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14

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B 3ll0XY XaJIKOJIHTa p;06I>IBaJIH II aOJIOTO. OTI\PhlTl1Ie B MOrlIJIaX npe,Il;MeTbI CBlIp,eTeJIbCTBYIOl' 06 HMy~ecTBeHHOM ncp8BeHCTBe II arpariyrax BJI8CTII Y OTp,eJILHbIX JIHrr;. 'YJIY'lmeHlle Opyp,IIll, 3aHHTHe MeTHJfJJyprHcu, YCffJICHIIe POJIII CROTOBO,lJ;CTB8, Y1J:aCTlIDlimeCH CTOJIRHOIIOJIHH Mem)J.:y nJIeMeH8MlI npnaena K npeofinanaamo B ofimecrne pcna MylK'IHHhI. Bpan CTaJI naTpIIJIOHaJIbHbIM. Hacrynana spa narpnap, \HT~,

'H3BeCTHbI II RYJILTOBMe coopyarenaa TOll 3IIOXII. fJIaBHhIMII OhIJIlr l~yJII>T lIIaTeplI-3eMJIII H n:YJIbT COJIHrr;a. ll.n:OJII.I npe,Il;cTaBJIfIJIII anrponoMopqmblc II 300MopqlIIbIe WHrYPKH. II01J:llTaJIHCb raroaa RyJIbT MepTuux (ax XOPOHUJIU C lleIJ~aMII, sepa B aarpotiuyro lliII3H1), KYJIbT BOllilVI, RYJrhT npenxos. MCI>YCCTBO TOM: nopsr ROpO;qHO aOCTpaIfTR£:j

IhrTeHClIBHOC pa3JIOIRenlIe ncpBOOI.ITlIOOOrrr;HHHOH {flopMarr;UlI OTIIOClIT K 6POH30BOMY BeRY (3000-1200 rr. ,[\0 H. 8.). BpOH3a IIJI811HTI'.J[ npn OOJIee BIIaKoii: rexncparype, '1eM Mep,b, a oOJIa.naeT 60JIee IllorCORIIMH paOO'IIIMH Ka'lCCTB8MH. CHaQ8JIa na OTJIIITbIX KyCKOB opon3bI nenra rrOJIYQ8JIII C rrouomsro KOBIm, HO JIHTl>e COBepmeHCTBOlIaJIOCb - CKOPO OHO IIO'lTII He TpeOOBaJIO ROBKl'I (sema OTJIIlBaJIH B ('IWT(H3JIbHbIX iPopMax). HacTymIJIO BpeMH Crrerr;H3JIII38n,IIIf rrpoH3BOlJ,(''I'B3, BPOH30BbIe ronopsr OOJIer'lHJIll pac'IIIcTKY neca, rr03BOJIIIJIlI pacIIIHpIITb IlOJIH ,[\JI.II nocena, nepearn OT MOThllliHoro aeMJIeneJIHH K

15

naIIIeHHOUY C llCIIOJIb30B3HHeM mMBO'rHbIX B Ki\"'1eCTBe THrJIOBOH CH.JIH. CT3JUI B03!{eJI.bIn3TJ, HMHrHYlO nnrennny. IlOJIY'lHJIlI nmpoxoe pacnpocrpanenae BUHorpal1:apCTBO, OIlOm;enO,llCTIlO II ca):(OBO)J,CTBO. MOJIOJJ;HHK xpynaoro poraroro CHOTa nepeCT8JIH aaOllBaTh: OUI, CTaJI rraXOTHLIM mrrBOTHbIM. Ha nepnou MeCTe Cpe,llII IIIHCHOrO CROTa 0l{8- aanacr. OBI(a. Hcnnm.aonann B xoaaiicme II KOHil, HO same OH CJIyiKHJI )l,JIH 1l0eHHLIX n;eJIeH.

IE STIOxy OPOlI3LI rrpHMeHHJIH YJRe II TJ\aI(KlIll CTaHOI{ u npnxnTIIBHLIH rOn'IapULIM I\pyr. Ilocyna ll3rOTODJIHJIaCb B otinnrpnou accoprmrenro: RPYIIuaH H MeJIKaH, JIOTII,en3H, JIaKOBaH, nOJIHBnaH, yxpanrennaa HpKHM OpnaMeITToM/

Haanoro B03POC B ry SIJoxy oOMen. HOOOXOAJIMOe }J,JIH npOII3BOI1:crna OPOH3bI oaoao (1 1J:aCTb aa 9 'IaCTOH Mep,II) He JJ;OObIBaJIOCb na BOCTOI,e BaJIKaH. Ero nonyxana nYTeM OOMona. lIcnOJIb30BaHIIe JIOurann KaK nepxonoro II BbI01J:Horo iKIIBOTJIorO, a TaKilW 1J:eThlpeXKOJIeCHOH IIOB03InI OOJIer1J:HJIO oOII~eHlIe MemJJ;Y OTf(aJIeHHI,IMH nOCeJIeHHHMIl, cnyamno pasnarmo TOprOllJIH. OOrr:t;CCTBO CTOHJIO aa noporo aroporo pa3p;emlHIIH TpY)J,a, T. e. BLT)1;eJ1emm pCMeCeJIB OCOOLIH pO)J, AeHTeJIbnOCTH.

