll: otimsocra - napozraocrn II HaU;IIl'I) rrpe)l.CTaBIl'l'I"lll'll O;rJ,HOll 113 pa3HOllH,TJ;HOCTOII rropxcnoro aruoca. 8TnIl"'IeClxII 01111 u'I',IIII'JaJIUCb OT CJIaBHH, OTIIOCflIIJ;nXCH R :rrHp;oeBpoIIei1u;~

'Ilepnsre P;OCTOBopHble CHelJ;eHHH 0 nporotioarapax OTROCHTCH K ce-

114')(111[8 - aropoil I10JIOBliHe IV B.JOUlI m:HJIII rorna na CenepHOI\I IHlllw3e It OTtJaCTH n 3aImBKa3Le, nponaaaynumct, ClOp;a 113 IJ;euTIIlUII.1I0ll A311llj Bcxope OHH paCCeJIlfJIUCL B Ilpnaaom,e, B fiacceiine J~olla n Cenepcxoro ,[(0 ana, me accm.IHJIllpOHaJIH OCTaTIm HHlJ;OeBpOlII"i(~I01X capMaTO-aJIaHCRllX (apaacxax) naeaea. Bo nropoa nonoantil' I V B. rrpOTOOOJIrapb1 BOIHJIH B COCTaB ofinnrpaoro OO'Le,TJ;IIHeHHH, 1I!I:!I',lIan.IHf1merOCH rYHHaIlIH. rq aCTIo rrpOTOOOJIrap B ROHIl,e aroro 111'1(11 (ihlJla YBJIe'Iena ryHHa~uI na aanan, B IIaHHoIUHo, rne Haxo;r:J;II,T[I')t l\lnlTp rYHHCJwil: KO'lenoii: «n,epJ3:\allbDU BHiJ.HIIIO, nporofionrapr.r HI'I'H,III.L:IIlMOTHYIO pOJIL yme B rrJIeMenHOM coioae ATTHJILI.

I \ I I IJIIIIOHIIll npOTOOOJIrapLI, sepoarno, nnepnue npHIIIJIlI B TOCtllll' ('.OllpHIWCHOBOHHO co CJIaBHIra:loIH. COXpaHHJI B COCTaBe OO'bep;nHi'IIIIH ry nnon rrJIO:\I8HHOe e;:l;1IHCTnO, nporocoxrapu Y'IaCTBOBa.'ln B; 1111 \ 0)\11 x rYHHCT\HX Bomp;eii II OLI,lIIl II3BeCTIIbI liaR nCHYCHue 11 nsr- 11111','111111018 BOlIlIb.!.J

110CJfO pacnana rYIIHCROH «nepacansr» n 453 r, npororionrapsr lIuII 1I0HMlf lIGTY1HfJJH n IWHTaRT C BOCTolIIIopnMclwM HMrrepneIL II ,lIll-x runux V II" ol'oiil~JI R HmlmoMY Ilonyuaur.io , oun ouaasrsa'III 1I0MO~L Houcrnm-nnonomo II OOPLOO C OCTrOTHMH, a R 1[93 r. , '" II COnepIIIIIJIII It !lOO!' uu aOM,JII! HMnepllIf, ,TJ;OC'l'Hrnyn c;DpaRHII. I II' X nop HX rrOXOlJ;I,1 II ;J'I'Y II pO B IfIIl \1110 H JlPyrHe pai10HLI mrrrepnn , I , III CHCTOMaTll"'IeClilfMIf. n 513-515 rr. onn rrOMOI'aJIH soeuaxans" "I. V (Ilc;rJ,epa TOB HMllCpHU BIlTaJIHany, IIO}.l,HHBlliC),ry BOCCTaHue B

I"" py l\1JW c nensrc OBJta,ll;crIHH npeCTOJIO,M.

II(nwpc, C Ha'IaJIa rrpaBJIeHJIH IOcTllHHana I, nporotionrapsr HeI" IlilJ nropranacr, B npeaensr BH3aIlTlJl.f HMCCTe co CJIaBHnaMH, aa." 11 ... 1" nO-BU;rJ;UMOMY, B pane CJIY'Iaen C HHMH B COI03e, Ocofienno IIHII"lIfllii pasaax npoTo6oJIrapCKRe Haoenr rrpIIRHJIlI B 40-50-x ro-

37

nax VI B.; HaH 11 CJIaBJlHe, OHM npoaaaana B IOiImyIO <DpaKIIIO, MJL)lllPUR II I'pcnmo.

BH3aUTHB:CKUe aBTopLI UOCJIep;OBaTe.TIhHO 0003Ha'IaJIII nporofionrap roro BpeMeHli TepMHUOM «6ynrapbI», 1I306pamaH nx KaK THIIWIHbIX lWTJCRlHIKOH, uacynrax CEOfI Ta6YHbI If crana 3m.wil: If JIeTm! H COBcpmaJOlIl,HX Ha6ern I{QHHOi!: OP)),Oll. Bcxope, onaaxo, B JRH311H TOR 'IaCTH nporotionrap, IWTopaH nOCTOHHHO CTamnIBaJIaCb C HMIIepneii, na cueny (IrYIIHCItOMY» nparuen «anapcrorir» nepaon, Ho npearne '1eM fOBOPIITh 0 HOM, IIe06xo)J,HMO BepnYThCH K OCHOBHOMY l;)TIUI'JeCKOIlIY ;\raCCHBY nporotioarap, OCTaBilllIXCH II Ilpaasoase uaCJIe yxona ryriHon.

rR cepemrne VI n. cpcnn JlpOT06oJIrapcJUIX ITJIeMeHBblX COJ030B B II pu a 30In,e npaofipeaa fJIaneUCTBO 06'be;O;lIneHlIH yrnrypou, pacno.narasunrxca K BOCTOKY OT A30RCHoro Mopa, no HlIlKueMY Te'IeHUIO .D:oHa. II po;o;CTBeHIIblx HM xyrparypoa, aamoaanmax cenepo-aanamroe notiepexrse Mopa BIIJIOTh )];0 JJ:Henpa, HMeH ua cenepe CBOIIMM coce,D,Hl\1II aHTo~ D rrepIlOM rrOJIOIlIIHe VI B. RYTpnrypbI, RaR n rrpOTO- 60;rrraphl, nXO):lIIBlliI18 n ryuHclm:u COI03 II /KIIElline nocne 453 I'. He TOJIbl(O n IIaHHOHUII, HO II 6mI3 yCThf.( AYHaH (T. e. TaKlKe B nenocpencrsemroa KOHTaI\Te co CJIaBHuaMU), cosepnraxa J10XQP;bl B npe,!lellbl mmepun. 113 IIOXOP;Ol! na BII3anTUIO npOTOOOJIrapbI-KYTplIryphI YJ:lOp;n,TIH ;o;eCilTKII TbICJ.[q UJI8nIIbfX, KOTOPbIX CeJlII.1IH na nOJlOlKeB]U{ HeBo.'Ibl1HROB B lIfCCTax csoero OOIITUHIffL

BU3aHTHHIl;J:,I C nOMOIIJ,hIO 60ra ThlX ;:\apOB ronnnyna yrurypon npOTlIB KYTpHrypOB. KYTpHrypbI 6bIJIH pa36HTbI. B peaym.rare )];eCf(TKII TbICIP1 IIJIeHHbIX BH3aHTHRU;8B nopHyJHICb aa PO)J,HHY, Op:HalHl llJ'TpnrypLI ncxope B0300nOTIH:mr H nananerran IIa HMnepHIO U Boiinr.I c yrnrypaxa, ITo cnORaM mI3aHTfIiicrmx aBTopOB, aTI! paarropsr l\fea>Jty C0l1JI8MOnHHIW1IHI, JWTOphle rouopsr aa OfJ;HOM H3bHW, $IWYTit O;(HOU r>iCCTC, 111.1e1OT OJJ;HY U TY me op;erI'JI;Y JI 0:01'1' It JIUllib nOll'IIIBlUOTef( pa3HbTM BOJl\AlIlII, OCJIa6HJIII 06a Il,TIC;\lOHfI H upnnena K noTepe lIMll il:allie co6eTlIeHHhIX HaID'leHOBaHuiL

B nouue 50-x roAOB VI B. rropkcnoe nJIellH! asapon, aBIIBrnIH~h B Ilpnasoase II Bocno.rr:030BaBIlIHCb lIfeJ:I,p;oycoGuHMH nporofionrap, rrowmHlVlO fIX .II ynJIeIOIO HyTpfIrypoB B cuoeM Il,nllRWHHH aa aanan, Ry)J,a anapsr narrpaanxacr, BHa'laJIO n Ha'IeCTBe COI03HHItOB BU3aHTulI. Co npexerm OClIOBaUJIJI B nepaoir nOJIOBHHe £IO-x rO;O;OB VI B. AsapCKOf'O xaranara 60JIee 11eM aa nO.T(CTOJIeTlIe IIHHI.\naTMBa noxonon ua BU3anTIIlO He Tom,I,O naHHOIICIUIX CJIaTlHH, no It nOiJ,BJIUCTHblX anapaM IIPOT060JIrap nepemna II: xaraay. CJIell:OBarem,HO, IIOC-l1:e rYHIIcxoro rocnoncrna n Ilaanomra <lTO 6bwa BTOpaJl nporotionrapcnau «(BOJIUU» B TOT IRe caMblii porrrou, B KOTOPOM B ClIJIy aroro cna.ur CJIaBHH II nporoficnrap CTaJlH cure 60Jlee TecnJ.IMll.

ihHII'IeCKaa GJIl1aOCTb npo rotionrap K anapax, 3HalJHTeJll.IHiH POJIL IIX aBTOHOMHbIX xoarmrrearou II cocrane anapcrrax CUJI, YBeJU!'JemI€ lJHCJI€HHOCTH nporofionrap B xaranaT€ - see :3TO npIIB€JIO I; nomarxaa npororionrapcxoa apHcToHpaT11H nsrpaarr. y asapou HJlaCTh nocne ux ncpaascuna nop; KOIlCTaHTlIHOIIo.TIeM B 626 r. 0.'1:HaIW 60Pb6a 631-632 rr. 3al\OH'IllJIaCh rtofienoii anapon. H a'IaJICli

38

"11I'XO):l» nporotioxrap H3 xarauara: B 30-x, 60-x H 80-x ronax VII B, 11'11 npam):le5HF.>lx xaraay rrporotioarapcaax nJIeMeHHhIX COe):lHHeHIUI \ IIIJIIt H3 naHHOIlHH - nepssre ):IBa B HTaJIHIO, a rpsrse B Maxeno- 111110, l'JW OHM no cornameamo C BHaaHTHfrCKHM mmepa'ropon 6bIJIH 11I11'HJWlIhl aa H'epaMMcMllCKOM (BMTOJIbCIWM) nOJIe, B03MomHO, B xa'1I11'TIHl (pe/l.epaTo:a. Cna6maTL lIX rrpOAOllOJIhCTBHeM gOJImHlI OWJIlI IQlll:IIIHHIIII'W 1\0 BpeMeHH nOCeJIeHHH B MaKeAoHIIH nporotioarap 1',11111','1'10 I1MrrepMH CJIaBHHe-,u;paryBIITbI,

1\41 l'Jlalle nporooonrapcxoro OO'he,u;HHeHIfH, npamenmero B Mane)1t111l1J0 OltoJIO 686 r., CTOHJI nporofonrapaa Hyuep, nO).l;HHBllIHll BOC- 111111110 npOTHB xarana II yme)),llllIE: co CBOHM BOMlICTBOM lIOCJIe He, , "II,IOIX ycrreurasrx cpameHH:ii c lIpeCJIe):lOB3BIIIHMII ero aaapaxa. 1 "leTIlIW BOi:i:CK3 H'YBepa 6hlJIU ne TOJIbKO nporotionrapr.r, EO TaK-

c~JIHIIHHe II UOTOMKII B3HTblX B nJIeH asapaaa B noxone 626 r. 111'1'11 I1I,en. B ,JIeiicTBHTeJIbHOCTII H'YBep nOMLIllIJIHJI He 0 CJIYiKoe 1 '"WI'Opy, a 0 3aXB3Te <PeCCaJIOHIIKH H 3aTeM 0 oOPb5e aa ROH- 11'lllI01l0JIL. O,u;HaIW 3Ha'IHTeJILlIaH 'IaCTb npHBe,lJ;eHHOrO H'YBepOM 'III! pa30emaJIaCb, TaK KaK nOTOMKH BH3aHTIIll~eB COXpaHHJIH '~'p)I\OnHOCTb XpnCTI1aHCTBY, IT pU6JIIImeHHbIe K Hynepy narta I'JIIIIIO C ero copaTHHIWM MaBpOM), nOJIyqIIBllIIIe BbICOKJIe noea-

1100~'I'lol n <PeCCaJIOHIIKe IiI 3aMLIll;IHBIlllIe aaxsar ropona, 5bTJIII ,111101 (',opaTHHKaMil II CXBa'18HbI.

\14''II(HY TOM OCHOBHaH sracca nporotionrap no-rrpearaexy 06lITaJIa '1'"11:1011),0. Bcxope nOCJIO yxona aaapon Ha sanan npOTOOOJIrapbI

11111 II [I)~ BJIaCTb Bananaorropxcxoro xaraaa ra, B oOPb5e IIpOTHB OIHI',),1I11 xoroporo rrpOTOOOJIrapCKMM IIJIeMeHaM BrrOBb YAaJIOCb 1)1111,[',11. 13 632 r. oOPb6a ynerraanacs ycnexou: ofipaaonanocs 1'lfIO,III'U pekoe noeHHO-rrOJIIITHqeCKOe o5'LeAHHeHHe no raase C 'III \ pml ],y6paToM U3 pona )J;YJIo. OO'be,rJ,IIHomre IIOJIY'IHJIO Y BH- 11111\1'" IIHIfMeHonamIe «BeJIHKaHEYJJrapIIHl). H'yOp3T B T8'IeHHe II III''' 11,1)('11 IHI nOi1.,rJ,epmUBaJI ,JIpymecmre CBH3H C DU3aHTueii.

lillJlflt:'I'HO n ObITe, BHYTpeIIHeiI CO~UaJIbHoi'( crpyxrype II noHUM ycrpoiicrne BeJIHlwii: EYJIrapIIH H3BeCTHO xpanae MaJIO. '1II'II'C~lmMH paCI(QIIKaMl'l BII.TIOTb no CIIX nop He oOHapymeHbI 1'1",111 IIPOT050JIrapC1\He JI.penHOCTH, narnpyea ue npexeaex '1""\11111.) VIII B.

Ii "'11 I ,lly X 1111 II3BeCTIIH 0 naaarxax 3eMJIe;!1;eJIUH y IIPOT060JI""01111'111111 1I0CTOHHHbIX 3HMHJIX CTaHOE. no 3aR;rIIO'10HIIIO co-

"1"1111,11111011, pnCIWIIaBllIHX MHomeCTBO npOTOOOJIrapCRIIX ce, " nlll'I'I'I\l1II (:lql!'pCKOro J],OHll,a, IIOCTOHIIHhIMll 'aTll nOCeJleHIIH ill "11,111,1111 II I X un-rane X n., yme rrOCJIe yxona U3 arnx MeCT If 111'0)1100,11 I'll II 111\ DUJIKaHLI. EO.TIbmHHCTBO nporofionrap n II P" 111'"1.111 ..... , nl';'YI~JIOBHO, IW'1eBHHI\aMil-CKOTOBo.rr;aMII.

, 1I1'~lIl1nO"1 1'111' '1'111'11 uopnona rocnoncrnonan, RaR II y caanan, ,il II1I1'HII .. n }\ .. MIIHPII'!'IHT. Hx apHCTOKpaTUH yme 5bIJIa oo.'Ia;n,a""HI./I hI''' 1111 t,l \ C"I'lIn CHOTa H 60JIbIIIllX P;BIHRIIMJ,IX ooraTcTB. "I'" 001114'1"1'111 'ItlIHII 1''I'py trrypa rrpOTOOOJIrap eine OCTaBaJIaCb R .", I 'ttdwfl I''I'I'IH'IIII POJlO-l1.!lOMeHHoii: OHU II IW'IenaJTJI II B 60if

.,,' JlU}lUM It HO,llfI1111 "U, I\POnlJOpOnCTBeHHbIM CBH:lHM, PO!l:OBOH

39

cnaiine ObIJUl OOH3aHbI nporoconrapu cuoeii JJ;lICIl,IlUJIllHOiI, Ca1'>100TBepmeHHOCTbIO II B3aHllWBhIpY'I}{Oi! .B cpaaceunax. POJJ;OBhIMH CIlH3JIMil onpeneaaaocs JJOJIOmeUHe 'leJIOBeRa B oO~eCTBe. Ilonnepama poJWROH apnCTORpaTIHI, npexnre ncero rrpencranareneii npasmnoro pona, 060cn8'lHn8JI8 ,'I,eiJCTBeHHOCTb H3CJIe,r:{CTneHHOll nJI8CTH BOm,'l,H IIJIeMeHl1 (xaaa) , I1pOQnOCTh RPO)lHOpO,n,CTn8HUbIX CBH3eH 3aI\OHOMepHO CO'l8TaJlaCb C UerrpO'lHOCThIO CHH3el! MeJI\fiJLeMCHHhIX: IWMnaI{THhIe, HO HCKpynHLI8 llJIeM8HH&I8 OO'begHH8HIIH npOTOOOJIfap He cJIY'IaHno oxaaanacr, R IWUn,y VII B. paafipocaausnrn B I,a'I8CTB8 H30JIHpOHanITh~X aHRJIaBOH na orpOMHOM rrpOCTpaUCTBe OT IIonoJlJI{bH )].0 IhaJUIlI.

i OO'be!J;HHenHJI uponCXO)].HJlH no 60JIhmeii 'IaCTIT HaCUJILCTneHHbIM HYT8M, npeJI\).\8 ncero )J,JIH BOCHHUX neneii: )J,JIff\ OOOPOHbl H B OCO- 6eHHOCTII 3aXBaTa HOBhIX nacrfiam II BO,n;OCMOBII pana BOHnCKoii )1;0- Obl'lH.,' CUPIIMCKUii aHTOp VI B. ~iaxapliH PIITOP rrucaJl 0 rrpOTOOOJIrapax, 'ITO OHn OOUTaIOT B roprax, nHTaJOTCH MECOllI M PbIDOiI, ):1"0- 6blBaIOT npomrranae TaKme OXOTOH II IIOCpCP;CTBOM rpafieaca. Crapumti conpeneanax 3axapllu JIaTIIHCI\HH nIICaTeJIL 8UHO,n;UH roBOPIIJI, 'LTO rrpoT060JIrapbI - 8TO napop;, J(OTOPLrII c rrOMOIIlJ>IO BOHHf>l )J,oBy,n,eT nee, 'loro rrOiH8JIaeT, csuraer MepllJ10M OJIaropogcTBa KOJIH'leCTBO nponn nparon, npomrroii na TIOJIe cpamcmiii, He I1MeeT nperpan )J,JIJI csoero aoiicxa H, 6Yl(Y'lH rrpaysetr Ii JII06bIM JIIIllCHUHItf, MOmeT ).\onOJIbCTBOBaTl>CJl O)J,lUIM KOObIJILHM MOJIOROM.

IT porotionrapcxoe BofrCKO rrpe,n,CTallJIJIJIO Boopym:eHlu,IIi napon: n 60nx Y'IaCTBOnaJIH ace uapocnsre MynPlIIHLI IwellfeHII, a flHOfi:J;a 1I meHIJ.:IHHbI. ]]eXOTHLIii: CTPOR OhIJI qym)J, npcrotioarapaa, HaR H )J,pyrilM KOTIeBbIM uaponax. lICI,YCH:bIe CTpeJIRII H3 JIyKa, npOTOOOJIraphI llOJIh30BaJUICb ranace RonheM H B PYKorraIIIlIbIX CXBaTKax 60eBbIMlI T()lTOP'<DHr. Y,lJ;apHoiI CMJIOj,[ OLIJIa THlIteJIOBoopymeIIHaH IWHHnu;a,i I{QUllJIeKTOBalllliaHCH 113 npencrasnreaek 3IIaTU: KOJIb'lJTaMH u ):(o~ cnexasur OI>IJIII aanunneun He TOJIbRO caxa BcagHHRU, lIO H rpynr, rrx KOHeiI. CTpCMHTeJU,HOCTb II naesanrrocrr, HarrageHilH, oKpymeHlIc, OhICTphIJi MaueBp, JIOlRHOe O'fCTYIIJleHHe, YCTPOl1CTBO aacan ObIJIH 113- JIIOOJICIIHOll Tal\T11ROI1: npOTOOOJIrap. B noxonax BOHHhI 05U'IHO lIMeJUI aanacusrx JWHei{.

JJ;ml peJII1TlIOaHI.IX I1pe)~CTaHJIeHn~i I1POTOOOJIfap ObIJIO xapaxrepno MHOi{WCTHO paaJIH'IlILIX KYJlbTOll. Ocofienno pacnpOCTpaUenTII,IMI1 II YCToi]'IIInhlMH OLIJII'! TOTeMH3M, I{YJlhT npennon, RyJI:bT .n;YXOB - noxpollHTCJIeij I1 RVJILT mIeMeBHOro Bon';U:JI - xarra. IDaMaHH3M OI>!JI OOhIQnOH (POPMOIt' «Ooru,eIIRH» C ooraMH H nyxavn, liaK H y npoxax TJOPRcxnx napono». TIOgOOHO APyruM 'TIOpRaM, npororioarapsr nOI\JIOHJIJII:lCb BepX01:lROMY 601HccTny 'I'anrpa (Hefio}, B 'IeCTI. xoroporo coananaJIRC}, CHHTIIJIlItTW; IIIHPOIW ObIJII1 pacnpocrpanema aMYJIeTbI C CHMBOJII1'JOelt1IM 11:106paa,CHueM COJIHna. PRTyaJI aaxoporrenaii OTpaJI{aJI nepv n aarporinyro mU3Hr.: B MOrIIJIy 3aphIBaJIH T8f(me serna rroxoiuroro, nanty, a nopoa nero KOllH. B OTJUI'llIe OT JJ;pyrnx TlOpKOfl:3bI'IHhlX napoxoa rpynoeoaosenae BCTpe'laJIOCb y nPOTOOOJIrap JiCChMa peiuto.

COrJIaCHO (llMeHHJIRY OOJIrapCRIIX xanon» , rrepnaa 'I8C1'b JiOTOPOro OhlJIa COCTaBJIeHa B caMOM KOHIJ;e VII B. n ROTOPbI!i CJIYlIHIT

40

I 'Jill IlBhIM AOKa3a TeJIhCTBml TlOpIWJ'l3hI'IMH npOTOOOJIrap, OHM TIOJIh30~ 1I1I,:mCh KaJleHgapeM, KOTOPhlfi TIOPKCKIW HapoghI 3aUMCTBOBaJIM y HlI'raiiu,en. J1YHHblii TOA BKJIlO'iaJI 10 xecanen, o603Ha~IaBlIIHXCa lIO" P"i\IWBhIlIUI 'IlICJIIITeJILHhIJ\nr; JIYHHhlii: 30glIalHlJILHblii unxn OXBaTLIlin;! 12 nev, Kalli)],hIH ro)], ROCIUl RMH onnoro H3 12 cnameaasrx mnIIO'l'lIbIX: MhlillL, BO.lJ, rnrp, aaHIJ; R T. 11. 06 UCKYCCTBe npororioxrap V 1- VII BR. ~IMKIIO CYll;IITh TOJIhKO perpocrtetcrnnao - no RaXO;:J;KaM v I II -X BE.: 6POH30JU,Ie aurponoacprpaue n 30O:\lOp[JJHble aMY.lJeTbI, ~'I\ pameHIIJI llORCOB H KORCIWii c6pyn - see 3TO CBH)J.eT8JIbCTByeT 0 pnallHTIIH pexecea, Ii300pa3HTeJIbHOrO HC:hYCCT:aa II ronennpnoro JJ;eJIa Y II porofionrap, BHll;IIMO, yJRe B 3IIOXY BemmOM BYJIrapMII.

Bennaaa BYJIrapHH cyrneereonaaa, ozmaxo, nmnt, OROJIO '1elBCpI'll CTOJIeTllH: B HR'IaJIe aropoa llOJIOBJIHbI VI B. rrOCJIe cneprn Kyo- 1'1l'I'U ORa pacnanact, HU TpM 'laCTI{ EO rxase C CbmOBbHMM Ky6paT8., "!IOCnOJIh30BaBrrrnCh BTHM, BOCTO'IJIhlii: CO cell; nporoficnrap - Xaaapl'I01i:i: xaranar Ha'IaJI BoitRy caanana C nporotioarapaan crapnroro "IoIIJa Ry6paTa BaT6aHRa, nnartearuero BOCTO'lHOii: 'faCTblO 6bIBmej'[ flp,'lHlWii: BYJIrapUII, Earfiarrn CTa.IT gaHHIIKoM xaaap, Bropcii csnr llyopaTa l\oTpar YBCJI IIOlJ;BJIaCTRbIX eMY npOTOOOJIrap aa cpensoe TtI'ltHIne BOJIrl1 (TaM ua py6eme IX -X BB, CJ-(JIa.n;hIBaeTCH rocynap- 1"I'BO, 1I3BeCTHoe non 1-1a3n3R1l8M BOJI}KCRO-KaMcR3H BYJIrapHH H cyII(PrTBonaBIIIee 11;0 MOUrOJIO-TRrapCKoro namecrnna B 30-x To,!!,ax \. III n.}. 'AOJlbllle scex, rrO-BII}.l,UMOMY, COrrpOTl1BJ{HJIHCb xaaapau uyrpnrypr«, HaXOll;IIRIUneCJI non BJIaCThlO rperr.ero csrua Ky6paTa ;\('11 apyxa (Ecnepnxa COrJIaCHO «IhwHlIImy 60JIrapCKHx XaROB))). II pOTo6oJIrapbI Acnapyxa aceu llJIeMeHeM ME,lll;JIeHUO orcrynaaa ua :lllllHlI:, K YCThlO .uYRaa, recnnarae xasapaJ\lu,: Boauoaeuo, B 70-x roHI1 x nporofionrapsr, nepeM)J;H llRecTp, 060CUOHaJIIICb B eCTeCTBeUIIO ;01111 (Mm;eHHOH MeCTHOCTU lIO Ha3BaHllIO «OHTJII) , pacnoaoaceaaoit, BRilll M 0, r,n;8-TO MeiR,!!,y orporaun KapuaT, COC8iJ;HlIMH peEaM:H II 6oJIo'IlIc'forr rrOl1MOM ,u;YHaa. Bbl6npaH MecTo, Acnapyx onacanca nana- 1\11I1nA. He TOJIbEO xasap, HO TaKllie anapoa a BUaaHTHltIl,eB. C aaapamr I'M y npanorocs CTOJIl-tHyn,cH cpaay me: no BceM BTIAMMOCTll, nOCJI8 P(O)(a na SeMJIH H tory OT )J;YHUJ'I 3HaTIHTeJIbROM 'faCTI! CJIaBHU, xarnu UhITaJICH YTBepi1.IITL cnoe rocnoncrno B JIeBo6epemhe HuJRHCrO Jlv IWH, COrJIaCHO CBlI,il;eTeJIhCTBY apunacaoro I1CTOTIHIIKa, Acnapyxy ~'JlUJIOCb II3rHaTh OTCIOiJ:a anapon. HeCOMHeHHO, Acrrapyx BCTynHJI "1111('(' B KOHTaKT C BomllHMH CJIaBHUCHIIX nJIeMeHHhIx 061..eJJ;lIH8RHlI II, nopOHTHO, CYMeJI YTBOPJ\UTh CIIOIO m,}Cm),IO llJIaCTh Hap; COC8)J,IUI~I" paaoaaan, H8CeJIellnr,IMH CJHlnSIIIaMlf, pOMal]H3IIpOBaHHblMH reroJIItIW.MH II {<OCI{QJII{aMJ-U HPyrnx HapOJJ;OR, oceuurax 3JJ;eCb B xone Ilel.llll xoro nepecenenna naponon.

II: ROHIJ;y 70-x rOlJ;OB nporofonrapsr BllOJIBe orrpanrrnacr, OT rrepe.IIIIThIX IIMI! 3JlOHJIIO'feHUM, yCTPOHJIH YKpenJIeHRbIll: nareps aa '1lY'laii BoeRHoii onaCROCTJI M nepennrn 'H aHTHBubIM ):{eiiCTBMHM npo,1111 BJI3aHTJIII,

r saea III

pom):(EHHE rOCY)l;APCTBA BOJIr APHH HEro BOP:bBA

C BH3AHTlIllCKon UMTIEPHER

OT IIEPBbIX CTOJIKHOBEHIHt

C BII3AHTJ1EIl I{ ,Il,OrOBOP¥ 681 r.

'B IWHL\e 70-x I'O,n;OB VII B., naxaayne yTBepm.n;eHffa BOJIrapCKOro rocyaapc-ma, rrpOTOOOJIrapCKHO IWHHble OTPJlP;bI, COrJIaCHO paccxasy xponacra cfleopaHa, crana JIS Onrora nepenpasnarsca 'lepea .u:YH3n H paaopars JIem3~He 6JIll3 peRII SeMJIH, Yf~DpmHBaeMhle B TO npeMa BH38HTUtW;8MIf. 8TH aeMJIH B MHCIIH II }J,06pYl1.me 6bIJIlf a8CeJIOHbl, 1(3K yrroMHH3JIOCb, CJIaBHlIaJ.UI, IWTOPbIe qaCTIPIHO H, nO-BH)J,HMOMY, HOMffHaJIhHO rrpaarrasana nJIaCTb ffMllepaTopa. Ha6errr nporooom'ap, CJIep:,oBaTeJIbHO, KOCHYJIHCh I1X nOCeJIeHlIn II onpyrn rrplIMopCRIIX ropenon, OCTaBanmIlXCH non BJIaCThIO mrrrepna. Bo BCHI{OM CJIY'lae, ROBcTaBTHH IV csen rrOJIOmOHHe cepseansnt H pacnopananca COopan BOMcKa H IIop;rOTOBIITb aoeauna qlJIOT.

Becnoti 680 r. B}I3aHTIIHCRaa apMHH MopeM II no cyme, B]1;OJIh 6epera, ]1;BHHyJIaCh npOTHB nporofioarap. OHIJ 6bIJIlI ocaaczremr B IIX YRpemlemUL Hsmeparop cnycrn TPII-'lCTbIpe P;HH IlOI{IIHYJI BOHClW pamr rrpHHHTHH JIe'le6HI>Ix BaHH n Mecnaspan, Cpe]1;1! BORHOB pacnpocrpaHIlJIIICh CJIyXH 0 6erCTBe mmeparopa. CUl:xIIiiHO Ha'I3JIOCh naHH~IeCRoe orcrvnaenae, rrpOTOOOJIraphI HaIIaJIH II pa3rpOMIIJllI OTXOlVIII.IUC DOHcRa, rrpeCJlC~YH nx P;O ):(YHaH. 3aTC1>1 Acnapyx nepenpaBHJIeR "Llepe3 pexy II ]1;OlIIeJI AO penn Bapnu. OH onemor uoaoaeeaae M8CTHOCTH, a8IT1"Hrn:eHHoif MopeM, .ItrHae;u H BaJIRaHCHuM Xpe6TO)f, rrOWUUIIIJI ~(H3 Haxo)J,lIIlJ;uXCJl n06JI1130eTH CJIaBHHCRHX HapOp;OB» eOlO3 Cellfh PO,t{OB, IIOee.1IfE IIJIellH[ cenepos y npOXOL(a Memgy BOCTO'1HbIMH orporaan BaJIHaH II l\WpeM ):(JIH OOOPOIIbI aroro MOCTa OT BTOPt!\eHUii:

BII3alITffHll,cB, a (WCTaJILHMo COMh PO]1;OE, naXOL\flIlJ;nXCH I10J.( naxTOM»,- na rpaanne C aBapaMn.· OJWH nCTOpHI\l1 C'lHT3IOT cenepon OC06hIM IIJIeM8HeM, He 13XO]1;HBIliIIM n COlO3 CellIh PO;:J;Oll, a (maRT».I\OrOBOpOM MOa,iJ,Y CJIaBJlHal\IlI II nporooonrapaan. TIo MHeHHIO P;PYrnx, naaaaane eOI03a COMh PO)J,OB, )'TpaTIIB nepaona-ram.mair CMLICJI, CTaJIO cnMBO.71IPIHhIM, cenepsr BXOi1;IIJIn n COI03, HO coxpannan B HeM aBTOHOMHIO n ObIJIII OTp;eJICHbI OT Hero TOJIhRO Acnapyxox; non «naxTOM» me IIOHHMaeTCH 06bI'lHhIll AJIJI Inmepnrr J{orOBOp C (lwp:epaTaMH (n ztannoa CJIY'lae - rtoronop co CJIaBffH3MII COlO3a CeMb PO]1;OB, KOropsre ObI.TUr JIOHJIhHIJ J{ HMrrepJIll rro npnxona nporotioxrap). HbIHe OOJIrapclwii: acropaorpadmea npernroacena erne OiJ,Ha BepCHH 06'hHCHeHHR: C06bITHH: BH3aHTIIJI R 680 I'. COXpaHHJra csoe rOCnOl1.CTBO Ba]1; ,I1;06pyp;men, Tor]1;3 RaR na MneIIIO ee BJI3CTh He pacnpoorpaaaaaor.:

SlJ;eCb, B MrrcnH, yraepnanncs Hea8BHCHMbre OT BrraaHTHH n spaae-

42

neOHbr8 eil CJIaBlIHInr, B KPYIIHeUllIYIO 1I3 IWTOPbIX (CeMb PO,n:OB) IIXOJ1,HJIlI TaRiK8 JIeBOUepeaUIbIe 38MJIII Me)R,n:y ,IT,yrra8M II Hapnaraxra; 1I0,n:tIIIHlIJili npororionrapsr TOJIhlW cnauan, aacenannrax ,IT,oopy,n:my, II C cenepaxn II 06'be,n:llH8HlleM CeMb PO,n:OB Acnapyx nnnn, yperyJlHpOBaJI OTHomeHIIH, BCTYIIHB C HHMH B npO'IHbrll COID3 (erraxr»}.

HosaBIICHMO OT pa3HbIX TO'IeR RpeHJUI O'leBH,n:HO, 'ITO Acrrapyx C03,n:aJI HOBoe 06'bOAHIIenne, BCTYIIHB B coraanreaae CO CJIaBJIHCr,HMH UOiR;o;JIMI1 (nnane liM ae 6bIJIa 6bI ,n:OBopeua oxpana AByX naameiinrax Y'laCTROB rpaamrsr}, n tITO rJIaBHbIlIUI ero apar axnr GLIJ1lI IfMIIeplIJI, A I I3PCKIfii xarana T 1I xaaaptr. Hecoxneauo TalOHe II TO, 'ITO BepXOBnan BJIaCTb B HOBOM rocynapcrae C can oro nanana oxaaaxacs B pyirn x rrpOTOOOJIrapCKOro xaaa.

Bce STO, 1\aR 01\a3aJIOCb, rroTpe60BaJIO aexmoro BpOMeHII, TaR KaK, oiropee scero, icYIl(eCTBOBaJIO BaaIlMorrOHHMaHHe Mem,n:y nporofionrapI· 1 (llIIHI «60HJIaMI!21 f(BbICmeu 3HaTbIO - OTCIO,n:a noannee TepMHH ~fioJIJIpe»)! II CJIaBJIHCIWU aprrCT01\paTIICiIj OP;IIHaIWBO aannrepecoaan- 111.IMli B yrrpO'IeUHII rocnoncrsa nan CBOHIIIH IlO;,ur;aHHb1MI1 H B YTIHlptR;n:eHlIlI He3aBnCIIMOCTII OT axmepmt, anapon II xaaapos. Vme B arOM me 680 If B CJIe):(YIOIll,eM rOAY rrpOTOOOJIrapbI CTaJIII nropra'rr.ca III I :3CMJIII R rory OT BaJIRaHCIWro xpefira, naxonamnecn, RaR}'OBOPHT tt.norP3H, '<mo;o; pmreiicKJI:i.1 (RII33HTIIiicKJIM) ynpaaneaaex» . B anry- 1"'1'() 081 r. mrueparop npenaoaom Mnp II C/IWrO;1r;HyIO ,n:aHb Acrrapyxy. BLIJI aaRJIIO'IOH noronop, oaaa-rannnra rrpH3HaHIIe nunoro rocy/VlpCTB3 co CTOPOHbI mmepnn. C roro IIIOMeH~!lllmeT sananasnr (JlIlTJl'HCRIIii:) XpOHJICT - coupeneaanx COOb1TIIii:, 1«CJIe;n:YCT ronoparr. II l lonrapna» , T. e. 0 aeaaancmrou BOJIrapCROM rocy;1r;apcTB..~j

8ROHOMI1l:lECRAH BA3A

11 nOJII1TI1l:lECIUIl!l CTPOl!l EOJIf API1I1

I )lIl1CaHHb1C C06bITlm ChlrpaJIII orpoMHYIO pOJIb B CTaHOBJIenlIn HOBOto rocynapcrna, lIO caxo OHO He ObIJIO, pa3YMeCTC.lI, CJIe,n:CTBHeM nann. IHH'JlHbIX notien If P;IIIIJIOM3TII'IeCRIIX M3H8BPOB Acnapyxa, Ofipaaona- 111110 rocynapcraa rrpsmrrecrnonano c03peBaHIIe He06xo,n:I1MbIX ;rJ;JI.lI 111"<11'0 npermo CbIJIOI{, II rrOCJIC 33RmocreHlI.lI MIIpa C BII33HTIfCii: rrOCJIe- 1IIIIIaJ1 ,n:JIHTCm,HhlH nepaon OrPopMJIeHHH II YIIpO'leHHH rocyztapcrnaa- 11111'0 CTPOH BOJIrapHII. B CJIaJ3IIHMJIX JIHilib c03;n:aBaJIIICb YCJIOBMH ;o;mI IHI:IIIJIRHOBOHIIH rocynapcrnerrnsrx rP0PM 06Il(eCTBCIIHOH iRH3HII: npat'uonllIIC npatiaaonuoro npoztyrcra erne He CTaJIO CHCTCMaTIPICCKHM, 11'1 (,._\'TCTBOB3JIII II OXl!aTLIIJalOn~IIii: nCIO TCPPI1TOPHIO CJIaBHHIIII annu- 1111'1' ynpaBJIeHIIJI, rrOCTOJIHIIOC rrpO{pCCCHOHaJIhHOe BOHCRO, opramr I'y !~d5Hoii BJI3CTII II npanyxmerrna; axortanrae B COCTaB CJIaBIIHIIii: 1I,III'MCHa CIl(C COXpallJIJIH aBTOHOMIIIO. HeT J1,aHHblX HM 0 'IBTRIIX I'IIIIIIHIlax l\am)J,oii: CJI3BIIHHII, Hn 0 naJIII'IHH B HIIX nOJIIITII'IeCRHX 1II'IITpOB - MeCT rrpeobIB3HIIH Bom;n:eil: (RHH3eH). HC33BIICHMO OT 111141, RXO).!,lIJIH nJIn He BXo;n:IIJIH B COlO3 CeMb pO,n:OB cesepsr, rrJICMCHtloli lIapTHKymlpII3M B HeM erne He 6hlJI npeononerr,

II porotionrapu Acrrapyxa OTHIO,n:b HO onepeseana CJIaBHH B o6m;el'IIII'lilIOM pa3BHTIIH; HX otimecrno HaXO;1r;HJIOC:r, rarose aa CTa;O;lIH

43;

44

nepexona R oCe;:J;JIOCTH H OIPOpMJIeHlilIO rOCYl1,apCTBeRHOH crpyxrypsr. BemmaR: EYJI:raQ!IR: ~ HerrpO'IXbri"r COIDa KO!£eBbIX lIJlel\feH - He 6bIJIa rocYiWPCTlWlH. 1X03RllCTBt:m1W-HYJIbTYPHbIII TIIII npoTo6oJIrap, UX conaansnaa II 06~eCTBeHHO-rrOJInTH'IeCKaH crpyxrypa, rrpoH1I3aHH3a KpOBlIOpoJlcTneHHbIlVlH CBflaRlIUI, OTJIll'IaJHICb 60JIbmeii apXafl'IHOCTbIO II JWHCepRaTHBlIocTLIO. 1\o'1eBoe CROTOIlO_L\CTBO HBJIflJIOCb B VII B. OCIIOBOii :;IlWHo),ul'IeCIWii HUlana nporotionrap - 3aqaTKII ael\1JlOAeJLIlf{ erne lIe nrpana qlYIlIUl,HOHaJILHO C!WJILEO-HnOYl1,b CYlIJ,eCTBeHHOII pOJI~ -B HOBO:'-l ncroprrno-reorpadnrsecnou apeane , rl1,e OTCYTcTBOBaJIU 00- nmpaue crenmae nacrfinnta II npe06JIa)1,aJIo aeM.JIogeJIb'leCKOe HaC8- rreane, IW'IeBOe CI\OTOBO,lJ,CTBO cr8HOBHJIOCL 6ccrrepcrreKrrrBHI.IM TlUIOl\f X03HiicTIlon8mm. Crroco6uoe o6ecrre'IIITb 6LJCTpOe aoapaoranae npa- 6ano'l1wfo nponyxra, OHO MorJIO CTaTh nCTOIJlnnWlIi OprUH:U30n£lHHoiI ElKclmyaTaqun co CTO'pOHhl connansnsrx nepxoa rOJILliO npn naJIll'Ilm nOCTOflHnbIX IIOCeJICHHit~

CJIaBfIBe II npororioxrapu, npe)J,cTaHJIHllUIUe )J,Ba pe31\O pa3JlH'I8BrnUXCH B X03HiicTncHHoM H 3THlPICCIWM OTUOlUClJ.llH napona, H8XO)J,UJIllCL K IWHIJ,Y VII n, na CT8)l.lIH OQIll,eCTJ18HHOrO pasuarna, nenocpencrnennc npe)J,IlIeCTBYIOIU,eii OqlOPMJICHIIIO rocyuapcraa. OAHaRO no ncrpe ta CJfaBaH II rrporotionrap B Mncrrn rocynapcra erne He Of,[JIO HII Y rex, HIf y ~pyrHx H8 acex reppnropnzx paCCCJIeHIrR 3THX 31"HOCOB.

C canoro cnoero noaHIIKHOBeHHH Bonrapnn He MOme'f 6hlTb yno,n.o6JIena Aaapcaouy xaranary, f(BJIHBIlIeMYCH MelIHIJIeMeHHbIM COlO- 30M. BOJIhIIJIIHCTllO rrO;c\;1.aHHbIX xarana TaKiI~e COCTallJHlJlH HHOJl3bI'IHue 3eMJre,n.eJILII,bI (npeacne ncero CJIaBflHe), naxonannraeca B HenOJITlOUpUBHO:'-1 IIOJIOmCmul. B xarana-re 6bIJIO nCMa.lIO II uporoficnr-ap, HO JIIHlIh aaapcsoe HfJ;pO COCTaBJIHJIO llLICIlTuii rocrrO~\CTBYIOlIJ,Hi1: CJIOH. Anapnr OCT8BaJIHCL~(O paarpoxa xararra ra nOJIyr,,:o<I8BbU[ IIJre~1eHeM, r.n&mwii 4}rnK[~neii ROTOpOI'O 6uJW yp;cpm8wle Il nOBHHOBCHHH nonnnacraorn xaranary HaCeJI811HfI, 3 h"pOM8 'foro cfiop C Hero ,D,[IHH 11 opraHl13aqHH Ha6erOB npOTHB cocenanx CTpaH 11 H&PO,qOB. Ha 3UM)' anapr.r YCTpaHBaJIHCh HU nOJIHOe cogeplI\auue B nocexenaax nO;J;'-lUH8HUblX lIM 3e;'IJI8I1,cm,n;en. Apxeoaorn ofinapyxran U CTanOBlIU\a anapOB xaranara, HO He naii;(81I I1,D ClIX nop ero J1.8HTP «<pURr»).

IIoJIomcHue B EOJIrapUIl CYIl~8CTIieIUIO OTJIH'IaJIOCL 13 ca:-WM rrrasHOIII - B xapaxrepe ornouromni nnyx HapOAOE, OI,a3aBIIIlIXCfl B npeneirax ertarroro rocvnapcrnetraoro 06'be,u,ffHemur. /)[oTrr BepXOBl-IaH IlJIaCTb OKa3aJI8Cb B PYIWX rrpOrOOOJ1T8PC1wii: apHCTORpanIII BO NI8Be c xaROM Acnapyxoa, }(OHRpeTHoe COOTHomCHIIe CIIJI H nneIlU1HH onacHOCTb 06YCJIOllllJIn 311 0. 'llITC,T[bHYro ueaaBIICliMOCTh CJIatlfIHCIWii 31Ia'fU B nOp;BJIaCTHbIX liM C:IaBUJUIfl'Sl PH,l\OBbI8 nporooonrapu He npnnanJIem8JIli I( npUBllJI8rHpOBanHoMy CJIOIO. Ofl,UaKO O'T(,Ub B31Im08 ana-reane B C0311,aHlIH ;)KOHOMll'IeCRoro 5a,mca pa3BJmmOIIJ,erOClI rocynapCTBa, n npeJ\OCTanJI8HIIII Heo6xo):(lIMhlX 8MY MaTepn3JlbllbIX cpencrs HM8JI8 xoamicraennan J\eHTeJIbHOCTb Macc panonoro caanaacxoro I'peCTLffHCTJla. Ono II OCHOJUro~r A"OJImHO 6UJIO 06eCne!£HBa Tb CUOInI 'l'pYP;OM CTpOITTem,CTBO OOopOHIITeJI:&HhIX coopyrrreaai1, B03IW_L\enlIe 8J~MHRHCTpaTHBHbIX IIcnTpOB, RBBe.nelJHe MOCTOS H nepenpas, go-

(l'I'III1I1Y CTpOIiTeJIhHhlX MaTepHaJlOB a T. ,0:. JIHllTh ::mCIIJIyaTan;UlI UI~I','VlOro uacenenaa n03BOJIfIJIa npaBHTe.'IhCTBY coanarr, l>IaTepaaJIb'",1(' I'0CypCbI, Heooxop;IIMble ;:IJIfI conepzsauna annapara BJIaCTII II AJIlI 'lI'j~(!lIlUI aI{THBIJoii BneIIIHeII IIOJIHTlIRII.

IltoIIRpeTlIbIe CPOPMbI opraHH3aU;IIII BJIaCTII B Bonrapna B nepsoe C'III.lICTJW ee HCTOPIIH II3BeCTHbI O'1eUb nnoxo. Ilepnonaaanaarae rpa- 11111\],[ rocynapcrna oupe;qeJIIIJIHCb, Bn,n:muo, B 680-681 rr.: aa IOre 11'1'0 ObIJI EaJII,aHClnIII ropasrii xpetier, na ROCTOI{e - qepHoe Mope, 1111 Gcpery xoroporo eure He ace ropona 6bIJIn cpaay B311TbI npOTO(io.'llapaJlrUI. Jlenofiepeacse ,l:tYHafI, OT 6epera perm ,rJ,O RapnaT, cxopee 111'·('1"0, BOIllJIO B rrpeneasr KOHTpOJIHpyeMoII AcrrapYX011 TeppUToplIlI; 1111 uanane, aa AYHae:-'I, rpannueii ObIJm ,KeJIe3HbIe sopora, aa KOTO,']'[MU HaXO,ll;IIJIHCh BJIa,n:eHU.H anapon, a K lory OT peRU rpanana no(1'1'11 rana, B03MOlf\HO, P;OJIUIIf,! per{u TIIMOB:. Ha cOBepO-BOCTORe noI'JIII IIll'lHhIIII py6emoM, Y'IlITblBaH xapaxrep OTHoHIeHuii: nporofioarap C x aaapasm , lIBJlHJICH, BepOJl'rHO, ,1J;H8CTp. Bonpoc 0 30H8 rrpOTOOOJl- 1'lIpC1WrO BJUIJIHUlI rra qepHoMopCIWM nofiepexn.e R BOCTOI,y OT )\IWCTpa ocraerca lJ;nCltYCCROHHhBU

CYiJ.H no apXeOJIorlf1reCIUIM p;aHHhlM, nporotioxrapsr paCCeJIITJlHCb 1[0 upsmrymecrny B C8BepO-BOCTO'IHhIX IT BOCTO'lHbIX paironax rocyH!lpCTBa CB ~oopY)];iRe). CTOmH\a ObI.TIa ocnonaaa na MeCTe CJIanmI('·I(!Iro nocexeaan IIJIl'ICHa, npenpautcnnoro B OOurUpHbIH yxpennen- 111,1 ii pnoxr II BaJIOM nareps.: BbICIIIa.H BJIaCTb HaXO}l.IIJIaCh B PYKax xnua Acnapyxa.. Ero P;BOp ObIJI T8CHO canaan rrpeacne scero C paCIIOJIO)[{CHHbTlIUI nOOJIH30CTH H BOCTORy II CSBCPO-BOCTOKY OT IIJIIICRH C'I'o.ii6IIIIl,aIlI1I nporofionrap, pa3Moru;aBIIIHMHCH, no Beerr BepOHTIIOCTH, 110 ponaa DO rotase c PO,rr:OM ~YJlO. Bmm\aIIIIIIIMlI E xaay BeJIhIlIOJI\lIMlI Gbwn, nO-Bnp;HMOMY, xaexan (6YRBaJIbHO: «conpanarenr, xana» , uO.IIa,rr:aBHIIIn aOCJIe Hero BbICIIIHMil BoeHIIbIMII nOJIIIOMO'IIIHMII) H «'I apry OOIIJI «<'IepryOHJlb)} B CJIaBHHCIWIII npOII3HomCHHII, OYRRaJlh- 110: «BHYTpeHHHH OOUJI)} , nepaoe JIIIIJ;O nOC.'Ie RaBxaHaL' Ilpa ,n:Bope xuua IIMe;UICb, HeCOMHeHHO, opramr nenrpansnoii BJIaCTH, 0 CTPYRT~' [)8 xoropoir, O)l;HaKO, }l.JI.H ROHI.l;a VII - VIII B. OTCYTCTllYfOT nan- 111,10 IICTO'IHIU{QB.

C.TIaBlIIIlIH IIpII3IfaraJIII nepxonayro BJIaCTb xaua, C.TIC)],YH B PYCJIC (11'0 naemaeii IIOJlHTHlnI II Y'ID.eTnYH B ero BOeHHl>TX rrpennpnarnax.] IIO;('IHHCHIIO cnannnnii xany HC rrpIIR8JIO, rrO-BlIi\HMOMY, R OCJIaO.leJIIIIO BJIaCTlf EIUJ3eii srryrpn caMHX c.JIaBIfHIIII, IIOJlb30BaBWIIxeH BH,Y·TJl[,I!Hen aBTOIIO~nrelI. Haceacnne rooynapcrua, IIOJ\UIMO noancxon CJI:"iR6bI (BItJIIOqaH oxparry rpantru), a rarcxce rpynoaux IIOIlHIIHOr'll~ii:, yrrJIa'lHBaJIO, necomrermo, nUTypaJIhUbIC R3HOCbI R nOJIT>3Y CBO}IX IOUl3ei!:, ponosoir anarn - OOHJIOB, a 'I8Kme B rtenrpanr.nyro xarrCl(y'ro Ra3HY· CY)),HTh 00 ~YtOM n03ll0.TUllOT naansre 06 06IIIHPHO:'I J(lIOPU;OBOM ROMHJIeRCe IT JIHCIUI, 0 3na'IHTe.iIbHbIX BoeHlIbIX MepOrrpU.H't'UHX xaaa, 0 RpyuHmI KpenOCTIIOM II rpaacnancrcou cTpOHTeJIhCTBC, II cepsaanoii 3anHTcpeCOBaHHOCTU CJJaIlHHO-6oJlrapCRoil 3HaTIf B roproane C mmepneii, D xone I\OTOPOH cpeo,n:aJIH3upYIOID;a.HC.H "!IaTh c6hIBaJIa B oOMeH aa rrpemrersr pOCROHIlI B31'DIa8MYro C nox, IIJraCTHOro naCeJIeHIfH p;aHb II .n;OOhI'IY(Mexa, Me)];, BOCK, mxypst,

45

JIeH, CROT, paOOB n T. rr.). OCHOBHYro Maccy nana COCTaBJIHJI1:I, fieaYCJIOBHO, nponyxrra 38MJIeIl.8JIh'IeCROrO 1:1 CROTOBOp,'IeCROro X03HHCTBa CJIaBHH II nporofioarap, nrenmne na cO)l,epmaHlIe nearpansnoro annapaT!;!. BJIaCTII, rraopna II P-PymHHhI xana,

'B03HIfRmee rocynapcrso mfeJIo, T3RHM OOpa301if, rr8pBOHalIaJI"bRO

. xapatrrep CJIaBHHO-npOT06oJIrapCROII «tlJ8p;8paIl,HIU, :n,8HTP ROTopoil CacraBJUJJIO npOTOOOJIrapCH08 HAPO, a 60JlI.llIYIO qaCTI. crpansr-> onpyaranmue ClTO HAPo C lora, aanazta II cenepa CJlammnn.) B aocaHhlX rroxonax xana Y'laCTBOBaJlII op;HOBpe:llenrro npOTOOOJIrapCI\aH lWHlIIn~a II MIIOrO'Inc.rreHIIaJI CJlaBHHCR3H neXOT3, OTpHAM KOTOPOi1 B03fJIanm1JIHCb CBonMn RHJlSMIMH.

Y cnenrnoe noanrnsecxoe 001:.8.I\llH8HUe ,Il,BYX pa3JHl'IHhlX napO)1;OB CTaJIO B03)VIOIKHhIM IIOTOMY, 'ITO Y OOOliX rrpoHCXoAnJIO paSJIOiR8HHC CTPOH BoeHllor'.!: IWMoRpaTuII, CXOIl,Hble IIHCTHTYThI npnrofionrap II CJIaBJ'IH pa311ImaJIRCb C pa3Hoii IfHTeHCIIBROCThIO II Hcp;ocTaTolIHo paaanrrae liHCTIITyThI O,ll;HOTO otimecrna 6hIJIH saamrno nononnema uHcTnTYTaMII npyroro, TaR, c npuxonoa Acnapyxa B YCJIOBIUrX, xorzra cpenn cnananait emo He GbIJIH JIl'IHnHAnpOBaHJ>I IIJlC~leHHhIe neperoponsn 1I C0103 Ceur, pOAOE He IIM8JI rocrrOACTBYIOIII.ero nOJIQ- 1R8lHUI BO seen pernoae, pemaaacs npOOJ1el\Ia BoeHHO-IIOJIHTIFleCKOro nenrpa II opranon nepxonnoii BJIaCTII. MoGUJI!>HhIe OTPlI,ll;hI J{OHHHII,hI xaaa llMeJIlI B03MOi!,HOCTh Gr.rCTPO II 9c]1tlJeRTHBHO npece-n, uenrpo- 6emHhI8 renneuuaa co CTOPOHhI OTp;eJJ:hHbIX CJIaBIIHnft. B cnoro oxepe/l,b, CTpYRTypa CJIRBJiIHlIii C paanaroii ceTbIO aeMJI8)J,eJIh'IeCKllx nOCeJICHUIf, co CKJI8,ll;bIBaIOII{HMlfCH tPopMaMII neHTpaJIIl30BaHHoif axeITJIyaTaIl,HH 06m;HHHllROB, C rpammaoaasnr Y1JaCTUeM MymcRoro naceJIeHnl! B ononxennn, C YCI:IJIllSaIOm;eucrr COI03HO-DJIeMeUHOii apnCTOKparneii, oKpymaBflIeu RHHseii, ofiecne-raaana xarepnam.ayto Ga3Y, 6e3 KOTOPOll GhIJIH H8n03MomHhl oqlOpMJIeHUe, CTaonJIbHOCTI. II qJYUKI1,HOHHpOBaHne rocyg8pCTlleUHOH CIICTeMhl I\aR oprana R.rr8CCOBoro rOCnO.D;CTBa.

ApxeOJIOrlI'I8CRne paCROIIRll CBUACTeJIhCTBYIOT 0 TOM, 'ITO B VIII - IX BB. cpenn Sna1JlIT8JIbHOH xacra rrpOTOOOJIrap eI1l,8 coxpaHHJIMC!> nepezsnrrra xouenoro II rrOJIYIW'IenOTO 6hlTa. OAHaRO B HOBbIX ecrecraesnoreorpatpnsecsax, a TaRiRe COI{HaJIbRbIX Ii 110JIMTUQeCKllX YCJIOBMHX nponecc nepexona I1POTOOOJIrap K nacrymecray M OCeAJIOCTH paSBIIBaJICJl 0'I8Hb 6bICTpO. COCTaBJIHH 9THll'I8cr,OO M8HhmllHCTBO, OHn CJIlIBaJIIICI. co CJIaBHHCKoii MaCCOll, 'IeMY CO.Il.eJiCTBOBaJIO YrJIYOJIenn8 HMym;ecTB8HHOH Ii CO.ll.naJII.HOii Il,HcfJtlJepen:n,na:n,lIR BHyrpa npOTOOOJlrap.

BOflHbI C BH3AHTHE]II

B KOHL{E VII - HAtIAJlE IX s.

'Mnp 681 r. HapyIlIIIJI IOcTHlIHaH II. Coaepnnm B 689 r. noxon npoTnB ne3aBMCHMhIX «CJIaBMHMll M BOJITaplIU), EaR cxasano B lICT01Janxe, Il pasfina BhlCTYDIIBIDMX naacrpe-ry oomapJ OH nepeceann MHomeCTBO CJJaBHH MaR8.I\OHHIf B MMIYro A3UIO'j BOJIrapbI B3HJIU

46

Ht'r~ ... _,"M

Jp,

• /A!M."

,,,,,.,,'1'

","'~",41.-M.:IV1'lM-~W t";r'df'AfM-" p1' .... fLi"~~;::a,~:

;~·1iiyr~H~,.~~,;~4r_.i~~y'!~¢rt·~~m~~~~ft:Kk_:". ~lI'l,.. .. ~r "A .;~~ Mttfl'.!l···~ ·r3K!t'~., F 4'~~ 11Y*~::''_"" i...w,AwMM ~ m".~~4M~ ~ rFl'Jr~~f{t~~ ... !'( .. ,*. ;~Yr~~j~I"iIi·~(rt1~tJ';f.~~t:r.f~ft~~~.4iOjI HNAtJX". ,'I"4UJfr£, j~~.Ii~,mt11 h'lf~MQM~.!.fi"ti:4 ~.~~ff1i1~c"l_!;.!~~!:n\4<jV~"~qff~¥'Hi<ZWfT"to'

,n'18~~I;"".:l~·:'l"t-"'''II:"iW~#-'':t(''''''ffTf~I4HJ..'''fJK~H.4-. '1r1t-~-'-.j ~\1M-i;(;'A::_._... "mr'it.;: UAW!i!HU~t:,r~-o}

"r'"(rm"~~I<~~~~'":~~"'*r~'(,*.trr.""·~~1""!~,..,:q~ rt!{"""~h*.~~~· ~~~.~~~.X0ni1 Ofh.'f .;b",",~.,; ffcoU.l'N ,~"f$~.( t'ffll'!(~'i<q t!n-(kN-tN , .... "'·'..:4 m.-;l.iT.' .. ;':I!l.j/;'t'imtl.m~'fA~k"'.P"»fl''';:.;;~~JlI'Ii_~tt;~f{''_di1"., t~~·~.~iX.·~~-r\4flt6".H'_r~~4,ti:bl_tQm~~!~'~~t:HJi- •. 'f,;~~~. f·h'-"IK.1'''J{4-..,.,rr¥:.:,:"k~i'~:f'H.~<lf~fM4~~4(6 ,;j.li)~lvtr;1 ptA:0t6)~~A.(" ~oj"''''U~ ~ . .' .A~'~~m~. ;-;?> 0(jj.1;!.~~' ;;.-i:; r"1l-~'J3!.I~ A~f.I:.."'¥fr-r. {is e j-lM~. £40-

'".":41. -/¥.·._'rf~.~f1i·*. s r'i;!f.1AA .. W(.l <~ ,:,~~. 5'r.~·H.;-a~. ~_"";f1J-d'~14-ry;..~~-f:::'.:}~~ !m'4 ~ . .'I.n.:fS..rf~' ~~.,._*(: ... o

f .... H!M.:,_,jJ.lt(n1~~M?f..:.M ,_ {t:r.Y~"_.~""~f r-(J;!!-orl tltH~~.":"· rnA'~?: I1V~rrtr_4I:Ttlw':'oIl"t.I$<.14\:~"'M~ 1."ft·Mt:m ... :i~APc s!t* fn!Ytrfc ,til:'" ..-(I:I'((rf,"W r("A Mf....-/Of.k~

~~f(~·'0!~"·~.$4."j 't...l!l;""r~t ~;-(?r:; fiMf.~ta:III~ lrl(IIN. _"'-C_":-.Yf!'~~. J ~.!II ... m_.,".;: .. ~r .• "".A4' :r;"' .... "..~"~ .. ~fJ"I. _ar::.:: .. {F«-j:ntlt~,"m·f~ joj(~.~ ~Art ... ~.;";~M~t I"f:_~NAJ.ra.XiJ .. ,i,4'f~-1"ts.r~5"~A.ro ~~.~.!"fI ~f~~~"fli: . ..}.-r~,

"~~H~X"1:t W:<,{iMf1<fr-AA/I!N~

~~"('*tv'th1f~A~,tit l'Irr.v~.f.t('.N".rj"rt:OA1-f ~dN(.JII!JIArI~IiJU,l'~

';"fA~""'."~ '!"ir",i'."';'J.;"'" • """r"::'."'Z #:-:101'1 ~ "".f_('m?-r.~A~.~?~4~:~e.~,. ~A;X~: 116.o/~.:.::

:1 ,-p .

I" t,-,w-"

./ ,,,"1>''"

(<lhl~nHflK OO,lNlPCKIIX X3HOB" • CllHO~ai1hH3g p)'KOWICL :'I; ~8U. nfll. MOCKOa

IIPOTo50~rapCKa~ IOpTR.

Mo~e~b 113 RaMUB C rpa~l!TllblM pneYHROM. rOpO~ /leRHB BapHRnCKoro OR]I)'ru. VIJl-IX B.

EOJ,apc«ue BOllHbl IX B. MIIH1I811Opa

113 • 'l~llo.10rHII lumeparopa Bae"nHB Il~. XI B.

47

r

pesaanr, paarpoxaa B Pononax B03Bparu..aBmYIOCH Blf3aHTHRCKYIO apMHIO. OKOJIO 700 r. B noxone nporna xaaap xan nornf aa J1,YHae. J\ BJIacTH npnnren Tepsens, TaKJKe 1I3 porta J1,YJIO (700-721). ~::iTOT X8H IIOMor B 705 r. caeprnyroxry C npeCTOJIa 1I 6CJKaBInellIY aa CCbIJIRll IOcTuHHaHY II cnona aaxnarari, BJIaCTL, HBllllIIlHC}' C BoiicKOM n 6erJIeqOJlI axc-uxrueparopox non CTeHLI I{oHcTaHTHHOnOJIH. XaH nOJIy'fUJI 60raTbre napsr, TnTYJI xecapa (aucman CBeTCItlIii paar B BII- 3aHTInI nOCJIe llMnepaTopClwro), a caMoe rJIaBHOe - 3Ha'IIlTeJIbHYlO 06JIaCTb (3aropy) - I( rory OT EaJIKaaCKOro xpefira, B Cesepaori <llpaKlln. Pomanmee cYP;b6y nnaanrancxoro npCCTOJIa BMcmare.rrbCTflO TepBeJHI nOIlUCHJIO i\felli~YHapo)J,Hblii: npecTulli EOJIrapIIII.

'i3 708 r. IOCTI1HIIaH I I I10TII,IT3JICll nepnyrs 3aropy, TIO 6hIJI pasonT. )J;aBJI8H1re BOJIrapHlI HB lIMilepuIO D MOMeHT, Korp,a OHB BeJIa TRmeJIylO 60PI,6y C apatiasrn, nplIBeJIO R 3aKJIIO'ICmIIO B 716 r, BI,Irozmoro ,I\JIH EO,TIrapIIll ,I(OrOBopaJ BLI.iIH no,qTBcpm,IJ.eJlI,I rpanausr Bonrapau, IDIlJCplIH rrpOp,OJIFI,aJIa BbIUJIalJlIBa Th xauy emerop;RYIO ABHI" 06c CTOPOHbI YCJIOBllJIHCb B3aHMno BLIJ];aBaTh ,qpyr APyry noJIHTlI'IeCKIIX oel'JIeIJ,OB (BM)l,llMO, ~H()T nonpcc 6hTJr BaH\Hh!M He T()JIbIW .I\JIH HMIIepIIII, HO II AJIH Boarapmr) , 6hIJIHyperymlpoBaHbI roproasre CBH3U: 60JIrapcJure KyrrIl,bI B BH3aUTlUI nOJIL30BaJIIfCI, JII,rOTaMlI. I1x p;en:r9JILIIOCTh ItOHTPOJIlfpOBaJIaCb XaHOM.

IB 717~718. rr. Bonrapna, p;eii:cTnYJl B lta'ICCTB8 COIOSHIUl,I,I IIMneparr, CbIrpaJI8 RpyrrHYIO POJth B paarpoxa II H3l'HBHlln apafion, ocai'l)IBIllJIX nOHCTUHTlmOnOJIb C cyrmr II MOPH; STa nofiena HMeJIa ofirneesponeiicaoe aaarrenae: lIaCTynJIeHUe apa:-6oB aa Espony C nocroaa ObIJIO orpazseao, RaK noannee - B 732 r., ono 6bIJIO OCranOBJIeRO aa aanane napJIOM MapTOJIJIOM Bourne npa IIyaTb8.

lJOCJICp,OBaJI ,n:JIHTeJIbHbIll (no cepenarrsr BCI,a) rrepnorr MfIPHI,IX omomeaaii BOJIrapHn C mmepaeii: Bnaarrnrn YBRSJIa B UROH06opQeCRUX pacrrpsx 11 60ph6e c apa6aMH, B cBgJIrapnII a,e rrOCJIe CMepT1J TepB8JIH no CTHXUJIn Memp,oyco6UIl,bI. 3a nOJIBBKa na OOJIrapCKOM npeCTOJI8 CJI1eHIIJIOCL ,'1,0 10 rrpaBIITeJIeii, 60JIhIDllHCTBO KOTOPbIX norepHJIH TpOB BMecre C IRII3HhIQ_j 060CTPHJIlICh E 6opL6e aa BJIaCTI, OTHorrreHHH MeE,,I:ly RpyuHcilmHMH H BJHI.HrOJIbHbIMH npOTOOOJIrapCKIIMH ponaun: TpOIl y pona AYJIO oonapanana P0i1:I,I BOHIIJI H ¥raHTI. Ilpanaasr MOJl\,IJ.oyco6lH~ HOpeIlIIJIHCb n nponeccax nnyrpenaero pa3BUTnH II BLl60pe BHerrIHerrOJIllTH'IeCKOrO xypca. BHJl,HMO, 'laCTI, CJIaBffIICRoH 3HaTlI BbJpa1l\3JIa HCP;OBOJIhCTBO OTCTpaHennCM ee OT Y'IaCTHlI B nsrcmax opranax EJIaCrlI. DocJIe o-repennoro nepeaopora 762 r. nMeJIO MCCTO Macconoe oercTEo CJIaBlIII U3 EOJIrapu~ IIpn3IIaHII Harrp.H1l\eHHOCTII B OTIIomeHHax co CJIaBlIHCKHMU RUrr3bJl:MU Bhl3I,IDaJIU 6ccrroKoRcTBO npn xanCKOM nsope II B panax nstcmoi; nporo- 60rrrapcItoii apncroxparau. IIO-BH,I:llIMOMY, no sonpocy 0 nYTHX npeOp;OJIeHHH nporasope-mn He OI,IJIO, eAInICTEa If CpCJI.1I rrpnrofionrapCKHX pOp;OE. Pa3HOI'JI8CIIR cy~ecn.OI~alIn n ITO BOflPOCY 06 onwmeRlI.HX C HMnepHeiI: BH3aHTlIH nocrenenno nafiapana CHJIy, lI.OOllBIIIncr. nCpCJIOMa E BoiiHax C apafiaxn. AHTIf6oJIrapCI\JfH: KYPC OT'IeTJI[fBQ rrpOJIlnIJICH B MepOrrpU.HTlI.HX H'oHcTaHTIIHa V B 50-x ronax VIII B. EUJIO .HCRO, 'ITO crpana CTOHT aa rropore HOBbIX CTOJIKHORemrH C

" .

IIMJlOPHf{ii:. BrrOJIHe BOaMOJRHO, 'ITO xacrr, BJIHRTeJIbHbIX nporofionrap-

ruux H CJHlBHHCHHX xpyroa C'IIITaJIa EOJIrapIIIO HerOl'OBoi'r H BOHRe II )lhlC},a3bIBaJIaCb B nOJIb3Y corotamerrna C HonCTaHTH}WIIOJIe~ II oco5eHHOCTH nOCJIe roro, K3K B 755 r. uuneparop B pe3Koii cpopll1e f)'I"IIH3aJICH OT YIIJIaTbI emero;cJ;Hoii ;cJ;aHH EOJIrapMH.

II a STOT pas, omraxo, n06e'::VlJUI CTOPOHHHHH BoHHb!. 1j30HCna I ;1IJ1l'apUH B'IOprJIllCb B llMIIOpUlO, nponaaraacr, Ii. ROHCTaHTIIROnOJIlO, 110 norepneaa THJKeJIOe IIopaaWHHeJ B 756 r. Boarapaa nonsepraacr, unuanenmo BH3aHTHuu;eB C rora H cenepa, Hy;n;a HMIIepCKH8 BOHCKa J(OC'J'anH,1 no ,l..(YHalO BoeHHbIH CPJIOT. XaH 6bIJI BbIHymJ:(en IIPOCMTb 0 mIlle. BnAMMo, uacrr, nJIa;cJ;eHHii EOJIrapI1H H rorv OT Eam\8HCKOrO \ I'P(ira 6bIJIa norepnaa.

B 759-760 rr. ROHCTaHTIm V CHona COBepmHJI ycnernHblii no\ (Ill npOTHB CJIaBHHHH B reorpadianecxoa 06JIaCTH Maxezronna, 1\ :IUT8M: BToprCH B BomapllIo, HO QblJI pa3rpOMJIeU B ropnsrx npoxo/lIlX. BOMCKa xaaa nonemr aoeaasre i'1:eMCTBHJI BO <fJpaRHH; 'IaCTL U01I1IIII1X 3,lJ;eCb CJIaB.f[H ymna R rory H3 06JlaCTeii, CTaBillIIX rearposr IWllIlHhIX gei'rcTBui:i, II 6Lr.rra nepeceaeaa UMrr&paTOpOM B BnqnlRlllO ( Manaa A31I.f[) , HO no 20 TbIC. C.rraBHITCRIIX ROIlIIDI! M3 9THX me MeCT 1I1\II:laJIIICb B '1IICJIO COI03HlIRon xa aa. B T.f[meJIOM npOAOJImIITeJIbHOllf qlHiI\eHHH JIeTOM 753 r. 60JrrapbI noreprrenn nopamenne; B3HTble B 1IJH!H oOJIrapCHUe BOHUbl ohT;ur nepefiarr.r Y cren f\oIIcTaHTIlROrroJU! ttO npllIK33y llMrrepaTopa.

tfr EOJIraprUI nOCJIe;cJ;OBaJI oIJepe;n;rrOH nepesopo r: xaa TeJIeu; H BCe III1J(TIhI8 rrpencraanrena era pona (YraIIH) obrmf y6UTbI. C~IeHa !l,IIIIIH~THH He npnsena H CTaOnJIUSaI\HH RJIaCTH. Ihmepna IIl1Q,ll;OJImaJIa lIoiiHY npOTHB Bonrapul!.i IIOIIhITRII[ xanon AOOHTbCH l\lII[pa r B1reKJIII[ aa I'u()oii: .!IX rrap;eHIIo.J Pemenae 0 cseparemrn xaaa Ca6HHa 6bl.l1O npn- 11UTO rra C03BanHC).M: B 766 r. 60I1JIaMII (<IIap0;cJ;HOM cofipannn». Ca6HIIY y;n;UJIOCb oeman B I\oHcTaHTlUTOnOJIb. B 768 r. ObIJIO 3UKJIIO'lenO tl('pCMupHe. Bo BpeMH II1npHhIX neperonopoa lIm! cpaay me nocne HIIX J\'1I11cTaHTIIH V, ornrpaacr, na TaiiHblX IIpHBepmenI\8B B BOJIrapHH, 1lI,Il(paJI Bom;n;H CJIannHIIII cesepoa Cnaayna, ROTOPhlH npH'II1rrIIJI ocoflPllHO MJ;!oro 3a60T HMnepaTopy CBOl'IMlI Ra6er3MlI na Itlpamno. I h1()CTe co CJIaBynoM ObIJI IIJIeHeH II HemriI rroMoraBlliHM Cnaayay • X [lIICTHaHI1H» (TaKHM ObIJIO ero nposnmne}, npennozrarem, «pa30oii- 11I1IIOB» (cxanapon), T. e. orpnna BOCCTaBrnHX BO Il>paRHn rrpOTIIB 1111:W,HTHllCHOM BJIaCTli rrocenrnr. ::JIIH30l\ co CJIaBYRoM CBH;n;eTeJJbCTBY"'I' 0 coxpaneuna aBTonOMHII CJIanHIIHM B EOJIrapHH, 00 HX 3Ha'IH'fPJIf,rrOH BoeHHOH POJIH II B oxpano rpanan II n noihrax npOTlIB HM!WIH1M, a raxxce 0 TOM, 'ITO CJIaHTTHHfl cesepoa B 6opboe C HMnepneii \W.In,30naJHICb nO)I)J,epmKOll 'laCTH Haco;rreHHH CeBepHoi <fJpaKIiH.

n TOM me 768 r. BII3aHTni1CIUIC BOMcHa CUOBa BTOprJIHCb B BOJIIlIplllO~aKJJIO'II!nIIIHH Mnp C HMIIepneiI xaa Ilaran OhlJI cseprayr Ii yllwr. '1\ BJIaCTJI rrpHllieJI xaa Tenepar (768-777). Ilpn HeM c nOJIHuH OT'leTJIllBOCTbIO npOHBHJIHCb rrpeTeH311H fionra p na CJIaBHHHlf U(jJWCTH Maxenonna: B 774 r. TeJIepI1r npennpnaan noxon B Eep3I1~ '11110 C I\eJIblO OBJIa)18HHJI ero n rrepeC8JIeHMH ee mHTeJIeH R BOJIraIHlIf!.J l\oHcTaHTIIH V o}'IJI H3BeIIl,on CBOI1l\m CTOpOHHI1KaMH B BOJIra~

49

PUH 06 DrOM McporrpHRTHn TeJIepH1'a II, CpO'IHO OTnpaBIIBillHCh B noXO));, BOc.npeIIH1'C-l'BOHaJI nnanajr x a aa. eTaI'D EpeMCHM naaanacr, ,II)IMT(l.'lI,naH 6opboa JiIr.mepmI II Bonrapna aa rccnoncrno Ha~ CJIalHIHIUIMH B MaKe,Il;OHIIR. Tencpnry Y,Il;UJIOCL orpaatrrs BHsaHTUiicItYJO yrpoay n paarpounrr, nponaaanrakcnyio rpynnapouxy cpenu nucmea 3IIaTR B caMOlI CTO.lIHIJ;e IIJUICI,e. IOp:IIaRo H Tenepnr ne Y,Il;Opil,aJICH Y BlIaCTIl, eMY TOil,e npHIlJJIOCb cnaCUTLCH 6erCTBOM lIa CTpaHbI:;' OhIDUIIIll spar HMIIep"m:, xan aauren y6eiRIIme B KOHCTaIiTlIHOrrOJIe, nplIHl1JI XpnCTlIanCTBO H meHHJICH HU IIJIeMRHHHIJ;e HMIIepaTpnIJ;hI.

rIf-rrepBOll nOJIOBlIUe npaBJIeHlUI xaaa Hapnasra (777-803) yenJIKH. UW-lT-paJIbHoii: BJraCTH 6MJIII HaIIpaBJIeHhI R8 cTa61I.7HrsaUIlIo IIoJIOmeHlIR BHY1-PH crpamr.) tIMIIcPHH me B 783-784 1'1'. oloma 3aHHTa nonaanemresr BoeCT3HIUl CJIaBHB B 06JIaCTH cDeCCaJWHIIf-aJ 11 cDeceaJIIII-I If' noxoperraea CJIaBI-IlIfIii na IIeJIOIIOHuece. BoeHHJ,Ie p;eiicTHIn! rrpornn BII3aHTHH Il0306HOBI-IlIHCb B xorme 80-x - H3'IaJIe 90-x ronos. BOJIrapCKHH xan eru;e paa npemrpnaan IIonbITKY YCTaROllHTb CEOIO BJIaCTh B ]1;OJIIIIIe CTpYMbI. B 792 r. nr.mepaTopCI-taf[ ap},ulR 6bIJI3 pa3rpOMJICHa. BH3anTIIH GLIJIa BLlHytKp;eHa BHOBb BLIIlJ{a'IHBaTb BOJIrapUH_p;aHL.

lllpeeMRllItOM RapAaMa cran npYM (803-814), OP;HII lI3 H3U6onee 3Ha'IH't_eJILHhlX rocynapcrneansrx ;:J;eHT€JIeii: nePBaI'O BOJIrapCIWro n,apcTB!lJ lB IW1JaJ1e npanJJ:eHIUl HpYMa XO)); C061>ITlllI 06YCJIOBHJI U3- MeHeHH6 H3rrpaB.1JeUHH Buemn8ll0JIlITI-PJeClwi'I aKTIIBJIOCTIr BO.1IrapUIIj B !WHI\e VIII - nepnstx ronax IX B. Boiielm Kapaa BeJIHKOrO P33- rpOMllJIH ABapcKllii xaraaar 11 aaXBaTlIJIlI ero aananmae BJIaJ-\eHH BIIJIOTh il,O AYHaa. BOenOJIh30BallIITHCb oCJIa6JIeBHeM CllJI 3BapOB, RpYM B 805 r. aaHHJI 'IaCTb BOCTOlJRbIX SeMeJIb xaranara, IIOA'IHHHB csoeji BJIaCTR il\HBIlInX 3JI.eCb asapon II MeCTHbIe CJIaBlIHHlI. I'pann n:bl crpanu cynrecrsemro pacnrapaxncs, K lOry OT AYHaR na aanan OHII, no Bceii BepoHTHoCTH, BKJIIO'l3JIII B TO BpeMH TepplITopIlIO Mem AY THMOKOM il YCTbeM CRBbI, Ii. cesepy OT AYRaH npoxonana ITO ne BOMY 6epery HH30BUii: THCM. /f[paflIITemr BOJIrapmI 6bIJIIr ofieonorroe RbI H8'leTIWCTbIO rpaaan Memp;y EO,JJTapn:eri: II: rPpaHRcRoll HMrrepuoi-i' OC06eHJIO TPYllHO CYllHTb 0 cenepmrx rparmuax aanynaacunx 3e:\!()JJ EOJIrapHn npn I\PYMe,) IJimI 0 TaR naaunaexoit « EOJIrapUII no T croporrv pemI AYHURij Han: OHa rrxeuverca 1'1 HCTO'Immax roro npe MeHU. Bo BCllKOM CJIY'Iae, ymc If! IIaTIaJIC IX B. Eonrapna, 3aHII11aB maa CpeJl,HHHOC nOJIOmeHIIe MB}l\JI.Y BH3aHTJIlicKOii 11 cDpaUItCRO lIMrrepUHMlI, 6bIJIa OP:HIIM na CIIJIbHellIllllX rocynapcrn Enponst.:

IE 807 1". BU3aIITlll!.i nO,Il;aBJIHH oxepenaoe nOCCTaHlIe C.T£aBllHH TIeJIOIIOHHece, O,!l;HOBpeMeHIIO, aapvmas lIIHP, fiarraJIa BoriHY npurn EOJIrapIIM, HO ee }1,eJlcTBIUI scxope 6bIJIH npepBRHI.I B CBH3H paCRpbITIIeM aaronopa npOTHB InmepaTOpa HIInlHl)Opa I (802 811)} RpYM BTOpTCH B ,qommy CTPYMbI, nanec nopamenne BII3a TllIIl:\aMr B3HJI 6oraTYIO ,n;06bPlY 11 B CJIe)zylO~eM rOAY CHJIOHllJI mHTe nell rOpO)];3 Cpenen R cnaso. OH pa3pYUInJI CITy xpenocrr., He pa C'IlIThlBaH Yl1cepmaTb ee. AeIICTBlIH Gonrapcxoro xaua B nOM paM Be pacnenaan B ROHCTaHTIIHQIIOJIe HaK cepseanyro yrpoay noamraa IIMIIepnn B MaKe)l,OHHII. HImO(pOp I CTaJI cnenmo nepecenarr, ClOP.

50

'" I'llallblX ~eM. m,HlepIlll CBOHX nonnaaaux, He p;OBel:!.!!_1I rOTOBHOCTlJ

'III.IX. CJIaBlIH OCTaBaTT:.ClI rrozr BJIaCT:bID IUmepIUI.·Jj Mae 811 r., au orponrryio apMHIO, HHIUHllOp I )J;BHny.rrCH nporan BOJIrapMH.l

--...._:

,1 11 POi\JIOfKIfJI MUp. Hsmeparop ornepr npennozseaae 1!_B MIOJIe

I (',J[ 11 BOJIrapnIO. R'pYM orcrynan, coxpaaas apMIIIO. I,HIII\lITOP IIJI oxpanaamne IIJIMCRY cropozeensre OTPH;n:hI II aaHlIJI CTOJIIUl;Y ,apJIlI, nonaeprrrya ee rrOJIROMY paarpouy] ,llBOPIJ;hI xana 6bIJUl!

IlIl.l)lymenbl, nacexeaae nepefinro, 6l>1JI nepepeaau neci, aaXBa'leHRhlH I'HOT.

IlpYM Memgy TeM CTHrIIBaJI CMJILI )J;.rrH peIIIlIT8JIbnOn OUTBhI. BIIIIW'I'urir.\hl BLlcTynMJIU 06paTHO, CJIe;n:YH no T8lJ81IIIIO pexa R'aMlJIIH '11111(':1 .13hlp61IIIICKoe ymense. Ho nyrr, OKaaaJIClI nperpaauren aapanee 'ImqllbIMH p,epeBlIllHhIlIlli aaceRaMll H3 nOBaJIeHIIhlX ;n:epeBb8B. TaRHs hli ;1:1 nama, aepoarno, 'OhlJIII 6bICTPO coopyzeeasr II B Ba'IaJIe ynr_eJIbH, ','\1111 lICH BuaaBTHiicl,aH apMlIH BTJIHYJIaCb B ropHbIll npOXOJl" l:IMrr8-

I'II'I'OP OKaaaJICH B aananne. Ocoa1I3B nOJl,JIlIHHbIe paaxepst onacao,111, I hrRIITOP, no CJIOBaM XPOHHCT3, BOCRJIHRHYJI: «,11,arRe eCJIII 6bI "1,1 o6pemr RPhIJIl.lI, IJIIKTO He cxor 6LI Ha,n;8HTI,CH H30emaTb raI 'I'JIII l».

1\ HOlJl. C 25 na 26 MIOJIH BOHHLl R'PYMa o5pymMJIMcb crop Ha IjllllflTLl8 B THeRH, nOT8paBTIme B03MomnOCTb OOOPOHHTbCH nnaaaIl1iiCKlle OTPII,I(bI. BOJIhrnaa 'laCTL apMHH noratina, l\IHOmeCTBO BOII- 11011 yTOHyJrO B perce, 6bIJIO paCTODT3BO B ,I(UBKe, sa)J;aBJIeHO BO PBY, H!.qJI,ITOM cpaay me aa nepenaarroii aacexoa. CnaCJIaCh JrHIIIh 'laCTI, uuiicxa BO raaae c paaensnr CbIBOl\{ HlIRII<popa, HIIKHTOP IIom6. ":1'0 rOJIOBa, aacaarenaaa na I1IeCT, ObIJIa BbICTaBJIeHa na 0603peHH6 11OiicIWM. 3aTeM I\pYM rrpnxaaan lIarOTOBlITb lI3 xepena HHRIITopa Ht(OllanHYro B cepe6po naurv, ua KOTOPOll yroman napyroumx C xa- 110M CJIaBffHCRHX KHH3en.

B T8lJeHMe 812-813 rr. OOJIr3pbI 6bIJIH xoaaenaan nOJIOllWHHH III) <DpaKIIIL BbIJI BaHT ,lJ;eBeJIbT, ero mHT8JIM nepecenensr n BOJIra- 1'1110. I\pYM OCa,n;lIJI H BaHJI ropon-xpenocrr. H nopr MeCHMBpIIIO (Hel'OOp), 3 JIeTOM 813 r. naaeo THmeJI08 nopaaeeaae HMrrepaTopCRIIM III)iicRaM 6JIII3 A,!IpI1:aHOnOJIlI IT BC}(Ope rrOHBITJICH non CTeHaMH I\OHI'TI1l1TllnOnOJIH. B aaaaaannnrxca non CTOJIHIl,8ll HMrrepHH neperonoI'll X, BO BpeMH JIMlIHOll BCTpe'III I\pYl\Ia co JIhBOM V, B1I3arrTlIir:a;hI 111.ITaJIlICI, y6IITb xaaa, lIy;o;OM M36erHYB CMepT8JIhHOn orraCHOCTH, I \'pYM paarpOMIIJI rrpnropomr I\oHcT3nTHHOnOJIR: H pH.A ropO)J;OB IllraKHH. Bcxope rnTypMoM 5bIJI 3aXBa1Jen Ap;pH3HOnOJIL - xpynaeitIUIiIT KpenOCTI, cDpalnm. 10 TMC. ero mllTeJI8H 6bIJIM nOC9JI8JIJ,r H3 Iljl11Ha,n;JI8iKaBlliMX Boarapan 3eMJIfiX B JIeBo6epeiKb8 HHfKHero Aynaa. 1l11;laHTMHClmlr .ABOp ycanenuo MCRaJI ce6e COI03HMKa npOTHB BOJIl'IIJlHlI B nane qJpaHRcRon HIIIIIeplIlI. Bll3aHTIIH npaanana npaao Rap- 1111 Bamrxoro na TMTYJI mrrreparopa (npIIHHThIH lIM B 800 r.}, H BUnnllTHHcRHe nOCOJIhCTBa 3a'IaCTlIJIH B Axen- CTOJIHIl,Y qJpanRcKoii IIMIlOPllH, OJl,HaRO rPpanKH ne cnerrnorn nO)J;;n:epmaTb BM3anTHIO rtpoTIIB BOJIrapHH. BCIO 3HMY 813/14 r. R'pYM YCMJI8HHO rOTOBMJICH H nra,;n;e I\oncTaHTIIHorrOJIH. Onaaao 1\01')J;a rrO)J;rOTOBI<U yme maa K ROUltV, xan BHe3anHO CROH'laJICH.

51

HA IIYTl1 R I{EHTPAJIH3A~HIf BJIACTlI

Pacnrnpaa II yxpenaaa rpannrm rOCYAapCTBa, KpYM npHIIHMaJI srepsr 11: oprauaaauna II ynpo-renaio 13JIaCTH rOCnOACTBYIOIlJ,ero ioracca. XaH HCHO COaBaBaJI OnaCHOCTJ:> COXpaHeHllH a,'l;MlIHlICTpaTHBHQro AyaJIllaMa IT pa3JIll'IIdi: B ropU.r(llrreCKOM rrOJIOJReHHH era CJIallHHCKnx n npOTO- 60JIrapCKllX nOAAaHHbIX. (3Ha'16Hlle CJWBHHCKOii aaa rn II CJIaBHHCIWro uacenoaaa rro cpasneaaro C nporofionrapcxmr eme oonee soapocJIO: c cauoro HaTJ:aJIa OTHOCHTeJIbHO HeaH8'IHnWbHaH 'IIIGJIeHHOCTb nporotionra P HeYKJIOHIIO nanaaa He TOJIhRO B peaynarare roro, 'lTO BROBh npaooenanenasre R Bonrapan aeMJIll ObIJIlI HaCeJIeHbI IIpeuMYlI(eCl'BeHHO CJIaBHHaMll, no II rrOTOMY, 'ITO YfJIYOJJJICH rrponecc aCClI- 1\1IIJIHll,lIll nporofiorn-apcxoro MeRhillllHCTBa:.J""tJIaBflHe COC'l'aEJ[HJUI, 6eaYCJIOBHO, OCROBuoe nponaaonamee naceneane rOCYAapCTDa, a reneps II ero raanane nOeHHhIe CIiJII.!;) Cpe)J,H rrpU6JIlIllieHHblX K xaay JIlIIJ; B I1,eHTpaJIhHOM annapare BJ:[aCTll naXOHIiJIHCb 11 CJI3BHlIe: noCOJIbCTBO I\pYMa B I\oHcTaHTUHOIIOJIb B 812 r. n03rJIaBJIHJI Helmrr l.(parOMup.