IlepBoobITHOOOIII,HHHbIH CTPOH, omraxo, OCTaBaJICH rocnoncrnyror:qnM, C03)laBUJIIICb JIHmb npO~nOCbIJIKH nepexona K KJIaCCOBOMY 06- IIJ;eCTBy. ¥rJIyoHJIllCr, IIMYTII,eCTBenHI,Ie pa3JIH'IIIJI. ¥C1JJIIIJIIlCb MemI1JIeMOHHbIe pacnpn. BJIaCTBOBaJIII nopH)J,KII B08HHOH )J,eMORpaTIIlI. ilOJIBJIHJIOCI:. mryntecrnemroe nepaBeHCTBO. Y CIIJIllBaBIIIyIOcR P0;rJ;OBYIO aaarr, MaHlma B03MomnOCTb JIerKOrO otioramenna rrYTeM rpa6ema cooeneii. Ilnemnrx nepeCTaJIII YOIIBaTh, npespamaa B pafion. HaCTYnlIJIO BPOMJI nocrenenaoro nepexona J, nepaoaanaar.asra <popMaM rocYl1:apCTBenHOH oprarraaarran o6m;eCTB!!1

IIPOll30llTJIll nepeuerrsr II B c<{Jepe HCKYCCTBa. 1300-1200 rr. )J,O H. a. p;aTHpYIOT 3HaMOHIITblH BbIJI'lIITPbIHCRHH 30JIOTOH KJIap; KYJIbTOBbIX npeznreron. Ero II3~eJIIIJI nopaararor COBepmOHCTBOI\I TeXHIIKH, II8RII(eCTBOM MO~eJIIIpOBKU, paaBIITI,IM 8CTeTHlJeCRHM BKyCOM. EOJIee OT'IeTJIIIBLIMII CTaJIll perlIOH3JIbHbIe KYJILTypHLIe o TJIHlJllJI , ocotiermo R Conopaotr BOJIrapHII, rne npereprren H8MeHeHIIR AaiKe pHTyaJI aaxoponoumi. 00MJIIl me K tory OT Banrenacnoro xpefira THrOTeJIH norrpenmcMy B 1iYJnTypHOM OTHomeHHH R 8reiiCIwMY MHpy, JIX CRR3H C rpCTfOCliOH HYJ[ f,TypOH yrrpO'IRJIHCJJ, KaK II KOHTaKTLI C Ilepenaeii II MaJwi1 A3HOiI.

<PPAHIIJ1IIJ;bI If IIX CY,I'(bBA

~o JWIJl~a II TLIC. AO H. 8. nHll'IeClmii: COCT8B HaCeJIeHlIH Baananexor« IIOJIYOCTPOBII naYKO neII3BeCTeu. l\pynHble rrepexensr B anoxy urOll:n.I CIIHaam,I C lItnrpa:U;HHMH B npsneaax apeana, rrpaaaaaaexoro ]WJJLIOOJI 1.)0 mmoenponejtnea, HaCeJIHBIDllX HO TOJIbRO 'Iac'!'I, repparopmr 1 rcpo)"lneii: II Tlenrpam.aoii A31IlI, HO II PH)]; OOJIaCTeii: BOCTO'IBo~,U;enTpaJJI,UOM II IOro-BoCTO'lno:ii Eaporrsr,

I Ilponecc IWHCOJIIr~an;HII rpesscsoa aaponaocm CBJI3an C p;ByMJI BOJIHaMII MlIrpan;HH 1I3 ceaepasrx pafionoa aaaaannoro apeana EBPO-

16

tllol: nepnyro II I II TbIC, no H, a. IIpe,rr;CTaB,'1HJIll axeumr, Hx KYJlbTypa upuiuna aa CMeIIY I'PHTCIWM. BTOpyIO COCTaRlIJlH )J,opnMI\bI (OK. 1200 r. 110 II. 8,). OHII npaaecna C C060H lReJIe30 II YHII'ITOIRHJIlI Il,OHTPbI II xn i-icIWii (MI1IWnCKOM) I\YJlbTypLI, HO 1I MHO roe BOCrrplIHHJlll 01' nee, ( :JtllH fIlIe axefinen, nopnanen If aBTOXTonOB ;J,aJIO na-tano rpexecnoa

till P,O;'(IIOCTIIJ .