BepOHTHO, Yil,e scuope rrOCJIO asapcnoro noxona 805 r. KpYM BneJI el1.HHbIe 3a!WHLI, o6H3aTe.1IbHbIe )J,JIH scero H3C8JI8HHH H83aBHCHMO or <lTHI1'leCKliX paamomii. CJIOAOBaTeJIhHO, crapsre pernonaasIlhIe HOPM:bl 06hl'lHOfO npaaa JIlI60 6bIJIII OTMeReHbI, JUI60 clfJepa nx npHMeHeHIIH Ohl.1Ia pesxo OrpBHlITJ:eHB. B CBHaIf C paaaasannmuca nponeccon IIMYlIl.eCTBeHHoll AIIlPwepeHII,IIalWII II yCIIJIeHHH aJIeMOHTOB <f!eOiJ.aJIbHbIX OTHomeHIIII <laHOnI.I KpYMa 6I.IJIH nanpaanean IIa BY 'lacTnoii COOCTBenHOCTlI: rrOCHraBIIIue aa nee IlO)J,nepraJIIICb BI.IM HaKaaanIIHM. KpYM npennucan 60raTbIM AaBaTL CTOJIbIW, 'ITO ObI snpens lIM yme He rrpHXOp;HJIOCh rrpOCHTL HIO. DepOHTHO, 8TO pacnopmnenae orpaxrae-r nponecc ¢OPMHpOBa q,eOD;aJIbHOii aaBJICI1MOCTH - nonyaan OT rocnonana aeMeJIhHblH

OTOK, a ~IOm8T OhlTb, II cpencrna l1.JIH OTO o6paooTIl:rr (CROT, raps) , pasopasnmilca nocanaaaa CTaHOBIIJICfI aaBIICllMhIM 3eMJIe ll,OM, yn~Ia'IHBaBmHM x03HImy 38MJIH ¢eo;n:aJII.HYro penry. OTaBYIt ocrpojr OOPbOb1 B rocnonornyrorueu RJlaeCe HB.rrflJICH, nH;qllMo, aaxo R'PYMa 0 TllI;aTGJIbHOM cyge6uoM paatinpa rOJII>CTne n cnyuae JIIO 06BHHeHl1fI II 0 HaKa3anHU cneprr.ro KlleBeTIIHIWR II JljHeIl,OB. C· HO-33KOIIogaTeJIbHafI poqlOpMa KpYMU nprmcna K ynpoxonaro Hall BJIaCTH II nOBbIIIIeHl1lO ee an'ropare'ra. GIla OCJIaOHJIa ;\f8CTIIOi'I 3HBTII - II UPOTOOOJIrapCIUIX OOHJIOB II CJIallHHC1WX: cOJ(eiIcTBOBaJIa CMHf"IeHHIO paana-mii B npanax BlIP-HblX npo'tofinnr

II ana THbIX CJIaBHH II B KonO'IHOIlI C'IeTe crroeOOCTBOn8JIa CJIanHHH n:Hn npOTOOOJITap. IImo'IHlum palOT OCHOBaHITH lIYMan, 'ITO IIMeHonaJI «oOJIrapaMH» yme ncex cnonx nO'::UJ;aHllhIX.

r.::-C .. B

i Of'.rraCHO Hall).J,onHbIM B . OJIl'apnu H8J(rrlICHM na lial\111flX npeMeH

H.PYMa, C,fIGJJaIIHbIM ITO ero npnxaay (ORII BI,IOHThI ua rpO'IeCKOM H xe}, npn aTOM xane Ha'IaJICJl nepexon K nnaon H;(MTH,rU("l'Tl""rTnHT,""" CRCT8Me. I\PYllf CTanUJI no rnaae BROBh rrprrotipcreaar.rx aeMeJlh HO npenaansrx eMY JIIop,e,!tJ

Hecuorpa TIa cyntecraenmre BHeiliHonOJIHTH'leCHUe ycnexn

52

r upu u, ,lHaQUT8JIbH08 yn8JIII"'18HU8 ee CIIJI II ynpo-renne D;OHTpaJ1hHOH "'IIII'TIf, npn xane Osryprare (814-831) rOCnO/.l,CTBYIOIIJ;II8 KpyrH , II ,,'lIb1 CrpeMHJIHCb K coxpaH8HHIO Mnpa C COcei'VIJI,m: BH3aHTI1err II 'l'I"llIllaMlL} BU,I1)rMO, rraxarsre I"l:PYMoM np806pa30BaHIIH 6h1JIU B8Cb~I n a I\TyaJIbHhfMII II TpeOOBaJIlI rrpeIIMYID;8CTBeHlIoro BHIH>lalIlfJI K 1I1I,~TIHfllO,TIHTII'IeCRIIM UpOOJI8MaM,

(: BlI3auTlIei1 B 815 r, Ob1JI 3aIiJlIO'IeH 30~JIeTHHi'I MlIp. BhlJIa V(~'IIIIIOBJIeHa HOBRH rpamma, fPU'IeM xaa BepnYJI IIMII8pUlI 'IaCTb 1'-11011:'\ a<lB08naHHii BO <Dpaml:l!d B03MomHo, OB OIIacapCR B TO Bp8i1oIR IIII:LpPBHmIIUX KOHWJIlIWrOD C <ppaUKaMH II xaaapaua.: ComaCHO noroIIIIP~', CJIaBHH8, ORasaBIIIH8CH n xorte B08HHbIX ,u,8ilcTBIIll: ITa TeppUTOpll1l IIMnepIIfI, HO H8 flBJIHBlInIeCH I, naxaay BOll:Hhl npn KpYMe ee 1I1',i\!\UHHbIMIl, AOJIlliHbI ObUIH BepHYTbCH n l\~eCTa npellillero nocene- 111111.' aro ObIJIO, H8COMIIeHHO, Tpe60naHU8 OOJlrapCROro xana, H8 aaI1I1Tl'peCOBaHHoro B YlWHbm8HIIlI 'IIICJIa CBOUX rrOMaHIIbIx. EhIJI npoU:IIW,\eH n OOM8H rrJIeHHhlMII. BepOJITIIO, )J,orOBOp (ero TeKCT - B BJI)J,e II U,'(IIUCII aa KaMJIe ~ He COXpaHHJICJI nOJIlIOCTbIO) BJ{JIIO'IaJI TaKme 11.v'I"T 0 nOOHHOM COI03e, B 823 r. Oxyprar no npocifie MnXaIIJIa II Iljllllllcn K HCMY na nOMOrn;b B 6oPb6e C (fIo~wii CJlaBHHUHoM - BOil\'ll'.ll 1I0CCTanllH rrpOTUB mrneparopa, ocamIBIIIMM ROHCTaHTIIHOIIOJIb 11 HOJ1b30BaBIIIIIMCH nonnepxrnoii CJIaBIUIUii $pali'IIlf H MaI,e)10HIIn. "MypTaI' pa36I!JI noacxa (fIOMhI, KOTOPhlii: ncxope OhIJI CXBa'I8H II 1;II;meH,

-Hanpaaceaaocrr, B OTHOmenIIJlX C CDpaHIwRoii: )1CpiKaBOll: B03HIIIiJill n CBJI3I1 C HenOBUHOBeHueM, npOJIBJI8HHhIM 3HaThIO CJIaBIIHlIii aa rr.ucpo-aanane CTpaIIbI. IIpnHJITbI8 &TUM xaHOM xepsr no YKperrJIeHlIIO 1I0:HIII,IIU: n;eHTpaJIbHOH BJIaCTII, B TOM 'IIICJIe B npOlll1HIl,TIJIX (CJIaBIIIIIHrx), BbI3Ba,TIH, UCpOJITHO, ilte,nalIne 3lIa1'H C.lIaBJIIIIIn TIIMO'laH CM8- 1IIlTb YClIJIIIBaIOil]YRlClI anacrs oo.lII'apcrwro xaaa aa croaepermrer )J,a,llIHwro q.pmIl{CKOrO HIIIllepa Tapa_.] B 818 r. nOCJIbI TIUW'IaH npOCIIJIlI .11,o/"(OBIIKa Bxaroxecrnnoro npHHHTb IlX non 3aID;IITY cnoero cmme rI'H, HO B 819 r., II3:>tleIUIB cnoe pemeane, oan nep8111JUI IlO;:J," BJlaCTb «.pnarcxcro KH1I3n Jlronenara, EOTOPbIll: orr epr 3aBHCIIlIlOCTb OT WPUH- 1;01l II OER3RJI lUI OT'IaJIHlIOC COrrpOHIBJICHII8. B 822 r. JIIO;:(8BlIT Ohm l'a:!6nr 1I oe;{\aJI 1\ cepfiaa, a THMO'laHe BMeCTe cera BJIa;(8HIIHMII ol;aaa.rlUCb non DJIaCTI,Rl g)paHIwB.

OllIYPTRr. CTpeMJICb Ii. BOCCTaHOBJI8HHIO rpannn na COBepO-3aIW;!O, 11 824-827 IT, n1>ITaJICJI nocrxrayrs cnoeii nean iUIITJIOMaTII'I8CKHM II,VTeM. JIIO;:(OHIIK, O)\IIaIW, He TOPOIlHJICJI C pcruenuex aroro ronpoca. H 827 r. 60JIrapCKIIii HOlHIHLlii ri)JIOT I1ToprCH no HpaBe II TIaHHoIIIIIO, 1l001\iJ,H CJIaBTIIIUlr H3rOHfJ.lIMCb H ;{a:\I8HH,[1lCb IWlleCTmIKallUI xana. '{cpea naa rnna 60JIraphI paaop.amr I10CCJI8HIIH qlpaIIKoB na rrpaaosr (iopery ,1J;YHaH, HO <lTn CTOJIKHOB8HlfJI HB npUB8JIII 1\ noiiae: ¢paHKII, I IIf)lU:\W , He rrpeTeH,'l,OBUJIJf na MeCTHble CJI 3 BlrHUH, BJIaCTb xaaa lIa,] 'I'll MO'IaH3MI1 6bIJIa BOCCraHOHJI8Ha,

Onyprar npOB8JI B3lKHbIe B08HHo-all,MIIHIIcrpaTHBHble perpopar.r, 1'IIH,ll.eT8JIbCTBOBaBIIIHe 0 I,pyrrHhfx COD;naJIbIIhIX, 06ru8CTBeHHbIX H <11'IlI1'IeCHUX IIepeM8I1aX B BOJIrapHlI, XaH IlpOAOJI1I\aJI IIOJIIITIIKY JIIlRBJf)\an;UII a,clMIIHIICTpaTIIBHoro ,u,yaJlU3l\Ia, nsrpazaaameroca B paSil:eJI8HnH

53

CTpaHbI na nporofioarapcxoe RApO II aBTOHOMHhIe CJIfiB1UICl\Ue paaoBU. TeppHTOpHH rOCYJ1:flpCTB3 6bIJI3 paS,!!,eJI8n3 aa aoasre flJ1:MIIHlICTparnamre OOJIaCTI1 (KOMllTolThI) BO rnaae C HaMeCTHIU\aMll (KOMUTaMIl) xana. llHCJIO npencranarenea CJIaBHHCKOH SHaTII na BbICOl\UX P;OJIiKHOCTHbIX rrocrax IIpH OMypTare YB8JIWffIJIOCb: yKpeUJIHH ~8HTpaJIhlIyIO BJIaCTb, Oxyprar, HeCOMHeHHO, OITllpaJICH na nOp;)l;epmKY 60JIhlIIHHCTBa CJIaBHHcKoil SHaTII, rrpT1BJIeItaH ee npencranarenea R ):IeJIaM yrrpaaxeana rOCY)l;apCTBOM. 3HflM8naTeJIbnO, 'ITO CbIHOBbl:r Onyprara Espanora II 3BfIHHqa HOCIIJUI CJIaBJIHCKHe lIMena. ACCI1- MHJIHIJ;IIOHHbIlr nponecc OXBaTJIJI B TO BpeMH, HeCOMHeHHO, He TOJIbT,Q HM3hI, no II BCpXlI UPOTOOOJIrapCEWii 'IaCTII HaCeJIeHIIH CTpaHbI.

HapH.I(Y C Mepal'>nr no ynpovenaro ennncraa rocyxapcraa nponomrJInCL n nOJIIITUHa rOBeHIIH na xpuc'rnau. B xpncraanax xaa YCMarpUBaJI nOT8HIJ;IIaJIhHbIX spares II B03MomHbIX npI'lBepmBBIJ;BB UlIUHlpan. ROHB'lHO, ronBHlHI 6bIJIH CRH3BHbI If C YCIIJIBRUeIlf rrpOHHRROBeHIrH xpUCTnaHCTBa B EOJIrapIIIO, KOTOPOMY CO)J,eHCTBOBaml UJIeIIHble Bll3aHTHHIJ;bI. Ha DUX-TO B nepBYIO O'l8pe!~b U GblJl nanpannen ynap xarra: HM rrpezoraranocr, JIrr60 orpe-rsca OT CBoeR aepsr, JIIi60 rrorrBeprHYTbCH Ita3Hil.

qeJIHM B03RhImeHlIH npecrnzaa x aIICKOll BJIaCTfI fI YKp8nJIeHHfI ee Mem!'J;YHap0)l;HOrO aBTOpUTeTa CJIyl1uma II CTpOHTeJIbHaH ;rr:eHTeJIbHOCTh Oxyprara. XaB BOCCTaHOBHJI paapynreanyro HIIKIl;POpOM I IlJIucRY, IIOCTpoIlJI HOBblH rrsopen H lIOBbIH H8bI'IeCIurH xpaa, a rasIKe 06HOllllJI BHYTpeHHue U BHemHIIe CTeHhI ropozta. A,nopgIJ; BbICrpOl1:JIH H ITa pene TIPJa, 'lepes HOTDpyIO 6lJJI rrepefiponrea Mocr. Erne o,!l;nn XaHCKlIJl il,BOpeIJ; - YKpenJIeHHaH pe3up;eHIJ;lIH - 6bIJI nocTpoeH Ha AYHae non ClIJIIICTpOH. IIOCTPOHl\lI 6bIJIll YBeHtIaHbI ROJIOHHaMlI, na ROTOPbIX BbICeRaJUI (Ra rpeveoxosr H3bIRe) TOpmeCTBeHHbIB o<f!fm;rram.nsre nammcn, npOCJIaBJIHIOIIJ;Ue xana. KaMeHHble Rap;UHCH no noBeJIeHIIIO xana Boap;BIIraJIIICh II n 'leCTb BhlP;flIQIll,HXCH BoeHa'IaJIbHU~ ROB u rocynapcrnerrasrx )J,eHTeJIeii: - npa aTOM 06hl'IHO YKa3bIBaJICH pop; npOCJIanJIReMOii B namrnca JIH'IaOCTlI, 'ITO IIOSBOJIHeT roaoprrrs ° coxpanemm TIOPI,CKlIX Tpa):(UIJ;UH B cpene nporofionrapcnoa apaCTORpaT1II1.

ChIB Osryprara Maaauap (831-836) nponoazsaa IIO.UlITURY OTIJ;a. rOHeHuH na xpncrnarr erne 60JIee YClJJIRJIIICb: MaJIaMIIp Ka3HHJI CBOero GpaTa EHpaBoTY sa TO, 'ITO OR upnnan xpnCTI'raRCTBO.

'Cepbe:mhle TIepeMeHbI BO BHYTpeHHeii If BRemHell rrOJIHTnRe BOJIrapna 0603Ha'IlPlHCh n rrpaBJIeIIII8 Ilpecaana (836-852)jBocnOJIb30- aaamacs T8M, 'ITO OCHOBHhIe cansr ITMHepnU 6LIJIfI aaHJITbI B noaae c aPPIQ8.1.tH, a TafO£8 B IIolJ;aBJIeHHH BOCCT8.HUH CJIanUHHH CMOJIHH, Ilpecnaa 3aXBaTHJI TOpO,!!, CDUJIIInnhI, a saTeM rrpIICOe)l;HHIIJI K BOJIrapUII TaRme ofinrnpusre paHOHbI Cpep,Heii II IOmHoH MaHef];OHIIH, 3aC8JIeHHf.Ie CJI8.B1IH8.M]!j (6ep3fIT3MH, nparyam-asra IT OT'IaCTH crpn¥9HIJ;al\m). He HMe.f{ B03MomHOCTlI nocnpenarcreonarr, Ilpecaaay,

ilmsaHTullIJ;hl B 838 r. opranaaonana BOCCTanne, a aaren oerCTBO C JI8BOOepelRHhlX BJIa)J;eHuM Boarapna B HnmH8M rrO):lYHaDh.~ c noMOm:bIO noenaoro <pJIOTR HMnepJIH HeCIWJIbJGJX ThlCH'I IIOeeJIHIJ:;HbIX anecs npa RpYMe rrJIeHHbIX BllaaHTllHn,eB (ll I:IX ncroxxoa). 'Boa-

54

AlniHIIO, CYIIl,eCTBOnaJIa CBH3r. MeffiiJ:Y eTOmmOneHIU[MII OOnfap C BnIIIHHIIPii II na-ranox ncpnoa nOllm,J EOJIrapHII C CepOaMH, OO'be):VnUIB- 11111 \111('/1 otWJIO cepeztamr IX B. n J{HHiKeCTBO, n03fJIaBJI.lIeMOe BJIaCTUMil pOM.' C BTlIM RlUI30M C 839 no 842 r. II nen HeY)J.a'lUYlO BoiiRY II pi 'I' II a n. B JWHIl,e ero rrpaBJIeHI1H Bll3aHTllllIl,aM, BlI,IUMO, ynanocr, In i"IIIHTr. csoa II03lIIl,nlI na 8reiiCIWM notiepeacse, B HH30BbHX MeCTbI II I: I'pYMbr, 06eCne'IlIB oe30naCHOCTb cyxonyrnoro rryTn )10 tDeccaJIOIIIII;JI, no CBo.llrapII.II coxpamrna OCHOBHble 3aBOOBamUI B MaRe,n:OHHn::)

II PI1COC;:J;IIHeHHO '3Ha'll1TeRhHhIX TepplITopui1 co CRaBHHCRl1M H8- "I'.IIPlTneM, cpena xoroporo Obmo YiKO ReMaJIO xpacrnan, OOYCJIOBHJilt, IIO Bcell nepOHTHOCTlI, TOT <paRT, 'ITO (C-O npenena UpaBJIeHHH II pl'CHaHa HH'IerO He H3BeCTHO 0 RaRUX-JIHOO rOHeHIIHX rra xpncraan. IJIJ-lllIl\I1MOMY, STII rOHeHII.II npeRpaTIIJIlICL Yffie n nepnsre ronsr npasJWIIIlH xaua, ras I~aR MOfJIU rrpUBOCTU I{ OCJIaOJIeHUIO II03IIIl,HH BOJII'll pl1l1 no nnonr, npucoertaaenmax paiioHa~;:

AKTUBfIaH BIIellRJIJI rrOJIUTlIRa, I,pYIIIlhJe soeaasre npezmpaaraa, mnpoxaa CTpOlITeJIbHa.II )J,eHTeJIbnOCrb, pa3BeTBJIeHHblU annapar BJIaC"III - ace 3TO CBII,n:eTeJIbCTBODaJIO 0 TOM, 'ITO R cepennne IX B. sepXOBHLIlr npaanranr, rocynapcrna pacnoaaran Fi.pymlbIMH MaTepnaJIhIIhlMII cpep;CTBaMIL I\oHe'IHO, mnns He3Ha'IlITeJIhHYIO nx 'IaCTb coC>Tf\BJIHJIa DOlIHCKaJl p;OOhI'Ia. OCIJOBIlaH lIX lIIaCCa nocrynana B xaaBy B <popue perYRHpHO B3blCKlIBaeMbIX C HaceneHIlH HaTypanbHbIX 1I11JIOfOB, ToprOBbIX IIOlliJIUH, paaaoro pozra mrparpos II P;OXO,n:OB C xaucxoro X031IMCTBa. IMoHapXlI'IeCKaJl BJIaCTb xaaa pacnpocrpaan)1 ncr, aa nee 3eMJIlI CTpaHhI U aa nee CWePhI ffiII3HII HaCeJIeHHHII nOM 3aRJIIO'Ia.rrOCb OCHOBIloe conepacanae BHYTpeHHHX rocynapcr- 1I0HHO-IIOJIHTII'IeCRUX H3MeHCHlIll B EOJIfapIIH B nepsoii rrOJIonIIHe IX nI

O'<PIIU:1I3JlbHhIM THTYJIOM rocynapa ObIJI «xaa CIOOnrn» (T. e.

<mOJI{p;b BoiicKa)). B IX B. BMeCTe C &TlIM THrYJIOM ynorpefinanaci, '1'31ONe qJoplIfY'-lla (<OT oora apxorrr», rronsepxanaanraa 60ffieCTBOHHoe 11 POlICXOIK;:leHHe ero BJIaCTI:L Ouyprar H Ilpecnan npU6aBIIJIII R TlITyJIy npUHIl,IIIIIHlJIbHOe yroauenne - rrOJlBlIJIHCh CJIOBa, YRa3hIBaIOlI~ue na TO. 'ITO xaa HB.'lHeTCH noaeanrenesr «MHornX OOJIrap»). TaKIIM q6pa30M, lIMeROCh B BlIPS, seponraee BC{lI'O, Haceneune crpanst B ne,110M, RaK rrporotioarapcnoe, TaR If CJIaBJlHCKOe, Tep:lllIR «60JIrapbI» ,VTpa1JlmaJI Y3KOSTHl1lJ:eCKOe 3Ha'IeHUe - OIl 0603Ha'IaJI yme scex noni(aHRblX,

XaH HBJIHJICH BepXOBHhlM rJIaBBOKOM3H1J;yI01Il,HM, BblcmUM 3aIWHO!(aTeJIeM II CY;Ibeii:, a TalO[,e nepxonnsnr mpeIl,OM. Tesr HO 1I1eHOe ROH«perrrue COObITlIlI CBup:eTeJIhCTBYIOT 0 TOM, 'ITO llJI3CTL xana orpaHH'IlIB3JIa BbICllaH nporofionrapcnaa II CJIaBJ{HCR3H apnCTOKpaTH.II: fiea Y'leTa nnrepecon 3HaTIlhlX PO)J;OB,. 6e3 cOrJIaCOBaHlIH C HUMIl oc- 1l0BHbIX narrpaaaennii cnoeit nOJIHTIIKII xaa pJICIWB3JI rrorepars Col~HaJIbHyIO onopy. B CJIOmHbIX nepnnernax BHYTpeIlHeTI 60PbObI aa 11JI3CTh MeiK)J,y rrpOTOOOJIrapCRHMH ponasrn naoma c03bIBaJIOCb «naponaoer cofipaane (BlIp:UMO, BOHHOB-OIIOJI'IeHn:eB lI3 MeCT, 6JIU3KUX R ('.TonEn;e), KOTopoe IlO):!; BJIll!lRHeM conepaa-rarornax rpynn 3HaTu neJ!aJIO OIWHtJaTeJIhHhITI BhIOOP (MeJ«p;y nperemreuraua na rrpeCTOJI,

55

Me,EAY BOMaOll II: 1Il1POM, Memi1:Y paaasixa npennaraanrmnrca naneHbIlIill 38RoHaMH H T. rr.).

Bsrcmaa rrpOTOOOJIrapCRaH SHan. IIMeIIQBaJIaCb «OOJIIIa)1,aMH)} (« 60IlJla!lIH» ), CpeiJ,HHH II naanraa - «Iiarannann». Hs cpensr OOlI.:IOB Ha3Ha'IaJICJ'I xanxaa, coxpaHHBIIIIIM BTopoe MeCTO nocne xaua, on ]\0- :r.WH,J:IOBaJI ero J1H'IlIOII .rIPYfIUlHoii,6bIJI oro nepBblM coneTIIlU{Q11, CJle,IlYIOII\HM JIO paary OCTRI:laJIClI H'IHpry 60IIJ1, E81WBlliUH oxpanoii CTOJIHD;bI II BHYTpeHHlIx I,penocreM CTpaHbI, OR Y'laCTBOBaJl HenOCpe)1,CTBeHHO II E rpam)J,aHCffOM ynpaanerrrnr. Do R8M8HHhlM Ha,IlmICJL',1 lISBeCTIIO etne OIWJIO )1;HYX IJ,eCHTHOB npOTOOOJIrapCKHx TIO nponcxozs)1;8HHfO THTYJIOH II P,OJIlliHOcTei"r, qJYHKIVIH MHorlIX lI3 KOTOPblX He COBce:>'1 fiCHLI. HeCOMHelHIO, O,'\HaKO, 'ITO B TO Bpe:IIH ente He cynteCTBOnaJIO crpororo paSAeJICHlIH Mem)],y rpan'AaHcKHMlI H BOeHHb[Mtl rrOJIHOMO'lIIHMII 1l0JIIRHOCTlIbIX mm, B IICTO'IHIIKax rrpOBO~\IITCH pasrpaHH1J8nHe JIlImL MemAY caHOHHHKaMII, KOMneTenD;IIJI KOTOPbIX pacnpOCTpaUHJIaCb rra CTOJIln~y If ee oxpyry (T. e. na «BHYTponHlOIO aejr.mo»}, II BeJILMOmaMH, oTUpa13JIHRlliHMn caon )],OJImHOCTlI B nponmmaHX (T. e. BO (wH8nIRoiI 3eMJIe»). Ilepusre Ha3LIBaJIHCL C00TBerCT seHno (<BnYTpeuIIHMH OOJIHpaMn», nropsre - «aaeunmxas , HMeDIIIIIMH M8H88 BbICORUj.1 paar. O,'l,HaRO n 31'0 paarpamrseaao He ObI.1IO aficoJIIOTlIhL\1: p;ame xaaxas 11 IIlJ:Upry OOlIJI rrOJIY1JaJIU B ynpaaneaue H8- )1;aBHO ailnO€B8HHbI€ 3€MJIII. OCTa€TCH n€HCITbIU TaIOR8, HM€JIIf Jill (<BHOIIIHne OOJIHpe») no JIIiRBIIJ\aIJ;HH aBTOHOMIUI CJIaBIIHIIII I{aKYIOJIII60 BJIaCT}, Hail: HIIMH. f\poMe roro, cYlllecTBOBaJIU 311aqIITeJILHaH xareropna snUTHbIX JIIID;, UM8HOEanIDHXCH «(BCKOpMJIeHIIII}WMlI)) xana, T, e. ero «llIITOMn;aMII», CBH3aHHbiMII C rocynapex yaaxa JIlI'lHoi\: rrpe)J;aHHOCTII; 113 HlIX, BII;n:IIMO, KOMIIJI8KTOnaJIaCb H .ITlIqnaH ,J:IPyn\lma xaua, ere rBUpp;IIlI, 'lJIeHbI IWTOPOII Ha3bIBaJIHCb rrO-BII3aHTlIMCKn «KaH,IlI1)l:aTaMII»).

Cxena yrrpaBJI8HlIH IIpOBlIHn;HHMH, npencranaaamaan 6hlBlli1I8 CJIaBHHnn, He HB.'IH.'IaCh O,!l;HORpaTHbDf II lIOBceMeCTHbDf 8RTOM. HoBOO ynpaanerme OblJIO nseneno paaee ncero B 3aXBaqeHHbIX y BHsaRTInI 1I RaC8JreHHbIX CJIaBHRaMH pail:oHax, B 06JIaC'I'HX, OTIIfITfiIX y anapon, a TalORe n CJI8nUHnn rIIMOqall nOCJIO rrOp;aBJIeHHH UK ceuapa THcrcmIX YTpe"meHHH. Y CTaH3BJIlIBaH Hap; CJIUnIIHUHMn CBOro HerrocpeACTBeHHYW HJIaCTb, xan AOJI1I\eH OhIJI O,J:IHOBpeMOUHO BOBJIeKaTb BCe oOJree anatrarern.mae Kpyru nbICIll8ii CJI3RHlICKOiI sHaTU 11 a;n:MHHlICTpaTHBHbIll, B TOM qIICJIe neurpam.nsni, aunapar. CpeJ(H caHOBHIIKOB xarra CraJIII ynoxnaarec» CJIaBHHCKlle nxeaa II CJIaB.HHClUIe TilTYJIbI-;(OJI1I\HOCTII, HHorJJ;a B COq8raHHII C rrpOl'OOOJIrapCRlIMII.

H'. TOMY nepuo;n:y (VIII-IX EB,) OTHOCHTCH If nepnsie acasre CBR;n:eTeJIbCTB3 06 YTJIYOJ1eHIIH nponecca tfJeO,1J;aJIII3aIl)III, Cy,'l,IITb 0 KOTOpOM nOSBOJIHlOr TamIe IOPII)l)I'leCKlIe naMHTHHRII, RaR «3eMJIe)J;eJIbqeCRui'r 3aKOH) l'I «3aHOB cY,i1Hbri1: JIfOp;el\f)). flepEljIH Il3 BIlX OROHqareJILIIO CJIOmHJICn aa OCHOBe OOhIqnOrO npana B nanane VIII B. II 6bIJI otPIID;naJILRO rrpII3HRn B BusaHTHlI. H03aEIIcHMo OT Toro, B KaKoll npOBlmn;IIII OC(JOPMIIJIHCL HOpMbI «3eMJIe,J:IeJIbqeCKOrO 3aKOna», on orpazsan B cnoeii OCHOBHOii xacra COCTOHIIHe nepenan nOCJIe saaepnreaaa :mOXII «BapBapC},UU BTopmeBIIll. DOPH,J:IKU, 3a4nIRCH-

56

I'"'' '11111>10 :1TIIM naMJfTHHIWM, OhIml xapaxrepasr II iVIJf repparopmi, """"' (IIIIIX I{ cepemme IX B. B COCTaB Bonrapaa (Cenepaaa <PpaKIIH, , I" ,'lflJl II IOmnaH MaKe_n:omf.a). B KaHoM-To Mepe nOJIomenIle _n:eJI f," ,,' ('.XO!~HbIM H na 3e~IJIHX Mem)1.y BaJIKanCKIIM xpefirou Ii )l;YHaer.r.

hI MJlelI.eJIL'leCH.HH 3aROH» CBHlI.eTeJIhCTByeT 0 rOClIOII.CTBe B lI.e- 1"'1'"'' VIII B. zmyx BII,'J;OB C06CTBeHHOCTIi na SeMJIIO: 'laCTHoii: co6- I "" JIfJOCTII na rrpllycalleoHbIll y'IaCTOH, lIBOp II naxoTHbIM HaJ.(eJI (ee 1'1I1"ll1l1TOM 6bIJIa coficruenaocrr, OOJIbIIIOM ceMhII-3aiIPyrn) II OOm;IIHIInff ('OOCTBeHIIocTli rra iIepeB8HCKlfe yroiIhH (nacrfimna, areca, nyra, !l1I/IIII'MhI H T, n.): Ofia BUlla COOCTBeHHOCTII cymecrnoaana O;J,nOBpe~1I111110 DHYTpn 0Jwoii: nepesna, npeiICTaBJIHBIIIen coooii cocencxyio "nll',III1Y. Il axornsrii nanen, CJIeIlOBaTeJIbHO, CnoOO)1,Ho naCJIe}1;OBaJICH u P f"lyn'iIaJICH. Cperta KpeCThJfH cymecreonana 3na'IUTeJIhnaH ITMyII\tU'J'IICIIHaH ;rJ;HqJrPepeaIJ;uaIJ;UH: qaCTh lIX ycnena paaOpIITI:.CH II apen'"I11H,'la 3eMJIIO y 3aIRHTOqnbIX oOIl~HHnIIlwB aa nOJIOBlmy ypozsaa (h 'I',lIWM cnysae apennarop, BIIiIllMO, rroiryqaJI nouomr, OT X03f1IUra) 111111 ua necaryx; ero ~IaCTb «()1,eClITIIH cnorrs r , 06e}J;uenmHe OOru;IIHIllfI,ll pa60TaJIH II n xauecrae HaeMHbIX paooTHmwB y paarioraren- 11111\ cocel\eit JI XYTOpHH.

EJf~e oOJIee onpencneaasr p;aHHbIe 0 rrepexeaax B nepenae B «BaIlIllin CYP;HOM moneu» - CJIaBJUICKOM na:VIJITHHH:e, aanacaanox CTOJIO'I'IWM noaace «3eMJIep;eJIbqeCKOrO saxoaa», T, e. nOCJIe npHUJITHH xpn- 11'1'1111 ucrna, Ilpanna, OCTaeTCJI HeJICHLIM, rno aanncaao ::lTO npaso (,I I ;o.'1rapTIII lIJm: DemIIwi'I Mopanna), HeCOMHeHno, onnaso, 'ITO na 111'0 nopusr OIWaaJIa BJIIIfllIllO BII3aHTHMCRaJI «81(JIOra». B «3aHOlIO» YII(l~nIBaeTClI He rrpOCTO 0 oeJ(IIbIX II 60ra ThIX, a yme 0 nOj(JlHHHO IIH'Oi\aJIbHO aanncmrsrx KpeCThHH8X, C Ol\HOll CTOPOHbI, II 0 upynnsrx iUIM,IWBJIal\eJILn;aX, OOJIaJIaBIUlIX n;eJIhIMII C8JIaMII, ~ C }J;pyroii. BOIIllbI IIO,lll'apUH C BH3aJITHei1: nenn, HeCOMH8HHO, K o60raIQeHIIIO npOTOOOJIrl1jlel1011 II CJIaBHHCKoi\: 3H8TH. OHa CT8n0B1m8Cb OQJI8iIaTeJIbHHIwi\: He '1'11,111.1\0 )lEnlliUMhIX OOraTCTTl, HO non yrrana II ofinrnp asre 30 l\IJI If, IWTOploW pauee, n npenenax HMlIOpUII, DXOP;UJIII BllIeCTe C HaCeJIHBIIIHMlI 11\ IIpeCTblIn8MU B C01'T8n nOM8CTl1llIUHlepa'fOpa, U.epl\Blf 11 MOH81'ThI!filii. 0 CYIQOCTBOBanHn TaKIIX r!JeOfl,aJILHJ,lX nOl\IeCTHII R BU3aHTIIII II MPIOTCH naansre ltaR paa OT anOXH Haxnrpopa I, npn I\OTOpOI\I 'laCTh IHI:I,\HTltl'rCKUX TepPll'fOpnii n MaK8l\Omnl oromna K Bonrapaa. Cn"lI'Ma <.1R:CIIJIya TaIIIIll na OT01lI8,i\IIIIIX K Boarapna 38MJIHX He ncnsr"""'<IlIa co CMeHoii rOCIIOrc pOUIHTelIbHhlX U3MenemrIi. 3aXBaqenHhIe (("alleUI'!:!! CT8110BUJIHCb C06CTp.eHHOCThlO xaua, t.oropsre on maJIOBaJI IIMCCTO C 3aBUCHJlrIbIMlI KpeCTf,JIHaMH OJIlImaMIIIIIM caHOBHImaM II pe,111,,'n03HLIM yqpeIRl\enHHM, 06'1.0 f\TOI\I raxux nO)RaJIOBaHuii: l\IorJIll I'THTb II cena-orinunru CBo60;\HLIX HaJIOrOTIJIaTeJILn~HROB, xorrta nocemlJle OOBHHflJIHCb B HenOBMHOBemUI BJJaCTJIM H HCnOB8il:aHIIH rOHIfMoit pi ',)flIlflill. ComaCHO «3aROHY CYiIHOMY JIIO}J;eM», B cenax Y:iKe lure,;raCh ""()CIIo.u:CH.aH» II «cear.cxax 38MJIF[», rrpH'Iel\I rOClTO)1,HH CTOlIJI BHe 00- uurnsr: B cnyxae rocynapcrneaasrx caammii npOTHB lIIHTeJI8H C8JIa, 41TpeKmerOCH OT XpnCTlIaHCTBa, xpecrr.an rr8pe~aBaJIll B COOCTDOHlI!leTb IJ,OPKBH, a ObIBIIIero l'OCTIOiJ,HHa (ceaa) - aepoorcrynrraaa npo!illllaJIU B paOCTBO.

Sf

PaGcTBo B Boarapaa He nOJIyqHJIO l::iaMeTHoro p33BlITHH II KOHI\e VII - nepaoii nOJIODllHe IX 11. cpaBHHTeJIhHO C anoxoii, npenmecruoaasmeit oopa30B3HllIO rocyaapcrna, XOTH B03MOlliHOCTH ,Il,JIH npnofiperenaa pa60B (UJIeHHhIx), B TOM 'IlICJIe HBaJIHq:lIII\llpOBaHHhIX peMeCJIeHHHIWB, YBeJIII'IIfJIHCh. Ho lICrrOJIh30BaHIIe pa60E B CeJIbCIW~I X03HllcTBe Yllie 6hIJIO HeBhIrO)1;HI:.IM. ,[(auHhIe 0 patiax-seuaenensuax rrpaKTH'IeCKII OTCYTCTByIOT, CBe)1.eHIIH 0 pafiax-pexecaemnmax OlIeHb pep;KH. 06hI'IHO pafisr CTaHOBHmrCb CJlyraMII B noxax aaarn IIJIII npo- 11c8.88JIHCh Ha BHemHeJlf psraxe, OOM8HlIB8JHICL H8 COOTe'l8CTBeHHHIWB, norrannmx n nnen, ornycaamrcs sa nsnryn, a aepanno npOCTO CeJIHJIIlCb n OT)1,aJI8HHhIX OT IIorpaHI·PIHblX 30H npOBIIHI\IHIX B xaaecree HaJIOrOOOH3aHHbIX nocenennen. Tanon npynnoit KOJIOHIIeIT BoeHHOnJIeIIHbIX OhIJIll llOCeJIeHUH BlI3aHTuiiI\eB I{ cenepy OT ,[(ynaH, rile OHII, B03MOlliHO, HecmI CTOPOilWBYIO CJIYlliOY, TaK RaI{ EO BpeMH BOCCTaHlIH 838 r. aTII IIOCeJIeUI\bI OI\a3aJIHCh XOPOIIIO BoopyllieuHbUlH.

B I\eJlOM, ozraaxo, rrpO,Il,OJUKaJIa npeotinanars I\eHTpaJI1I30BaHHal'I <pol'ma <>I,ClIJIyaTaI\lIH. "llacTHOIlJIa;rJ,eJIh'ICCHaH ,IHCIIJIyaTaI\lIH erne He onpelle;rlRJra xapaxrep OOl!l"eCTlleHHMx oTHOInomrii - OHa HaXO~I1JIaCb n crannu CTaHOBJIeHHH. IIo!J:RBJI.fIIOII\ee 60JIhIDHHCTBO H3CeJ10HHlI COCTaBJII:lJIO caofioztaoe 06II\lIHHoe RPOCThHHCTBO, 06peMeHOHHoe HaJIOraun, Tpyp;OBbnUI lIOlll1HHOCTJlMH n CJIYil\60ii: B .llOeHHO~I onOJI'1eHUH. 8TH OO.H::lanHOCTli B liOHII,C VIII - nepaon IlOJIOnImO IX B_ RaC8JIllCh, BOpm!THO, H pannofr Mepe II pH!J:OBhIX npOTOOO;I1a p II OOJIhIIIeii 'IaCTll CJ1aBHHCHHX lliHTOJIOii:.

Cou.uaJTI,ublii: II o6m;ecTBeHHo-IIo.r:rHTHQeCIUIii: crpoii EOJIrapHU K cepeimne IX B. nplI06pOTaJI llOCTOIIOHHO xapanrep, Til IIlI'1 HhIii Ami B03HHR8BillUX B Llearpansnoii II IOro-BoCTO'1Ho.ii Enpon» rOC}",(8PCTB anuxn paanero ¢oo,n:aJIu:.nIa. IIpIIHHTUO xpnctnaacraa )J.OJIlliHO OLIJIO ynen-ra n, O¢OPMHBlliYIOCH II onperrmyio rocyp,apcTBoHHyIO cIIcTeMY EomapIIIL· 8Toro Tpe60BaJIa llill3Hb - II 3TO ncnope npOU30IIIJIO.

KYJIbTYPHbUl OBJIl1K H3bIQECKOfi EOJIr APIUI

CIIOIl,U¢H1W H:YJIbTypHoil illII3HlI Bonrapnn no npHHHTIIH xpncrnancrna orrpe;\CJIHJI8Ch ,'(ByMH Bai!meiillTHMH iP8RTopaMu: no-nepasrx, COBMeCTHbIM npoacnnannen B ozmou rocynapcrne ,u,nyx HapOiJ,OB, npenCTaBJIHBIIIlIX peano OTJIH'1Hble C1THORYJIhTypHb1e rnnsr, II, BOBTOPbIX, IIIlTOHCUllIIhIM If nOCTOHHHLIlI1 BJIlIHHlIeM aa caanano-nporooOJIrapCIWe 06~ecTBo BhIcoKopa3BHToII BOCTO'lHOXpHCTHallclwi-i (BHsaarnacxoti) I\IIBIIJI1I3aI\lIH. TIpIl'IeM )),JIH cY;rJ,e6 I(YJIhTypnOrO p THR 00,11Oe BaiItHYIo POJIh aa Ha'IaJIhHOM arane CbUpaJI rrepBhIH q,a TOp, OOYCJIOBIIBIDnll KYJIhTYPHOe npeotinananne CJIaBFlH II O<popMJIe HHe flOJl rapcnoii H&POP:HOCTH RaR O)),HOll H3 IOffillOCJIaBHHCIHIX aa HOCTeii C ee 'wnw BwpameHHbIMH ocofiennocraua JI TI-'«,I-J,ULI£J.F"'",,'.

BOJII'apIIII P;O xpUCTIIaHlI3&II,nu ObIJI nplICYIII, TarnIlIi oopaaOM,,o:y JIH3M He TOJIhIto B C1THIPleCROH H a,lJ,:lHfHIICTpaTHBHoii, HO II B Ry Typno-peJIHra03IIOU crpepe. BepOBaHIIH, 6bIT, op;ea;p;a, lliHJIHr:qe, KJIOP, 06hI'1an, ncroprruecxaa rraMHTb 3ellIJIe,I.\8JIhIIeB-CJIaBHH

58

~III,IIO otJll(CrO co CXO).J;HhlMH aTpH6YTaMH ::JTHOHYJIbTypHOro 06mma RO'1111111 It uou- nporotionrap.

YllOMl1naBIlHleCJI nsnue XapaRTepHI>IB rrep'rsr penarnn rrporofioaIII p 11(',raJl1ICh TeMH me H na Bamtanax. Jlnmr, orrrpaanenae RYJIb- 11111 (ocotieano B 'I8CTb rJIaBHOrO GOlReCTBa 'I'aarpa II CUJ.lOfO xaaa) I "IIIIIII)(l1 pa YCllJIeHHIO 3ROHOMII'IeCROl'O H rrOJIIITII'IeCROrO MorYIIJ;eCTBa 1'II'y!\llpa npuofipeao o(pnn.naJiLHOe II OOJIee unrpoxoe ODm,eCTB8HHoe !lIlIl'II'lm8, CT<lJIlI B03l~Bl1raTbCH xpausr M RarrHIIJ;a. TeM He M8Hee HeT tlIUHTTllii, ROTOPbI8 n03BO.TIMJfII 6LI npennozararr., 'ITO nporofioaraptH11l1' xausr npIIHym}J.aJlIf CJIaBffH C~IOHIITb CBDI! H3bPI8CI,ue BepOBaHIIH Illi II POTOOOJIrapCI\H8. HanpOTIIB, HamP-HI8 B JX B. COBMeCTUbIX, CJIauuur.uux II npOTOUOJIrapCKIIX, aeuporroneti 1'0EOPUT 06 OTCYTCTllIUI !H'JH,'(Y H3hFIHIIKaMIl l:I3 OUORK HapOAoE CTO.'IKHOB8IIHH HU penaraoa'I'lil no-rse. I'oneaaan nonaepraaacs JIIIllIb xpucrnane, T. e. npen, IIIIII:TOJIH Toii: pemlrUII, ROTOPaJI HBJIHJIaCb oqJH1'Il1aJIbHOiI H!l;oOiIorH'II Moryw;ecTBeaHoro II orracuoro upara - Baaanrniicaoa la!IIe- 1'1111, II ;J,IIII.'IOIVlaTH'l(lCKOM apceaano ROToporr XPIlCTIHl.H1I3au,I1H UbIJIa loll 11H1hIM cpencrsoa H~eiiHoro II nOJIHTIPleCI\Ol'O rro,u;'IUH8HIIJI cocenuIIX uaponoa.

11 )lCe-TaKII B CUJIY BeJlYIIJ;ero nonoxrenaa nporotioxrapcaoa connIIJII,llOli nepxyuntu B rocynapcrnennoa lliU3HH crpama npananneai- 1I0CTb R lIHOi! peanrna aaTpY)J;HHJla npep;cTaBHT8JIH:M CJIan.!{HcI{OM 3Ha"11 nocryn B cpeny nsrcmea rrpansopnoii apIICTOI\paTMII II R BamHellIIII1M rocynapcraeaasor rrOCTaM, O~HaRo aa npeneaaan ace oo.rree I'.,V lIi'IlBaIOII\erOCH Rpyra apacroxparrrn, HBJIl1BlU8rrCJI XpaHl:IT8JIbHHW't'l upcrorionrapcsnx 3THIl'IeCKITX rpa.n,ITlI,ITil: II seponaaaii, B OCHOBlI()ii Macce rrporotio.arap XO)], 3THORYJIhTypUbIX rrpOIl,8CCOB II:\IOJI CY- 1I\1'(~TBeallble OTJIlI'llHl. I10CeJIeUlie no coceACTBY co CJIaBfIHaMH (npo~ 10111i.'ITapCKnX Ha3:BaHlIH RaRlIX-JIlrOO HaCeJI8HHblX nYHItTOB xpanne AiII.:IO), cxrenraaasre opaKH, COBMCCTH(lf[ BoeHHaH cJIY1i,6a, 11 ocotienII1WT].{ - nepexon R Ocep,.1IOMY ofipaay mH3HIf BeJIIi[ K xopeaaon 1Ie- 1U'I:TpOMKe He TOJIbRO OblTa npOTOOOJIrap, HO 11: ax 06bl'raeB, 06Pl1J~OB, IIIH~I\CTaB1I8uuii 0 IKn3H8HUbIX IWHHOCTHX, a TllaBIIOB - caaocosaaIllIll JIIOAeii. TaKHM 06paSOM, pa3BIfBaJICH nponeco, IWTOPbIH conpoIlIJihll.a;'lCH HC'I83ROnBHlI8M cauoro npOTOOOJJrapCHOro ar HOR,YJJh TYp- 111110 Tuna B~IeCTe co BcellIIf lJPI1CYIIJ;HMl! 8l\IY OCOOOlIlIOCTl1~lII. Cxaunue nepeaana OT rrpOTOUOJIrap pan TepMlfHOB, 0003Ha'IaBillHX 1I~[IIIL~UaJIbHhle ~O,JImROCTH II xanemtapnsre n.IIHJIbf, nexoropsre npen~1("l'hl 6bITa II .u.eTaJIH O/l.BiI\ghl H YKpam8HHH; ornr YCBOV[JIll nO.TI8:mbI8 IVIII X03Hi';.(',TBa HRBhlKII CI';'OTOBOil,'[(lCKOii n;eflTe,[bUOr!J:H n pOToGomap, ItIIl'-'ITO ua IlX aoopymernrn II BOHIICIWii: TaI{1'lIRH. OAHaKO Bel!ylIl,eii: ,11,lIlme11 pa3HIITlIJI OClIOBIIOii I\laCCbI npOTOOOJIrap 6bIJIO BCe 00.'I8e PJlyfioKoe UX HOBJIe'fOHIre B pyCJIO CJIaBHHCI'DH napomroa xynsrypsr, IIOMHHupYIOlIl,all poar. }\OTOPOii: ocotieauo HpRO CTa.11a npOHBJIHTbCH H I X. B. C npncoe;cl,UHeInWM CJlaBffHCKIIX paiionon <PpamIH IT MaaenoIIIII!'. HaCeJJOlfH8 arnx paiionon yaw nCIIbITaJIO BJIMHHHe BII3aHTui1:\\1\11(.\ ll,RBlIJHI3aU;tUI.

OCHOBllblO uym.rypnste rr a:\1HTHII [{If, COXpaHI1HJlIUeCH OT VIIIIII'PLlOii: nOJIOBIIHbI IX B., HMeJIH oqmIl,uaJIbHhllr xapaxrep, 6hT,'ur C03-

59

'I

rraasr no pacrropaacerrmo xaaa. lipeJKp:e scero 31'0 rraMJITHURll MOHyMeHTaJIbHOii apxnrexrypsr, xpenocrnsre coopyzsemra, ;J;BOpn;bI n xpasrsr B CTOJIHn;e ll.'IHCKe n n CHHTHJIIIm;e Ma~ap8. OCT8Th11 aTIIX COopymeHlIll u Rb1He nopazraror noofipaaseaae CBOHMH pa3'MepaJl.Hf, QHR;IOmf'IeCKoii: KJIa,IWOll, 6hlTODRMIl Y)l;06CTEaMH (6accellHbI, 6aHu, BO;IOnpOBO;J;, [(IICTepHM )J;JIH aanacoa EO,n::bI, OTOIIJIeUUe C IIOlIOI[(blO Tpy6 c rOpH"lei1: BOAOH H T. II.). IIJIaHupoBKa 1I rrOCJIeAOBaTel(bHOCTh 3aCTpOHKIl TIJIIICKI!! II01W3blBaIOT, 'ITO XOTff crpnnreascrno ocymecraxaJWCb IICKyCHbliIlIf apXIITeRTopaMll-Bfi3aHTltiiD,aMll (HeHOTopMC ylICnsre C'IllTaIOT IlX llbIXOJJ;D,aMII C H:aDKa3a), B03RHRJIa ITJIIICKa KaK YRpeUJleHHblll TIOPKCKUii aya, crroco6m,Iii p,aTL B CBOIIX crenax yK psrrne Jl,CCHTKaM TbICJI'l JIIO):lell II orpoxusur crana» CKOTa: OOm;aH rrnontans oxaa-reuaoro YI,pCfweHrrmUil rrpOCTpaHC1'Ba COCTaEJlfIe'{, 23 res. RM. 3TO 6bIJI nepBOB8'IaJIbHD zarcps-aperrocrs, B nearpe roporo H8XOfl,HJIOCh aropoe YRpeIIJIeHue (BHYTpeHHUM: ropon) C ,Il,BOpIlaMII n xpaaavn. Bo BHYTperrHeM repone oonapymeIUJ II c.rrep;hl JH:30,n:eJIaTeJIbHhlX n rOH'IapHbIX MacTepcIUIx II ToprOBMe HnH. Apxeoxorn BhlHEllJIII l'rWCIDTa6LI paapyureuaa llJIllCIUI BoiicKaMII IIuRll(popa I B 811 r, BOCCTanOBJICHHbIii: OMYPTaroM report B II;BJIOllI coxparran npelI\HIOIO IIJlaRlIpoBI,y, HO em;e 60JIbIllO BRIIMaHII.FI 6bIJIO' Y)J.eneno xpenocrmaa COOpYII\cHUHlII: KaMeIIHbIM 6amHHlIl 1I nayrpenHUM CTCHa~f, roaurana KOTOPhlX J(OCTIUaJIa 2,6 111, a BbICOTa - "10 Bo naemnex ropnrte, BIJ)1,UMO, IIBpBOfla'IaJIhUO CTOHJIII npemry BeRRO IOPTI,I, no HaHn;eIIhl 3,'"J;BCb CJIBp,bI If TIIITII<fHhlX CJIaBHHCRIIX JIyae1IJIHnOR II 4)yrrr(RMeHTbI ua HaMHR HeCI,OJIhKMX lIaae:lIRbIX opymeHlIM:. IIo rany IIJIHCRH 6bIJIH B03BBP;BHhl B pasnsrx paaoaax EOJIrapIIlI 1I npyrne (6oollee Cl{pOMHbIe no pasMcpaM) xpe II T01II 'IIICJW Ilpecaas, lWTOPbIll HaK nOCeJIeHl1e nOHBI1JIC.a aa VII - VI II BB., a npn Ojryprare Ubm npespautea B RpyrIHyro nOCTh, H.vleBllIYIO naopen-peaanenmno 11 uonemeuae iJ;JHI rapanaosa B O):lHO ll3 npyrmeiinrax YKpermeHHH ObI:! npenpantea )J.peBHIII! Clmii: ropon ua )J,ynae TJ,OPOCTOJI Ol.pHcTpa, CnJIlICTpa) - He CJlY'1

no B oomapCKOM anoxpnqie {~BHfl:eHlIe npopoxa Hcaiin» ocnona J~PHCTPhI naanau Acnapyx,

HPKO Bblpa3HT8JIhHbL\11f '!OpTa~nr OTJIll'fafOTCH xaxeansre pease BIol8 H306pamemm VIII - IX BB. Ocofienao 3Ha.vreHIIT cpemr HUK T fW3bIBU8 .. ff,Iii: «Map,apCnHii IWHHHW> - BLICe'IOHHRR: H Marrape aa BeCaO!! CKaJIe RpYIlHO'llfacJUTaOnaJI ROMII03HIUIH (2,6 X 3, 1 1II), CTaB.UHlOm;a.a ,n:BHraJOu~eroc.lI nanpano noopyacermoro ncannana, TOPhIM npouaaer IWIILeM JIbE a, sa BCa,IlHHIWM CJIeJ~yeT OXOTHII'lUii I10MIIMO xynoxcecraennsrx ):I0CTOHHCTB naofipazaenna, IIQpe;l:a nerana noopyzneaaoro ncannnna It O)1,effi!~bl, OHO JIBJIHeTCa na UCTOPH'ICCHIiM naMHTHlH{oM, TaR RaK aa CRaJIe caena II cnpasa H300pan{eBlIH BhlOUThI Ha~nHCH ua rpenecxoa nasnee, cootimaionrae Baw:neHmlIX C06blTHJIX rex BpeMeR. ApeBueilmafl uannncr, I{ anoxe TepBeJIH 1:1 IOCTIlHuaHa II (06a IIMeHII yrrOMHHYThI B neil) H aqaJIOM VIl I B. II narnpyerca npesor cosnanxa rrairarmrrca, Momno, KOl\III03H~IUI «Map;apcRoro RORHIIRa» Haxo,rvwaCb B xa TO CBRSH C nmpoxo pacnpocrpaneaasma HeKOfAa Ha BaJII\aHax

60

1'1\JII.ll(~aMII !fJpaKllHcIWrO BCap;HIIKa, Op;HaKO !fJYHKn;IIOHaJIhHO B300pa","Ul1() B Manape IIrpaJIO, HeCOl'lm8HHO, COBCeM nrryro pons II HMeJIO~ III'POII'l'1IO, npaxoe OTHOIIIeHIr8 R KyJIloTY BO»l:p;H-XaHa, B08Ha'IaJIbm:H,a II ll(pO~a. Maaapa 6loWa OP;HIIM II3 BamH8HIIIIIX, eczra He caMbIM 1'.111111[1 hIM, H3bI'IeCKlIM CBHTIIJIHIJJ;8M, rp;e HaXOp;nJIlICI, II xpasr II aJI't'II\11> }\JHl mepTBorrpRHOIlIeHHH.

I ;OJl[,IIIOfO pa3BIITIIH P;OCTIIfJlO K cepemrae IX D. ronenapaoe p;eJIO, 1I:1I1!'(:TIIoe II3p;peBJIe CJIaBHHaM II nporofionrapaa, HO nCIIhITaBIIIee· 1111:I!IIITlliicROe DJUIHHlIe. OHO npOHIIKaJIO na BH3aHTHH B EOJlrapHI~ II ()['.IIOBH01H uepes nocpencrno CJIaBHH, I\OTOPbIO 1I3rOTOBJIHJIH B TO' IqU'MH 60raTble yxpamenna 113 cepe6pa, MHorOn;BeTHoro CT8I<JIa, neP"I'Opu.n;'laTOH SMaJIlI (6YChl, oacepem,n, 6paCJIeThI, cepsrn, KOJIbn;a). I :llileTlle1iHO npOTODO;IfapCRll1l11I no npoacxossneamo OhlJIll llHRPYCTlljllIllaIIIlhre MeTaJIJIOM (30JIOTOM, cepetiposr, 6pOH30M) KOfI\aHhIe nonca II IIOHCRaH c6pYH, a TaI,me nepcrun C pem,e¢HbIMII II306pameHIIJL\IlI. 1 ':~llaI\O TeXHlIKa oT;:J:eJIKH pe:r.meii II nepcraeji, a TaItme xapaxrep f II M 11X 1I306pamemlii: n03BOJIHIOT II anecs Bhli'\eJIlITb nsrconoxyztoaeecr- 1I1'llIIbI8 H3p;eJIlIH B1I3aHTHHcKlIX MacTepoB.

06pa311,0M BeJIHKOJIeDHOro rrpIIKJIa.I.l.HOrO acxyecrsa l1BJIHeTCH HaH-' .'11' IIlIaH B Tlpecnaae cepefipaaaa 'lama C rpe'IeCI\OII Hall,rrHCI,IO, rcranlll\eH, 'ITO aanemre nplIHagJICmaJIO <<BemmOMY myrraHy» CHBHHY:

IIp'IUMeHT 'lamH Tpa.n;nll,HOHHO TIOpr{CRHH, ozmarto crnrn, II TeXHHRa ~'I\niV~TOJIhCTByIOT 0 BlI3aHTlliicKO:Nl B;rllHHllII. llHa'!o fOBOPH, DO acex IIpoHBJIeHllHX acxyccrna Bonrapuu, eure ,TIJIH P;OxpHCTHaHCRoH SIIOXH (11'1' xperrocrnoro Ii.aMeHHOro CTpOIITeJIhCTBa P;O 6bITOBbIX XY,TIOiIWCT-' IIPllllbIX Il3.n;emrii), npOCJIemlmaCTCH 6JWrOTBOpHoe BJlIIHHlW B1I3aH'I'll iicROM KyJIbTyploI II HCI{YCCTBa.

O;n:HHM II3 nantioaee opIIrllHaJII,IIbIX npoannemnt 6omapcRoH IW'I bTypbI HBJIHIOTCH BbI6IlTblO na xasrae nannaca, OTHOCHlll,I1eCH rro IIpPMeHll K nepuoay OT OCHOBalnm rOCYAupCTBa AO npUHHTIIH xpnI i naacrna B xanecrae O[fllIIl,Ira.1IbHOii peJIIIfUIl. Haii:p;eHo OROJIO 80" IIII.llHbIX nanrraceir If ¢parMeHToB, Ilonaamnomee IrX 60JIbIIIHHCTBO" to' .uapyaceno B IVrncRe II ee oxpecrnocrax. Harmnca HBJlHJIHCb O<fJII- 1111 dJlI,HhIl\IlI ,[(OI'yMeHTallfII. Onn COCTaBJIHmICb H BbIceRa.rrllCh no peme-· ",,10 nearpansnoa anacrn. 3a lICKJIIQ"IeHrreM ,[(BYX na,'I,IIlICeH, B KOTO- 1',,1 x TIOpItCKrre CJIOBa nepenansr rpe'WCKHMlI 6YRBa;o,m, nee npo-rne 'I)CTaBJIelIhl IIa rpeaecnon H3hIRe, B nanrmcax rrepenananncr, TeKCTh! HOI'OBOPOB C BII3alITIfelI, cPH1{CHpOBaJInCb BamHI.Ie C06I,ITUH nnyrpeuIwit nUI3HH, YBeROBe'IIfUailHCh notiensr xaHOB 1I npoc.'JaBJIHJIaCh HX t','I'pOKTOJIbHaH ):IOHTeJIhHOCTh. Bom.uryio rpynny Ha)~mH',eH ,COCTanJIfI:-' 10'l' MeMOpnaJIhl ~ rra:r.1HTIIHHH B 'reCTI, BhIi'\aIOIIJ,IIXCH npororioarapr,lnlX (ll HeCKOJIbRlIX CJIaBHHCRHX) BOeHa'la.lIhHIIIWB, xpynasrx ca-· UOBUHKOB, ;U:OBepeHHhlX JIlIn; xana. lIacrb MeMOpnaJIOB GhlJIa 1\O:!JJ;BIIl'ayTa B naxarr, nOJIROBoAIl,eB II OTJIIT'IlIBIIIlIXCH BatIHOB, noI'fIGWHX B noxonax na qYII,ouue, RaR npanmro, B ua;cJ,IIIICH YHa3hI-· IIHJlOCb, .npa KaKOM xane ona 6hIJIa Bhl6IITa, TIITYJI lIJIlI .n;OJItImOCTb YMepmero II ero pon. HU)l;IlIICll, TaRlll\i 06PU301ll, CJIyJRllJIll :n HUR OlIHm;IIaJIbHhIH npaBHTeJIhCTBeHHhIH IWKYllfeHT If RaK cpencrao yrrpo'IOJIHH uearpansnoa BJIaCTII II rrpOCJIaBJIeHlIH fJIaBbI rocynapcraa, IIo-



lUITHO nOSTOMY, 'ITO l1.JIFl :nRX IWJIeH yrroTpe6JIHJIRCb rpe'ICClmH RabIK H rpO'JeCHMI ITnCbMeHnOCTb, WHPOfW pacnpocrpaueamre B ry anoxy na Banxaaax B Mei:I,m'lIapOj(HOM oGIl\cmHI. ApeBHCC TIOpKCROe PYHllqCCROe IIHChI,IO, C }WTOPbIM, cYll:a no Ha1JepTamIIO PO,::J,OBbIX II ceMellHhIX 3HaIWB (raar); 6bWll, BHAHMO, 3HaIWMhl nporotionrapsr, AJIll ,)TUX ll,OJIen He rOJ\IlJIOCb, TaR RaR B yCJIOBlBIX H3Ha'IaJIbHoii: cpaBIHI:TCJIhHoi.i MaJIO'Il!:CJIeHIlOCTll II nporpeccaposasnrero COKpaUWHlIH 'IIIC)TCHHOCTH rrpnrotionrap ono ne ?ramo csrrpar» TOrr pO.TfH, ITa IWTOPYIO 6bIJIII paCC'11IraRbI Ha,'(IIHCR.

0ilHOM lia xapaxrepnsrx OC06CHIlocTeifr RaMeHlIhlx na,L(IIJlceii: TOll :3HOXn: HBJIileTCa B03paCTaHlIe co npeMCHCM BJInHHI1H na pe3'lHKOB COCTaBlITeJIeii BhlceI\ae:!ln,Ix na I,aMne TORCTOB CPOHCTlIRlI II MOPCPO )TorUI1 caanaacnoro H3MRa: 8TO OTpa3HJIOCb aa rpancxpmnnra e06CTBCHHbIX, reorpadiaaecxax naananafi, a TaKiIi:C npOTOO 'ITlTYJIOB. if' CI1JIIIBaJIOCb Oi:\UOBpCMonHO 11 B03!WHCTBllC nnsa I~HBIIJIn3au;rrH. B pesyar.rare Bee ['0 aroro yme R cepenune IX THE rpananaa rrpenmeii rrpOTOOOJIrapCROii ~THOI()'JIbTYPHOl1:

CcIU YTpaTIIJIlI: ,n;m.umnpYIOll\ee 3Ha1IOllI:lC B cpene casmx IIX JUIX nocareaea.

",/1/(/(/ IV

IIEPBOE no.rr APCKOE n;APCTBO B 3EHUTE MOr¥ID;ECTBA. PAC:QBET K¥JIbTYPbI

HA IIOPOfE HOBOI1 8IIOXli

't;IIJliliOCIOlii: TpOH nocne CMepTH Hpecaaaa HaCJIep;OBaJI ero CbIH Bo- 1'11(1 (852-889), npn KOTOPOM Bonrapna crana xpucTuaHcKoy linl( II npyrne enporreiicnae uaponsr, iOOJrrapbl rrpHIHlJIH xpacrnan, IIID II I\a1WCTH8 oqmI\lIam,Hoii: peJIHrIIH na TOll CTap;HH 06m;eCTB8HIIDI'II paanITTHJI, rcorna ;:H\CIIJIyaTaU;IIJI 60JIbIlIHHCTBa TpYiWlQerOCHI IIIII'I'.!IPJJIIH COQIlaJIbHO II rrOJIIITIFI8CRII rocnOiWTBYlOlQIIM M8HbIlIHHCTHIIM ('.TaJIa peryaapuoil.] XpnCnfaHlI3aU;IIH snecs, Hal, II BClOAY, COBep'IIUI.IJHCb B YCJIOBHHX YCIIJI8HHH nenrpam.noii BJIaCTn, npa peuraromess

l"IIH'-TlUI ee rpam,l1;aUCltoro II BoeHHoro arrrrapaTa. ' __

t lopexon K XpIICTfraHCTBY (h,m 3aKOHOMepOH. OH orrpeAeJIHJIcHl 'I'JII'~IH rJIaBHhIMH rrpHLIIIHaMII. Bo-nepnsrx, CJIo}KIIBII1HHCH :::lKCIIJIyaTa- i

v u 6 6 I

tll)leJ\llll CTPOl1 neo XOP;IIMO bIJIO ORPyilnITb OpeOJlOM CBHTOCTII: Tpe- .

~ClllnJ!Ocb BHYIIIIITb napony, lITO 6e3poIIoTHoe IIOll,'1IIHeHIIe TOCnOp;aM,.

I JIIlIlO rocynapcrsa II oro CJrymIITOJIHM HBJIHeTCH ,n:OJIrOM, yrop;HhIlI-t liul'Y, a conpornnnenae yrne'remno npeCTYIlHO H anopanr.ao, HBJIHeTCH 'I'JllIIlUIM rpexou, CTaBMr 1J8JIOB8Ra BH8 06lQeCTBa H Kapa8TCH 60roM /III mo nOCJIO CMepTII. BO-BTOPhlX, rrpaBIITeJIII KpyrrHBllIlIIIx xpacrnaa,'I(lIX rocynapcra paHIIecpep;HBB8HOBOll EBPOIIhl OTKa3I.IBaJrll B IIPH-I illll1T1IIII npan y rocynapcra <mapBapOIJ)-H3hI'1HIIKOB «<II)J;OJIOIIOKJIOHIIIIIWB» ), CTpeMHJIIICb IIOCTaBHTb IrX B Memp;YHap0)l;HbIX ornonrenaax' II uopanaonpanaoe nOJIOJHeHHe~ Berpersax, xpHCTIIaHII3aU;IIH 6bIJIa co- 1'I'HJIWHa C nOBIoIlliOHHeM ypOBHH I\yJIbTyphl, YCBooBHeM IIHCbllIeRIIO-' "111, 603 fWTOPOII npa YCJI01RBHBTIIIIXCH YCJIOBHHX ynpaBJIeHHH crpa-

Hili! 6hIJlO IIen03Monmo Bep;eHIIe rocynapcrneansrx p;eJI. __

YrJIy61IJIHCb corraam.nsre rrpoTIIBOpe'1lIH. B «OTBeTaX rransr HHIW,111111 na nonpocsr 6oJIrap» - OOIlIIIPHOM nnosue, B ROTOPOM PIIMCRHH:

IIlIlIa, OTBOllaH na ooneo 118M CTO BonpOCOB RBH3H Bopnca, pas'sacIIIIJI, B KaRoM Mepo npenmHo 60JrrapCKHe OOhl1faII rrporusops-rar IlOIII.IIII, xpncTHaHcHIIM 3aIWHal\I II nopnaa nOBop;OHHH. B «OTBeTaX)r IIOIIYTHO yrroMHHaJIOCI. 0 pa6ax, HlHIWX II 6ora1Iax, 0 lIIaJIbIX II BeJIH- 1m x, «ocofio 3HaTHbIX)}, {(Menee 3HaTHhlX II CHJII.HbIX» II <mpOCThIX JI1olI;HX». BJIaCTb B TO BpeMH 6bIJIa 60CIlOlQap;Ha K HerrOHopHhIM II II(HJBIIHIIBIIlHMCH. Bona, HBIIBIIIHiicH aa cfiop C HerO)J;HhIM opY1RJIeM' \I llJIOXlIM IWHeM, nozraeprancn xaann, RaI\ II BOHH-CTpaiIt rpaHIIIl,LI, 1111 3a)J,opmaBTIIIIM 6emaBIIIero 113 CTpaHbI pa6a HJIff nepefiexcrmcat·,111J60.L\HOro. Mnannma cOBpeMOHHIII\ Bopnca ROHcTaHTIIH, enzcxon II pOCJIaBCHUH, nplI3hlB3JI 60JIra pcxyro naCTBY cosepnrarr, 60meCTBeH- 11:1'10 CJIYiH6y «IT BJIaCTOJII.CKYro patiory nCIIOJrHIITb», T. e. "lOp03 noC'pe)l;CTBO ynpanareaeii H lIHHOBHIIHOB I\HH3H BbIIIOJrHHT~ YCTaHOBJIeH-

nhm OOH3aTeJIbCTBa nepen Ea3HoM. B TO BpeMH UaJIOfn B BOJIrapHlI (HaE, BnpO'IeM, II B B1I3aUT1I1I) ObIJlII naTypaJIbHf,IMlI, II BHemIIeTOp~ ronsre CBH3H IIMeJIII 11 ):IJIH Ra3HbI n AmI OOJIflpCTBa HCIWIO'llITeJIhHOC aaa-renae: OOJIrapCRafl 3HaTb 6bma aaaarepecosana B TOprOBf,IX Jll .. 'O~ Tax aa IWHCT8HTlIHorrOJIbCH01H pUHlW. 3AeCb 60JIrapu BeJIH ropr }JbHOM, Me)J;oM, CEOTOM, paOaMII-IIJIOHHHRaMH. CBOII TOproBhI8 llHT8pD" ChI rOCIIOACTBYIOIl\UU RJIaCC Boarapna, EaR nOI{aaaJIU C06bITHH 89;' I'. (rorna Bn3aHTliH JIIllllUJIa oomapcKlix nynuon npemHlIX npnBll!1 oI'l1uJ. rOTOB 6bIJI orcrannare cmroii: opynom.

lHeCOMHCHHO, xpacrnaanaarmn npei~lIIeCTBOBaJIO P;OCTlliKCH 110

ep,UHCTB8 B Bhlcmcu CJIoe CJIaBHHCIwii II OCTaTIWB rrpOTOOOJIrapCIWII 3HaTIullpe,n;nplIHIIM:aH crom, pClllllTeJlbHhlij mar, RaR rrpmrarae ]'lw" menan, Bopac p;omWlH ObIJI paCC'IHTl,IBaTb aa IIOMOIl\h n rro,n,;r:\epilmy lIaMeCTHllIWB npOBHH1iniI, B pynax KOTOPbIX HaXOp;HJI1ICb rpamrmrrCElIO It BOOHHble nOJIHOMO'lHH. BHYTpnnOJIIITII'ICCRafl 06CTaHOBKa )(.1ll1 npanarna xpemenrrn YJIyqmFIJIaCh erne FI IIOTOMY, 'ITO C aasana npaBJIeHHH Ilpecaaaa (836 r.) nponrao rrO'1TJ'C 30 zrer, B re'IeUHG lWTOPhIX xpacruaae He nonaepranacs rrpeCJIo,qOBaHIlIO. BblPOCJIO n;ej JIoe noxonenae IIOll.,'l.aUHbIX ImJl3H, xornpoe ClIOOOP;HO uaCJIcp;oBaJId peJIFITlIIO CBOlilX pomrrenea-xpncrnas. ~

Bnecre C TBM'BHemUenOJIlITH'ICCEoe nOJIotEeHIi8 EOJIraplIlI OCJIom~ BUJIOCh,) BHaaUTIUI He Cl\fHPWIaCh C lloTcpeii: SeMeJIb, a8XHarWHIIbIX Ilpecaarrox. BOCTO'IHorppaURCKoe (Fepuancxoe) ROpOJIenCTBO YCH.lBI" nano J.laBJIeUlIO na Cpel~Hec ITo;n,YHaBbC, a HCMeu,Roe Il,yxoDcncTBo npn nonnepxme narrcraa aKTIIBHanpOBaJTO s,'l.eCb MHccnoHcpcKYro AeR" ,TeJIbHOCTb, BhlahlBaH ornop co CTOPOHbl Bnaaaran. Tar\lIM oopaaon, 'EOJITaplIll yrponcana U rppauKu 11 lluaaHTlIHn:hI, GOJIrapCRUc 3CMJIJI (}R83amfCb ITa crsrxe rnrrepeeos RpynHbIx BpaH\J.lyIOu~IIx CHJI:l

IIPI1HHTIIE XPI1CTI1AHCTBA.

EOPbBA 3A HE3ABHCHMYIO IJ;EPI-WBb

no TpeOOBaUIIIO HOPOJlH I'epsraacxoro HOpOJI8BCTBa JIIO~oBlm8 H84 MeqRoro BDPliC ,n;OJIii\CU ObIJI paaopaarr, 3aKJIIOlJ:8HHbIU UM I\mp C BeJI11KOll Mopaaaeii. Onuano v-racrne Bcpnca B COIOae C JIIO!~OBHROM D F01me npOTlIB B8JIIIKOii Mopaana Upl1B8JIO K BbICTYIIJIellHIO npOTNB Boarapan COI03HlIll,hl Mopasaa BU3aHTlllI, B 863 r. BllSaUTllHl\hl nroprnacs II Bonrapmo, napon rcoropoil CTpap,HJI OT HeYPO;T{aH II aeM.lIeTpaCeHuH, IT BOPHC OhIJI npuHyiIill:fJH R ,1Hh'JIIOtlBHHIO Mlipa. OR 06HSaJlCH rrpaaars RpeIIl,eRne OT IIMIIepnu IT, coxpanas 3aropy, 01'Ka3aTbCH OT upaxepnonopcxnx roponoa AHXUaJIa, MeCHMBpmI u

... JJ.!:l-FobT3..

r··~~ B 864 f. rrpencraaarena B1I3aHTlIiicKOI'O AYXOBeHCTBa nanamr xp

LEQ.W:HLUOJlmp{ Onacascs InWmaT8JIbCTBa onrroannaorrusrx crr.'l, B puc II ero omimaJJllllIe CaHOBHJIKU RpeCTJIJIlIeh no J\IlOpu;e, BTaHne nozmaamax. I{HHsb npHHHJI xpUCTuaHCKOC IL\1H MuxaIUI B 'IeCTI:. n neparopa IVhIXaUJIa III, {(,rJ,YXOBHbIM ChlnO].{)) Ii:OTOpOrO - no naaa 'lllllCI,nM ll,epeMOHUHJIbHO-I"IlH£JIOMaTHl{eCKH}VI aopuax - all OTHhl

84

'qlll:IIIIIBaJICH. IIpHHHTITe XpIICTIIaHCTBa rJIaBOH rocyztapcrna OT HMne~ 111111, II noane C ROTOPOii: on TOJIbRO 'ITO norepnen nopazeeaae II coI !1114' 1I.~lefi aa HeBIJrop;HbIii MUp, YCUJIHJIO OIIII03uu;nOHHhle Bopacyna, rpurunrsr. CocTOJIHHe paCTepJ.!JIHOCTH B naponasrx Maccax B03POCJIO

IIOJlIIJIeHHeili B crpane MH01f\8CTBa rrpOIIOB8P;IlH}{OB caxoro paanoro '1I.llIIa - ue TOJIbRO rrpaBOCJIaBHhlX qJaHaTIIKon-BIIsaHTuiiu;eB, HO H IIMIIlI-MOHO(pU3II'I'OB, apaGoB-MYCYJIMIaH, epeTIIKoB. B 865 r. B XOJl,8 "III1II\I'IHIH napona BCIIblXHYJI l\U!Tem 3HaTI!. Hrpaa na pacnpocrpaId'III1r.lX cpemr HaC8JI8HlfH il.HTHllH3aHTHHCKl1X HaCTp08UfiJlX, BhlClliaff

IlllTh 1.0 ROMIITaTOB nOCTaBHJIfI. u;eJIblO cnepxeenne Bopnca IT coxpaIIf'lJlW penaraa npezneoa, T. e. H3bI'I8CTBil.. MHTern: oxaa Tl'1JI 3Ha'lII- 11'.11 !.I[YID 'laCTb repparopna rocynapcrsa. Onaaxo ElH8prH'lHbI8 ;Jl;8HCT- 111111 l\U1I3H n03BOJIJ!fJIII 8MY B3HTb I1HnD;HaTlIBY B cnon PYIGl: onnpa"'~I. WI CII';:[hl nepnsrx ROl'tUITaTOn 1I COOCTBeHIIYlO ,Il;pylI\IIHY, Bopnc I'H:JI'POMHJI MHTenmlIROB, 60JIbmyro 'laCTh B8pxymlnI KOTOPbIX CO'l'UUJfJIJIII aOJllIpe rrpOTOOOJITapCKOro IlPOHCXOm,Il;eHHH, MJ.!Tem OhlJI IIOII;IllJIeH. qJIeHbI 52 c8Meli: OOJlHP - rorasapoii aYHTa OhlJIII nCTp86~ 1\\'\\1.1 TIOrOlIOBHO OT MaJIa )];0 BeJIHKa. BlIaCTH CnJIOH YTBepm)lamI XpU, 1'1101 lIeTBO, yrropcTByIOII(HX meeTORO I\apaJII.1'. Tpa)1,HD;IIHM n 06bPlaJ.!M II PO'I'OOOJIrapCROH pononofi apUCTOKpaTHlI 6bIJI narrecen CHJIhueli:mHH 1)I,n p. Ee3yeJIOBHO, B ::lTO}I 6apboe Bopnca 60JIeO IIOCJIC,Il;OBaTcm>110 "o)(!\epiIUIBaJIH rrpe)];CTaBHTeJIII IIM8HHO cxaanacnoa 3HaTH, TaH xax WITCiI,HIIKH CTpeMIIJlHCJ, BHOBb yTBepp;uTb B I{a'leCTBe oqnIIvraJlhHOH p('.IlIIrnH H3hIQeCTBO B ero TIOPRCJWii: (nporofionrapcaon) <popMe.

N EOPIIC II rroM8pmnBaBmaH ero 3HaTb OTaTO)];b He cofinpanaor., tllHmn:e xpilCTnaHCTBO OT HMIleplIll, cnanars eii: CROll no:mI~nH no IIIIYTpeHHeii: H BRemHell lIOJInTHKe. OCTPhl9 pa3HOfJIaCIIJI C I\oIIcTaH'1IUIOIIOJIeM B03HlfKJIH TOT'Iae, ROTp;a scran BOllPOC 0 craryoe GOJIrapi'1;Off l(epRBII. Eopnc nocrannn :u;eJIb )106llTbCH RaR MOII\HO 60JIbmen .. 11 H83aBHCllMOCTll OT ROHCTaHTHHOrrOJIhCIWrO narpnapxa, a 3Ha'IHT, II OT HMrrepHH B D;eJlOM. ,IJ,8JIO B TOM, 'ITO 110 o<pJn~lIaJIbHOH nOJIHTHqPCROH reopnn n BH3aHTIIH nepaosnaa 3aBIICIIMOCTb npennoaarana ;1;JIlHCIIMOCTb IIOJIIITH'l8CRYTO. IIM8HHO TaR II TpaKTOBan 3Ty IIpOOJle-

II Y t!!aTplIapx CVOTUM B IIUCbMe R BOPHCY. '~

'IIJlaHaM HHH3H 6JIarOrrpnHTCTBOBaJIH ocrpsre paanopsr Memp;~t ';OHCTaHTIIHonOJIeM H PIIMOM no nOBO,Il;y npeuteaaa Boarapna.Hlan-

f 1110, npeTeH).l,On3nlllee H3 BblcmyIO ll,epKOIl1IYIO n;rraCTb B xp:ficTI1aa- ;:::;:>'

(' r;OM MHW II ocymecrnnanmee aeaorna uepxonaoe vrrpanneaae Hail: I

I iJIJIlIPlIROM, aa TeppI'lTOplIU KOToporo pacnonaraaacr, 'I8.CTb fioarap- \ l'lmx 3eM8JIb, fBi.lpa31IJIO pe3RlIli upOTeCT UMrrepnlI I1 I1a'laJIO RaMnaunto aa rrozrraneaae lJ,epI\Bll BOJIra pan PIJMCIWH RypU!!j CB Te'I8HUe IIHTM JI8T, arpan na arnx rrpOTHBOPC'IIIJIX II npOHBlIB ceOH lICKYCHbIM ,~II[IIJlOMaTOM, Bopno ):(oorrBaJICJI nee 60JIbIIIIIX II OOJIhllIlIX YCTynoR

11'1' ofieax CTOPOH_,_] B xone ,Il;lInJlOMaTH'IeCRlIX cnonrenaji C PlIMOM II (\OHeTanTHHorroneM B 866-870 rr. KHH3L nan ncaarr, n nane H llMuoparopy (RaR H narpnapxy) , 'ITO Bom-apaa npaamier :U;8prWBHoe l:l'pXOBeHCTBO TOli: CTOPOHLl, KOTopaH npe)];OCTaBIIT OOJlrapcKoii: nepn-

HII CTaTYC Jluao narpaapxan, JIn60 anronerpam.noa (T. e. He3BBllClIMOli: 0'1' KOHCTaHTllHOIIOJIbCROro narpaapxa) apxn8nHCKOIIHIl. Jlera-

j Rpan,all HCTOPHII Bonrapna

65

TId namr - <DopMo3a Ilopryaacxaii II )l;n:aKOH Mapmr - npaofipenn B.llI'IH1I1I8 npn naope ItHHSH Bopaca, IWTOPhlH: npOCIIJI nany naana-nrn. onaoro U3 mrx rJIaBOH OOJIrapCKOU nepnna. OTKa3 paxcaoro narrsr

II aarnraaanae C pemenaen rJIaBHOrO sonpoca - 0 nepxoanoa aeaaBllCHMOCTll - BhI3BamI lIe)J;OBOJIbCTBO KBHSH. B 870 r. na BOChMO~1 :o,epH.OBHOM co6ope B npnCYTCTBHH nancnnx neraros n C cornaca» nocnoa Eopnoa 6blJIO nsmeceno penreane 0 rrpananaezsaocra 6oJlrapCROil: n;epRBJI R BOCTOtIllOXpJICTJI3nCROMY (mI3aHTnii:cROMY) MnpyU,epROBb BOJIrapHlI nOJIY'lHJla craryc apxaenacnorma. l1a6npan xaananara na nOCT apxaerracsona nOJIY'laJI npaso cotiop enacxonon BOJIrapIHI, a npaao ero xaporonna (T. e. lIOCBHm;enl'IH B can) UPII- 3HaBanOCb aa ROlICTaHTHHOIIOJIbCln1M narpaapxox. ABTOI~e4JaJlbnOCTI'. onaaxo, He 6bIJIa rrpe)J;OCTaBJIeHa. Bopr.fia p;JlImaCb em;e 10 JIeT. IlauCTBO He CMHPHJIOCh C nOpameHl:leM, lIfeiIigy BOPHCOM II PJIMOM (;aOBIt aaB113amICb recnsre CHomeHUlL Bee, Ra3aJIOCb, BeJIO R TOMY, "<lTO BO .' rnane nepxna Boarapaa BCTaHeT npeJIaT~JIaTIIRHHHH. B BH3aRTHH B I CRH3H C HeytJ;a'laMIf 6opz.6LI sa nepxomroe nO~lJ:HHeHHe EOJIrapnII II 877 r. 6bIJI RU3JIo/Kerr narpaapx Mrrr3THiI, narpnapnnra TpOH BHOBL a3HHJI c::DoTUll, ROTOPhlll eJ.IJ;e panee (B CnR3H C Te)'l: me nonpocoa) .. rrOTepHJI eco B 867 r, I

Onacaacs OKOH'laTeJILHOrO nepexona EOJIrapHlI B JlOlIO aanazmoti uepxan, BRaaHTIIllcKHe nearena CTaJllI 60Jlee YCTyrr1J:HBhlMII. Ha O'lO~ pegHo~I co6ope 879-880 P. mrnepaa YCTymIJI8.: 8.BToReiP8.JIbHOCn, BOJIrapCKOH: apxaenacsonaa 6hlJIa canRI1,JIORUpoBaIla. BOJIrapUH I 6bIJIa HCKJIlO'l!ma lIa ctraonoa elI~XHH: (I\epROBHhIX oxpyroa} ROH~ craHTlIaOIIOJlbCIWH naTpHapXIHI. iBopnc ~06HJICiI MaRCllM3,TIf.HO B03-

b~·~MO. iR~oro .B .Te. x. YuCJIOBUHX yc.ue. xa .. P:OIJIlI 3a.rromerrhI OCROEL! He3aBlI- " MOll OOJlrapCROH u;epKBUI a ,BMecTe C TeM II caMOCTOllTeJIbBOrO paa-

I.HITHH oOJIrapCKouKYJIhTypLf/ ;' , Ilpn H83Ha1J:IITeJIhnbIX oTcTynJleHHHX opraanaanna nepxsn Boma-· pHIi OI.IJl3 ocymecranena lIO BIIsaHTIIHCIWMY 06pa3Il,Y. RaR II B UM-

nepmr, nepnoar, OT{a3aJIaCh B nonsnaeana Y BblCilleH caercsoa BJl3CTIl. BhlOOP xaananara aa lIOCT apxnenacxona aaBUCeJI OT BOJIn KIUl3H_ IT orpefinocrn CI'ICTeMaTIl'leCROrO oorOCJlymeIIlnf U yTBepmf(eHUH aHTopHTOTa IIOBoil oqnU.I,HaJIbHoli: penurna OOYCJIOBIIJIH II BOJlra~ pan YCMmmnoe II rroaceuecraoe CTpOIlT8.TIbCTDO XpaMOJ3 JI MOHtlCTUpoii, HaK II lIX xarepuansnoe ofieoneaeaae I{HH3eM It COCTOHTeJIhHLIMlI rrpnxomaHa:r.ur e}J;l2lHOBpeMeHHhIMU BKJla;o,aMH II nOCTOHHHbIMH UCTO'l~ HMJWMJI ,llDxO;qOB. IIoMHMO MRorO'lHCJI8HRbIX IT B n;8JIOJf nefioar.nrnx, Hal>. H B Baaan-mn, emrCKOIllIlf ObJJIO Y'Ipem;a:eHO COMb MIITpOrrOJIHi.I, nonanaasmaxca apxaenncxony. KamgaH MIlTpOnOJIlIH OXllaTbIB3JIa H8CRDJIbIiQ enacxonaz. Peaaneanaa apxaenacxona }/M8CTe C rJIaB-

.~~J:,IM_J..£g.6oPHhlM) xpaMOM pacnonaranacr, B CTOJlM~e (Flnncxe) .

[ "l:\'eilKoBl, B TOT nepnon npe.n;CTaBJIHJIJI BM3aHTlllICHlIe CBHrrreHHOCJIymnT8JIH, cpean ROTOphIX naxo,n;nJIITCb II CJIaBF.lHe no IIpOHcxom~ , neamo, JIHTypruH coaepnranacs BII3arrTH.0:1I.aMII no rpe'leCKllM TI;OpR. OB.ll. b.1M r\H.u .. r.aM .. ' H.~ rpe'leCKOM H3hIRe, RerrOHHTHOM 60JIbmUHCTBY na~~H ·crpaHhI. i ~ho BamRoe 06CTORT8.T[I>CTBO, BIl:,II;rIMO, He MOI'JIO ynonaersopm-sBopaca, 1:1 yme B KOHlJ;e 70-x rO}\OB OR RanpaBIIJI na

I

.~

66

v II MMnepHIO 60JI1,WYIO rpynny aaarnsrx 60JIrap BMeCTe CO CBO'PIl,],bMM CblHOM CHIIIeOHOM - KHH3b rOTOBHJI ero K BLICOKOII uepI.er napsepe.

;\lIH1C 119 Mor He :maTb, 'ITO ym.e OROJIO 2Q JIeT CYlIl,9CTBona.rra I HJI(~I\afI rrllCbMeHBOCTb H "'lTO yme B 863 r .. B KHJDKeCTBe BeJIH-

M opaana, a "'lepea 'Iel'hlpe rona B Ilaaaoncxosr CJIaBHHCIiOM I I;UCTBe 6hlJIO BDeAeHo 6orocJIymemre aa CJIaBfIBCH:OM HShIRe, nOl f1flCImMJIlITyprIItIeCKllM KnllraM. C 0601IMll STUMM rocynapcrna- "'"

, ,;OJU'apIUl B 60-80-x ronax aaxomsaacs TO B COI03BhlX, 'IO no ~

IIPllll,/w6BbIX OTJIOmeBlIHX. ,CJIaBHHCKaa nepnoas 6bIJIa Y'Ipem.n;eHU 11l~1 fiJlarqp;apa ornpaanemroa B 863 r. llMrrepaTopOM MIIXalIJIOM III 1(IIPIWBHO-p;HIIJIOMaT1PIeCROH MllCClln BO mane C IIePBOY'IIITeJlaMll. "JIHlIlIllCTBa ROHcTanTllBoM (B MOHaweCTBe - RIIPllJIJIOM) II MeifJo-

·(IIIIM.. ~.