l'orna me aa BaJlKaHaX IWHCOJI11p;lIpOnaJlIICb II npyrne aanoeapol'l·ii(~l\.ne HapO,J:(M, B TOM 'IlICJIe IIJIJlllpnilIl,bI II cppaRlli1Qb!~ ¢paRIIllQbI IIIIPPBbIe yrrOMllnaIOTCH B «Hnnane» I'oaepa: OHM Y'IaCTBOBaJIII B TPOHIIC1Wll BOMne (OJ" 1200 r. ):10 H. s.). ITo pexe CTpYMO (CTP11MO- 11,\) oonTaJIH MRKe):lOrrn;bI, COCTaBJIHBlIIIIe BeTBb cppamIMQeB, HO 1I0,I\II('IH'JIIIHJCH aaTeM CIlJlbHOMY rpe'IeCROMY BJIlIHIJIIIO. H.PYIIHhIM PO,[(CTIU\IIII[,IM cppaRIlilQaM naponox B fiaccefiae Mopaasr 1I HniImeM Iloziy- 1I1I11t.e ObIJIII MeabI (MIl3bI). f(DopMlIpoBaIlHe cppaRIIi:imwll HapO,I\HOCTII l'OllPprnaJIOCb B anOXII rr03)],Hew OPOH3bI II )ROJIe3a, T. e. C ceperurasr [I ThW. )19 ROHI\a I TbIC. )],0 H. 3. 3eMJIII qJpaI{lIilqeB npOCTUpaJIIICb 0'1' l\aprraT no 8rerrCRoro MOPH U OT qeplloro MOpH P;O Mopansr II MHlml~OHIm. I13J3eCTHO AO 90 cppaKJIllCItIIX nneuerr, KpynHeHWIlMJI 1I3 uoropsrx ObIJIII OP;PII3bI (na IOrO-BOCTOIW, DO ¢paRlIJI) 11 reTbI II AaRil If JleBOOepembe II OT'laCT11 B npaaofiepean,e HH)RHe:rO ,lJ;YHaH.j

iEIQe BO npexena I'ouepa cppaRUMIJ:bI ObIJIH JI3DeCTBbI ImR 3eime- 11OJlbI~bI II CROTORO!(bI. CJIaBIlJ£HCb cppal\IlMCKJIe ROHlI, BoopyiIwHIle, f'innllI,re ROJIeCHlIIl,bI; cppaImll:I~U TOprOnaJIII aepaou, BHHOM, Me,[(OM, IUWfWM, Jlorna,n;bMIl, RomaMlI, IWpaMJIKOM, PbI6oM, Tl\aITHMIT;

IOCIIOHY 91WHOMU'IeCKoro pa3BHTlIH CPP3I\lIWCIWfO otimecrsa B rrep- 110 ii nOJIOBIIHe I TLIC. no H. 3. COCTaBIlJIO ORJIa,'1;811IIe MeT3JIJIyprneft }I\OJI(I:IU, upnaamtree }{ xpyrrnstx c,n;BlIraM B X03.l1MCTBe II COI\JIaJIbHOH f'ljlYRType." Pa3BlITIIe IDJIO HeCIWJIbRO paamaan rrYTHMH It cesepy or I :nm\aHCRlIX rop, rrte 6bIJ[ oOJIee CypOIILIM IWHMaT, 11 R IOry OT HUX. II II roro-aarrane IPPaIUII1 6JIlI3 PYJ\HbIX MeCTOpOmJleHUll naxoztanacs II l'.rfanHhle MeTaJTJIyprIPleclme nerrrpst. PeMeCJIO nee oOJ[ee cneunamr.uiponanocs. OOHapYiI~eIIbI Macrepcrme, ym:e pafioranmne aa PbIllOli. BJIH3 RYJIbTOBbIX MeCT (rranpmrep, Y IPIIJIIIrrnoIIOJIIT - cppalmiiI' till ii IIYJInY,I\ena, cOBpeMeHHl:'Il1 IIJIOB,Il,IlB) rrOHBIIJIlICb TopmIHQa. 'lupronsre nYTH CBH3bIBaJlII cppaKHMIIeB C coce,J:(HMII.·PacQBeT cppaRII.tl:- 4'''((11'0 06~eCTBa npaxonarca aa V-IV BB. ,I\O H. a. 3eMJIep,eJIIIe CTaJIrI [JIWH'IaTeJIbHO nanreansnr, OCHOBaHHbIM aa IlCrrOJIb30BaHIlIT meJII':llIoro JIeMeXa, CeHJIII nmeHIIIJ:Y, poao., H'lMeHb, npoco, JIeH, xenonJIIO, n03,n;eJIbIBaJIlI nnaorpart, WPYI'TbI, nsrpanranana OBOW;U. BOJIblliO- 1'0 p<l3BIITIIH ,n;OCTIIrJIIT OBl.\eBop;CTBO II ROHeBop;CTBO.