(loa .u;eaTeJIJI (B CJIaBJIHCROH JIIITepaTypHOH II IIcTopnorpa<pH"'le, Ifoii Tpa.AHU:1m: OHU 0003Ra'la.KlTCJI KaR «COJIyncKIIe opaTbJD}) nponc-

lIi\IUHI 113 (tIecCaJIOHlIKlI li3 C8MhlI 3lIaTHOrO B08RHO_E9J nOMOIIJ;lIIma 'l'JIIlTMra (uaMeCTUHIta) <peMhl(rrpOBlmn;un), BKJIIO"'laBmeii: ropon H ItlqHlcTHbIe aeMJIH. B raane II yme rOBopMJIOCb 0 TOM, 'ITO B oxpyre IO[JIJ)\a II B HeM caMOM yme C VII B. ObIJIO MHomeCTBO CJIaBJIR. ~: i\OCTOBepnOCTLIO HeHaBeCTlIO, ormaxo, nponcxonaaa JIll caMII Gpa- 11011 U3 C.'laBJIHCROH cem.n, no cosepmenao JICHO, 'ITO OHll C Jl:.eTCT- 1111 llJIap;e.rrH TaK me CBOOOP;HO rpe'IeCRHM, KaR II CJraBJIlICl\I1I1L ROH''I'IIIlTHH, ot'iImpYllmBmrrM pano rrrry K 3HaHHJIM, Y'IllJICJI B 3aaMeHU'llil MaI'naBpCltoii mxoae B KOHCTanTHHonOJIe, B TOM 'lHCJle y xpynuu x Y'IeHbIX HMIIepUII JIhBa MaTeJIIIaTIIKa 11 <DoTHa (6y.n;ym;ero narI'IIUpxa), a aaTeM H cau nperronanan B nOM WROJIe, p;OCTHrHYB f.OJ[[,ruOi:i: 1I3BeCTROCTH CBOIiMII noananaaaa B <pIIJIOCO<plln II acayc, ['110M BeCTlI rry6JIII"'lHhle .u;IIcnYTbI. Bcxope Honcraarana craaa npnHJW!WTh It BatRHhlM p;nUJIOMaTH'leCRIIM xaccaau, HOCHBmIIM He TOJIhI,ll IWPKOBBbIH, no H nOJIlITlItfeCKIrH xapaxrep: OR nofisman n B Bar'(11/10, n 13 XepCORe (Xepcoaece), II Y xaaapcxoro xaraaa,

CTapmUII na GpaTbeB - Me<pOP;lIH cneaan B MOJIO.u;OCTII BoeHHOII\MlllIllCTpaTUBHYIO RapbepY,'i no B Ha'IaJIe 50-x ronoa nocrparca B "'\HOM na MOHacThlpei!__,MaJIofi Aann. CIO,u;a ncxope npnexan 11 ROH, ranrmr, Iloaararor, r:.rTO 130 BpeMJI IIpeOLIBaHIIJI B xcaacrmpe opaI Iofl, npa pemaiomea POJIH MJIap;mero - ROHCTaHTHHa, II300pemr '.IUHlgHCKYlO as6YKY (ee nepBhlH oplIrliHaJIhHDlll napaanr, HMe:aye"I,lii OObI"'lUO rJIarOJIIIIWH) II npacrynaza K nepenony na cnaBHHCKIIH II;IWK Bamueii:wIIx Il,epI{QBHhlX KRIll',} Ge3 ROTOPbIX 6bIJIa HeB03MOII\Ha njll'aHII3aU:lIH OorOCJIymemm ua CJIaBHHCROM H3hIKe. TaRuM 06paaOM, II!C~'I'L OCHOBaHnH npemroaarars, 'ITO cnoe naofipereaae COJIyHcRne III'1lTblI npep;Ha3rraQaJIII )J,JUr HYiK/1, ncero CJlaBHHCTBa, B TOM ~C.!le JVIfI HaCeJI8JIlIH COC8.AHeiI c cDeCCaJIOHIIKCROH <JieMoiI BOJIrapII~IB OC- 1I0llY CJIaBJIHCROM: a36YKII OblJI nOJIOmeR <peCCaJIOHnECKlIiI ,ir:llaJI8KT fIIl'O CJlaBJIHCEOrO JI3Lma, na ROTOpOM rOBOpIlJIn CJIaBJIHe B Bonra- 1'1tIo(. \

B 861/62 r. Bopac, RaK yrroMIIHaJWCh, GbIJI rrpIIHymAeH npmrxllyn, K coroay c JIIO,I(OBIIROM HeMen;EIIM, UarrpaBJIeHHOMY npOTlIB

3* 67

BemUWH MopaBHH. Ee :RHH3h POCTllCJIaB B noacxax COI03Hlma narrpasnn B 862 r, nOCOJIbCTBO B ROHCTaHTIlHOIIOJIh. RmI3b npOCIIJI He TOJIblW 0 DOCRnoi! rrOl>IOlIIH, HO J1 0 rrepecrpoaxe De.TJIfROMOpaBcEojj n;CpKBH na BHaaHTIIHcKHH JIap;, 'ITOObl H30aBIITbC.II OT 3aCl:IJIbH He-I lIIen;KOro P;YXOBeHCTBMa, xoropoe cop;eHCTBOBaJIO nIIJIaHaM pJIIO.n;OBHK3< .. JIHIIIKTh Bemw:yro opaBHIO HeaaBHCH1I,{OCTH. OCJIbI . OCTIICJIaBa rrpOCIIJIH 0 rrpHCbIJIEe Ta:RIIX errHCKOIIOB II Y'IHTeJIeii:, xoropsre MOrJIII:

ObI npOIIOBe.n;OBaTb xpIICTIIaRCEoe Y'IeRIIe II oprannaoaarr, 60roCJIYiKeHlIe aa POP;I10M .n;JIH HaceJIelUIH crpansr (CJIaBHHCKOM) aasrse. MHXaHJI III oxaaan POCTlICJIaBY BoeHHYIO IIOMOIn;b npOTHB BOJIrapaa, a P;JIH BblIIOJIHeHIIH n.ePIWBHOM MIICClln OCTaHOBHJI BhlOOP B3 COJIYHClmx fiparr.ax, BbIJ1a aasepmeaa patiora Hap; napeaonasra 6oroCJIyme6HoM JIIITepaTyphl, II oceasro 863 r. 6paThH oTrrpaBIIJIHCb h POCTHCJIaBY C rpyrmoii Y"'leHHKOB. 3p;ecb oan OCHOBaJIH lIIROJIY no 06Y'I1Ui1I1O CJIaBIIHCRorr IIlIChMeHROCTH MeCTHhlX Il.epKOBHOCJIYiKIITe~ JIeil. IB nepuaax BeJIHKOH Mopaaan OblJIa BBe.n;eaa CJIaBHRCRaH JIHTypnlJ!j \If 867 r. fiparr.a ornpananacs co CBOHMH Y"'leHHRaMlI I~ J{oHcTaHTllJJOnOJIb, 'ITo6LI ITOCBHTHTh HX B .IlYXOBHhlM ca~ Ha 06-· partroa nyra oan IIo6hlBaJIII Y RHlI3H Ilaanoacnoro RHH1HeCTBa 1\0- I1,OJIa, rne no ero npocstie OOY'IIIJIlI erne 50 MeCTllhlX YlJeHUROB CJIaBHHClmM rpanore.

loT IIan}'I HlIROJIaH I OHU rrOJIY'iHJI11 nprrrasnreaae npn6hITb B; PUM. Oil:HaIW lI,JIR aroro Heo6xol1.HMO 6bIJIO nOJIY'IHTh coraacns IIMneparopa a narpnapxa na IIoe3.n;KY n IIX oqllIIl.HaJIbBhle IIBCTPYKIl.II~ •. ' Mezsrty TeM $OTnrr ocerrsto 867 r., ImR OTMelJaJIOCb, 6bIJI CBeprHYT' i

c narpaapmero npeCTOJIa, II 6paTbJI JIlIIDMJIHCb nomtepaorn CBeTCRliX U I1,epROBHbIX BJIaCTeM llllmepHII. rs PnM OHII IIPH6hlJIH B p;eRa6pe: 867 r. If IIOJIYlJIIJIH OT nansr, crpeunnureroca K YCllJIe:lQIIO B.:1HHHlH[ B CJIaBRHCRHX 3eMJIHX, onofipeaae CBoell ));eHTeJIbHocTu.10.n;HaKo BCI\O-· \ pe THiI\OJIO aa6oJIe.Jl.l.i9ll<eraHTIIBd rrocTpHrIIIHHcH nepen cueprsro no,\ IIMeHCM I\npIIJI~jOH Y.!v!e;llL:BPllMe B <fie!lpaJIeS§~ __ r. Me<fio;zJ;l1rr me IIOJIYlJIIJI OT nosoro nansr Anpaaaa II B 870 r. can apXIIeIIIICROIla ofinnrpaoro nepxosaoro oxpyra, BRJIIO'IaBIDerO He TOJIbRO Benaxyro MOQ.aBlIlO, HO 11 IIaHHoHCIwe RBlIiKeCTBo.1

n·rc canoro aasana cnoeii p;eHTeJILHOCTII B paare apxaenacxona e<fio,n;IIH ncrperurr apocrnoe COIIpOTJIIlJIeHHe HeMeIl.KOrO ;a;YXoBeHcT, BblCTYlIaBmero c n03Hn;HIf Tali: naabIBaeMoii ~orMhI TpHH3hlllHfI e CTOpOHHHRlI: .n;OOI1BaJIlICb aanpera 60rOCJIymcIUlH na CJIaBHIICKO)f \ H3hlRe, 06'hHBJIHf{ EaHOIUPleCRH ,n;onYCTIIMbIMH TOJIbKO rpn «(CBHrn;eHnbrX Htn.ma): rpo'IeCRIIll, JIUTIIHCI(Ui1: II llpeBHeeBpeiimmu_2j XOTfI no-

3Irn;Ua nparon MeqJO.n;mr 6bIJIa COMHl:fTeJIbHOH C TO"'lKH apenua caaoro xpacraancsoro Y'IeHHH II I{aHOHII'IeCROI'O nepxonaoro npana, nancrBO He OKaaaJIO Modionaro HH P;OJImHoii: ITo}I.J],eplI~Im, Hll nocnenouaTeJIbHOll 3arn.HThl. MerpOlllIIf 6bIJI cxna-tea aa nYTII B CBOJO pe3IIAeH~ n;HIO II ABa C IIOJIOBlIHOM rona rrp06bIJI B MOHaCThlpe RaR Y3BHR OCYlli.n;e~HblH B 870 r. C060pOM H8Men;Koro .n;YXOBelICTBa B Perenc- 6ypre, B 873 r. Merhonna ocnorionnaa no II0110JIemlIO nama Hoaaaa VIII! a PYEonOJIOamJIll B apxaenacxonsr BeJIIIKOll MOpaBllI1.

_ Onnaxo oficraaonna B crpane pe3IW ll3MOHIIJIaCb: K BJIaCTII TaM rrpn-

68

1111'11 01110 rpa rona H3aa)J, CBHTOIIO;[I(, OKaabIBaBIIIlIH IIO)J,)J,8pamy H8- ~11'Il,\\llM nperraTa1.L B peaYJlbTaTe nx npOIlCKOB nana aarrpBTIIJI B. ~il~1 I'. cJlym6y B n;epKBII na CJIaBHHCIWM H3b1Ke, paapennrs 'lTeHHe 1111 II()M JIUmb rrpOIIOBe)J,eii. J3llMOi1: 881/82 r. MerfJo)J,HH nucernn r;" I I(:'I'HlIT anonoas. ,iTIo rrpocsfie caxoro IIMnepaTopa BaCIIJIInI I ~IIIIJ)ol!ni1: oCTaBlliJ B CTOJlHu;e JPJYX CBOIIX yq8HHKOB (cBHIIJ;eUHIIK,SLa 1\IIHlfOlla) BMeCTe co C.JIaBHHCKIIMH JIllTypnPlecKllMII KHllr3M!!J lIlo 1I1I:llIpam;eHIIn B MopaBIIIo MeIJ!O,rr,IIH npo,rr,OJDIWJI 60Pb6y aa csoe III'JIO,I

'1l~)CJle ero CMepTII B 885 r. B BeJIliKOH MopaBHH OCTa;;a:J HO 200 CBHIIJ;eHHOCJIymIIT8JI8H, o6yqeHHblX caanaacxon rpaMoT,e.

TOPlliECTBO CJIABHHCROtl fPAMOTbI B EOJIrAPIUI

J r pnH\)J,8 'leM npOCJI8,n;IITb nYTlI yrnepzenenaa B Bonrapaa ncennpaoI1I~TOpll'I8CIWrO no cBoeMY 3Hal.£eHllIO II!306pBTeHllH nepBoY'IlITeJl8ii 1'.llIlIUlHCTBa, Reo6xofJ,HMO KOPOT.l\O cxaaars 0 nOJIHTIIHe HMuepluI B 'I'y anoxy K CBOBMY cenepaosry coceny, B 60-80-x rortax B113aHTIUI :IUMOTHO yxpenana CBOll noennrae CIIJIhl. B 860 r. OHa OTpa3HJIa neplIylO aTaKY IJ!JIOTa RrreBcRoii PYCII aa CTOJIIIII,y, B 863 r. IIo6ep;IIJla IloMapluo, ncxope HaH8CJla nopazseaae apatiax, a B Ha'I3.ue 70-x l'II)IOLl aanepunma pasrpou IIaBJIlIKIIaH B MaJIoii A3IIII. Ha IJ!OHe ,ITII x ycnexos KameTCH HeOllmp;aHHhllll coraacne BIZ!3aHTIIn aa Y'IpemiltlUlIe B BOJIrapIUI aBTOImrfJaJIhHOH apxaenacxorma. IIPIPIllHbI yc'I'YIi'IUBOCTII COCTOHJIII, BII,n;UMO, He TOJIbKO B TOM, lJ:TO llMuepUH XOTeJill rcarc M01HHO cnopee rrouemarr, YTBepmfJ,eHHIO B BOJIrapIIH IIaII- 1:1101'0 BJIllHHllH, HO II B TOIlI, 'ITO B KOHCTaHTllHOIIOJIe OT)J,aBaJIH OT'Itl'r II HenpO'IHOCTH nOJlOmeHHH xpIICTIIaHCIWH nepxaa B aouoofipa- 1l10HHOM crpane, RpYIIHhlllI ycnexon 6hlJ10 yme TO, 'ITO EOJIrapHH II1W3aJIaCb B JIOHe BOCTOlJ:HOXpnCTIIaHCKOH nepxsn, a aTO OTRphlBaJI() 1l0pCneKTIIBbI P;JIH p;aJIbHeHIIIlIX IIHTpIIr. Yrp03bI II noenaoe p;aBJIeHlle' II yCJIOBIIHX aeaaaepmerraocrn nponecca KpeIIJ;emm napona II HaJIU'IIHI assrsecxoii onn0311II,HH rp03UJIII MaCCOBhlllI OTpeqeHIIellI nernep- 1\1>1:( B Bepe HeotPHTOB II nO)J,'beMOM aHTllBilSaHTII:lICIWro )J.BIDReHIIH 110)( JIOSYHrOIlI BOCCTaHOBJIeHllH f[3hl'IeCTBa.

Ho YCTYUlJ:IIBOCTb mmepan He 6hlJIa CTOJIh me neaaxa, KaiwH Il1la 6bIJIa B oTHOllleHIlHX C BemmOH Mopaaaeji. CTpeMHCL yrnepIIlI'LI> BJIIIHHUe B :nOH OT):laJIeHHOH CJIaBJlHCROM crpane, BU3anTHH Co- 111'[lIIHTJIa nO'ITII nCRJIRl'IIITeJIbHhlH ,tJ;JIJI ee ncropua aaenmenonnrn-ie!'1(1I if aRT: ona no nepnnic npocsfie POCTIICJIaBa OKa3aJIa eMY aerroO' Pt'i\CTD81IHYIO soennyro nOMOIIJ;b npOTlIB EOJIrapllII. IIl'tmepuH ae II(lnTOHp;OBaJIa 1I ua nepxoanoe nop;'IHHeHlIB BemmOH Mopanmr, OTII pnllJIHH ryna MHCClilO COJIYHCKlIX 6paTheB. (TeppUTOpI1H 6bTBrneM I'll M CIWII rrpOBlIIIlVUI IIaHIIOI-IHJI, rp;e CJIOJfumaCb BeJIIII{3f[ Mopaana, 1IIIiVlOmaJla II,epIWBHOH IOpnc,n;llI(n;lllI PUMCIWii: xypna.) Ilpocsfia l'OOTlfCJIaBa IIpllCJIaTh erracxonos II Y'IIITeJleH «CJIaBHHCKoro H3bma)} IITlipbIBaJIa anecr, lIHOH, 60JIee TOHKIIH IIYTb YTBepllip;eHIIH CBOer!}

69

~A,"Jb~Am~~~'~~~;-~r~~~~'~$ii; ~~'$>Qt:'.o'HI-nu~iA.(,~_~IW:'*:JO~Jb..'j);W.f..,a:1 ~·"J~J»;;~V<>I"'J~.:tp_~'"'-'" ~&p& r-Jt'"!qfio~ : '.·~~,iJ-~~''':1:'''"iv:;U.';~.,r~~:w~~w~u-~~ ~~'~~1,.;;",~~",_~#~L-g~Ar~""c, ?,:~4:~....:.f'IJ;'"~:c:w.""';",~z;£"",,:p'>'A~;X.4bx ~~~~~:.1-~liw(tJ)~~"'<Jb-Y' t'!"""O~"3Jto .. ov';-~AJ:~N~ ... M.~"~'!J

4~~.~~~~ti·~~~~~,~~~~~~~_,.

:':'~~H"-ROiIiI'~"3Ert:1:~~~.~~.

70

, 'HlUlll1l1 - 'Iepea BHe)1.peBIIe OOrOOJIymeHIIJI aa CJIaBllHCROM H3hIRe, nll11plllueMoro no BOCTO'IHOXpliOTlIaaCROMY OOPJIP;Y •

• ) 1I1011lepiHaBIIIeii ace 'IRCTO JIRTepaTypHbre II rr:epKOllHO-JIIITyprII- 11'1'11110 JICIIbITaHllH OJIaBHHC!WH IIlICbMeHHOCTH ObIJI OTJUI'InO DCBeI' I~I unu II orofipanmnil y Mnxanaa III IIpeCTOJI 1'[ iRR3Hb BaCIIJIRH 1. 1111111, IWCOMHeHHO, 0 OOJIYHCHlIX OpaTbJIX R lIX p;eHTeJIbHOCTll TaKme

'I 1,4111110 1. TeM He MeHee IIpli y'lpeiR)l;eHlIII 60JIrapcKoit II,OpRBll BO'II" 14~ 0 BBop;eHlIH 6orOCJIYiROHII1I na CJIaBJIBCKOM H3hIRe p;aiRe He , I'll BIIJICJI.

HCIlO, 'ITO IIMuepllll nora OTHIOP;b ne JKeJIaJIa. Bonrapaa B OTJIll'11111 OT BeJUmOH MopaBIIII 6hIJIa aenocpezrcrneaaoa cocenxoa mrnepl1L1, ana CJIOJKllJIaCb RaR aeaanncmroe rocynapcrao naHeIwrp;a Ilpllllnp;JIOmanIIIIIX IIMneplHr 3eMJIJIX, U rrprr ROHCTaHTUHOIIOJIbCKOM 11110(10 He OCTaBJIJIJIli IIOMbICJIOB 0 B03BpaIQemHr nITX seMeJIb. BBe)(1111110 B Eoarapan rpe'IeCKOH JIlITyprrrH eCJIn He 06eCne'lIIBaJIO neIlOl'pOIl.CTBeHHO BII3aHTIIHCRoro BJIITHHIUI, TO 06eIII,aJIo ero IIOCTeneHIHIO yraepamenae: YEoMnJIeRTOnaTb II1'l'aT n;epIWBHOCJIymllreJIeiI na tIC'.nil TepplITopIIII crpansr nO'ITIT Op;HOJ3peMeHHO MomBO ObIJIO TOJIb-

I II au CqeT BIT3aHTITHCROrO P;YXOBenCTIla, ROTopoe CTaHOBII.TIOCb lIPO~ ... """""HOM BH,auTHiicKoro an ".,,,,,0' llCTOPH"OCRHH OllLlT opramraa- j 111111 IWPRBU B Bemu{OH MOpaBITII II EOJIrapnH Ohm BTTOCJIOp;CTBIIn

\ -rrert B ,D,peBHeil: PYCH, rne mITyprun aa CJIaBHHCI-(OM H3bIRe 6bIJIa

"IIP)(OHa npaIiTIPIeCKH op;HonpeMeHHO C RpeIQeHIl~I. ~ ------.-.-

'LannI oopa30M,_JopranU3all;nJI nepxosnotr CJIYlR6hl lIa CJIaBHHCKo~i' ":1[.11(0 HBJIHJIaCb Bail\HblM IIIarOM aa nYTH 3aBoeBaHHH He3aBITCHMO-\ 'I'll 60.rrrapcRoi'r II,epRBII II YCJIOBUil: p;mI CRMOCTOHTl;}JIbHOro pa3BIITMH I 'IH1i\UeBOltoBoii oOJIrapcRoiL RYJIbTYPbIi BU,rt;IIMO, rocynapcraeansre III/lTeJIU Boarapna TIn;aTeJIbHO rOTOBii.rrHCb It ::ITOMY mary: UX rrOJUI-

11I1\a B 3TOM sorrpoce COBceM He 6bIJIa CJIY'Iail:HoH, XOTH OHU II cysre'I II llCrrOJIb30BaTb CJIyqai'I.

n 886 r. rpyrrrra Y'IeHIIKOB MeqJOp;T1JI nOCJIe THJKlnrX MIoITapCTB II IlI"I'H3almii - no HaCTOHHllIO H8l\leI.VWro nyxononorsa IT B CYID,HOCTII ,. nurrCRoro 6JIarOCJIOBeHIIH - 6IoIJIa 1I3rHUHa 1I3 BeJIIIH:OH Mopaann.: l lanrannamr HCRamr y6emHII.\a n DOJIraplIIl:, HO p;OOpaJIHCb ):(0 ee '[iilUHII JIHllI. rpoe - RJIIIMeHT, HaYM IT AHreJIapIIHJ/OHlI 6hIJIII C IIO'IOTOM IIpHHHTDI IIpH rtsope Bop:nca B IIJIIICRe, .Bcxope 3p;eCI. OI;:a:11l.HaCb a nrnparr rpynna y-renaxou Me<Jlop;IIJI, rrponannaa nexuaan B

I~0J10IIHbI C na,n;IUlCIIMD rra rpeuecrcon UIIMKe

BPOll30BLdi aMYJleT 0 H30()p3»:eHlIe~1 KOIHI na eena BpaTl\a JIoBe'JClwro ol(prra. VIII-IX IJD.

HaIIJlOHaJlLIIlolj, apxeoaorn-recsnn Mraei1:. CO((HIJI

I'YltonHCh CO'JHHeHIIII KOIICTaUTl1Ha (I\ul)lIJl.lIa) oI>mIOco<!:Ja.

I ""'Yil."pCTneHlJaH rry6JIlIqH8n 611o:'llIOTeKa II M, C8J1TI,]Ron8-ID;e;\plll{[l, JIenHHrpUiI:

Ceperipauaa nama C HallIIllchlo «CHBJlH, BeJllllmft ,RynuH EOJll'apHlI».

IIpeCJI(IB. IX - X BB.

,lhleT na Cnnancaoro TpeOHHr;a. t;'I'iljloi5onrapcliHfi "IIUrOJIII'IeClnli-i na'llHTHHK. XI B,

R;unleHT OxpJlT\CTmil.

llep«OBh CB. R1TltllfCHTa B OXPll.-'l,e. oI>pemHl 1295 r.

71

paOCTBO II BhmyrrJI8UUaH B B8ue:qMH aa psmxe paOOB liMlIepaTOpCKIII\{ <IIInOBHIII\oM. llacTb rrx lID rrpn6bITHlf B ROHCT8HTIIHOIIO.'Ib OTIlP8BHJIaCb B BOJIrapHIO. Cpenn HUX U8XOP;IlJICff omra II3 npyrraeinuax BIIOCJI8P;CTBIIH B BOJIrapIIII :qepKOBUI>IX II KYJIhTypHI>IX }:\eHTeJIell'CBHw;eUUIII{ RO;HCT8UTlUI (Ilpecaascaaa) .

~~A5pr8nn3an;JIH CJIaB1mCIwro 60rOCJIYlKeUliH TpeOOBaJI8 nO,Il.rOTOBR!~ J{)LlJIH C03}:\aHI>I ABa nearpa OOY'IeHIIH 0YAY1D;HX CBHrn;8UHOCJIYlImTe~ ~FOxpliP;e BO rJWBe C KmIMeuTo~JiI D IIJIlICne - C HaYMO~' II

()CTUJIbUhIMU. BLlJIU 3aJIOlKeHbi OCUOBhI }:\BYX rJIaBRbIX IIIIWJI crapoOOJlrapCRoii aareparypsr. KJIHM8UT eaauana OP;UU, a 3aT8M C rrOMOIIJ,blO y~IeulIKOB nop:rOTODlIJI HeCROJIbKO ThIcwr MOJIO)1,bIX JIIO!l;eH: on EeJI nraporcyto nponOBep;HU'IeCRYID p;8HTeJILIIOC1'h, nOCTpOHJl ueCI{QJIbKO nepxaen, OCnOBaJI MonacTbIpb. B 893 r. OR CTaJI nepBbTM CJIaBHU-CI\lIM (oOJIrapCRlTM) 8rrHCKonOM B OOJIaCTJIX ,n:parYBIITlIJI II BeJIUKaJI, llOJIy<rIIB O)1,HOBpell1enUO OT apxaenncxona call arcaapxa C npaaox nanaopa Ha,tCn;epKOBUbIMII enapxamrn n;eJIOll TpeTH BOJIrapCKOro rocynapcrna. IYMep KJIIlMeHT B 916 r1 Cxonaoir )J,8HTeJIbHOCTbI0 BMeCTe C Honcraurnnou II p;pyrIIMkb __ rrpocBeTllTeJIHMII-nO)1,BIllKHuKaIlIII aaaaMaJICa B II.'I.HCI{8 HaYM. JIIoc"e rnl6pali.H~ R!lIJMeIITR emlCKOIIOM Hay~ OblJI aaaaanen na ero MeCTO B Oxpaneyflocnenaae 10 JIeT lli113~ aa, IC 900 no 910 r., HaYM nposen B MOHaCTbIpe, p;OHI>IHe HOCHrn;BM ero lIMH, ua oepery Oxpancxoro oaepa. ,

!\YJIbTypHo-npOCBeTHTBJIbHYIO paOOTY B Il.racne npOp,OJIlliIIJlII HoncTaHTIIu 1I rpynna npyrax )1,eHTeJIeH, cpena I{QTOPbIX HaXOp;Ilml:CL Hoann 3Kaapx, 6paT Bopaca llepnopu3eu;,l1;0I\c, csrn ,lJ;oKca Tynop, L£epHopH3en; Xpafip, csra I{nH3JI - nepaynrnairon 113 KOHCTaH'l'MII0110- -JIH Cmteon n p;p. IIOCnOJIbRY B BOJIrapUH nauanna, oc06eHUO C:)

(BpeM8HH xpentenaa, OhIJJa pacnpocrpaaena 1I rpexecxaa IlHCbMBH; HOCTb, KOTopaH nCrrOJIL30Ba.lIaCb HapMY co CJIaBJIHCnOll no nana.ta l X E., YCOBepmeUCTDOBanlIe CJIaBHUCKOH aaOYKlI mJIO no rrYTII_COJIll-

atellllJIHR'IepTaHlIH MHornx CJIaBJIHCRHX 6YKB C rpe'IeCKIlMU. OdiopMHJIaCb Honan oparnaansnaa a36YKa, cranman OOJIee yiIoTpeOlITem,:HOll H JIOfIIIaH B OCROBY COBpm~leHHbIX aJIcpaBUTon: 60JIrapCKOTC!, cepfcxoro, pyccxoro, YKpaIIHCKoro H 6eJIOpYCCH:oro. STOT amimTIJn nOJl_Y_'lHJI naananae «KHpIIJIJIUn;a).

iHaSHa<reHlIe RJIIIMBHTa ITa eiIHCROIICRlrH IIOCT B 893 r, aaaxenoBaJIO Ha<raJIO opraanaonaaaoit aauenst rpe'recxax CBHrn;eHBOCJIyiRliTeJIefr 60JIrapCmrllIII II nepexona It 6orOCJIymeHIIIO na CJIanaHCHOM Jl3hlRe_.j,!11oHBIIBmaacH B03MomHocTb oananeaua CJIaBHUCROH rpauo-

o1i:,"jlacmnpHIDIIJ,nHCH npyr nepenonaoa II opIIrIInaJILHOll JIIITepaTYpsr, JIIITyprIIH na pOP;IlOM aasrxe, cosnaaae IIOP;JIIIHHO He3aBnCHMoii: n;epHBII C ee KYJILTypno-rrpOCBeTliTeJIbBbIMn n;eHTpaMII - nee 3TO III1IO.TIO orponrrce KyJIbTypno-IICTOpIf1IeCKOe 3Ha~IeJIYro, npezsno BCDro ,D:JIH caMOll BOJIrapHH n lIJIH HapO)J,OB APyrIIx C.TIaBHHCKHX crpaa (Cepfiaa, ,II,ponneii Pycn), BocrrpIIHHBIIIlIX CJraBHHCHYIO nllCbll1eJI-

HOCTL H Tpa)J,Un;urr KUPllJIJIO-lIIecpop;neBCl\OU rrpOCBeTHTBJIbCKOIr neaTeJILHOCTli. Cpe)J,II eBporrBMCKIIX uaponon naponu BeJInKOll Mopasmr, a B ocooeHBOCTII Bonrapaa rrepBI>IMH nOJIY'IIiJIH n03MOlliUOCTb npnofi_In;BlUIJ1.l:L~~OTe _!__a~~e~"_POJ(HOM H3hIKe. II08TOllIY He cJIytraeu

-------~--- .. -., -------_.

72

Ipldlii II 6hlCTPhlll rro,n;'beM RyJIbTYPI..I, ROTOPhlH BOJIrapIIH nepeI IIO'}Tll -repes "'reTBepT!. aexa nOCJIe rrpUHJITIIJI xpacraancraa, 111\8 IX - rrepsoji '1eTBElpTlI X B., B rrpaBJIeIIUEl CUMeOHa.

IIOJUITI1QECIUIP.l: nO,l1;'hEM.

BOPbBA c I1MIIEPIIEP.l: SA rErEMOHIIIO HA EAJIRAHAX

1I1'c'~IOTPH na TO 'ITO no BTOpOH rrOJIOBIIHe IX - nanane X B. aasep- 11111'1 i'll nponecc orpopuneaaa 60JIrapCIWH paHHecpeo,n:aJIbHOH naponIi "' III (06 :nOM 6Y):IeT CRa3ano Hume) , rocrro,n;CTBonaBruaH rrpu 60JI- 11\\" \:OM naope nOJUITll'leCKa!! ,n:OKTpIIHa, l,aK II B npyrax cpe):\H8BCI "III 1'( fOCY):IapCTBax TOH ::mOXII, He BKJIIO'IaJIa n,rr:eu 09 orpamrseamr , 'H', ,lapCTBeHHbIX rpanan npezreaaxa paCCeJIeHHH OCHOBHOH aapon""' 111 CTpaHI..I. 3nCTeHCllBHhle (nearpaaasoaanasre) I}lOPMhl <'IKC" 1\ ITflIl,IUI B pannee cpenneaexom.e TOJmaJIII rocnozcmyronme xnaccra III "\ OBporreHCIUlX (II He TOJIbHO enponeacanx) CTpaH na nyrr. Pil4'IIIIfpeHUH TCppHTopnu rOCY):IapCTBa, npncoenaaeaaa K HeMY see 1Ii1I1I,I,( II HOBbIX cocenanx aeneas. B aTOM nnaas xpemenae He 1III1111PJIO R xopearrsnr nepeerenaa B nOJII:lTlIKe cpaBHHTeJIbHO C anoxoa )l:1I.I'ICCTBa, OcpHD;lIaJIbHaH nepxons, 1WR npaBIIJIO, aaxonaaa onpanIlnlll10 aaXBaTHH'IeCRHM BOHHaM, nrpaa 06hl'lHO narpnornaecayro (lWI" n nepnon 06opOHHTeJIbBhIX BOHU. QeHTpaJUI30BaHHaH, nO,n:'IH- 1I!IIIUMI nucmea cBeTclwH BJIaCI'lI II OpfaHl130BaHHaJI no nepapxu-re- 11IIOM Y npnnnany nepxosr, B paaaecpenaeaencsyto :moxy CTaHOBUIlIWb narerpaasnoii qaCTbro rocY)J.apcI'BeHIIOIl MOHapXH'IeCKOH eucreM 1.1, BLIIIO.lIHJIJI BHYTpn Ji[ BBe crpaasr Baameumyro connaxsnyio, III1Jlll TlItI8CI,Yro IT H,I\80JIOfUTfecKYro WYHIH(Hro - yr,penJI8HlIe BJIaCTH l'uI'y;wpa 11 cY1ll,eCTBYlOIll,erO CTPOR B neaox. ,l1;ame QeTpO 06J1.H'IaBlit II iilWPbICTOJIroone Il,8pKOBHbIX nepapxos IT 6c33aKOHlIJI rocynapcrlH!lIIILIX '1IIHOBHlIKOB BII)J;HhIH oo.;rrapcKHH nepxosasra geJIT8JIh nepH111\ nOJIOBllHbl X B. K03Ma Tlpecaarep THeEHO BTOJIKOBblBaJI Hap0P;Yt 't'I'O «uapn Ji[ 60JIl'Ipe ooroM CYTb Y'IIIHeHhl».

(>rpeIlIJIeHIIe It Ilo):\'IHHeHnIO cepficxax aeMeJIb OOJIrapCIme 60JIJIpe "pIlIlllHJIn em;e B JI3hl'lecKYw nopy, BO BTOPOII 'IeTBepI'II IX B" lu'rrJOI'HB aa cepficxax reppnropaax cOnepHlI'I8CTBO nOM:&IIIlJIHBIIIlIX 0 'I'IJM IKe BH3aHTUHCKHX HIIIIIepaTopOB. C ROHIl,a 50-x n B TelleHHe 110 x rO)J;OB UMnepIIJI ocym;eCTBJIHJIa cperm cepfion aHTHBHYIO MHCCUO- 11I'1)(~I\YlO ll.eHTeJIbHOCTb. R 70-M ro.n;aM IX B. npouecc xpzcraaanaaIUIII ccpfioa 6bIJI, BlI,lI,HMO, aaB8pIII8H, KaT, aaneprmrnocs xpemeane II 1l0Jll'apUH. YnpO'I8HHe BHaaHTHHCH:OfO BJIUHHHH cpena cep6CKHX pan- 1I111!1C10JWJIhHbIX Ii'HHlReCI'B DbI3hlBaJIO 6eCIIQIWHCTBO Bopaca, HenWT!HI na YCTaB.OBJIeHll:e «fJIy6OT~Ol'O MIrpa}) C mrnepaeti, Ilo,n;p;epm.llIIUIIIIIPii: cep6CRHX RHH3eH, B 870 f. BOHCI\a Bopnca, B03fJIaBJIeHHbIe Ill'u ('raplIl1'fM CbIHOM BJIagHMlIpoM-PacaTe, nroprancr, aa cepficrrae III1M)II1, no nOTepneJIH noparseaae. CaM BOeHa'laJIbRHR II 12 <<BemlKliX nCl,11 H p» 6hlJIH IIJIeHeHhl. BOplIC .n;OJImeB 6bIJI JIHttHO OTJIpaBFITbCJI K 1'llp(if]WMY RHH3ro MYTIIII.mpy, 'lTo6bI ~06HTbCH MHpa II BbIpY[IlITh

73

ll.IIeHHII.KOB. JhBeCTHO, "LITO Bopac ~OCTIIr STIIX n;eJleM. I'paaauu Bom-apna C cep6CRlIMll 3eMJlHMH OCTaJIlICb neH3MeHHhlMlI (OHIl noXO)l;lIJllI ,l1;0 KpenOCTH Paca). B 873 r. MYTUMIIP c)'MeJI B meCTOlwii 6oPb6e 06'l>e,l1;HHIITb Cep6CI\He naexeua, BepOHTRO, C rrOMOIJJ;bIO BOPMca: ,l1;OrOBOpOM 0 COI03e B 870 r., B03MOJKHO, II ofhHCBHeTCJI ycryn'nIBDCT!. MYTHMHpa, oCBo6oJ(IIBIIIero CI.IBB Bopaca. Cep6CInIn RHHSh OTnpaBlIJI non 6,l1;lITeJIhRbIM Ha)1;30p R Bopncy csoero conepaana+MJIa,l1;mero 6paTa, xoroporo, O,IlHaKO (RaR 05bI'lRO B Tamu 05CTOHTeJII,CTBaX nocrynann II BI'£3aRTIIiiIl,bI), Bopnc IICrrOJlbSOBaJI ;O:JIH Y'!'Bepmp;eBHH csoero BJIHHHIUI: B Cep6IIH, IIMeH non PYRoii: IWB,l1;H;o:aTa - CTaBJlelIBIIRa aa cep6cmrii npecroa.

ro nonaoa ne3aBIIClIMOCTH BHernHei1 lIOJlllTIIKlI BOJIraplIlI or nMrrepnz CB1'I,l1;eTeJII.CTByRJT H OTHOmeHIIf.[ Eopaca (a 8aTeM era IWcaennaxa) c I'epa aacnau ROpOJIeBCTBOM II BeJIllIWII Mopaaaeii. Bonrapna nucrynana B poaa COI03HlIRa BeMIJ;eB B lIX 60pL6e C Be.J1HK01I Mopanaeii, C01OSHOii :tlMnepH.lL

B 889 r, EOPlIC ,l1;06POBOJIbRO orpeuca 0'1' npElCTOJIa II nocrparcn B MORaXII B OCHOBaHROM lIM 1tIOHaCThlpe. Bnac'n, npanan BJla,l1;IIMIIpPacare (889-893). Era naenraenonaruuecrcait RypC 6hIJI TaImM }Re, 'ITO :u npa OTIJ;e. HOBI.Iii: KRR3b S8KJIRJ'lIIJI 13 893 r, ,n;arOBOp c I'epMaHCRHM ROpOJIeBCTBOM, nanpannermun npOTIIB Bemmoii: Mopannn II, B03MOlRHa, npOTUB BU3aBTHII. EOJIrapUH a6H3aJIaCh He BhlB031ITh COJIh 13 BeJIlIRYro Mopanmo 1I3 CBOUX xoneti, naXO,l1;UBllIIIXCH B OOJIrapCRIIX BJlap;eHlIHX aa repparopna TpaHCHJIbBaHlIll.

BepOJlTHO, aHTll13II3aHTII:iicRIIH nOJIHTH'leCRHH uypc RHJDI(8CIW nsopa IIocJlymlIJI TOJI'IKOM II: OiKlIBJIeHIIIO B crpane, oc06eHHO cpe 13hICIIIeH BHaTH, RBbPleCIWlf Onn03HIl,lIH. Ee 8KTHBHOCTh MOrJIa no rpeBaTbCff TeM, ~TO B TO BpeMH BH3aHTIIMCKlIe 81IJ;e rocnO)J;CTBOB8JIlI B 60JIrapcKoii: nepxna, rJIaBHOe iKe COCTOflJlO B TOM, 'lTO BJIa,l1;IIMlIp-PacaTe, CtPOpMIIpoBa13llIHii:cH RaR JIII'lHOCTb erne )1,0 RpeIJJ;eHHH, COXpaHHJI TeCHbIe CBH311 C T8MII KpyraMJI apHCTO~ RpaTHH, KOTopbIe XpalIllJIII nporofioarapcxae Tpa)J,IIn:llII II C'lllTaJUI Jt3!>I'leCTBO lIenpeMeHHblM YCJIOBIIeM ycnemaoro rrpOTIIBoCTOHHIIH llMnepnn. IIo3HI~IfH 3T8, O/l:H81W, rp03HJI8 paCKOJIOM rOCIIO/l:CTByrom;ero aaacca II OCJIa5mmneM rocynapcrna: aonpexa 05'"beRTHBHO coaepmaa- 1UeMYCH npon;eccy uoanoro 1I3iKlmaHlIJl 8THOKYJIbTypHoro JJ;yaJIH3Ma, ORa BeJIa R llCKYCCTBenHOMY aaxpermerraro 8THII't[eCRIIx II peJIIIrII03- max OTJIH"'IlIlI, R pecraapanan 60JIee npIIMIITH13HbIX tPOPM OpraHII3an;HII ynpa13JIeHIIH, COn;IIaJIbHo:ii crpyxrypsr II RYJIbTypHoro pa313HT1HI.

B 893 r. BJla,l1;IIMIIp-PacaTe OTRPhITO B3HJI RypC na soaapamenae If R3bl'IeCTBY. 8TOT xypc COrrpOBOiR/1:aJICR pa30peHlleM Il,epRBeii, Ha(lH.lIlIeM nan CBHIJJ;eHROCJlymIITeJI.HMII, rOHeHIIeM na xpIICTuaH. B aro ROCHYJIOCh He TOJlhRO rex YSIUIX RpyroB, KOTopLle OpHElHTUpOB JIHC!> na COJIHiKeHUe C BH3aHTHeii, HO II mupORHX CJlOeB Cpe,l1;II xoroporo nporofionrapcaaa 8JIeMeH'!' yme He IIrpaJI 3aM x03HlICTBeHHoii IT 06III.eCTBeHROii pOJIu. ,ll;oKa3aTeJIbCTBO roro rROCTh, C ROTOPOii: 6hIJl nOJIOJKeH ROHen; R3I.I~IeCKOii peannaa, B n01i:HRYll MOHacThlpb II CHona 06JIa'IRBillIfCb R RHHmeCEIIe UblCTPO H nO"LITII 6eCKpOBHO opraHII30BaJI HU3BepmeHIIe csraa C

74

rlll,lllI, lIail;:VI nrapoxym nonnepanry U y 60JI.bIIIlfHCTna 60JIBpCTBa II! ~ IllLi~('JreHllH CTOJIllI\hl. Bnanmrap-Paoare OhW no rrpmcaay o'rna OC~ltlll,lll'lI, !taR BTO ODbl'-nIO P;8JlUJlOCb B BU3aHTlIli co CReprHYTbIMll HMIIlIpWI'OpaMII ana Heyp;a"lJIHBbIMll yaypnaropann. ITo TB8PJlO YCTaHOIlltllllll!MyCH 06bPIalO CJJ8ITel\ He Mor nperennonarr, aa nsrcmyro CBeT''') I" IIJIaCT!>. HH3JIOJI\eHHbIH HHH3h 6bIJI DpOlleH B TIOPhMY, rAe, 1II1,'IIIM(), II 3aIWH1UIJI CBOIO iI'H3Hb.

(1;\fHlI\O n caM Eopnc He IlepHYJIC.H na npecToJIJfoH C03UaJI rro','II'd,llef) 113B8crHoe B IICTOPHII Cpe)l;II8BeJWnOll BOJlraplI1I «aapozraoe "OhpiHIIle)}J coasmaameeca panes B 'Ipe3BbI'I3UIIhIX CJIY~IaHX. «HaPO)(1I0(} COOpaHIIe)} yme He peIIIaJIO, nnponex, naxaxax nen: OHO na 1'1'0'1' pas nams BhlCJIymaJIO BOJIIO craporo rocynapa RaR 3aIWH na I'i~' 1\~'II~ee. 'Bopne 06'bHBll.ll 0 nonapenaa ceoero TpeThero csraa CaMIiOlia (893~927), 1I30aBJIeHHOrO 01' 068Ta MOHameCTna,! (rrpU"IHHbI IIIT'I'paHeHHH 01' BJIaCTll nroporo csraa Bopaca faBpIIIIJIa nenaIUIC~TIIbI), 0 3aI-toHHOCTH HaCJIe,n:OBaHIIHnpeCTOJla (<01' opaTa It opaTY)}, " 1I0PYllilIMOCTll xpIICTIIaHCRoro BepOlICIIOBep;amIH II nspeaecemra il'I'OJIIUJ;F..I rocynapcrsa II3 IIJIIICRll, llCTOpII"IeCRH CB.FI3aHHOH C OTanIBIIIItMH rrpoTo60JIrapCRIIMn Tpa,n:nqIIflI\,nr H3I>I"IeCTBa, B IIpecJIaB, p;aBHO VllW rrO)J;HHBIDIIHCH ltal{ nropoir ropon B crpane. ¥;n;aJIHCb nOCJIe 91'0- II) CHOBa B MOHaCThlpb, Bopnc BrrJIOTb )].0 CMepTII (907 r.) aI{TIIBHO 1'(J)~OifcTBOBaJl yrnepaorenaro n03HIlIIH xpacraancxojr n;epRBII II CJIaIIHI1CIWii rpaMO'fIIOCTll B CTpaH8. Bcxope nocne ero cxeprn OR Obm IIIUlOHll:mpOBaH - ero lIMH OTRPbIJIO CIIIICOR CBHThIX 60JIrapCKOH Iluplmli.

HepROH 3a6o'rOH HOBOrORH.FI3H ClIMeOHa, 6e3YCJIOBHO canoro BbI'1IIIOrn;erOCH cpena npasarenea Ilepnoro BOJIrapCROro napcma, 6hIJIO \'''penJIBmI8' nearpansrron BJIaCT~ IIO-RIl)J;IlMOMy,HeRoTopOH peopra- 11I1:WI\lIlI nonneprnacr, opransr ynpanaenaa B CTOJIIIn:e, Yme npa BoIIIH'.e rr1)RBlml'lCh HOBbie BhlCllllle ;n;OJDKlIOCTll, B "l:l'lc;rre I{OTOPbIX Obma «uucnme cym.n», BhlIIOJIHHBIDlIe TaKlRe BamHble ,n:llI1JIOMaTH"IeClme IIIYlmn:llli. Ilpn CHMeOHe, BepOJITIIO, OhlJla BBeAeHa II P;OJIIRHOCTL <meJlluwro mynana)}, HCnOJIHHBllero CBOIO CJIymoy B CTOJIIIn;e. Bocnpna'1'110 BHsaHTIIHCHoro onsrra B Ty SITOxy, HeCOMHeHHO, YCIIJIIJJIOCbII lie TOJIbRO B RYJIhTypBo-n,n:eOJIOrn"leCROH, HO If B rocynapcrneaaoii !'Iltepe. Op;HaRO aTO npIIBeJIO, He H COJIIImeHlllO C IIMrrepneii:, a R OCT~ !'l'i'l rueH ROH<PPOHTaqlllI C HeH.

CIIMeOH nOJIY'IIIJI 06pa30BaHlIe B BU3aHTIIH, rne npotisrn OROJIO 10 JIeT, npll06peTaH CBeTCKHe II ,n:yxoBHble 31IaHlI.FI B Maraaapcaoz 111"OJIBi yponem, npeuonananarr R l{OTOPOii: 6hm rrpe;n;M8TOM sa60T \ 'IOHoro, narpnapxa II xpynaoro rrOJIIITIIIta (POTHH. 'Gm,feoH ;O;OCTlIr TllliI1X ycnexon, 'ITO era Ha3LIBaJIll «(nOJIyrpeIWM~.J Ho xapaxrepncru"'II 3Ta RaCaJIaCb JIHmL BH3aHTlIMCItOli ofipaaoaannocrn CUMeOHa. I'~I'O rr,n:eMIIO-nOJIIfTII'IeC}{a.H noannaa no OTROllemIIO H BJf3aHTlIll ORa!lIIJtaCb COBceM UHOM,

B 894 r. npaBIITeJIhCTBO IIMnepHII aarrpernao JIl>rOTHYlO ropronJIIO 60JIrapCRllM Kyrrn,aM B RORCT&HTIIROnOJIe: llM npeunaraxoct, OTIII,me, ynna-raaaa nOllJIIIHhI, TOprOBaTI:. B <!>ecCaJIOHIIRe. B OTEeT CIlMeOH Ha"laJI BOHHY, rrOJIOlliIIBmylO Ha'IaJIO nepnosry ararry ero

75

{)opb6hI rrpOTHB BH3aHTllH. BHaaHTHHCKUe BOHCKa 6bIJUI pasfiarsr. I1MIIepaTOp 06paTHJICH sa lIOMOIqhIO R B8HrpaM: OHn R TOMY BpeMeHll OTOmJUI B II1I30BhR AHeCTpa 1I AYHaR, 'ITO 3a;o;eBaJIO nnrepacta EOJIrapna. ClIMeOH m,ITaJICR IIOMemaTb nepenpase aearpos na npansrn (Jeper )J;YHaH, HO IlOCJIaHHbrii Typ;a BoeIIHbIH iPJIOT HMuepHll npeonoJIeJI COnpOTl1BJIeHlIe 1I nepeaes BeHrepCRYIO ROHHIIII.Y. BOHCI\a CUMeoHa IIOHeCJIll nOJIHOe nopazsenae.

HHH3h IIOCneIII1m 3amlIO'lHTb Mrrp C H.\mepHeif 11, paaaaaas ce6e PYRlt IIa tore, B COI03e C neaeaeraau, lliHBlllHMH R BOCTORy OT nenrPOB, 06pYIIIl1JICH na seurepcnae Bemil. TIoCJIe aroro ynapa nenrpta ynmn Ira JI8B06epembJl l1.YHaH (896 T.) B TlaHHomno, Tll.e B 906 r. HaBeCJIH nopaaceane BeJIllKOH Mopaana II 3aHHJIll 3eMJIll, OT'laCTH naceneaasie CJIaBHHaMH, OT aanannsrx CKJIOHOB KaprraT ;0;0 BOCTO'lBbIX rrpep;ropllH AJIJ,u; n;eHTpOM IrX 061'ITaHIIH CTaJIa TeppiiTopIIH MeiKP;Y TncOM II BJIaTHeHClGIM 03epOM (EaJIaTOHoM). COKpaTIIJIl1Ch, seponrHO, Il 3TOM pernoae 1I 3anlICHMbte OT BOJIrapIIH aeMJtll.

~

IB 897 r, CHMeoH pa36HJI If1.fIIepCKYIO apMIfIO nop; EYJIrapoqllIroM

BO mpaKHI!J pacmnpHR O;D;HOllpeMeHHO npeneana CTpaHhl Il aanpaaaeHMII It HOHll'leCKoMY MOpIO. B 904 r., BOCIIOJIh30BaBIDHCh paaopenaea, noropoe y'lHHHJI BHe3aOHO aaXBaTHIlUlHH q)ecCaJIOHHKY apa6cKlIH lIJIOT, CH!'>IeoH llbITaJICH QBJIap;eTh 3TIIM rop0;O;OM. Ho asmepas aanpocana xapa. TIo nOBOMY noroaopy rpanansr EOJIrapnH npOXO)Il:IJIII K ceB'.m.Y OT <PecCaJIOHlIltl1.

fOcJIa6JIBHne II.eHTpaJIhHOH BJIaCTH B BH3aRTHII no6Y;D;HJIO Cl1MeOna xepea AeBHTh JIeT B0306noBlITb HaTIICR na IIMrrepllI()), TIocJIe CMepTlI' JILBa. VI B 912 r, BJIaCTl, nepemna R ero 6paTY AJIeKCaH;O;PY, conpanarecno BOCbMllJIeTHerO CbIHa JIbBa. VI KOHcTaHTIIHa VII Barpanoponnoro, B 913 r, yMep II AJIeRCaH;n;p. TIplI MaJIOJIeTHeM IIMnepaTOpe OhIJI cosnan perearcnna COBeT, cpena lfJIeHOB xoroporo aanaaacx paanopsr. 11 CnMeOH B0306nOBHJI HaTHCR aa IIMnepITIO. BTOPOH aran BOHn Cmrecaa npOTIIB nee npOAOJImaJICJl B cym;HOCTH ;0;0 caMOH ero CMepTII. B Ba'IaJIe npaanenaa Cm.WOH, KaI{ IIpeC1IaH IT EOPIIC, YAOBJIeTBOpHJIC.H CJIaBRHCRUM TIITYJIOM ({KBR3b» II rpe'leCRHM - «OT 60ra apXOIIT)). Terrepr, OH ne iKeJIaJI 60JIee C aTIIM MIIpllTbCH. RHH3b OTJIH'lBO YCBOllJI n KOHCTaHTHHOnOJIe BHaaHTUHCKYIO HAeHnO-IIOJIHTH-recr .. yIO AOl\TplIny, corJIaCHO KOTOPOH IIMIIepaTOp HBJIRJICH BbIcmIIM CYBepenOM ncex rocynapea xpacraaacnoir OHKyr.WHhI. Cmreon 6b1.:1 npeRpaCHO OCBe;n;OMJIeH n 06 OTCYTCTBIIH B IIMrreplIlI crporo .HaCJIe;n;CTBOHRoro npnnmma HMrrepaTopcKoH BJIaCTlI H 0 TOM, 'ITO ee neonHOKpaTHO - ne cosepmaa rpyfioro naCHJIHH HaA CBeTCKHMII aaxoaaMIl 11 I\epIWBHhIMH RaHOHaMIT, cn.llCXOAHTeJIhHbIMH I{ lIo6e;O;IITeJIIO,aaXBaTbIBaJIH MHTeiKHbIe BOeHa'laJIhHl1KH H3 causrx OTp;aJIenHbIX npoBIIHQUH (Eraner, KPbIM, ApMeHHH). Cpe;n;II ysypnaropon 6hIJIIl 00;0;,n;aHHhIe II?lmeplIII cauoro paanoro nRHTIeCI{Oro npOUCXmHiJ,eHIIR (dipaxnen IOCTHH I, apMHHHH JIeB V). TIOTOMY II CHMeoB, pacnona- . TaR 3Ha'lMTe.rrhHhlMH BoeHHbIMH CIIJIaMII, ne BH_geJI HHI,amIX npannalIJiaJfLH:&IX lIpeIIHTcTBIIff I\ OBJIa;n;eBHIO TpOHOM HMIIepIIII It C03,n;aHHIO e,n:Hl'iOH rpeHO-CJIaBHHCJWM ]1;epiKaBhI non cem.io csoero cxnrrerpa. BeAl> l1 EOJIraplIH K TOMY iKe paCUOJIaraJIaCb na 3eMJIHX, HBJIRBIDllX~

76

"11 uouorna rrpoBIIHu.HHMH HMrrepUl1. MaJIO Taro, COrJIaCHO caMoil: BlI'"10'1'11 iicTW:ii: IIOJIlIT1I"'IeCIWii TeopUII, BOCCTaHOBJIeHlIe BJIaCTl{ HMrrepUI:I 111111 OOJfl'aPCJ{I:lMH aeMJIHMH IIpUSHaBaJIOCb He TOJlbRO saROHnbIM aRTOM, '10 11 II 6JIarOrrplIHTHbIX 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaX ,n;ame ,n;OJlrOM UMIJepaTO- 1111: I1MuepHH scerna 6bIJIa IIOJIU<lTHlFIHhlM rocynapcrnox, ]3 HOTOPOM ( IllI ml\anCKoe paBeHCTBo scex aaponoa o6yCJIOnJIlIBaJIOCb mimb anHHl'lIlO~1 nepsr l:l nonnaacrna O)J,HOMy HMIIepaTopy. TaKHM 06pa30M, 1\ '1'0'1101 apeaaa «nonyrpexar Cmreona, 6bIJIO 6nr llIIOJIHe 3aIWRO~II' pllhTM soccoertaaeaae nexorjta paanezrenasrx 3eMeJI!> nyreu gene 11111 ii He 113 nenrpa IIMIIepHH (ROHCTaHTHROIIOJIH), a TaK CH3aaTb, "1\ )\pyroro Ko:mw» - H3 6bIBIIIRX npoBHH~Rn I:IMnepHR (us BoarapIiIT).1 Ilpenocxonao BJIap;eBlmd: rpe'IeCRHM H3bIHOM, BhlCOKoo6pa30- UIIII IlhIH, CUMeOH '!YBCTBOBaJI cefia BIIOJIIre IIop;rOTOBJIeHHhlM K ynjlllll!I()HIIJO UMneplIeii II, MomeT 6bITb, ,n,ame 60JIee npllrogHLIM K f1'01't poaa, 'leM HHLIe BbIXO,n;~b1 lI3 HII30B, KaK !DORa II BacHmrii 1.

CnMeOHY nOCneIDllJIII npep;JlOmllTb :r.mp .. :) B 913 r. npa BCTpe'le "TOPOR non creaaxa KOHcTanTlInOrrOJUI, a 3aTeM II B JIMIIepaTopclLOM '(IIOIJl(8 6bIJIO p;oCTlIrHYTO coraamemre, no KOTOPOMY aa CIIM8onOM 111,1.110 npJI3HaHO npaso aa THTYJI «sacanesc (T. e.uxneparop) OOJIrap)} 11 IIpe):(YCMaTpIrBaJICH 6paft M8m,n;y MaJIOneTHHM ROHCTaHTllnOM VII II 0)(1IOi1 lI3 no-repea CHMeORa. TIo Bl1aaHTllii"cROMY (u noofime OBpOIwiicIWMY) 06bI'laID TaKHe 6paKH - B <papMe o<pn:u:naJIbHOrO 06PY'l8- 111m, llMeBIDero roPII:):WqecKYro CIlllY 6pa'iHOfO ~IIHaCTn'leCl{OrO COlO- 111,- aaRJIlO'IamlCL II Memp;y p;eTbM1I B nospacre IIHTII - ):(ecHTII JIeT. /~UI'OBOp OTRpLIBaJi nepert CIIrlIeOHOM nepcnexraay «MnpHoro>} yrsepd(J\OIlHH B Hoacraaraaonoae CBoen: BJIaCTU: Ral{ TeCTb MaJIOJIeTBero IlMIIOpa'l'opa OIl Mor rrOJIY'lUTb npano na TlITYJI (maClIJIeOIIaTOpa)}, '1'. t\. «orna asmeparopa», aaTeM erars ero pereH'IOM n COIIpaBIiTeJI8M II II xonne KOHIJ;OB IIMnepaTopoM.

l'HlReJlhlH yzrap no IIJIaa3M Cmreoaa 6blJl nanecea no soaspameIIUJI MaTepH Honcraarnna VII 30n 1I3 CChlJIKlI, Kyp;a ee OTIIpaBIIJI AJwl,can,n;p. OHa 06'bHBIIJIa noronop 913 r. HeAeHCTBllTeJIbHhlM. CIIMooH onYCTOnIIIJI CDpaRIIJO, B3HJI Anpaaaonons BToprCH ncxope B OCiJlaCTb <l>eccarroHIIIUI. a sarea B <peMY )J,nppaxlIH (Ilpaaa) na AgI'UUTIP[eCKOM rrofiepean,e. Jl.llIlJIOMaTbt CRJ.1eon3 COpBaJIlI TIOTILITKY .lon C03,n,aTb rrpOTIIB BOJIrapFIlI IWaJIIl~I1lO C yqaCTUeM nenrpoa, cepI,on, neseaeroa. B 917 r. non AXeJIOeM (y 1JepHOMopcRoro nofieI'I'~K£'H CDpaRI'UI) CIIMOOR nanec coxpynrarem.noe rropaacenne Bll3aHII1i1:T~aM, a 3aTeM rrOCTaBIIJI IIO,n; CBon CID3epeHIIT8T Ceptimo. B 918 f. "I'{I apMlIlI npomaa no I'penaa, EbIJIII B3HTbi <l>ll13bI.

lVlemp;y TeM B I\oHcTaHTIIHOIIOJIe rrpm130IDJIII C06LITHH, OKOR'laI'I'JlbHO noxopoaannrae Ha,n;emgI.I ClIMe on a aa oananenae rponosr Ill)UCTaRTlInOrrOJIH c nonomsro norosopoa II p;llHaCTII'I8CIUIX CBH3eH. 'I'u l(Oil ~He 3aMbICeJI, IWTOPbIH JIeJreHJI CIIMeOH, oCYmecrBIIJI iRa'll1JlhlllIK noennoru q)JIOTa apMHHlUl POMaH JIaRaIIlIl1i B 919 r. on :UlXJl3TllJI BJIaCTb B CTOJIlln;e, oTCrpaHIIJI 3010, o6pY'lITJI CBOIO WI'IJ, C RoncTaHTIIHoM, no.rry'lIlJI TIITyJI BaCIIJIeOnaTOpa, a B 920 1'. IwpOIIOBaJICH RaK commeparop lOHoro rocynaps, CTaB aa neae HeOl'paHII'leRHbIM nOBeJlIITeJI8M HMIIeplIlI. Y Caxeona OCTaBaJICH TOJIb-

77

KO BOeHJIhlfl nyrs )J;JIJI )J;OCTHmeHIIJI rrOCTaB~eHHOii nena, 11 noenaoe rrpeBOCXO)J;CTBO 60map B OJIHmaHmne romi OhlJrO rrOJlHbIM. BH)J;IIMo, yme B Ha'laJI8 20-x rO)J,OB CHMeOH 06'bJIBI1Jl ceOH «mmeparopoa 60JIrap II poneea (BnaaHTIIHn:eB)>>; 1IIIIOHClBaJI OH cefia, nsratrnaa neronosaaae B ROHCTaHTIIHOIIOJIe, 11 erne 60JIee nepano - «IIMIIepaToPOM poaees».

POMaH I JIaKanIIH npertnaran CIIMOOHY 6paI{ Mem)J;Y CBOUMI:I n ero ,n;eThMH, HO TaI\OH COIOa He YCTpaUHaJI CHMeoHa_; I1I11IIepIIJI no6ygHJIa cepfion y)l,apllTh B ThlJI fioarapau, POMaHY I Y)l,aJIOCh paspyIIIIITI. HaMe'wnmIIicH BoeHHbIfl coros CHM80Ra C apa6aMll: (OHII 06eII:IaJIll B08HHhlH ~JIOT ,n;JIJI ocansr ROHcTaHTlIHOrrOJIH). 11 XOTJI nOCJIaHHoe CIIM80HOM B Cepfiaro BOIICI\O 6I>IJIO paa61ITO, OR ynopao npo)J;OJI- . maJI 60ph6y. Hsmeparop T~8TRO rrpOClIJI 6oJIrapcI\oro napa 0 Mupe· npa JIII'lHOfl BCTpe1l8 B 923 r. CHM80H npIICoe)l,IIHIIJI B 924 r. CepOHIO J{ repprrropna BO.1IraplIn:.JCephe3Hhl~f cn:rHaJIOM He6.1IarOIIOJIY'lIIH CTaJII! 6erCTBO na crpaasr nPOCTOrO HaCeJIeRHJI, crpanasmero OT oeCROn8'lHhlX T JIrOT noeanoro BpeMeHgj (TbICH'III 6oJIr.?p nepeXOp;IIJIII na IOiKHhlX pafionon CTpaHbI na lIMnepCI\yro aeMJIIO), a Tal,me meCTOnoo nopaaceane, ~8c8HHoe 60JIrapaM B 927 r. xopnaraua B COI03e C BIIaaHTlIHn:aMHi iCIIMeOH H8 nepezsnn H3BPCTHJI 00 3TOM II CROPOIIOCTlImHO CKOHlIa.iicH B Mae Toro me rop;~:l 'BoHHM ClIM80Ra npanena K cymecraenaoxy pacmIIpeHIIIO TeppIITopHH rocynapcraa aa rore, roro-sanane II aanazre cTpaHhl. ABTopIITeT BOJIrapIIII na MelE,l1;YHaPO)J;HOH apene 6hIJI nsnne, lIeM xorna ObI TO HII ObIJIQ.: Op;RaI\O YClIJIUH CIIMeOHa nperaopart, B milam. CBOII lIeCTOJIIOOHBhle aaMhlCJIM CTOIIJIH rocynapcrneaaoay Ra3H311eHCTBY II RaCeJIeHHIO BOJIrapIIlI CJIHmROM OOJIbmIIX MaTepIIaJIhHI>IX Cpe,l1;CTB II 1I8JIOBelleCRIIX mepTB.

{(30JIOT0l1 BER» BOJIf APCKOl1 RYJIbTYPbI

C HMen8M CIIMeOHa CBJI3aHhI He TOJIbRO BoeRRO-nOJIHTIItteCRlIe yc-. nexn, HO 11 paCII,BeT Cpe,l1;H8B8ROBo:il: OOJIrapcRoii: RYJIhTyphI II aa.;.. BepmeHIIe nponecca ~OpMHpoBaHIm CJIaBJInCKOH no CBoeMY oommy . 6omapcKoii paHHe~80,n;aJII>HOH aaponnocrn. BeaYCJIOBHO, anepru-rHbIe Mepr.r uapa no o6eCne'leHIIIO MaTepHaJIbROH oaahI RyJIhTYPbI 11 acexepnaa nonnepama ee ,u:eJITeJI8H OhIJIII HeOT,l1;eJIIIMhl OT IIOJIHTH'leCRIIX IIJIaHOB rocynapa, II B TOM 'l1lCJIe OT ero tteCTOJII06IIBbIX JIH'lRI>IX nOMhICJIOB. On CTpeMIIJICJI, B ':!3CTHOCTH, nenarr, ace, 'lT06hI ero CTOJIIIn.a II nnop He yCTyrraJIIr KOHCTaHTHHOnOJIIO II IIlImepaTOpCItOMY ,l1;BOPII:Y. 06'beI{TIIBHO ara p;eJITeJIhHOCTb CHlI100Ha csrrpana ocnononoJIaraIOII(Yro POJII> P;JIU p;aJIhHeHmero pa3BHTIIJI RyJIhTypI:.I cpe,u:noneltoBOH BOJIrapHH.

Co nceu BeJIIIIWJIeIlIIeM, aa rcoropoe 6hlJIlI cnocofiasr B Ty anoxy CTpOJITeJIhHaH TeXHIIR3 II IIcr'YCCTBa, OUJIa yxpamena CTOJIHII:a BOJJrapnn IIpecJIaB. IIoHCOM MOrrr;HI.IX J{3MeRRhIX YRpenJIORHH 6hlJI OnOHcan HO TOJIhRO BRYTpeHIIHM, RaR B IIJIHcRe, RO II BHeIDHIfH ropon, HII'lTO yme He nancxaaano TroPR.CROro {(aYJIa». IIpecJIaB YCTyrraJI nn paasrepaa (roxaee, no rnrornana) ilJIHCKe Jl .s pas, TaR Ralt a;n;eCh

78

\ .Idl ne OTBO,ll;IIJIOCJ, MeCT,a AJIH ropr KOqeBHHKOB II crazt CIWTa, 8TO nl.lJIH C'l'OJIIIl(a D;IIBlIJI1I30BaHHoro rOCY.r\apCTBa, He yCTyuaBIIIaJI no MPX UTeKT.YpHOMY o6mmy, 6JIaroYCTpoii:CTBY II I\paCOTe .r\BOPU;OB, xpaMoH n lIOMOB 3HaTlI MHomeC'rBY KpyIIHhlX roponon BII3aHTHwcKOH UMur-prur. Bemr'lIIIO BJIaCTII Cnxeona COOTBeTCTBOBaJIII BMCTpoeHIlaJI liM 'I'putlllan nanara n 3HaMeHH.'IhlH naMHTHIIK OOJII'UllClWM MoaYMeu'111.1I1.IWll: apxarercrypsr - rtsopnonaa RpYrJIaJl (30JIOTalI) n;epKOBI:.pOTon.n;a, YKp8.IlIeHHaH MpaMopHMMH KOJIORHa,ll,3MH B nna araaca, apIW ~11f M03aIIKaIlIII, MHorOn;BeTHhlMII I(epaMII'lIeCRllMII llJUJTKaMH, IlpPllpaIn;aH IIpecJIaB B II,eHTp MOnapXII'leCKoi:l: ImacTII, cpenoromre 'P"I\TUaHC1,oro 6JIurO'lleC'IlUI n: oxar o$Hll,n:aJIbHOii KyJIbTYPhl, Cnxe- 011 oCHOBaJI raxzce HeCROJIhKO MOHacT£Ipeii:, U3 ROTOPhlX ImK BhIil:aroIll" ii ClI apXUTeI\TypHI:.IH aHCaM6JII:. II BamHbIll: I{YJIJ>TypnMii: D;eHTp 1Ir.rI(CJIlIJICH srouacrsrp), B npnropo,rr:HoM MeCTe-.:rKe Ilpecnaaa HerJI4,iiJla.

O,ll,HaKO nanfionee TeCRO IIMH CHMeOR3 CBH3ano C pacnseroa ernpotionrapcnoa anreparypsr: nepsa 10-15 JIeT nOCJIe YTBepmp;eHlIH It crpane 6orOCJIymeHlI1I aa CJlaBHHCKOM H3:bIIW II CJIaBHHCRon IIIICI:.~lOJInOCTl:I B Ka'IeCTBe O(fJHl(lIaJIhHOrO H3hIRa l(epI{BII H rocynapcrnen- 1101'0 .n;eJIonp01l3Bo.n;CTBa He TOJIhKO 6hlJIll nepeaeneasr C rpe-recxoro IIHmnennnre rraMHTnUKII qepRoBHOCJIyme6Hoii:, KaHOHII'IeCKOH II nepo\ 'lJfTeJI:bHoii: JIIITep3TyphI, HO n: cosnaasr HpKIIe 06paaU:hI opnra- 1I1IJ[bHhIX zrareparypasrx 1I1l0II3BelJ;eHHH - II II1l03aH'lIeCKllX II n09TII'IOClmx (<<lIpol'JIac R enaureamo», «A36Y'IHaJl MOJIHTBa» ROHCTaHTIIlilt Ilpecnancxoro, «Cxaaaaae 0 6YRBaX» lIepHopH3n;a Xpa6pa, « II r eCTO,IJ;HeB» IIoaHHa 3K3apX3 H np.): CIOmeThl 9THX npOlIaBe,ueHHH IIMCJIH 06hl-.:rHO penaraosaoe conepacaaae, HO OHU 6hlJIII npOHHKHYThl IlnTpllOTH'lleCRllM qyncTBOM 1I rJIy60RHM C03HRHlleM Heo6xol1.HMOCTli (jO:I:JaneTHoro CJIymeHUJI OTe-.:reCTBY. HeCOMHeHHO, nOHBJIeHUe 3THX II pOII3Be,rr:eHlIM ORaaaJIOCh B03MomHbIM nOTOMY, 'llTO npe,rr:CTaBHTeJIH 'I'HJIanTJIHBoii: nJIelI,u:hI nepBI:.IX 60JIrapCKHX KHHlftHHHOB OnHpaJlIICb na J\OCTlImeHIIJI ImpIIJIJ10-Meq,o.n;lIeBCIwro Rpyama, CTOHJIH na ypoaae 06- pU;loBaHHocTH Taro BpeMeHH 1I IIOJII:.30BaJIHCI:. In;e.n;poM no.n;,IJ,epilmoH rxansr rocynapcrna.

IIpHHffTHe xpacraancraa, CJIaBffHCKoe 6orOCJIymeHue, pacnpocrpaIIOlIHe CJIaBJIHCROM rpaMOTI:.I coneircrnonana OKOH"tIaTeJIbHOMY ncseauoneaaro 3THOHYJII,TypHbIX n peaaraoaasrx pa3JIHTIlIU, cnocoticrnona,III[ vrnepameaaro e.n;HHCTBa u,u:eOJIOrH-.:reCKUX rrpencrasneaaa, a TeM (~aMhlM eaaepmeamo rrponecca oq,0pMJIeHUH HOBon COII,lIaJII:.HO-llOJIII'\'\l'lCCKOll II 3THOKYJIhTYPHOii 06Ill.HOCTII - 6o.lIrapc1{oii $eo)J,a.lIbHOii IIUpO):(HOCTII, CJlaBHHCROll: no CBoeMY o6JIJ'rKY. Ilporotioarapsr B xo.n;e .rroro nponecca nonsepnracs cnaBHHII3an;lIlI, coxpaaas caoe <:lTHIFIe(~rwe RaIll\leHOBaHlIe «(60JIraphU), CJIaBJlRe me, narrpornn, coxpanna (~HOC 8TEU'IOCROe cnoeofipaaue, BoCrrpHHHJIII «(-.:rymoii» 8THOHHM~,GOJlraphl». TIpoMe;i\YTO'lHbIM aranon na nYTH aroro npeapamenna fir.TJlO ynpo-renae B C03HaHHlI HaCeJIeHITH CTpaHbI aceofimero nonnaa"'I'lla e;n,wHOMY rocynapcrnv, T, e. npe)1;CTaBJIeHlIe 0 nOJIJITIl'WCRoii: oOnWOCTIT, 11 XOTH nplIHHTHe xpacraaacraa co,qeii:cTBOBaJlO yxpenaeIIIIIO aroro -.:rYBCTBa aa COBepmeHHO HOBOll H.D;eOJIOrlI'IeCKOll ocnoae

79

(rocynaps - (mOMa3aHHl1l{ 6omlIii:»), II,ll;eiII!o-rrOJIIITlllleC}..:aH ;:I;OKTpUaa HOB oro BOJIrapCKOro (xpliCTlIaHCKOI'O) /iJ;apcTBR He OTBeprJIa ero rrpHMOH IICTOpIIlJ:eCKOH rrpeeMCTBeHHOCT~/ co crapoit «BYJIrapUeH» nporofioxrapcxax xaHOB-H3hIlJ:HIIROB. lIM~nHo npa CIIMeOHe (<IIMenHilli: 60JIrapCRllx XaHOB» (ero nOCJIe)J;HHH lJ:aCT:b 6:bIJIa COCTaBJIena B 60-x rouax VIII B.), aanacanasra nercorna vaa rpe'IeCKOM H3bIRe, 6hIJI nepesenea aa cTRpo60JIrapcInIH B Ita'IeCTBe orparmaar.rroro naMJITHlllta rOCYiCJ;apCTBeHHOH II cropna , XOTH B TO me BpeMH erne coxpaaasnraeca penmcrsr rrpOTOOOJIrapCHOro 6:bITa B n;eJIOM YTpaTHJIll 3Ha'IeHH8 B mII3HlI ofimecrna.

B npanneaae CIIMeoHa rrpe;n;CTaBJIeHIIH 0 rrO;n;)J;aHCTBe If 9THII'ICCROll npIIHa)J;JIeamOCTU CTamI neOT,il;emIMhlMII npyr OT ,il;pyra: TepMHII «OOJIrapbI)) YTBep,il;IlJICH RaK caMOHa3BaInI8 HOBOii: STHOrrOJIUTUlJ:eCIWJI OOII1,fIOCTH naceorenaa n;8JIoii: crpamr - oomapcRoii: pannerpeonaasnoa HapO)J;HOCTII. C03HalIHe npaaanaemnocrn It HeH, STHII'IeCKOe CRMOCO- 3HaHII(~ OOJIrap CTaJIH BalliHI.IM WaIUOPOM nx gaJIbHeilmeu rrOJIIITH'IeCHOU n KYJIbTypHOii: mH3RH. TeCHO CB.lI3aHnOe co CJIOmH:bIM KOMIIJIeKCOM AYXOBHhIX u;eHHOCTeH, STHIlt;reCIWe caMOC03HaHHe OJ~a3a.'IOCb BIIOCJIep;CTBIIU O)J;HIIIII H3 OCHOBHhlX HCTO'IHHROB coxpaaeaas aapO)J,OM csoez I<YJIbTypHOM II <lTHlI'IeCROU caM06:bITHOCT.Ii[ .Ii[ IIOJIHTIIlJ:eCROii HeaaBHCHMOCTH.

8THH'Iecn:aJ1 IWHCO,lJII,il;aU;IIfl B paaaedieonansnsra rrepno)J, COOTBBTCTBOBaJIa, I{QHe'-IHO, CTerreHII pa3BHTlIH arnoca B TO BpeMJ.{. RamgbIM CJIaBRHCRIIII napon XOTH H ynorpefinan no OTHom8RHIO R cefie OCO- 6b1e aTHOHIIMbI-caMona3BaHIIJ1 (OOJIrapI.I, IIOJIHKH, lJ:eXH, PYCCRlI:8 11 T. II.), He nepeaOCI1JI eme 9TH aa~mallHR na CBOM R'3hIK, nonaraa, 'ITO Bce CJIaBJIHe rOBopHT Ha O)J,HOM - «CJIaBJ1HCROM» R3b1He (lJ:eTHaJI J13bIKOnaH j:lncf!cf!epeHU;lIan;IIJI B npeiCJ;8JIaX CJIaBHHCRoro Mllpa nacryIIHJIa nann, B anoxy 3peJIOrO cf!eO)J,aJlH3Ma).

I'saea v

BHYTPEHHHll RPH3He, HOBbIll IIo,u;rnEM

n BOPbBA 3A HE3ABHCIIMOCTb'

I'· COCTOHHME X03JUICTBA

. If COU.IIAJIbHbIE IIEPEMEHbI

. lI.eCHToe IT naxaao o,u:UEHa,u:n:aToro CTOJI8TlIH B IICTOPIIII Eonrapnu:

UJ,IJIlI npeueaex, xorna ne TOJILKO yxpenaaacs CIICTeMa rocynapcrB(JIIHOll ~mCIlJIyaTan:UH rpynonoro UaC8JIeHHH II 3aBCpIIUIJlOCh OCPOpMJWHll8 n;eUTpaJIH30BaUHOJI opennenerconoii MouapXlUI, no 11 CJIOmllJJOCh xpynaoe cpeo.u:aJILHOe 38MJI8BJIa.u:enII8, OCHOBaHIwe aa rpyzte :lilBIICHMoro KpeCThHHCTBa. Ilpanna, yp,eJILIIhIll neo cpeO/1,aJIhHhlX_ HOT'IlIH cpamU1TeJIhHO C MeJlI\llM KpeCThHHCRIIM 3eMJIeBJIa,r(8HlIeM 6bIJI p!rle He BeJIIIK: CBOOO,1l;HOe OOm;I-I:HHOe KpeCTbffHCTBO npeofiaanano )3, l't:m,CROM UaC8JI8HII.H crpansr.

CTpYRTypa 38M8JILHOll C06CTB8HHOCTU B BOJIrapHlI ~ B CilJIY('\O,'lCTBa rrYT8li pa3BHTIIff B VII - IX BB.- OhIJIa 6mI3I{a K BII3aH'l'Jli:iCROH. OCUOBHblM BII,1l;OM 3eMeJIhHoII C06CTB8lIHOCTH 6h!JIa 'IaCTRan,. IIO,JJ;pa3p;eJlHBIII8ffCH aa ABa npunn;IIIIHaJIhHO pa3JIH'IHblX IIOp,BIT,'IU: aa "CJlKYlO KpeC'rloHHcKyKl, B(3)J,em.IBaeMyKl Cl!.JIaMH 'meROB ce~1bn, II aa "PYIIHYro cpeop;aJIhHYro C lIMeHHffMII 3HaTH (CBeTCKOll H i':rYXOBHOll) ~ :Il,CfmyaTHPOBuBIIIYro TPY,n; 3aBIICIIMhlX RpeCTbHH II peM8CJIeHHHROB .. (lco6blll BII):\ COCTaBJIHJI;) coficrneaaocrr, napcxoa ceMloH (paBH03Ha'lliaR B TO BpeMH rocy,n;apCTB8HHOH c06CTBeHHOCTH), OHa CJIaraJIaCb II pnCJIa C YKpeIIJI8Hll8l'11 BJI3CTII I'JI3B:bI I'OCY)1;8pC'J'Ba xax KpynH8Hmercr l'06CTBeHHHRa; co Bp81I8H8M naps yTBep;n;HJI cson npaaa na ace ny('.TOBaBIIII.Ie 38MJIH, He sonremnae B COCTaB 'laCTHhlX II 06II(HHHhIX; I()CY,'luPCTBeRHbIMII (n:aPCKlIMII) 06'bffBJIHJIIICh II: aeMJIII, npncoemraat' ~1'hI8 B xone BOHR C COce,'lHHMH rOCY,'IapCTBaMII. TpCTbH?I{ BH}lOM l'o6CTBeHHOCTH 6loma 06m;IIHHaff, Haxo,n;IIBIIIaHCff B Hepa3,n;8m:'HOII j'o6CTBeHHOCTH RpeCThHHCKliX 06II(IIR (nacrfinma, nyr a, BO.u:Hbl8 IICJIl'IITURIT, poma, JI8Ca II T. n.}, 06ru;nHHaH 3eMJIH 6loIna TaKm8 peWpBHblM q,OH,n;OM 06III,HRhI, KOTOPloIM paCIIopRmUJICg ,D,8pen8RcRIIi-i r \O,D, IT ROTopaH MOrJIa B CHJIY pOCTa HaCeJIeHIIH, Bhlp;en8HIIH II3 neI'I~nHII na XyTOp nmI IIHhIX IIPII'lIIH IIO,JJ;BepraThCff 'IaCTII'JHOMY paa,'\!'JIY·

Boiinsr C Baaanraeii BeJIH, RaR OLIJIO CKaa3HO BhIIII8, K yB8JIII'Ie-· unto napcnoir 3CMeJlhHOll: COOCTBeHHOCTII, CT8HORIfTIIII8llCff q,OH;n;OM no)1(;mOBaHHH napa BoeHUbIM H rpaxmaacxax canOBHHRaM, a TaRm8- 1(I'flKBn II MOHaCTblpHM. B n;eJIOM me crpyxrypa C06CTB8HHOCTH aa o'J'llJ1ThlX y HMnepHH 3eMJIHX He nperepnesaaa IwpeUHbIX H3MeH8UHll:

IIjIJIHap,JIemanmne IIMilepaTOpy 3eMJIII CTaHOBI'lJIHCb napcxmra, 'laCTuuo q,eO,1l;aJIhHhle BJIap;8HIIH IIepeXOp;HJlH OIIHTb-TaRH R n:aPCKOH l'I'Mb8 IIJIn: maJIOBaJIHCh napex cn8TCRHM II /l.yXOBHhI?lI COOCTB8HIIIIHUM. He MeHHJICH II CT8TyC RP8CThHHCJUIX qaCTHblx II 06IIl,IIHHhIX

81

aeMellb - nnpeus Olin AOJImHbI 6bIllH rr.l1aTlITb narrora 1I BbIIIOllHJITh nOBHHHOCTII He )J,JIJI HOHCTaHTIIHorro.l1.1l, a ;1:1.11.11 Ilpecaana. Bonee pasBlITble II HHTeHCHBHble IfJOPMhl ,mcrr.n:yaTaU;1I1i KpeCThJIH mnrepcxax <!>eo;u:aJIhHbIX HMeHIIM, rrOIIaBmHX B pyKlI 60JI1'apCKOiI 3HaTlI, pasyneeTC.Il, He MeHJIJIHCb. TaKlIM 06pasOM, repparopaansnsre npaotipereHlIH Cnxeona crroco6CTBOBaJIlI yCKopeHlIIO nponecca cpeoAamI3aU;lIlI, 'TaK KaR pacnrapaaa CPOH;I:I 3eMeJIbHbIX IIOJl\aJIOBaHlIll n;apJl, o6YCJIoBUJIH BKJIIOlIeHlIe B npezteast CTpaHhI paiio HOB c OOJIee BhICOKlIM YPOBHeM paSBlITHJI Q)80;u:aJIn3Ma B, HaKOHeIl" BeJIH II. YClIJIeHlIIO rrpon;eCCOB lIMYIII.eCTBeHlloH ,n:n.p.pepeHl~lIan;1I1I B cpene cBo6o,n:H01'O 6o.n:rapCRoro KpeCTbJIHCTBa.

Va,e EOpBC rrOmaJIOBaJI 6JIB3 Oxpana 1'1 rJIaBHHIIn;bI HJIBMeHTY OxpnJl,CKOMY 6JIarOYCTpoeHHoe mrenae. HpyrrIIbIMH SeMJIeBJIap;eJIbu;aMII 6bI.n:B, rreCOMueHHO, IIOJIKOBOP:Il,bI II npanarena npOBIIHlJ;lIil na py- 6eme X-XI BB. O,n:IIH liS HIIX - Hsana IIMeJI ananeaae-xperrocrs Ilpoaany C caztaua II ;U:Bopu;aMII. I'panorsr BaCIIJIIIJI II B rrOJIb3Y OXPIIJl,CKOii apxaermcnomra OT 1019-1025 1'1'., CPUKCHpYJI BJIap;eHlIJI ncex enacxonaa EOJI1'aplllI, lIX HMYIII.OCTBenHble rrpaua II 'mCJIO OCBODomAeHHblx OT HaJIOra saBHClIMbIX HpeCTbHH KamAoro errIICKOIIa, CO/lepiIWT npmroe yJi:aSamle aa TO, liTO nee :3T1I nopanxa B HMeHHJlX )J,YXOBHoii SHaTH CJIOmn.n:nCb em;e npa napax sropon rrOJIOBIIHbI Xaa-rana XI B. Ilerpe II CaMYIIJIe.

3 HaqIITe.n:bHbIMII, RaK II B BnsaHTIIlI, 6bIJIH rrpeporaransr u;eHT4 paJIbHOH BJIaCTH rro OTHomeHIIIO K KpyrrHOMY 3eMJIeBJIagemlIO: onpegCJIeHlIe i'1.0XOgHOCTB HMeHlIiI C rrOMOm;bIO rocynapcmeansrx 1IIIHOB" lIIIlWB, BSbICRaRlIO C .peop;aJIOB HaJIOrOB, npei'1.0CTaBJI8HlIe naaoronsrx .m.ror KaK lICK.n:IOqIITeJIl>HOH npnnaneran, KOHcplIcKaIIHII qaCTBblX lIMeHlIll B cnyaae orraasr IIX co6cTBeHHHRoB 6bIJIlI He CJIercCTnlIeM .B.n:IIHHIIH aSIIaTCKIIX .pOPM .peo;u:a.n:H3Ma, xapaKTepnsyeMblx HaJIH'IlIeM BOPXOBHOiI co6CTBeBHOCTH rocynapcrna (a3HaTCIWli necnoraa) na nee SeMJIH CTpaHbI H cauo nacenerrae, a oco6eHHOCTHlIIH paSBIITHH <peogamI3Ma D YCJIOBIIHX ClIJI:bHOn ~eHTpaJIhHoi BJIaCTlI. B BHsaHTHlI rrpoxaocrs QeHTpaJIbHOii B.n:aCTII B VII-XI BB. 06YCJIOBJIHBaJIaCb KOHTlIHYIITeTOM rocy;o:apCTBeHBOCTII II Tpa;u:nQHHMII l1oa;O:HeplIMcKoH 'lIMrreplIlI, meCTOKon- 60Pb6oH C «aapnapaaas, rrepcaxa, ApaOCI\lIM XaJIucpaToM, BOJI1'apHeII, BOSMOmnOCT:bIO onepe'rscrr (c naenenaex .peMHoro CTPOJI) aa BOIIHCKlIe CIIJIbI mlIpOK01'O CJIOJI CBOOOi'1.HOrO KpeCTbJIHCTBa. B Bonrapaa, XOTH H qepe3 BHsaHTIIHCKoe nocpencrno, l'aSRHTlIe QeHTpaJI:bIIOrO annapara BJIaCTII IICITbITaJIO TaRme Boa,n:eff4 <lTBlIe ;U:ORTPIIHbI BCODJIaCTIIH xoaapxa. 3gecb Tome - B CII.n:y Heo6- xonmrocra CIIJIOl.[eHIIJI B MHorODOROBoff 60Pboe C IIl'tmeplleiI - geilc,TBOBaJI cpaKTOp BHemHeii orraCHOCTlI. OCHOBY MaTepHaJIbHbIX B031\.fOmHOCTen II BoeHIIhlX cn.n: rocynapcrna B Eoarapaa, Ra1\ H B BII3aHTIIII, COCTaBJIHJIO cnofionnoe KpeCTl>JIHCTBO. KpoMe roro, KaK H B lIMIIepHH, TyT rrpa npolfHOCTII KpeCTbJIHCKlIX 06m;lIHHI:.IX CBJlSeii: n;eHTpaJIR30BaaHbIe CPOPMbI 9KCrrJIyaTaU;lIlI Tpyrr:onoro HaCeJIomUI 01\a~ 3bIBaJIlICb ):'(JIJI rocrro):'(cTByrorn;oro roraooa ep;IIHcTBeHHo BOSMomHbIMH na panaax aranax pa3BHTlIH cpeop;aJIIISMa. Hn 0 BJIHrrHnn nporofioarapCKIIX rropanaon aeMJIeBJIa;u:eaRJI II 3eMJIerrOJIh30BaHBJI, an 0 BOll-

82

J~l1i\eTBIUI KaKIIX-JIII60 <pOPM «aaaarcnoro» 06m;eCTBeHHOrO CTpOJJ ((~IH:aHIIJl:CKOro, apaccxoro, apxancrcoro) B Boarapaa He MOrJIO 6hlTh M POtUI. IIpOTlIB MhlcnII 0 TOM, "ITO nporofioarapsr MOfJIll rrepenecra 11l11')\CTUBJIeHHH: 0 ueorpaaaneaaoii B,llaC'J'H xana aa a8M,llH BceK crpa- 111,1 rra HMym;ecTBo a mII3Hb ero ]10PJ(aHHhlX, CBIIp;eTeJIhCTByeT UOJIy'1'lIpHlleKonaH IICTopnH CJIaBllHnii B Bonrapan, coxpaaannrax aBTOHOMillO II JIllIIInBlliIIXCH ee TOJIhIW npa ypaBHeB1UI rrpas CJIanHHCIWH II 1111 'I'll C nporofionrapcxoir.

()CHOBHoe conepacauae COII,MaJIhHO-3KOHOMll"leCKHX npOII,eCCOB B X ,. nanane XI B. COCTOHJIO B TOM, 'ITO B TO BpeMH Q(IJOpMHJIHCh IIH'()!\UJIhHaH BOT"lHHa II 3aBlICHMoe KpeCThHHCRoe Jl:epmaHIIe KaR ocIIOBlJaH B CKOPOM 6YJl:ym,8M ::lKOnOMII"leCRaH H'leHRa tj>eOll.aJIhHOrO 06- lI(nCTBa. 3eMJIH KpYIIHoro HMeHMH nenanaor. na fOCIIO,!l;CRne (,!l;OllIeH) II uaxonamaeca B Jl:epmaHHll Y KpeCTbHH aa yCJIOBTIHX HeCeHJIH npoI\YI(TOBOH IIJIH orpaooro-raoa pearsr B nonsay c06CTBeHHJIKa a8MJIII. 1111 'IaJI OcfJOPMJI.llThCH H HMMYHlIT8T q,eOlJ,aJIbIIOrO IIMeHllJI - rrpeacne 111",Pl'O HaJIOrOBI>lU, R aRT6M TaKme II cyp;e6Ho-ap;MliIHHcTpaTllBHbIU. ~ )!\IWIW BIIJIOTb ,11;0 nazreaas IIepnoro Boarapcxoro napcrsa weo,!l;aJIII:lM aa ero rspparopaa He YClleJI IJ,OCT1HHYTh apensrx q,0PM pasna'l'L1H: "laCTHOBJIa,l1;eJIh"leCKa.II 9KCIIJIyaTan;IIH He CTaJIa rccnoncrsyrorrtaa 1I1f/IOM lI3'b.llTIIH rrpH6aBO"lHOrO np0Jl:YKTa Y nenocpencmeaaoro rrpo- 11 al\OlI;lI.Terr.l!.

CJIOmllJICJI E TOT nepaon B Bonrapaa II <peO,ll,aJIbHhlll ropon RaR qIC,lJ;OTO"llIe pesrecna II ropronzn, a He TOlIbRO KaK ap;MllHIICTpaTIIBHOqopKOBBbIfI, KYJIhTYPHbIli II BoeHHhlH nearp, MeJIKHff np0I13BO,1l;IITeJIh, IIJWJl:eBumll c06CTBeHHbiM IIHCTpYMeHTOM 1I MaCTepCKOM, CT8JI rJIaBHOH IlmrypOM TpYP;OBoro H8CeJIeHlI.H ropona, LIam;e acero MaCTOpCKaJJ I~JlyjKIIJIa II JIaBIWH, B KOTOpoii peMeCJIOHHIIR TOprOBaJI cnOIIMH asneJUIJIMH. I\aK rrpaBIIJIO, TaRue pCMeCJIeHHHKII H MeJIKlIe TOprOBII.bI IIMCJIll H.eOOJIbIDHe Y'i3.CTl\lI 6m13 CTeH ropona, COHMeIIl,an TPYi'i peM (lCJIeHBIIKa II roprosna C 3eMJIeIJ,OJIH8M,- HBJ}eHlIe, CTaBIIIee Ba,lJ;OJI- 1'0 06m.eH"lepTOH 6aJIKaHCKOro ropona aootime. HeMaJIO roponon 11()JIrapHH HMeJIO BII3aBTIIHCRoe npoacxozeneaae - OBH 6hl.:I1I. aanoeIIlIubl yme Torp;a (IX - X BE.), xorrra ycrrena onpaaarsca OT pasIlloMa lIX «napBapa}.unlI B03pOw:n;aJUlcb aa nonoii, <l!eon;aJIhROH OI~IIOBe. TaKIIMlI rOpOJl:8MH 6hlJIII, narrpmrep, IIJIOBJl:IIB, Cpenerr, Oneco (I lapna), Cxonr.e, OXPIIJl: H np, Op;HaRO npaamnnr opranaaanaa XO,III iicTneHHO-ToprOBOH U Ofim;eCTBeHHO-nOJIIITII"leCROII 1I\H3IJH 61>IJIH B qOJIOM op;HHaKoBhIMII II B HOBhlX ropoztax, BOalJ,BlIrHYTI>IX B VIIII X II B. (IIJIIICRa, II pecaan) .

ApXeOJIOrH"leCKHe paCItOIIRH IIORaaaJIII, "ITO B CTOJIII'IHhlX roponax I l(l,J(rapllH, RaI{ IT n KOHCTaHTHIIOnOJI8, cym;ecTBOBaJIII rocynapcrnen- 1I1,lO MaCT(1)cRI'[8, 06CJ1),amBaBIIIHe IIOTpe6HOCTll rmopa, CTOJIll'IHOrO II'lHIHSOHa, npasareascrnenasrx Y1JpeiKp;eHHH. BOJIbillHHCTBO pexecIIHllTJ,IX I\BapTaJlOB naXO,rI,HJIOCb B CTopOHe OT 6JIarOYCTpoeHHOfO II,rlll1'pa, a nepenxo II aa npeztenaua YKpenlIeHllii, COCTaB.TU:m rrocan, 11'(~lJble oxpaansr. B Ilpecnane otinapyaceasr roprossre pansr: nanaMO, 'IaCTh n:po~yll.n;HII peMeCJIeHHH}{H (roanapsr) yme B 'fO BpeMH H3- I J)TOBJIHJIH He no aaxaay, a aa PhlEWK.

83

IIOJII1TI1QECl\I1A I\PI13I1C B ilPABJ1EHI1E IIETPA

Taxaa OCOOeHHOCTh X03ffHCTBeHHOH iRH3HH ropona, RaR He)J,OCTaTO'IHOe OTp;eJIeIlHe peuecna OT CeJIhCRorOX03ffHCTBa (peMeCJIeHHHR (ihm O):lHOBpeMeIUIO H aeMJIe)J,eJlhI(8M, a B nepesne RpeCThHHe H3rOTOBJIH,IH MHOiKeCTBO Opy)J,IIH H rrpe)J,M8TOB OhITa), n CQtteTaHl:I1I C aacans.eM B repone tP80)J,aJIOB (HBJIRBIIIIIXCH TaR/Ke rrpeD;CTaBHTeJIHMH una,eTII) II C OTCYTCTBlIeM COOCTBeHHhlX npodieccaoaansnsrx opraHH3aII.HM

(II.8XOB) y peM8CJIeHHHNOB H TOprOBII.en CTaJIa BrrOCJIe~CTBHH rrpHttHnoit rrOJIlITn'I8CRoro 60crrpaBIflI naC8JI8HlIH roponon, aaMep;JI8H1tH T8MIIOB lIX paanrrrna II TH¥R8JIO OTpa31IJIaCh (RaR H n npyrnx 6aJIKaHCRHX CTpaHBx) HB acropanecxax cYAhoax rocynapcrsa.

B n;e.rrol\>( rrpoqecc tf!eo,u:aJIII3aqHn HHTeHCllmree nporexarr n IXX BB. B c8n8po-nOCTO'IHOH H IOII\lIOI( 'IaCTlI Bonrapcsoro rocynapcrna cpaBHlITeJIhHO C aanannsnra II roro-aanamrsnra ropHCThIMlI panoaaxa MaRegOHHH, rne CJIOH cBo6o)l;HbIX KpeCTI.ffH OblJI ocofieaao MnoroQlICJIeHTIhIM.

Ilepesopor 893 r., xorna Bopac rrpnnan BH)l;HMOCrh CaHRII.HH co CTOpOHhI <mapoAHoro cOOpaHRfI) rrpany HaCJIe)l;OBaHHH TpoHa nenepnopO,Tlm,IM CbIHOM, rr03DO.lJHJI II Cnneorry OTCTpaHHTh OT BJIRCTH crapnreTO ChIna MIIXaHJIa. Era IIOCTpHrJIFI B MOHaXH. Ha Tpon nCTyIIHJI Tlerp (927-970). IIeTp IIOrrbITaJICH npO)l;OJIiKHTb noennsre }J,eiicTBHH npOTHB nMIIeplUI, no HeOlInI)l;aHHO OTBeJI BOHCNa II aaBH3aJI TaHnhle ncperosopsr C nn3aHTlIaqaMlI. IIPII'IIIHM [lTOrO COCTDiIJIH, BlI.u;HMO, 'B B03HHRmeH onaCHOCTH co CTOPOBhl xopnaroa FI neHTpOB, a TaRme B uponcxax onII03Hn;FlH. OceHhIO 927 r. Ilerp npH6hIJI B I\OHCTaHTI'IHOrrOJIb. Eo BJIaXepHCKoM IIMIIepaTopCROM nnopne GhlJI nonnacan na 30 JIeT MnpHhlll norosop, CKpenJI8nHhIH opaRoM Ilerpa C BHyttKO:ii

POMaHa I Jlaxanaaa Mapnea (Hpanoa). E OCHOBy CTaTblI noronopa o rpaaanax OblJIH rrOJIOmeHhl cornamennn C CHMeoHoM OT 896 n '904 rr. Cne)l;OBaTeJIbHO, IIeTp OTKaaaJICff OT npaofiparenaa no (fJpaRlIn, xoropsre ero OTeII. C;o;eJIaJI nOCJIe 913 r., B TOM 'IIICJIe OT npa-

. MopCRnx roponon ~eBeJIhTa, ArarPOIIomf, C030nOJIH, MeCIIMBpnlI, BH3hl.

3a ITeTpoM OhlJI npnaaan TlITyJI (<BaCHJIeBC oO.IIrap» (HO He «OOJIrap H poxeea» lIJIH TOJIhlW «poxeen», RaR TOT)l;a ):IOMOraJICH CHMeOH). BOJITapCRBH II.apb nOJIy~nJI B BHS3HTnHCROH lIepapxnn BHyrpu «BH- 3aHTHHCRoro coofirnecraa xpHCTn:aHCRHx rocynapcrns (HCIIone)l;OBaBnrax rrpaaocxasae BOCTO'InOXpIICTHaHCRoro TOJIRa) MeCTO ;o;YXOBHoro {<BRYRa» HMrrepaTopa. BOJIrapCRaH nepxom, OhlJIa nosnenena B pam

narpnapxaa, no C yCJIOBHeM - pe31IAeHII.HH rrraasr II.epRBlI (renept, rrarpaapxa) )l;OJIlRHa OhlJIa GhlTh rrepenecena H3 CTOJIHII.bl I(apCTBa B ,l1;PHCTPY, nOCROJIbKY .llpeBnnii ,[(OPOCTOJI OhIJI H3neCTen B nepxonnofi "HCTOpHH RaR MeCTO rro;n:BHiRHII'leCTBa xpnCTHaHCRlIX MY'IeHHROB-CBJIThlX III-IV BE. I1MIIepHH OOmlaJIaCh, RaR H IIpH CIIMeOHe, BhlIIJIatIHnaTh Bonrapaa elRerop;uyIO nans. HaROHen;, no 33KJTfO'leHItn zrorosopa CTOPOHbI OOMeHHJIlICh nJIeHllhlMH.

,84

(~YllR no YCJIOBHHM norosopa 1l YtIHTDIBan nayrpeanee H aaenrII"" 1I0JIO)f,eHHe BOJIrapI'IH, coraamerrae HeJIh3H cauo no ce6e pacne- 1111110 RaK aeasrronaos .n;JIH 60JIrap. TeM ne MeHee norosop TaHJI B ""'" l',CphC3HyIO onacaocrs yme nOTOMY, 'ITO 03H8'l8rr RHKorp;a paaee II" vcranaanananmeeca crinnacenae C HMrrepneH. Ha 30 JIeT BOJIra- 1'1111 (',TanOBHJIaCh ee COI03HI'III,OH. HMrrepHH crpexaaacr, B03JIOiKllTh 1111 II erpa OTBeTCTBennOCTh aa 6e30rracHocTh ee rpaHI'ID; OT nananeunu nparoa C cenepa (rorna 3TO 6hIJIn: aearpsr, rrCtIenerH, npenaae $Iynl). POM8H I nOJIyqaJI I103MOiKIlOCTh OPOCHTh see canst npOTHB IlplifioB II yrrpO'IIITh CBOIO BJIllCT!. BHYTPII CTpaHbI.

Hecosnrenao, nOtIeTHIJH opaR Ilerpa (nrerr ero menhl XPlICT0tP0P !i,.I.I, OO'hHBJIeH COHMIIepaTopOM POMaHa I), ero THTyJI, paar 60JlTap"Iwii nepxaa IIOBbImaJIH MemAYHapo)J,HbIH npecrazs BOJIrapI'IH: -qepea 'tIl'I'IWPTI, BeKa ROHcTanTlIH VII Barpsrroponasm C HerOAoBaHHeM ItHc~nJI 00 3THX YCTYIIKax oOJIrapaM ero TeCT.H-«HeY'Ia». Ho BMeeTe .~ TPM OTnOIIIeHHH napa C axneparopox OOpeTaJIII xapaxrep «ceMeiiIllolX cBH3eii». 11 CHMeoH KOT)J;a-TO XOTeJI 3aBH3aTb ax - onaaso C 'I,IlIIHM BamHbIM OTJIHtIHeM: on CTpl'MHJICH ObITh He MJIa,l1,IIIHM, a crap"'11M rrapmepon B Tall:OM COI03e, tITOObr HCnOJIb30Ban, CTapmHHCTBO B 111 IIllCTlItIeCKOM COI03e .n;JIfl OB,TIa.n;eHHfl KOHCTaHTHHOnOJIbCKHM IIpe'TIJJIOM.

POil:CTBO C BHsaHTRHCKllM IIMuepaTopCKHM gOMOM CtIHTaJIOCb B 1I1,1(',UIen CTeneHH nO'IeTHbIM P;JIH scex xpHCTHaHCRHX (II He TOJIbli:O \ pIlCTHaHCRHX) rocynapefr, Ho KpaM:He orracno 6bIJIO CTaTh «pO,l1,H'110M I), HaXO,l1,HCb c HMnopHefI B aenocpencrneaaojr cocencrne. Ee 1I1JJIIlTHKH noaasraaa AHHaCTII'IeCKOe POP;CTBO RaK npH3HaHHe co CTOllOIiM nonoro PO,n:CTBOHHHRa nOJIHTRtIeCKOH 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HMIIel'UTopa. Jlrofioe OCJIOameHHe B ornonreanax (6y,l1,b TO «CeMeHHaH CCOPIP» ;o;aBaJIO rronon KOHCTannlHOnOJIIO 3aMenHTJ> «IIeOJIarO)J,apaoro» ,lllHDhlM RHhIM ero pOp;U'leM, a TO N nonpocry aaxaarars ero 3eMJIIl. )lJl!! IIOP;OOHbIX qeJIefi asmsparcpra scerna cozrepacana npa CBoeM ,nllOpe pO)J,CTneHHUROB rocynapeii COCell:HHX CTpaH RaR HeKUM: «pe:UlpnHhIH tPOH)J,» - Kan)1;H.n;aTOB aa pOJIb COOCTBeHHbIX CTaBJIeHHIIROB. IIMlnIHO TaK H 06CTOflJIO p::eJIO B OTHOIIIeHHHX C Boarapaea: «sanae!I(lih KaHfl,Hf);aT 11a rrpeCJIaBCKHiI npeCTOJI nOlIBHJIClI B KOHCTaHTHHO- 1IIJJle yme B 928 T., 1'1 HMrrepnH llcnOJ(BOJIh, HeCMOTp.H na COl03 H 1I0IlCTBO, IIOBeJIa nOJIHTHR'Y ynymenaa He3aBI'ICHMOrO rocynapcraa. H HOJTI'ITH'IeCROH II:Onn;enD;IUI HMnepCKHX nearenefr 3Ta crpa TerH'IeI~'WH JIHHl'IlI O:'JHatIaJIa He tITO HHoe, xax BOCCTaHOBJIeHl'Ie (13aHOHHbIX IIPIlIl» BaCHJIeBCa pOMeeB na Banxarrax. He MeBee orracrrsre nOCJIep;CTIIl1lT noronop C BH3aHTIIen lIMeJI ll:JIH BHYTPHIIOJIHTH'IeCRoro RJIHMaTa II 1 lorrrapnn. rocnoJ~cTByIOIIl,nii rctacc crparrsr paCKOJIOJI{,H. Bnspnsre ~II\ 250 JIeT rocynapcmeaaoir RCTOPHH BOJIrapBlI 6oPb6a aa TpOH pas- 1'":m.TraCb snyrpa Ca~fOJr npanmrteii !l:HnaCTHH,

Ilpaesn B IIpecJIaB napansr (rrpell:CTaBJIHBIIICrr npaRJIIn;lIii !l.OM u M" epnn, Tpa;n;rnUIOBHO Bpall\!le6noll: Boarapan B rrpOIIIJI01I) 1I ee nIl1TbJ, TJJIenbI xoropoir rrpliOOpeJIlI BJIH.lIHHe He ronsxo B napoxcsr t'IHIeKee, a ItpOMC roro, TeppUTOpHaJIbHbIe YCTym{H Tlerpa, CBe)J;ffiH8 lUI IIeT npaaecenasre CHM80HOM BO nropoir Borme mepTBhI, IIepeBOJ(

85

pe31Ip;eHIJ;UIl OOJIrapCKOrO BJIap;bII{H sa npenensr CTOJIIl:qI>I, IIOTeH:qIlaJIbHaJI Heo6xop;IIMOCTb noenars B Ra'IeCTBe COI03HIIIl,hl. pana E.HTepeCOB lIMIIeplIH - nee aTO IIo6YP;IlJIO MHorllX copaTHlIROB noxoitaoro napa OTBepHYTbCJI OT Ilerpa. Orrn03IlIl,lIJI CIIJIOTlIJIaCb noxpyr rperr.ero CbIHa CIlMeOHa Hsaaa, 3arOBOp yp;aJIOCb BOBpeMH pacxRphlTb, no cTa61IJIbHOrO nOJIOjHeHlIH ,l1;OCTlIrHYTO He 6hlJIO. Crpanracs p;eplliaTl:, apecrosaaaoro MBaHa aa porrane, IIeTp nepezran ero <mop; aanaop: POMaHY I. TOT BCH'IeCKH 06JIaCRaJI B3rOH: Harpa)J,MJI, nsrronno meHlIJI, BBeJI B xpyr BbIcIIIeii: 3HaTlI, )J,aJI nOMeCTbH B Manoa A3BR. TaR IIeTp CBOIlMB PYRaMH Bpy'IlIJI POMaHY I MorYlIl,eCTBeHlIOe cpep;CTBO, 06H3bIBaBIIIee napa 60JIrap ObITh JIOHJIhHbIM K nMneplIH. IIPIIXOP;UTCH aaRJIIO'IRTb, 'ITO IIOBegeHlIe Ilarpa OTMe'leHO nesarmo aeyBepeHHOCTII B rrpO'lHOCTH csoero nOJIOmeHHH: OH, BIIP;IIMO, aaneanCf[ COXpaHMTb aa C060H TPOH, ynoaaa na rrO,l1,p;epiImy POMaHa 1.

B 930 r. nOp;HJIJI MJITem II sropoa (crapmaa) opaT Ilerpa MnXaRJI, C6pOClIBIIIllH MOHamecKYIO pacy, OH YTBepp;lIJiCH B CTPYMllqe. aa IOrO-3aIIap;e CTpaHbI. Ho IleTPY aa 3TOT paa nOne3JIOOOJIbme; npereanenr aa TpOH BHe3arrHO CKOH'laJICH, aero CTOPOHHIIKlI oemaJIll B lIMIIepIHo, B IOmHhlH 3nlIp. 0 CJIaOOCTlI IIOalIIl,lIH Ilerpa rOBO~ par II 6ercTBo lI3 BOJIrapMlI IIJIeHeHHOro ClIMeoHoM cepficxoro KHH- 3JI qaCJIaBa, KOTOPhlH, BepHYBIIIlICb n Cep6MIO, OO'hHBMJI 0 ee aeaaBIIClIMOCTH OT EOJIraplIlI. Xaparcrepaaa p;eTaJIb - II B 3TOM cnyaae POMaH I, yme aaKJIIO'IIlBmllH COIOa C Ilerpou, OKa3aJI qaCJIaBY noap;epmRY, nOJIY'lIIB or rorn aanepenaa B BepHOCTR.POMaH npIlHIlMaJI. caapaaran II OTnpaBJIHJI R qaCJIany II npO'lIIX oemaBililIX H3 BOJIra~ paa 3HaTHhlX nJIeHHlIROB-cep60B, cop;eiiCTBYJI yKpeIIJIeHlIIO BJIaCTlI KHH3H.

,IJ;BoHcTneHHOCTb, nelICKpeHHOCTJ:, nOJIIlTllRlI IlMnepaTopa B OTHO" meHlIlI EOJIraplIH npOHBlIJIaCb 1I.B «BeHrepCROM})II B . «PYCCKOM» sonpoce. "YTBepP;llBIIIMeCH B KOHIJ;e IX - aaxane X n. B IIalIHoHlIlI nenrpra CTaJIlI nenocpencrneaasnra cocep;HMlIEoJIraplIH.C 934 r., Korp;a OHIl, rrpoana no 3eMJIHM BOJIrapHlI, nrrepnsre COIlepmlIJIlI aaoer BnJIOTb no CTeH KOHCTaHTlIHOIIOJIH,Ha'laJIIlCb HX ClICTeMaTlI'IeCRIle nananeaaa, rrponoaaeaanraecs c nepepsmaua nO'lTlI)J;O KOlIIJ;a 60-x roztoa. Crpanana IIplI 3TOM II EOJIrapIIH, nonyrao nozmepraejraa OIIYCTomeHlIIO. Oc05eHHo 'laCThlMlI 3T1I nafiera CTaJIH nocne 955 r., xorna repMaHcRllH KOPOJIb OTTOH I paarpoxan nenrpon H rrepexpsm 11M nyrr, B QeHTpaJIhHYIO E. 3anap;HYIO Enpony. Torna nearpsr C()~ cpep;OTO'IHJIlI nee CHOll ClIJIbI na noxonax TOJIbKO B' BOJIraplIJO II BU3anT.HIO. B 943 r. 06a rocynapcraa qeHoH ynJIaThl ea{erOAHOH nana )J,051IJIlICb MlIPHOH nepensnnxa na IIJITb JIeT. 3aTeM nafiera Boa05Ho· BlIJInCb. JilMrropaTop B peaxoii <fJ0pMe TpeOOBaJI 01' IIeTpaBhlIToJIHeHIlH COI03HlI'leCKlIX 06JI3aTeJIbCTB - He IIponYCRaTI, BeHrpOB B lIMnepmo, He ORa3bIBaH npa 3TOM caM HlIKaROH nOMOIIl,lI Bonrapaa, B ROHqe noanon IIeTp 3aRJIIO'IlIJI B 965 r. C nearpasm cenaparnoe coraanreaae: nsnrpsr 06H3aJIlICb, npoxona no Boarapza, He pasopHTh ee, a IIeTp - He npenHTCTBOBaTb lIX Ha6eraM na lIMIIeplIIO.

CXO)l;HOH OblJla noaanas B1I3aHTHlI BO BpeMH IIOXO)l;OB RlIeBCKoro KHH3H Hropa npOTlIB lIMIIepIllI B 941 II 944 rr. IT Ha'IaJIY 40-x ro-

86

JIOII Hrops, aaaepnras IlOp;'IHHeHHe YJUI'reH 11 rasepnes, m1lBlliHX B CiIlI'COllHe IOjf\Horo Byra, .u:HeCTpa H IIpYTa, YTBepp;HJI CBOIO BJIaCTb 1111 iWMJIHX, KOTOpbIe BOJlrapHH nananaa C'lHTaJIa 30HOii CBOefO BJIHJlUI1J1, a B OTp;eJIbHHe nepaonsr - II nerrocpenerseaaoro rocnoncrna. «lTlIlJm8HHH C BOJIfapHeH 060CrpHJIHCh, H Hrops, OTnpaBJIHHCh B UIj 1 r. B noxon aa ROHcTaHTHHOIlOJIh (Hapsrpan), nocanan nee caoe 'IuiicIW aa cY)1;a, He IHICliYH OTnpanJUITh 'IacTI, ero no cyme, xepea I ;OJll'aplIIO, KaK czrenan panee (B 907 r.) OJIef. EOJIfaphI, BhlIIOJIHJJH t'llIo:IIIH'leCKHH P;OJIf, H3BeCTUJIH I'lMIIepaTopa 0 Ilpn6mnKeHHH npara. I I ~44 r., OTIIpaBJIHHCh B HOBbIH noxon, Hropr, yme lIMeJI C C060H t'.nlmmoe ROHHoe BoiicRO neaeaeron, ROTopoe }J,OJDRHO 6b[JIO, B'H}J,HMO, (lTIIJIe'lh aa cefia CHJIbI Bonrapaa, BH3aHTuHCIme nOCJIbI, BCTpeTuB II ropa aa ,AYHae, ;rr,06HJIHCb 3aRJIIO'leHHH C nHM MHpa; OHn BPY'lIlJIII (iOl'UThle p;aphl II ne-renerax, OTBO)J,H OT HMIlepHH yrpoay o:x aafiera. l lurepecsr cnoero nepaoro COI03HHKa - BOJIfapHH - 6bIJIH npH STOM «aaGbITbI»: OT BOJIfapHII TpeOOBUJIH aamamars rpammsr HMIlepHH, 110 na-rero He llMeJIH npOTHB ee p;aJIhHell.mefo oCJIa6JIemuI. Hrops UOIlCpByJI' nasazr OT .u:YHaH, nOBeJIeB rrexeaerax pa30pHTI> EOJIraI'HIO - B Ka'leCTBe ROMIIeHcaU;HH aa TY P;06hl'lY, IWTOpyIO ORH naneaJUICb B31ITb B lIMIIepHlI. B n:eJIOM nOJIHTHRa lIMnepHH, necuorpa ITa coroa, o6H3aTeJIbIIHii RaR 6YATO JIHilib )J,JIH O,1l;HOH CTOPORhl, CTaJIa UTltPOB(JHHO Bpa1Kp;efiHOii BOJII'apnH rrOCJIe p;Byx nepeaoporoa B KOH(naHTHHOnOJIe (n p;eKa6pe 944 H nasape 945 r.), B peaynsrare RO'l'OpbIX 6HJIH CBepfHYTbl POMaH I, a aareu ero ChlHOBbH H BJIaCTb nopaynacr, R ROHcTaHTlIHY VII, 3aKOHHOMY rraCJIep;HHKY Jlsna VI. IhlCllItIMlI p;oeTOlurCTBaMli OeHIJItICb 06JIe'-IeRHbIMll JIllllIL nsoe HeHaIIHCTHhlX KOHcTaHTHHY JIaRaIlHHHp;oB: B HMIIepFIH narpnapx KOH(','I'aHTIUIOIIOJIlI WeOIPHJIaKT H, B BOJIfapHH BH)"lRa POMaHa I napana I1pHHa. OCJIOjf\HeHFIH Me}KP;YHapo)l;HOM oficranonxa BORPYf EOJIrapHH COITpOBom)1;aJIliCb yxynnrenaen oe BHYTpeHHefo rrOJIOmeHlIH.

BOrOMIIJIbI - «MlIJIbI EOrY)>, HO HE U,APIO 11 IJ;EPRBII

OIWJIO cepep;lIHbl X B. B BOJIfapUFl paCIIpOCTpaHIIJIOCb aHTnIPeop;aJIbHoe eperaaecxoe ABHmeHHe, H3BeCTHoe RaR 60rOMruIbCTBO. EfO ocrrOBaTeJIeM C'IlITaIOT 6bIBrnero 60JIrapC1Wro CBHm;eHHHIW - <mona lJorOMHJIa}), ilmllmero B rrepnoa IIOJIOBilHe X B. rROCeOJIOfH'leCKH, 'I'. e. no TeOpeTII'leCKIIM lICTOKaM, 60fOMHJIbCTBO 6HJIO CBH38HO C ynoMHRauiliellca BOCTO'lIlOft JlyaJIHCTR'leCI'loii epecsto naDJIHKtIaHCT- 110M. B OCROBe Bpamp;e6HOM 0IPnD;UaJIhrrOMY xpHCTnaHCTBY AyaJIHCTH'rocKoll. P;OKTPIIHl>I JIemaJIO npep;CTaBJIeHlle 0 rocrroncrne B Mnpe nnyx npamp;e6HI,IX rra-rarr: Mllpa nofipa, acconnapyexoro C 60rOM, H MHpa iwa - TBopeuHeM Jl:hHBOJIa. Bees BHP;HMbIH, MaTepHaJIbHbIii MHp (III{JIIO'laJl casro TeJlO 'IeJfOBeKa) Bl\.JeCTe C ero 5J!afaMH H 6ep;aMH, C OIPlI:qRam,Hoii nepxonsro, C yTBepm;n:eHHbIMH 3aKOHOM .II 06bl'laeM HopHp;KaMH, cHcTeMoii ceMeiiH1JX H HHLIX 'IeJIOBe'leCI\HX CBHaeii, IIMeCTe c rocynapcrneamraa y'Ipemp;eHHHMH H BJIaCTHMlI csepxy lI:O-

87

BIl3Y OO'hHBJIlIJICH TBOpeHHeM p;hHBOJIa. OTOT Ma TeplIaJIbHhlll Mil}) neJIb3H 6bIJIO npeodpaaonars llJIH yJIy'IIllHTb B npanrtarre. CJIeP;OBaJIO (<OTPHXByTh ero rrpax», OTpeIllIIThcH OT nero pann Mnpa notipa, pana Be'InOrO cnacerraa, xoropoe, omraxo, MhICJIllJIOCb RaK peam-ao ,[(OCTHmHMoe JIHillb rrOCJIe CMepTH.

OCo6yIO HeHaBHCTb 60rOMH.1Ton nsrasmaaa oi}UIl,HaJIbH8a Il,epROBh 11 rocyuapcruo. BOrOMlIJIbCTBO, TaRlIM 06pa30M, He conepncano n ce6e KOHCTPYKTIIBHOH nporpaxma 60PbOhI aa nepeycrponcrno MlIp8 COIl,lIaJIbHOH HeCnpaBei1JIHBOCTlI. IIplI3bIB K paspsmy ya ceMhll, PO,[(CTBa II ,n:pymohI, K yxop;y OT iI\lI3I!H, K callIOOTBepmennOMY rrozmaaeHH<reCTBY, IIOCTY II MOJIIITBe (He B nepnnn, a B mo60M MeCTe IIO}l. ne6ol\I) ObIJI 6hl B CYIIl,HOCTII - B aTlPleCHOM IIJIaHe - JIlImb napaanTOM MOHameCKOro xonexca npasoaepnsrx xpacrnan, ecna ObI He JIPIW nsrpasremraa. aHTHweOAaJIbRaJI n031III)lJI 60rmmJIOB. Hx CHJHt II cflKpeT orpoMHoro BJUUIH1:UI na MaCChI HaC(lJI(lHIIH 3aKJIIO'H1JIHCb }l. COIl,lIaJIbHOM IIpOTeCTe, B crpananaa crrpanennanocrn CYlIl,eCTByIOlIl,lIX nOpJIJI,IWB. BOrOMlIJIbI y-rar, IIlICaJJ Il,epHOBlIl:.IH p:eJIT8JIb roro npexeHll H03l\Ia Tlpecnnrep, «ne nonnaonarsca BJIaCTeJIJIM CBOllM, xyJIJI'I' 60raTbIX, napa HeH8BlIp:HT, pyraror CTapoHlIIlIH, yHOPJIIOT OOJIHp •

. Mep3NlIMH 60ry C'IHTalOT pa6oTaIOIIIIIx P:JIH napa H BCHROMY pa6y He BemIT patiorars p:JIJI cnoero rocrronnnas , Ilon (mJIaCTeJIHMII)} 3JJ;eCb llMelOTCJI B BllP:Y npencranarena BJIaCTM, a non «paOaMH»nee rrOAUeBOJIbHbIe JIIOP:II.

lIcrro.1Jb3YJI p;orMaTbi rraananaancrna, nrapoxo pacnpocrpaaenaoro He TOJIbKO B MaJIoH A3IIII, HO II B eaponencxnx l}eMax lIMrrepHHocofienno cpena apMHHCHHX rrepeceaeanen B Cenepnoa cPpaKHlI, 60rOMllJIbCKHe T80peTlIHII-«(epeClIapXH» paspafiorann CJIOilmyIO KOCMorOHH'IeCKYIO U iJ:OrMaTII'IeCKYIO ClICTeMY, nO-HOllO My 06'hHCHHIOIIl,YIO COTBopeRlIe II pa3BHTHe MlIp03}l8Hl'IH. Op:HaHO TonNOCTH oorOMlIJIbCKO- 1'0 Y'IeHlIJI OblJIH ;n;OCTYIIHbI TOJILlto TaI{ Ha3bIBaeMbIM coeepnrennsm, mlIBIIIl'IM OOIIl,HHaMJI-6paTCTBaMlI co CBOHMH yqHTeJIHMlI-(<(l.IIOCTOJIaMH», BeT(IHIIMH CYPOBhlH, aCKeTlI'IeCKlIll ofipaa mH3Hll. OTO OblJl Y3KHH, yp:aJIHBlliHHCJI OT Mllpa xpyr eepecaapxoa». BOJIee mllpOIUIMlI 6bIJIlI C0061Il,eCTBa PHP:OBbIX epeTHKOB, rrOCBJIIIl,eHHblX B rOHlIMyIO BePy. OHH nraiine C06JIIOp;amI OCHOBHbI8 epeTII'IeCKlIe OOPJIP:hl, HO mlIJIl'I «a MIIPY», Mem rrpanocrraansrx, p;ame nocernana IJ,epROBb, JIlln;eMepHO, RaI( rramsr K03Ma, Il,('JIYH npOHJIIIHaeMble IIMH IIKOHM II KpeCT 11 TBOpH MOJIHTBbI. OTH ABa paapana npe;U;CTaBlITeJIeH epeca II 6bIJIlI B CYIIl,HOCTH OOrOMHJIaMlI B rrOJIHOM CMbICJIe CJIOBa. Ho HX ;c(eJIT8JIbHOCTb He npaofiperra Obi oOIIl,eCTB8HHoro 3HR<reHl'lJI, eCJIII ObI K HHIII He IT pUlIIbmaJiH IIIupOHlIe CJIOU npOCTbIX MHPJIH, m:pJ:eM no oripaay a\H3HII He OTJIH'IaBlIIHXCH OT rrpanocaasnsrx npaxozsan. OmI YCBanBaJUI He 60rOCJIOnCKYIO P;OKTpllHy OOrOMIIJIOB, a IIX COI~HaJIbHhle aHTIIrraTIIIL (iI1POCTbIe II rpytisre JIIO]J;n» B OOJIbnrlIIICTlle Aame He IIO;n;Oapenana, 'ITO BHlIMaJiH peaasr eperanon. Ilpeapenae 1\ 6oraTCTBY, ClI1eJIOCTb rrepen llJIaCTJIMH, CYPOBbIH aCReT1I3M, coneprtrerrnoe anarme EBaHreJIl'IJI, eAIIHCTBO nponosenyexoro CJIOBa 1I nena - yme OgHO 9TO nplIBJIeHaJIO I, 60rOMHJIaM CHMnaTlIlI yrnerenasrx, xoropsre, na- 6JIIO]J;aJI rOHeHIIJ[ aa «COBepmeHHh1X)}, IIOJIaraJIH, -.:ITO Te cTpaAaIOT

88

"III II paanys. OARaKO 60TOMBJIbl npaaaesana He 'l'OJlb}\O JID.'llIbIM 1I"'!I.IIIl)(~HlPleCTBOM, RO H yMeHHeM oeCCTpailiHO OTBe1.'lITh aa caMhIe \.'I"rIO;\I:umBble aonpocsr }l;eil:cTBRTeJIbiiOCTa. Hapon accrpananca R 41111llfIlWJI B ronsr THII\KRX BOHII, EO npeMH meCTOlwro aenopona

1l:~'i/!)~8 rr. II oecrror.qap,:Horo rpafiexca sparon. l{pecTbHHCTBO TepHJIO 114' ~'JIIO II npeapamanocs n nO,ll,H8nOJIhHhIX JIIO,Il,8I1 B RMemu(x rocnort, 11110 Tepn8JIO «II OT p,:pymHIIbI naxocrt, nCJ.!KylO D. HaClIJUIH 0'1' CTa- 111,iiIlIHH», OHO TPYP;UJIOCb TaK, 'ITO «ne 6bIJIO apeueua rrOMOJIHTbCH». ,\ MemAY TeM nepxonasre nacrstpa H MonarrreCTBO npOmIlnaJlH B JlIII'hOmR (Bep;h ;n;oJDI'ma ~Re 6blJIa 6YRBaJIhHO sa nonaexa co BpeMeRH ,V'lpomp;eHlla OOJIrapCKaH nepxons yrrop;oonTbcH BH3aHTHHcKOH, cy- 11\1'('.TBonaBmeII y}I(.e meers BeKDB), npe6hlJ3aJIl3: B npa3).J,HDcTH, no- 1'"HaJIH B nopoxax, npnasrsaa napozt TeM He MeBee nOBllHOBaTbCJI II '1'!lYiUITbCH (<B npOCTOTe cepnna», «crpaxa pap;1I 60mlla>},«CTpaXa 11111\11 BJIaCTeH 3eMlIbIX>). ECTOCTBeHHo lI03TOMY, 'ITO 3aHBJIeHIIJI ooroM U.lIOB 0 Hecrrpane!1,JIHBOCTH TaKIIX rrOpH,Il,IWB I,aK «60rOMep3RlIX)}, IIJlPTIIBHbIX yneaaro XpIICTa, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX «RHJI3eM TI.MbI>)fU'I'Hnoii:, HaXO!1,H,TH y ynIeT8HHbIX rOPJI'lHH OTKJIllR. Erma JIll nepen I'OJ1110ii nOCeJIJIH epeTIm-DorOMIIJl npcnonenonaa Ta1\He noruarsr, q(jU:laTe.rrI.Hble ;a;JIH «COBepmeHHbIX>}, },aK OTKa3 OT rpyna, OT IlMYIl\OCTBa, OT pO;n;CTBeHHbIX caaaeit, OT meUM, ~eTeii:, OT caxoro otime- 111111 C BHMll, OT nponneaaa pona H T. n. Hapo;a; YJIaBJIIIBaJI n ax 11Il'JaX rnanaoe: (<rrC'lap;1'IJIMll 3JIa» 6Lmll n;apb, 60JI.llpe, npencraaareHI BJIaCTll, CBHID;eHHOCJIYiH1'ITeJI1'I, MOHaXII. Tall. nyanacraxecxaa .(OlnpIIHIl np1'I06peTaJIa COn;llaJIbHI>IH CMhlCJI, CTaHOBl'maCI. IIp;eHIIbIM n(iuCHoBaHHeM oOPb6nr aa ynyxnreuae YCJIOBIIH 1I\H3HR aaporta. Tall. lin/\CTByrom;HH RpeCTbHHHH II peMeCJIeHHIIR ofiperana ,!l.YXOBHoe pacHjlPllor.qeRHe OT aanperon ocpllII.naJIbHOiI nepxnn, 1130aBJIJ.[JlllCh OT IIllpaJI1I3yrom;ero noaro «crpaxa 6mRIIJl». Ilponcxonano npeOp;OJI8HHe IInO:'OJIOfII'IeCKOro 6apbepa: TO, '{TO npe~CTaBJIJIJIOCh panee TflJKKIIM I(HiXOM ( «uenanane'rs rrapas l), OKa3bIBaJIOCb B ,neHCTBHT8JIbHOCTH 'lyTh JIH He nop;HIIrOM BO IIMJI (mCTHHHoro oora>}. Crpax nepezr una- 4"I'HMII yme He Ra3aJICH CTO.rIb THeTYIIJ;HM, II nOCJIep;OBaTeJIh 60rOMlIJIOB uor B ROHKpeTHoir caryanna JIerRO nepeara 0'1' naccaansrx R aRTHBtlioiM <popMaM corraaasnoit oOPbonr.

B omroa 113 Hau60JIee parraax HCTO'lHIIROn 0 60ro:r.nmax - B OTlime narpaapxa Baaaarna ¢eoqllI.JlaItra aa nonpocsr Ilerpa 0 (mOBD'1IIJreHHOn epecm pe'lh IIIJIa nOIHl 0 TeOpIIJI: naps ]JHTepeCOBaJICfI HOI'MaTaMH OOrOMlIJIOB, npOIICXOlR/1,eHneM epecn, Cym,HOCTI.IO ax «aaliJlyn,,neHHH» no OTHomeHIIIO II: 0PTo,n;0RCaJIbHOMY Y'leHlIIO. B TO IIpCMH 60rOMIIJIbI eIIJ;e COCTaBJ[JIJIH, BlI,n;nMo, Y3Kyro ceRTY. B cosaae- 111-11'1 me R'.03MbI «Becena nporan epeTIIKOB)} yme CJIbImaJICll natiar, 'I(~TpeBoawHHblii npaasrn CJIymIITeJIJI I("epRB.H K CpO'lHbIM MepaM: un rrepBhlll nnaa BDIcTyn.HJI COn;H8JII.HbIir acrrexr 60rOMBJIbcI\OlI epeC'.1i - OHa CTaJIa cepseanoii yrpoaon ,Il,JIH I(epRBII II rocynapcrna. '~(\aMa nUIWJI )J)3a fJlaBHblX nyra 60PbObl C epeTllRaMll: 6eCrrOm;a)1,HbI8 1'()U8HRJI, C op;noi!: CTOPOBhl, JI IICnpaBJIeHlIe npanon gYXOBeHCTBa II 'IHIIOBHll'IeCTBa - C ~pyroi!:.

HalI60JIee IIOCJ1eAOBaTeJIbHbIMH npaaepaeeanaxn COn;lIaJIbHh!X

89

Hp;eH OOrOMHJIOB CTaHOBIIJlHCb aeaxyntae (HM 6bIJIO HetIero TepHTb) H CBOOO;r(HbIe KpeCTh.HHe, enre He Haxop;HBIIIHeCH HH non Hap;30pOM cp80p;allOB, HH B nOJIHOH OT HRX 9KOHOMII'I8CKOH 3amiClIMOCTR 1I 00- JJ83H8HHO pearlIPOBaBIIIHe aa pessoe yxyp;III8HHe CB08ro nonoxcenaa. BOrOMMJIbCTBO, HeCOMHeIIHO, rrOBhlCMJIO CTOMKOCTh corrpOTlIBJIeHIIJ.! KpeCTMIHCTBa pOCTy KaR Il,8HTpaJI1I30BaHHOM, TaR II '1aCTHOBJIap;eJIb'IeCKOH :mCImyaTaIl,MM. OHO H B03IIHKJIO RaK CJlep;CTBHe yrJIYOll8HIIB nponeeca ¢eO,[laJlH3aIl,HII. B KOHKpeTHOM clITyaIl,1I1I TOM :mOXII 6oroMUJIbCTBO, 683YCJIOBHO, CO,[lei'IcTBOIlaJIO oCJIa6JIemHO Ilepnoro BOJIrapcaoro napcrna RaR 0PYP;llH RJIaCCOBOro rocrroncrna, nonofino JIro60MY p;pyroMY p;BlImeHHro yrH8T8HHhlX. I\aR tPopMa cOIl,IIaJIbHOrO nporecra OOrOMHJlbCTBO npep;CTaBJIHJIO OP;UO H3 xpyrrmax epeTH'1eCKlIX ,l1;BlImeHHH cp8)J,HeBelWBbH, csrrpasnree saaeayro pOJU. B HCTOPlIH BOJIrapIIl'I 1I OKa3aBIIIe8 BJIlIJIlll'l8 aa qlOpMlIpoBanIIe epeTHtIeCRIIX Y'1eHIIi B 3auap;aoH Enpone.

BOJIr APIIH - nOJIE BI1TBbI

MElliJJ:Y l\I1EBOM H ROHCTAHTI1HOIIOJIEM

B 963 r. yxep csm I\.oHcTaHTHHa VII Barpaaoponnoro POMaH II. K BJIaCTlI non OII8ItOH Ma repa, 3HaMeHl'ITOM anrparaaxa II OTpaBlIreasaansr <PeotPaHo, rrplIIIIJIH ero MaJIOJIeTHHe nera - BaCHJIl?Iii (II) II I\OHCTaHTl'IH (VIII). B nO,l1;06HblX CJIytIaax Mem;qYHapO,[lHble noronopsr IIMUepl'lH Tpe6oBaJIl'l nonrsepacnenaa, B TOM 'IHCne a noronop 927 r. C Boarapaea, TeM 60JIee 'ITO 30-JIeTHHM CpOIt, aa ROTopLrM OH OhlJI 3aItJII0'1eH, ,[IaEDO IICTeR. MMrrepHJI B CHJIY Ba3BaHHhIX nepeuen na TpOHe OhIJIa 3aHHTepeCOBaHa B nponnenaa Mnpa. STO, BepO.HTHO. II 6bIJIO OtPlIIl,lIaJTbBO OtPopMJIeHO, TaR RaR B 963 r. B KOHcTaHTHHonoae ORa3aJIHCb B Ra'1eCTBe 3aJIOmHIIROB CbIHOBI>JI Ilerpa Bopac II POMaH. BhIJIa cnenaaa onars-raaa C8pb83HaH YCTynRa B rronsay IIMrreplIlI, ROTOPYIO 06'bHCIIHTh cnenyer, BH)lHMO, cxopee BHyTpeHHl'IM rrOJIOmeHH8M B napcrne Ilerpa, CrraJIhHIPIHII ellIIYX I1oclI{b Bpanra, tPaRTlItIeCKH BepIIIHEIIIlIM p;erraMH n HMuepaTOpCKOI\I nsopue, pacCMaTplIBaJI ChIHOBeM Ilerpa (3aJIOmHl'lKOB) He TOJIhRO HaR rapanron coxparrenan Mllpa Boarapaen. On, RpOMe roro, CTpCMHJlCH ofieaonaClITb TpOH roHbIX HaCJIep;Hl'IROB Poxrana II OT B03MomHblX nocaraTeJIhCTB co CTOPOHhI npnnepzsennen CBeprHYTbIX Jlananmnmon, p;JIa ROTOPblX Bopnc n POMaH l<WrmI npencrasaars arrrepec. ITo BHytfRe OHl'I npaxonanaos npaBHYKaMII POMaBY I, B era 'TeCTh OP;HH 1I3 CbIHOBell Ilerpa II nOllYtIlIJI cnoe IIMH. I10ClItP Bpanra COBepIIIIIJI 6ecrrpeIl,ep;eHTHblH B Memp;YHapo;qlffirx OTHOmeHIIJIX ,r{ame Tall 3nOXlJ aRT - OH UOBeJIeJI OCIwnHTb POMaHa: no ml3aHTHi'rCIOIM nopsraa caonen RaR II cnenen He Mor npereanonarr. aa TpOH. ITeTp repan corraansnyro onopy y 60JIbIITIIHCTBa rocnoncreyromero KJIaCCa crpaIIbI, oco6eIIHO y IWMIITOB rrpOBIIHIVlrr. B833aBeTHO IIo;q,n:epmUBaJIFf Ilerpa, IIO-BIIP;IIMOMY, CTOJIHtfHOe tfHHOnnIl'IeCTBO H nepxoaasre Rpyrn - nenapox IIOCJIe cxepra OH OhlJI RaHOHH3npOBaH RaK CBHTOM OOJIrapCKOll rrepRBlI.

90

II anrycre 963 r, BJIaCTh B ll:r.mepllll aaxsaran IIOJIKOBo,n;en; HnxaIlHJl1 Jl 11>0Ka (963-969), cranrnaa conpanarenea H OlIeKYHOM Ba.' 11.1111H II KOHcraHTHHa, a aarexr II MymeM l1>eoVaHo. I1PII HeM IIMIIt'PIIH, ,n;OCTE:rmaH xpynnsrx ycrrexos :B BOHHax C apafiana, CTaJIa IOTlllIHThCH K OKOIPlareJIhHOMY y,n;npy no Boarapna. B 967 r, HalruIIIOP II 11>0Ka OTEaaaJICH BbIIIJIa"IHBaTh 06YCJIOBJI8HHYIO norosopoa II:~'I 1'. ,n;aHh II conepnran ,n;eMoHcTpaTHBHYIO IIoe3,n;KY no norpaaa-msra .. J ;oJlraplIei xperrocrax. 3aTeM OR norpefionan OT Ilerpa paaopnars ~111 P C BeRrpaMII II He IIyCKaTh fiX K rpaaanau HMlIepHH. OTBeT IIeTpH cuonaacs, BII,n;llMO, K TOMY, "ITO COfJIaIIIeaH8 C nearpaaa 6hIJIO 1II,llIylKp,8HHhlMII 'ITO, He nonysaa ncnnepacxa, OR He MomeT IIOHTII lUI PHCK paaphlBa C B8HrpaMII. HIIIUIVOP, He aaB8pmlIBIIIlIH BOHHb! t: upa6aMH, penran RaReCTII ynap no BOJIrapIIH CHJlaMH pyccxoro IWII:III CBHTOCJIaBa, onapaacs aa crapsre noronopsr C ,il,peBHeii:

I 'yn,lO 0 noennoa 1I0MOII.l,Il. B KneB 6bIJIO OTIIpaBJIeaO IIO~ C'OJII,CTBO.

13 968 r. CBHTOCJIaB, paafian BOllCRa Herpa, aaHHJI ropona IIO )~YllaIO BMeCTe C EPYIlHeiIIIIHM 1I3 HIlX - Ilpacrpok. IIPH6bIBIDlIH B I\' IICll IIOCOJI HIIIaHlJOpa :KaJIOKlIp Me'ITaJI 06 OBJIap,eHIIII rrpeCTOJIOM IIMlfeplIH 0 IIOMODJ;blQ CBHTOC,lIaBa, (<BeJIIIRo,n;ymHO>} otieman eMY nOJrrapHIO. BPH,n; JIH 3Ta HHTpHra 05eCIIOROIlJIa HIIKlIrPopa: CBHTO,·.IIHIl Be TOpOnlIJICJl C npo,n;omKeHlIeM BoeHlIbIX ,n;eHCTBIrii. TeM He ~l()lIee 'ITO-TO B nOBe,n;eBHH KIIH3H(H, BH,IJ;llMO, qaCTH OOJIrapCKOll IIIIITH) yme B TO BpeMH BCTpeBOmHJIO HMnepaTopa. OlI npHHHJI MepLl Ii yperyJI:npOBaBHlQ OTBomeHIIii: C Boarapaea. JIeTOM 968 r, rrOCOJI l lrrrpa 6b1JI C IIO'IeTOM npnrrar na Bocdiope, CBJITOCJIaBY me B 969 r. lIJlRllllIOCb CpO'IHO nepayrsca B KlIen, 'ITOOhl OTpaSlITb ynap ne-rene- 1011, yrropno ocam,n;aBmnx ropon, Orornan CTeIInf(KOB II rroxoponaa YMPIJIrryIO B lIIOJIe MaTh OJIbry, CBHTOCJIaB B EOHD;e JIeTa 969 r. 111I\)Hb nOHBlIlICH B BOlIrapBH, Teneph yme C llecRpblBaeMOll: ~elIhIO IHlCl1aTb rrporan nMIIepHH.

IIMeBHO K TOMY BpeMeHH, no BoeH BepOHTHOCTH, OTHOCIITCH orne'ImUle OT Boarapan ee sananaux KOMHTaTm~, naXO)J,lIBIDnXCH non vrrparoreaaeu 'IeTI:iIpeX 6paTJ:,eB-«KOMHTOIIYJIOB», T. e. ChIHOBeM: KO- 11111a (HHKOJIbI), ohlBIDero, KaK noaararor, Ha~IeCTHHKOM nponmrI\RH C n;eBTpOM. II Cpenne. 0 (<:IIOCCTaHl'!.JiO} KOMnTOIlYJIOl! XPOHlICT coOlim;aeT p;Bam,n;bl: non 969 r. B CRH3H C 60JIe3HbIO Ilerpa II non !176 r. B CBHSR co cxeprsro Hoanaa QlIMHOXHH. II B TOM 1I B ,n;pyroM ('Jlyqae roaoparca, 'ITO ItS KOHCTaHTIIHonOJIH 6b1JIll ornytneast /1;0- MOil: 6panH-aaJIOmHHRH, I1aCJIep;HHRIl Ilerpa, '1TOOhl opranasonarr, (I'rrrop ROMHTorrYJIaM. TIeTp ,n;eii:cTBIITeJIbHO OCTaBlIJI TPOB, IIOCJle Taro HIm B 969 r. aafioaen II nOCTpHrClI B MonUXlI (YMep OH B Ha'IaJIe ~170 r.}, IIo3ToMY eCTeCTBeHHO ,n;yMUTb, "ITO OR OTpeROg or npeCTOJI3 JUfmb IIOCJIe npafisrraa B IIpecJI3B Bopaca, KOTOPbIH, CJIep,OBaTeJILHO, C:'l'UJI napex yme B 969 r, BnOJIHe BepORTHO TaK$e, 'ITO KOMHTonYJIhI '1'01'p;a me, B 969 r., BCTymiJIlI B coraarnenaa co CB.!ITOCJIaBoM. RaK 11 PYCCRlIH KlI.H3b, OHH C roro rona 3aHJ'[mI Bpam;o;eOHYIO K asmepaa uoaanmo (TOI',n;a RaR IIeTp, a S3TeM BOPIIC II IICRaJll! Y nee aa- 11(11Thl). Eo BTOPOii: nOJIOBHlIe (oceRLIO) 969 r. CBHTOCJIaB aaXBaTIIJI

91

Ilpecaas. On IIOCTam'IJI TaM rapUH30H, IJ,epmaBmHH B nOlJeTHOM IIJIe~ Hy n;apCRYIO ceMblO. IIpH <lTOM Bopac II CoxpaH1IJI peranaa BJIaCTJI, a Ra3Ha EOJIrapHH OCTaBaJIaCb n8TpOHYTOM. Ha CBOHX nocrax ObIJUI OCTaBJI8Hhl, no Bceii BepOlITHOCTH, a OOJIrapCRHe HaMeCTIlHlnI B Cenepaoii BOJIrapHH II Ha'IaJIbHHRI!( RpenOCTeII, D ':faCTHOCTlI no JIeBOMy oepery A,ynaH. B xone <lTIIX ;n:eiicTBHH CBHTOCJIaBa, a 3aTeM BO BpeMH ero BOMnhI C HMilepHeH B 970-971 rr. paCKOJI B aarepe OOJl~ rapcxoii anara YCHJIliJICH erne oOJIee. IIpH'I1:IHhI HeOOhl'IIIO ycryrrraBOM IIOJIaTHKll noOeil:HT8JIH (CBHTOCJIaBa) B OTHOilleHIIH n06emp;eH~ nora napa oOJIrap OO'"hHCHHIOTCH, noaaoxrno, IIM8HHO STHM 06CTOll~ T8JIbCTBOM. OH He 3a.IIBJIHJI 0 norcopeaaa EOJIraplIlI, OO'bHBBB CBOIIMff BJIaA8HIIJlMH TOJIbKO ropona no A,YHalO II Ha3BaB 3gecb CBoeH peaaJJ;8HI\H8H ;rr:ame He ,I:{PllCTpy, a JIemaIIl.1I11 OJI1I3 YCThH Ilpecnasen (HJIII MaJIhIH IIpecJIaB). He OTCTP8HHJI olfJlI~HaJIhHO OT BJIaCTH CBJI~ TOCJIaB 1:1 3aKOHBhlX npencraaaronea AllHaCTIIH. TaIWH nOJIllTHROH, BepOHTRO, pyccxaa KRHSh IIpllBJIeR 'IaCTh oOJlrapCROH 3HaTH, B TOM "<mCJI8 II KOMHTonYJIOB, ROTOPhl8 B nOCJI8il:YIOm;8M, BO BpeMH oaeecrolJeHHOll OOPhOhI C BII3aHTH8H, COXpaHJlJI1:I nepnocrr, crapoii naaaCTIIH. RaR II na PYClI, B Boarapaa B :moxy paaaero CpeAHeBeROBhJl npannnn coxpaaenaa BhlcmeM BJIaCTll sa rrpe;rr:CTaBHT8JIHMH OgHOi\: D TOM me lfJaMllJIHII COOJIIO;rr:aJICH 'IP83BhIlJaMHO nOCJlCAOBaTeJIbHO (B 01'JIlI'Ine OT B1I3aHTlIll:). B03MomHO, 9TO 6hlJIO CBJI3aHO C ocofioii POJIhID npananreii naaacma B yrrpouenaa n;eHTpaJIbHOII BJTaCTH, D rrpHHHTHH XpHCTl:!aHCTBa H OO'be;rr:HHeHHH TeppHTOpHl:! CTpaHbI. Be3YCJ[OBHaa BepHOCTb STOll ,n:HHaCT1:IH RYJIhTlIBHpOBaJIaCh C IIOMOm;blO rocynapcrBeHHOM lIporraraH]l;hl H I{epRoBHoi'f IIporrOBel~H RaR O;:J;HH lIS BamH1>1X lfJaRTopoB olfJopMJIHnillerOC.II B IX - aasane X B. caMOC03HaHHJI lfJeo;rr:aJIbHOM Hapo;rr:HocTH.

B nOJlh3y COlO3a CBHTOCJIaBa C ROMlITonYJI8MlI rOBopHT H TOT !jlaRT, 'lTO ImH3h, COBepillaBIIIHH CBOH IIOXO;rr:b1, He nenan IIOIIhlTOK BTopmeHHH n 381I8,rJ,Hble H roro-sananmae paironsr Bo.1JrapHH. Penpeccaa CBH10CJIana xocnynacs TOJIhIW TOM lJaCTlI 60JIHpCTBa n 3HaTIIhlX oorrrap, xoropsre TJlfOTeJlH R COIC3Y C BMnepllerr, nanpaanennowy npOTHB Hero. ,I:{ame EO apeMH <lTHX penpeccnii: 11 COCTan8 Hoiicr, RHJI- 3H GhlJIH OTpHghl 6oJIrap. B03M01HHO, lIMeHHO rrOTOMY, 'ITO CBHTOCJIaB H8 rr03BOJIllJI COlO3HhIM eMY B8HrpaM H rre-renerau rparinrr, OOJIrapcxne nOCeJleIT1:IH, JIHillaJI T8M caMbIM KOlJeBHllKOB )),06b1'I0, OHn nopnana C RHH3eM H yIIIJIll H3 Boarapna B 970 r.

Peaxo OTJUPIaJIaCo OT nOJIlITHRH CBHTOCJIaBa B Bonrapan rr031IIJ:IIH aonoro mmeparopa B1l3aIITlllI 1100lHHa I IJ;HMllCXlIJI (969-976). On rrpmnen R BJlaCTI1 OJlarogapJl nepesopory, ocyrn;eCTBJIeHHoMY C noMOm;bIO IPeolfJaHo fl p;eRaope 969 r. HnKHlfJop 6bIJI YOllT HO'loIO E crrarn.ne npn y'laCTHH casroro lIoaHHa. 1\ oOJIrapCRHM )J,eJIaM IJ;uMHCXlIii OOpaTnJICH He cpaay. B8CHOif 970 r. HacTynJI8HHe rrOBeJI CBHTOCJIan, lIMeBIllHM n COCTaBe CBOHX BonCR 6oJIrap, a TaRiI,e em;e sepnstx 8l\Iy neneneron II B8HrpOB. IPparum 6h1Jla onYCTomC1I8. IIorrbITRlI IJ;lIMlICXlIJI AOOllTLCH MHpa n;eRoi\: ynJIaTbI /J,aHH ne ynewlaJIHCh ycrrexox. CBHTOCJIaB B3Hn H pa3rpOMMJI IIJIOBJJ;HB, ROTOPbIll nepacana B csoax pyxax aaar mra OOJIrapbI 1I3 np8m.n;e6FIhlx KHll3IO

92

"'r •• p .... ~YI~.""""'ni ...... ~~ .. ~ri-":tt:Ri'l'E.Ii" PI: UUtntnJi t,iL~iit4'· 'l"~ffU:Z;ltT'~nt'l u:n~~rruf'fu ~~,,~~~>dq-~ !"tu;«.:- (#ni4l.lJJi

. i~l.uu·'tiI't# ~~u'U\¥tA 'r~"",~If.T'4:1f.;:!It!~, ~~!_i:pS,4~Uf:... ·,",'!f.!.~A.""''''''''''''·· ':14,\'#«"_'"" ...rXr.t:}.I'1:,-i'.!(.~Mt.t, ~,5f....:l,Q1_,f.4itsl''l-+ _.

~~x~~ne:~ ~T'PO~-~.~~i:A~fj;:if.1~~'tij:foir. HNiJl1,a:"tlfUlJf'fl 4I:l",i'~jof:tl'~lf~~1fID. TArCIt~'*T'·liffl"{j: ~>'li.rnru.rZl~~.,. a!it.,l~-;~iIt"JMj<t:: ttii&it:t"A«G4:r't ... ,. rl';"''''''AM.. r~tii!$l(p:ita,!'C(' w~<;,gl'-';'~A""'rI "I}'l'UI~t""-l1tr "'tD"':U'l'FU~1'1T'1'f, G:B-It'lICnaUM.4-.

· =.~~~:~~~~A'.

'a~t~~A~'

· .... ·'1<1<0· ..... <>' .. sl-Li.A_""':~:t~t:;t 9"'8 ... lii:( .. ..l~!JfL~~.!!'!lJ ~'

~~'i-:;.::¥:~~.

· ~nj-'i-n:_.a~t:t.Aro. ··~tflfP!'1"&1l'Z"It;H~>Y.f ~«ffrt~Q'T'llK(:fO .A:*'tn~lJ.I-"'~K:Al(~

. .,. .... ..,,,p ... ,'"

«meCTO;J;JIeD~ Hoanua 31<3apXII. PYlIOnll.Cl. XIlI II. rl-IM. MOeKl'H

I{epROOJo CD. JIoaHI{a Oxpancnorn . Hannan XI B.

rO,~OBa anre.ra.

XpaM CII. I'eoprnrr B C04!IIIH. p;e'n1JJb pocnuea, Honel1 X B.

npyron. CBHTOCJ1aB npenan HX RaaHH: BH)l.HMO, OH paCCMaTpHBaJ1 HX RaK H3MeHHlIROB, napymasmax P;OCTIITHYToe paaee coraanreaae. BOHCKa KHH3H, rmarasnraeca B HarrpaBJIeHHH K ROHCTaIITHHOrrOJIIO, 6bmH OCTaHOBJleHhl npauepao B 100 KM OT HeTO,nO,!l; ApaanaonoJIBM. 3p;ecb PYCCKHH KHHab IIOTepIIeJI nepaoe rropaiseaae. Caanana 6POCHJIH IIOJIe 6HTBhl nexeaera H nearpsr, 3aTeM OTCTYIIIfJIlI pyCCItHB II 60JIrapbI.

IIo-BH;:t;uwMY, 6bmo aaKJIIO'leHO nepexapao, TaK KaK CBHTOCJIaB BHKaK He OiKHp;aJI, YHP;H sa BaJIRaHhl, naCTYUJIeHIIH IJ;llMHCXHH B 971 r. lIMIIepaTop rrpHHHJI nosy aaCTYUHHKa CBOHX COI03HHKOB-6oJIrap, <mO}J.BeprIllHXCH HaClIJIHIO co CTOPOllhl 3aBOeBaTeJIeH>}. HHIUItPOP aaxarryae cBoeM rHOeJIlI OT pyx IJ;UMlICXHH CKperrHJI B0306nOBJIeHHhlII c Boarapaea p;oroBOp coreramenaex 0 6pa'lHOM COIQ3e IOHhlX BaCHJIIIH II KOHCTaHTlIHa C MaJIOJI8THllMlI rrpeneraaarem.aartaua 6oJ1rapcxoro npanamero AOMa: p;eBO'IKll-IIeBecTbI Y}I\e Haxo}J.llJIIICb BO P;BOpne BO BpeMH y6HMcTBa HHRlltPopa. Terreps IJ;.0:MHcxBii: BhlcryIIlIJI n Ra'reCTBB <mOCJIB)J;OllaTeJIhHorm> upOp;OJImaTBJIH HOBorO 60JIrapCKOro xypca yfiaroro lIM rrpemnecmeanaxa aa rpone.

EecHoii:971 r. aa nacxy, xorna CBHTOCJIaB, HaXO)J;IIBIllHE:CH B .II.plIcTpe, 6hlJI y6em,lJ;eR, 'lTO B1I3aHTHHll.hl OTMe'laIOT rrpa3,1J;HHK H C06JIIOTlaIOT rrepeuapae (npoxonsr -repea BaJIKaHCKHH xpefier RHH3b OCTaBHJI 6e3 oxpansr) , axneparop P;BHRYJI 3aRaJIBRHYIO B noxonax npOTIIB apafion apMHIO B BOJIraplIIO. HeOiKHAanno )l.JIH PYCCRoro rapBHaOHa Ilpecnasa on C OT60PHOE: KOHHHll.eii: IIOHBHJICH y CTeH ropoaa. Bcxope K HeMY rrO,i:(OIllJIH OCHOBRMe CHJIbl. PYCCRHe OTpa3llJIH C UOMOm;LIO 60.'Irap HBCROJILKO IllTypMOB BO MHOI'O paa rrpesocxonaanrax IlOIICK BB3aRTHHIJ.eB, ormaxo IIMnepaTOpy Y.Jl.aJIOCb OBJIU)l.eTb naerrrnaMB YKpeIIJIeHHHMII Ilpecaana. 3am;HTHHRII ropona YKPUJIllCh aa BHYTpeHHIIMH CTeHaMH. HecJI 60JIbillHe IIOTepH B xone nOBbIX ar atc IJ;IIMHCXIIH npanaaan aaripocars ocazsnennsrx ropammra CBH3RaMlI XBopOCTa II ,!l;pyrHMlI ropIO'lBMlI nemecrnaaa. HeCKOJIbKO COT OCTaBIIBIXCH B llillRbIX Ba.IJJ;HTRHIWB BhlmJIH as OrHIl na ITJIO.IJJ;all.b H 6:bIJHI oKpyiKeHhI. OmI OTRaaaJIHCh C.rrOiKHTb opyrsae H IIOJIerJIll nee, KpOMe He60JIbillOli rpyITIIM BO TJIaBe C BOt'BOP;OH CtfleHReJIOM (CBeReJIL)l.OM?), ROTopaH npopnana ROJIbI\O aparon H 113BeCTllJIa 0 npoacmemrrex CBHTOCJIaBa.

IJ;HMHCXIIH 3aBepHJI Bopaca II, 'lTO OH BOIDeT JIIIIIIb co CnHTOCJlaBOM H CTaBHT cnoei! D;eJIbIO 3am;HTHTb OT Hero OOJIrap. Ho B TO me BpeMH HIIIIIepaTOp 3aXBaTHJI BCIO 60rrrapCKYro I\a3HY. rrspemreROBan (B cnoro 'leCTb) IIpecJIaB B 1I0aIIROIIOJIb. HCHo, 'lTO IIJIaH JIHRsaztanaa Re3aBHCHMOCTH <lCOI03HHll.bI» BOJIrapnH U;HMHCXIIii: BhlHaIIIHI1aJI yi:I1:e n TOT nepaon, BO BpeMH 3aXBaTa Ilpecnaaa, rron npennorou I10MlThI co CBHTOCJIaB01\L

T}ImenaH 60Pboa CO CB}ITOCJIanOM nponorosanacs erne TpH MeCHna, no xomta HIOJIJJ:. On Obm ocaaorea B ;o;pHCTpe H HarJIYXO orpesaa OT MHpa. Berrrpsr II nenenern R TOMY npexena OCTaB.IIJIII ero, IIpH'IeM IIOCJIep;RHe ynmn KaR apara, Orpoxnaa apMHH asrnepa'ropa €llie)J;neBHO IIOJIY'laJIa IIO,!l;KpeIIJI8HHH. Haxonacs B YCJIOBlIHX omcyrra"!IIIH CTpaHl.I, 60JIrapCRne naMeCTHHKH II Ha'laJIbHHKH xpenocrea

94

1 npacoenaaarsca 1\ HMnepa1'Opy, Y3HaB, ~JTO naps Bopac II IH'·OX: peraJIlIJJX BJIaCTlI BaXOJll'lTCJI B CTaBKe IJ;lIMllCXlIJI. ClIJIbI "1~JIaHa TaJIJII1: 1I npa aaIIJ,'ilT8 CT€;n lIO BpeIv.l:H ocama n II oome. 1·'I'('lIUM.lI, rrre pyccxae n 'l.JaCTb npenamrsrx RHH3IO 60JIrapCRl!IX uuuou gam! ReCROJIbKO yrrollUI>l.X CpalReHllJcI BH3aHTlIu:qaM. EIIJ;J3' " '10M YCTaJIOCTh 11 paIIH, OcalRil.eIIBhlX yrHeTaJ.[ ronozr, APMlIfl llilMHCXlIf.I HlI B '!.JeM He acrraraaaaa Bep;OCTa TEa. B NOHn,e BIOJIiJ ICJIIlB rrpep;JIOllillJI L(HMHCXIl!O nepsronopsr 0 Mllpe. Ilpennomet'''I.1IO C rOTOBHOCThIO npIIH.flTO, COCTOJlJIaCb JIH'IHaJI scrpesa 1 C BMnepaTopOM, a 6bIJI 3aIlmO'I81l BOBhIU zroronop. CBJITOCJIa:B .ncrr Be nroprarsca 60JIee B BOJIrapIIIO, a llMnepaTOp-

II,. TllJlbIW He aananars na YXOi\fim;nx C opymH8M n P;06bI'I8H pyc~ , lilt x , no II cHa6,u:HTh HX npOi\OBOJIbCTBHeM II yoep:HTh neueaeroa ll1J1111YCTlITh CnJITOCJlaBa aa nyra it RuellY, TIe'le:uerOll InmepllJI cyIoWJIII CRJIOHHTh aa CBOIO CTOpOII}'. IIpo]J;oBoJIhCTBne PYCCRHM 6hIJIO "!1II!\OCTaBJlenO, no BOllpeRH p;oroB{lIlY - IIOCJlhl Kl.'M:llepaTOpa no6YAHJUt JJO'IeHerOB aanacrs aa aztymero c 6oJIbmoH ,IJ;06bI'Iei'I CBHTOCJIa- 1111. Becaoa 972 r. nOCJIe TJImeJIoii rOJIOp;Hoii: !3HMhI B HH30BhHX }~II4ITlpa KEH3b noraf B ,u:HenpOBCK:lIX noporax B now C ne'IeHeraMH.

'YXO,l.l, CBHTOCJIaBa pa3BJI3aJI qIl~mcxRIO PYRH. 'T'eneps OB yme He 1'lqlhlllaJI CBOHX aaxepeamt. B CeBepo-BoCTO'!.JHOH: H IOiRHOH BOJIrapl111 Ohlmr nOCTaBJIeHM DH3aHTHHCKHe HaMeCTllHR1'£ n axrrrepcxae rapnunousr. D;apCRaJI CeMbJI 6hlJIa YB8seHa B ROHCTaHTHHOnOJIh. 3,1.1,eCb till BpeMS TPIIYM<Pa B 'lecrn no6ei\ mmepa'ropa Bopnca II ny6JlH'IHO .rlllltllIJIH IJ;apCI\BX peramrli:. JJ;HMIlCXlIH aa'IHCJIHJI 6bIBmero napa B l'II(~TnB CDOHX CJIymllJlhlX JlIOp;ei. KaSa,lJOCb, lIlIfllep a TOp ,n;OCTIlr D;eJIH= I ;OJlrapl'lH OhlJI3 aanOBB3Ha.

BPEMH HOBhIX YCITEXOB II ITOBE,IJ; B03POm,n;EHH0l1 BOJIrAPIIII

(hi aRTIIBHO~I y'IaCTlIH ROMIIToIlynoB B 6oph6e CBHTOCJIaBa C IJ,1I~IIICXI1eM B 971 r. HeT ztannsrx. 06cTa:aoBRa ):IJIfl ranoro Y'laCTIIH, "" Bcen nepOJITHOCTH, 6hlJ]:a aeonaronpHHTlIoii:. Heo6xo,n;:rlMO ObIJIO \ I'IIOp,l.l,HTb CEDro BJIaCTb aa aanans II mro-aanane CTpaHhI II yxpenarr, ",iOPOHY rpaaan. ITJIeaeHHe Bopaca II L(IIMIICXJ2I:eM, npe6bIBRIIllB B I ;1)J!I'apl'IB. orpOMHoii Bl'I3aHTl'IHC:Roii apMiUI, yxo;n; CmlTOCJIana, lIeHC- 1101','1'[, IIJIaHOB asmeparopa - nee 910 IIo6Ylli,l.l,aJIO U: OCTopomHOCTB H IWUCOJIll):W:q.lHl can. Ha aTO ynno R8CKOJIbKO JH3T. ll,en:y n03pow:p;;e- 1I1Il! OTpaHhI cnoco6CTBOBaJIO TO, 'ITO Boiicfta FIMIIepHB 6bIJIlI B 972- 117fi rr. aaHHTbI n ):IaJIbHHX rroxonax npOTl'1B apafioaa. ,Ua II B ROMHTOlIy.:WX RaN «6YHTODm:HRaX)} mmeparop He BH)l;eJ'T cepbe;morl onac!lO('.'r'IL

;v KOMHTa HHKOJIbI, K 970 r. (ro!J.Y CMepT.lI Ff e rpa) yllie yMep!lW['O, 6bIJIO '!.JeThlpe csma: ,1l;aBHp;, MOIIC8ii, Aapoa :J2I: CaMYlIJI. Bparaa l'UID npa Ilerpe cnenana BoeHHO-ai\MHHIICTpaTIIBHYIO Rapbepy, oyp:y'III, fllIP:lJMO, HaMeCTHIII\aMH rrpOBIIHI:\ni'r (ROMJcITaToB). B 970 r., n(I'hcJI:D.HHn CBOB. BoeHHb18 CIIJIhI, ORR nann DOlI 6JI12l3 TIJIOB)J,llBa notr-

95

<CRy asmepaa II nooe.n;II;[II, no C rex nop He npennpaaaaana HaCTynaT8JIhHbIX )].8ii:CTBllll. He aanenaa BhICmeii: BJIaCTbIO aaxoro CP8~\H HlIX, IWMllTonyJIbI rrpOBO,rJ,HJIll corJIaCOEarrHYIO nornrraay. B 973 r. IIX nOC.'!bI npIlOblJIII K Or-tony I, npanasnrexy B 962 r. THTYJI axrrepa'Tapa. TaK B crpanax 3arra}:(Ho:ii Eaponsr Y3HaJIll 0 TOM, 'ITO C06bITHJl, npoacnremuae B 60mapCKllX aeMJUIX B 968-971 rr., rre rrpIlB8JIII K "rrOJlHOMY IIC'IeaHOB8rrIlIO BOJIrapHH RaB: rocynapcrua c nOJUITH"'leCKo:ii apeusr.

B03BbImeHlIe KOMlITonYJIOB 6hIJIO OOYCJIOBJIeHO, KOHe'IHO, ne cpeo.uaJIhHOlf pa3p,pOOJIeHHOCTbIO: HMMYHlITeT cpeo,n:aJIhHOR BOHHHM aaXOp,HJICJl rorna na aa-ram.nsrx CTap,HHX paaBIITHH. Hx B03BhlIIIeHIIe ,QCHOBhlBaJIOCb aa B08HHO-JIOJIlITWIeCKHX nOJIHOMO'IHHX B Ha'leCTBe HOMUTOB B YCJIOBlIHX OCJIa6JI8HIHI, a 3aTe:VI G8aAeiicTBlHI II.errTpaJIb~{QiI BJIaCTH, paanopon cpena nsrcmea 3HaTH, lIrr03el>1HOrO HameCTBI-IH. J1x saacrs CTaJIa 6bICTPO YKperrJIJlTbCH, xorrta OHII nsrcryrraaa B xa··1.JeCTBe opraaaaaropos OOPLObI aa rOCYAapCTBeHHYIO HeaaBHCBMOCTb. ~t IIocJIeAOBaTeJIbHaH rr03IU:(HH KOMHTonYJIOB o6eCne'IHJIa lIM IIIlIPOKYIO nOMepmKY HaCeJIemUI, cpenn xcroporo na aanane 1I roro-sanane -crpama ObIJIO elII,8 MHoro CBo6o,rIJIhlX KpeCTbHII, COCTaBJIHBmIIX ocnoBy noeanoro OIIOJPIeHIIH.

rOA 976-li I{aH ron aa=arra aHTHBHhlX aacrvnarensmax p,eiICTBIIll:

I{O:VIHTonYJIOB (C TO'IHbIM YKaaaHHeM xponacra ITa cxreprt, Hoaaaa I UH:.\UICXHfl), BlI,'\UMO, raxxce aacrryaraaaer p,OBCpIIH. 8TH p,eRCTBlI.H B TO BpeM.H 6I.IJIH IIaUpaBJIeHhl yme He npOTITB napa BOJIrapITH, Ral, B '969 r., a npOTHB BlI3aHTIIII: IWMlITonyJIhl 1I3rrraJIH BH3aHTIIHl:(eB II3 CeBepo-BoCTO'IHOM: BOJIrapIlII. CTOJIJIl:(eH BOCCTanOBJleHHOrO napcrsa ·CTaJI, O)J.HaIW, He paapymennsni II com:meHHDIM IIpecJIaB, a OXPHJ\. .Ilarpnapx, C 971 r. He npaaaasaeasra BlI3aHTHllQaMlI B (lTOM caue, rrOCJIe aaxsara l\PUCTPhl IJ;HMHCXII8M OHa3aJICH ua aanane BOJIrapan, y KOMliTonYJIOB, caaxaaa B Cpenne, aarex B BO;rJ;eHe, MOrJIeHaX ,H, aaxoaerr, B Oxpnne.

I{am)J;blll lI3 'leThlpeX 6paTh8B-ROMHTonYJIOB pyIWBO)l,llJI, BllP;UlIlO, oCBOIIM KOMlITaTOM. Ho B 976 r. nna fipara rrOrn6JIH (l\aBII,n:a y6IIJIH HCOJRII_JJ;aHHO aanannrne aa Hero B nopore BJIaXH, a MOHcoiI rrorn6 npa ocane ropona Ceppsr). I'ona xepea ABa lIOCJle aroro AapOR nOlIbITaJIoCH nonpexa BOJIe CaMYUJIa saaaaarr, MllpHhI8 neperonopst C BaCH.1H'8M II (976-1025). 'CaMYlIJI nO;;:(H.HJI napon II BOllCl{O rrpOTIIB fipa ru. .Aapon 1I '1JIeHbI ero ceMbII (xpoue csraa Hnana BJIaIJ)ICJIaBa) ObT..'!II yOUTb!. Bca nO.)IHOTa BJIaCTH oxasanacr, B PYI,ax CaMYIIJla.

C 976 r. no Ha'IaJIa 90-x ronon B08HrrbIlr nepesec 6bIJI na CTOPOH8 <DoJIrap. HOBbIii HMrrepaTOp - Bacrnraa II OTnYCTlIJI IIa rrasua BOPIf- . -ca II II Posraaa, paCC'IIITbIBaH na npanepacennocrr, oomap K npanrr.rn;efr ,n:IIHaCTIIH II na OTCTpaHeHII8 OT i'\eJI Ca~IYHJla. Bopnc, OD,HaIW, no oIlIlroR8 (OH 6bIJI ozter B BlIaaHTUHCKIIe op;omp,b1) OMJI y6UT ira rpanane 6o.'lfapCKHM JIY'lHlmOM. Pcuaaa me CaMYIIJI rrplIHfl.TI [\it!{ ;3aKOHHorO r.'IaBY rocynapcma. Ho Pouan rre npOHBUJI CKJIOHHOCTli IIIr "K rpaJK;qaHcKOMY ynpaanenaro, HH It POJIH nOJIlWBOp;rW. Orr IIOCBHTUJI ·CBOII aaOOTOI I\epKBII, OCTaBIIB cpaRTII'I8CKU BJIaCTb B pynax CaMYUJIa,

Boccoenaaeanoe rocynapcmo tpaccnarpananooi, ero rrpaBHTeJIHMlI,

1)6

II. IIO!IJ\IUlHblMH H COBpeMeHHHRaMH H3 COCe;rJ;HHX rocynapcrn (rrpemI,n IH',I'I'O lI3 BU3aHTlUl:) EaR npononatamnee CYIlI,eCTBQBanlle Ilepsoe I :OJllapCIWe n,apCTBO. 06 [:lTOM CllI:l}1;eTeJIl>CTBYIOT rpaRT npeeacrseaao'ilt IIJrUCTH BHYTPH )1;IlHaCTInr, THTyJIaTypa n,ape:ii, fJIaBhr nepxsa • 'l'IUlllhI, rrpe}I\Hue rraSBaHHH cauoro rOCY}1;apCTBa «Boarapaas nero '\fI,lliIIiIOCTHbIX JII!]:':, 0003rraQeHIW IRUTeJIeH crpaasr B llCTO'lHHRaX RaK '!llI,III'Up» H T. A.

Il !:l86 r. BaCIIJ111M II BO mane 60JIbmOll: apsnm ocannn Cpenen 110 110 nocrar ycrrexa. Horna me ero BOHCI{a aa'IamI o TXO}1;UTb, 6oJIra- 1'101 vcrpoana aacany B lIxTllMaHcRoM yII:t:eJ1be (MemAY CpeAQeM H IIJllIlIl(IlBOM): IIOrUOJIU rrO'ITH BCH KOHHllQa BH3aHTlliiIWB H MnOiReCT- 110 1I0XOTllHn;eB. CaM llMIIepaTOp enaa cnacca, norepaa aecs 0003. : Ira uofiena, Ra£( II: nOCJIep;OBaBmllM B llMrrepllH MHrem (986-989 rr., II IWJIIU aaxsara rpona) nOJIKOBo,n;Qa Bapmr <PORlI, rr03BOJIUJIll Ca'IYI1JIY paa,n;BIfHyTb rpaHUIJ;bI rocynapcrna, B EOJIrapllIO CROBa sxona'lit IIn'ITI'1 Bce TO 30MMIt, KOTOPblMll OHa BJIap;eJIa npR CUMeOHe, ncI ,,'110 'I aFI CeBepHYIO IlJpaRIllO C IIJIOB)1;HBOM. 3aTO aa tore CaMYHJI 111111.'11 <Peccamno C ee nenrpox B JIaprrce (Cesepaaa I'perma). Y,u;epiI\lIllUJI OB, B03MOmRO, non CBORM ROHTpOJIeM II KpenOCTR B JIeBo6e- 1'!'lHLe ,IJ;YHaJ1, xyna crann nee qRII\e BTOpraTl>CH ne-reaera.

BOttHA 3A HE3ABWCHMOCTb, ,lJ;JIWBllAHCf.[ 30 JIET

II 989 r. C rrOMOII:t:bIO pyccxoro 6-TbICH1JHOrO BORcRa BaCHJUl:R II CIIac 1~1100 mII3Hb II rporr B xponanoa 611TBe I10A ABII,n;OC01tl B MaJIoi Aann, II IWTOPOH noraf MHTemHHR Bapna lPolta. MOJIo;:I;o:ij; mnreparop oOJIaIIIlJI 11 BoenIIhlMlI It ,n;lIIIJIOMaTlI'!eCRMMl:I TaJIanTaMH It neCOKpYIIIIIMO '1'IIC1p):l;oii BOJIeH. Y crpaana BHyTpeHRRx aparon, BamlJllIH II BJIaCTRO IWHJI B csoa PYRH npanxeune HMIIepIIen:. B0300HOBJIenlle nena IIoaH- 1I11 I JJ;HMIICXIIJI no aaaoesaamo EOJIrapmI MMIIeparop cneaan csoea (.Jllm\aHmeft u;eJIhIO, Mo6nJIH30naB pa.,n;H '3TOrO see emIR rOCY)J;apCTBa.

EMY I1pOrHBOCTOHJI CaMYllJI - He MeHee J{PYIInaH JIll'IHOCTb, aaXOf(IlBmaHCH BO rnase BOJIrapHH 1I nCIIOJIHerrBaH pemHMOCTH yrseplU1Th aeaanncaaocrs CBoe:U crpama, C lIa'laJIa 90-x TO,u;OB paanepayJ!llCb aanpaacenaan 60Pb6a, AJIlIBmaaCH C nepepsrnaxa BITJIOTb )1;0 1018 r.

B n9pBbIX me 60HX BHSaHTHHI:t:eB C 60JIrapaMH B IIJIeR K Bacanmo II uuuan POMan. Teneps ::ITOMY OTIIPhlCKY 3aROlIHoii AIIHaCTIIH yaw He r."IJJO ,n;OBepIIH: OR 6bIJI 6pomen B TIOPbMY. B 997 r, B EOJIrapIIu yanumi 0 ero CMepT:tI B saJ{JIIO'Ie:aIIH. TOJIbKO reneps MorJIO COCTOHTl>fill OItlllQll:aJIbHOe npoaoaroramenae CaMYIIJIa napeu EOJIrapIIII. BbIJI eoucpmea oTlIn:HaJIbHhlH OOPRA RopOHan:HH.

B 998 r. CaMyrrJ1 npacoemnran K CBOHM BJIaAeHIIHM CepoHIO. Y,n;a;IOCh CMY aa BpeMH YCTaHOBlITb cYBepeHIITeT H Ha)J,,nlIppaxHeM C IIIqlyroii, ROTOPbIii OH OTp;aJI B ynpaaneaae CBoeMY 3RTIO AmoTY- 1l.'II'IIIIOMY BHSaRTHHI:t:Y, meHHBmeMYCH na AO'Iepn Caxyana. IIJIeneHIUJU cep6cKHH RHf!3b Hnarr Bnazraxap nOJIy<IHJI PYKy ,n;pyroH )1;O'IepII

.. HpaTl,aJI IfC1'OPHJI BOJIrapHH

97

napa 1I ynpaBJIHJI B Ea'lBCTBe aaxecraaxa TeCTH CBOllMII IIpemHlIMJf lIJIap,eHl'IHMll.

K caMOMY EOHU;Y X B. HaMeTHJICH IIepeJIOM B OOJIrapO-BH3aHTlliiCROM npOTl1B060pCTBe B rrOJIL3Y HMIIepHH. BOJIrapCKHe BOMCRa oranu repners nopaxteana, Bll3UI-lTHiiU;hI nropraaacs B Eonrapmo nO'lTU eJI,erO)J,HO, p;ame 3IIMOii:, nonnepraa ee ouycrorrreamo. CKa3bIEaJIlICb 06ID;UM nepenec ClIJI B nOJIL3Y l1MnCpnn, HaJIH'm:e Y nee naxraoro GoJIee 3Ha'IHT8JIbHhlX MaTepnaJIbHhIX II JIIO,Il;CKUX pocypcos. CnJIhl BO!Irapaa nOCTenCHIIO nCTOID;aJIUCh. PaaB8pUYB nrapoxoe HacTynJI8HH8, B 1000-1001 rr. BacHJIlfH II aaHHJI aafianxaacxyro Bo.nrapnro, npnxexr CO,Il;cii:C'fBHe eMY oxaaan 3,Il;8Cb lIIHTpOnOJIIrT Bn)J,HHa, nepemenuraa na CTOPOHY u::vmeplIlI If I10JIY'lHBlllUii BrrOCJIe)J,CTBHII aa 3TO OT BacnJUra II ocofisre JIbrOTbI. IIoTepH aa6aJIKaHCKOM BO;IrapuII II Talwii: ncpnoxnaccnoa xpertocrn, RaR BII)J,llH, Bhlp;epmaBIueii AO npe,n:aTCJlbC'IBa 8-1II8Cfl'lUYIO ocany, 6hlJIa llieCTORllM ynapos; P;JIH CallIyn.'ra. Cacrexa ynpanaeuaa crpanoii, naJIamCHHUH CaMYHJIOM, CTaJIa !~anarr, onacmae rpeunnrsr. OCHOBHbW BOIIlICKIW CIlJIbl napa COCTaB.lImm nOBHHOOU.fIClilHHhle CBOUOll:HbIe xpecrr.nae II nacryxn, a Heaa'lUCJICHHble B noiicxo rrpocrsre 1l0CeJIfIHe BeJIH rrapT1I3aIICKYro OOPbOY C BHSD.UTHiio,allIu. KpeCTbHHC CPU}I>aJIUCh C TaKOM caMooTBepm:euIIOCThIO, 'no. HMilepaTOp rrpOHBJIHJI R PHp,OBbIM IIJIeHHblM oo;rrapCmH.I BmIlIa:'>! HeCJIhIXaHHYIO meCTOROCTb. 'I'arc, BaClIJIIIii II npnnaaan ncex 3aXBO\'IerrHblX B p,OJIfIHe IIcJIaroHHH IIOCeJIHH rronseprars OCJIeIIJIeHlIIO.

IJ;eHTpaJIbHOe npaaaeuae npa CaMYHJIB B :o,eJIOIlI 6b1JIO, cxopee nee- 1'0, 0 pr-anaaonano no rrpeCJIaBCIWMY ofipaany. IIoCOJI apaoon 1I6parm.! HOH HHYO, BHp;eBmu.u. B 973 r. IIpH nnopo Or-rona I oOJIrapCKHx IIO-

. CJIOB, co06ID;aeT, 'lTO naps 60JIrap uecrera MorYl..U,eCTneH, lIMeeT nHC- 1I0B, peracrpsr II 06JIaCTUhIX YIIpaBIITeJIeii:. 3p,eCb, BllJIHI\IO, conepaorrCH yaaaaane UD. CTOJIH'lHbIe rocynapcraeaasre y'lpeJI\p;eHlIH H IIam)ronsre Ka3eHHhIB rronarn H nOBlIHHOCTll HaCCJIeHIIH. Sa Y1IJlaTY jl{0 IIO)J;aTeii: II I1CIIOJIHeHHe rrOBllHHOCTeH nepezr l'JIaBoil: rOCY,Il;apCTBa 6WHf OTneTCTBeHHbI (WUJIaCTHble YIIpaBIITeJIII» - HaMOCTIIHRlI C non-nraenRbIM HM mTaTOM 'Il1HOnHIIHOB. Boaxozsao, B 06Cl'aHoBI\e THII ... eJ!uii; OOPhOhl C IIMrrepHeii CaMYl1JI IIpep.:ocTaBHJI HaMeCTHHKaM IIpOBHHl~HjE OOJILIIIIIe nOJIHOMO'lHH. !\PYIIHbIMll CHJIallIlI paCIIOJIaraJI, nanpmrep, nasrecrrm« Ilepaarca Hparrpa, KOTOPhlii: IIMeJI nOA CBoeii BJIaCT),JO 35 BOCHa'laJIbHHROB, ycnenrno BOeBaJI npornn BaCIIJIlIH II II CJIOJKIL'I opyllirrc BMeCTe C 3aBHCllMblMll OT Hero BOeBO,Il;aMll TO.lIhRO nOC.'18 rn:6eJLll napa B 1018 r. CXOP;HbIM, no BceH BepOHTI10CTU, 6hlJlO II IIOJIOmeHlle Cepaoaa, nanecrnana ClIp~m:H (Cpesra) - ClIJIhHOii xpcrrOCTII UD. Rpaii:noM cenepo-aanane 60JIrapClmx BJIaJIenUlr. OIl OTKHaD.JICH llOP;'lHHIIThCH HlIIIIepaTOpy p;ame rorna, xorna yme BCH EOJIrapHH naXOp;HJIaCb non naroa aaBOeBaTeJIH.

HOBhlM cpaBHHTeJIhIIO C snoxoa CHMeoHa II Ilerpa HB.1IeUHeM B opraaaaanan ynpanaennn npOBHHD;lIHMII 6hIJIO, TaI{llM ofipaaou, cyII~eCTBeHHoe YBeJIII'IeHHC nOJIHOMO'lHii HallIeCTHlIIWB napa. BTOPbDI OTJIII'lUeM 6bIJIO TO, ~ITO poncraeaaana npaaamero rtosra crann IIOJIy'Ian, smmsre nOCTbI He TOJIhKO B CTOJIIIlIe, KaK 3TO 6hlJ10 P;O CaxrynJIa, HO H B rrpOBHHl.l,IIHX. PaCClJIITaHa ara Mepa 6hlJIa, H8COllIHeHno

98

,1'!JOUJI8mIe ll.eHTpaJIbHOH BJIaCnL Ho B RpnTl:l'IeCROi1: CIITyaIl.IIH, , IIII1JICHHOH HeYJl,a'IaMlI B BOHHe, ara me Mepa IIO.ll.TOTOBlIJIa rrOLI- 1.1111 OmeCTO'IeHHOM 60ph6hI aa nsrcrrryro BJIaCTh Memp,y 'IJIeHaMM I II Il~Cli: p,[macTIIlt •

.: II (U npa Caaynae BoeHHbIM Heyp;a'IaM CTaJIlI COIIYTCTBOBaTh aRThl '111.1, B TOM 'IHeJIe ero poncrseaaaaon-aaaecraaaon. TaR, J();, r, AllOT - 3flTh CaMYIIJIa - cp:aJI BH3alITlliilJ,aM ,IJ;nppandi. I!!j 1'. B BHP;Y nxoxoa oxpansr roprtstx rpon BOllcRa BaCllJIIHI II II,'IH H ThlJI ap;-.rI:Iu CaMYlIJIa, 3ap;epmanIIIell B1I3aHTHllIl,eB Y ropst II'.l1lW (R aanany OT MeJIIlHRa), me nyrr, liM nperpazenana sacexa IOIHlJIBHHbIX nepenses. Bonrapsr rrOHeCJIH THlReJIOe nopaznenae. hiC. nnenmax IIMnepaTOp npnxaaan OCJIenH'fh, npaxea na Ram-

cormo CJIerrlJ,OB 6hlJIO OCTaBJI8HO no OP;HOMY nonomrpro, ROTOpO"lIxpURmIll O,[lIlH rJIa3. MCRaJIeqeUHbW TaRUM ofipaaon nJI8HHIUOf :1 narrpaanensr 1\ CaMyymy. Ilaps, RaR roaopann, HB BMBec OTuureroca eMY apennma II CRopOrrOCTIIIRHO CROH'IaJICfl. 3a 9TII I')llmn usmeparop H llOJlY'lHJI Mpa"<IEOe np03B'1Hl.I,e «Eoarapo- 1,1).

;oph6a, ozraano, He ROH1JHJIaCb. Ha npeCTOJI B30IIIeJI nepBbIll csra vuna faBpHIIJI Panoxrap (1014-1015), B03rJIaBIIBIIIHH OT'IaflIIcnnporaaneane nacryrraanrejay npary. Op,H:aIW B pe3yJU.Tare saI'a HOBbIll napr, yme 'lepe3 ro,n; 6hIJl y6HT cTpeMHBllIlMCfl K BJIai(HOroP0P;HI,[M 6paToM (ChlHOM Aapoaa) IhaHoM BJIaP;IICJIaBO~r in r. orr 6hlJI OCTanJIeH B jltHBhlX CaMYIIJIOM no aacroanmo HMeHHO uurna - npIIHTeJIH p;eTCIUI"X nrp MBaBa BJIap;IICJIaBa). MBaH BJIa~ :10 (1015-1018) OCJIenHJI nroporo CbIHa CaMYHJIa H YOIIJI cepticxoIIH3R: HBaHa BJIal~HMlIpa ~ 3HTli CaMYliJIa. ,JJ;BOPIl.OBhli'i: nepeaopcr, ('OCIlH B nepaon yrpossr aacryrmeuna npara rrOJl,H.fIJIH rrpOTHB Hna:.'lap;IICJIaBa CIfJIbI onII03Hl~IIn. OR CTaJI HCRa Tb Mllpa c BaCIIJIIIII, HO mmeparop He npHHHJI npennoacenaa napa, TepHBIII8ro PH CTpaHbI II01JBY nop; noraxm, a nHO ee OP;HY xpenocrr, aa p;pyqapcKIIii xanxaa <Degop, BCTyrrHB B CHOillOIllIfI C BaCIIJIII8M II,

\;IIT eMY YMepTBHTb Hsaaa BJIagHCJIaBa. B 1015 r. BaCIIJIUH II IIHEO aauan CTOJIHn;y BOJIraplIII Oxpnn. R'PYUHhl8 noeaanaatI If HaM8CTBHRII npOBMHIl,IIH CTamI rrepexonnrr, na CTOPOHY npa".TpeMJICb coxparrars CBOIl BJIa,n;emIH II cnoe COn:IIaJIbHOe nOJIO-

1"11118.

I: ¢eBpaJIe 1018 r. npa ocane J];nppaxIIH Hnan BJIaiI,HCJlRB 6hm ,," I. Ero cneprr, rrOCJIY,Ii.IlJIa P;JIfl 60JIbIIIHHCTBa 60JIrapCJWH 3HaTII , lJIOM CJIOlliIITh opyzsae. COnepIIIIIJICH TpnYMrlJaJIbHhlH I3'b83)l, BaH II B OXPHp:. B naneamo na OJIarOBOJIeIIUe HOB oro rocnomma I pCKIIe neJIbMOiIUI flBJI.fIJIHCh R BeMY H, RaI{ rrpanaao, IIpllHHMa(1M na cJIym6y. Hazfionee BIIiJ,Hhl8 na nnx, upem,n;e BCBro rrpenI I.'OJIII caeprayroa gHHaCT.IIH, 6WJIH rrepecenema B MaJIYIO A3Hro, '1IIHCRae 418MbI, rrte rrO.TlyLHIJIH rrOMeCTbR, BOeHHbIe II rpaaman-

nocrsr. Ty.n.a me 6hlJIlI neperipomenst HanOOJIee Goecrrocotiasre 1 yuertearrraro OOJIrapCKOro BoI1c1\a. RCTOpm! C