C VIII ,n:o I\OHl~a VII n. 1\0 H. 9. coaepntanacr, T31\ Ha3hlBaeMaH un.!f rmal! rpexecxaa ROJ[OHII8aQlI.lI, aaxsarnanraa II cppaRIIllCKIIe paito- 111.1 OT CaJIOHlIRCRoro 38JIIlna AO YCTLI! ,lJ;YHaH. BblJIlI OCHOBaHbI ra- 1(110 ropozia (n6J1IICbI), RaT, BIl3aHTIIll (c 330 r. H. a. I\oHcraHTJIHOIIOJI r., conpexenasra CTaMOYJI), CaJIMlI)J;ec (MllAIIH), AnOJIJIOHIIJI (Co:IIIIWJIb), AHXIlaJI (Iloxopr.e), Mecanfipaa (MeceMopHH, MecHMBpHH, 114.(~eop), Oneco (Bapaa), ,lJ;IloHlICOnOJIl, (BaJIT[lIR), I\aJIaTIIC (MaHI'II.IIHH), TOMU (KoHCTaHIJ:a), Hcrpoc (Hcrpnn), 06IQeCTBeHHoe yCTp(liieTBo IIOJIIICOB-KOJIOHIIM (rrexoxpa TIl'leCKoe,· apIfCT01\paTlI'IeCKoe)

17

18

COOTn8TCTBOnaJIO nopanxaa n nOJIllCaX-MeTponOJIlIHX. IIepBoHa'IaJII>Ho Bpamp;e6HbI8 OTHOrn8HHH C rp8'l8CKHMH roponasrn CIII8HHJIUCb MHpHhlMH. Ha notiepexcse 06pa30naJIaCb aorta caarsaa: cppaKHHU)I rrpOEIIKJIH B ropona, IIOJIY'IaH npana rpaacnaacraa H coneiicraya paonpocrpanemno cppalmiicKOH KYJIbTYPbI, rpexccxoe BJIIIHHH8, B CBOIO 0'10- perlb, OXIJaTblBaJIO 6JIH3JreiKa~yIO onpvry, 06YCJIOBIIB nOCT8II8HHYIO 3JIJIIIHH3aU;llIO iKIIBIIIIIX 3f);eCh cppalmHIJ;8B. GBH31I C rpesecanaa ROJIOllJIllMU YCKOPllJIH pa3DIITII8 cppal\IInCIwro 06~OCTIJa.

CPpaKIIifcKaH IIJIeMeHHaH apliCTOKpaTIiH OKpeIIJIa 1\ cepertane

I TbIC. no H. a. 8HCIIJIyaTaTJ,:Im CBOOOf);RI>IX 06~HnnHKoB CTaHOBIiJIaCb perYJIHpHoM. 06IIJ,llH3 npenpamanacs B TCppHTOpnaJIbHYJO, COC8,[1- C1\yJO, YTBepiKp;aJIOCI> upano coficrnennocra OOIT(IIHHHKa na naxo rHbIii na;(8JI. I1Myru;ecTnelIHaH f);HrprpepeHIJ,HaIJ;IlH BeJIa I{ ooe;a:HoIIIIJO 'raCTII 06IT(IIHIIIIIWB, nonanasmax B 3aBIICIIMOCTb. IIJI811I0IIHbIC COlO3bI nOCUJIH B08HHO-IJ,8MoKpaTlI'leClmii xapaxrep, aeam ynopnyro 60PbOY ,n;pyr C npyrox. B03IIIII{JI1i BoeHnO-nOJIIITH'1eClmO II peJIHrH03HbIe JJ;eHTpbI. Boxpyr iKIIJIHIT( DOiKlleM nstpacrann npyrrasta nOCeJI8HHH, a aaT8M YKpeUJIeHHhle ropona, Talmo, nanpmrep, KaK Y CIty,n;yM (AztpaaHOIIOJIb, 3;:l;lIpHe) na MapIIIJ;e II I\aOIIJIe B BepXOBbHX TYIIgiKII, OCHOBaHHbIB o.n;pIl3aMll. C VI B. 11;0 H. a. aa CMeHY HaTypaJIbHOlIIY npnxonan .n;eHeiKIIhlM OOMeH. Hypcaponann rpenecxae II nepcmrcrcae MOIIeTbI; 'leKaHIIJIII B rpeuecxax MaCTepCKnx CIJOIl MOReThI H cppaKHiiCKlIe napsxn,

<DpaIUIMcKaH COID3I10-IIJIeMennaH apliCTOKpaTIIH IICnOiJ,BOJIh CTanOBHJIaCb paOOBJIa,[leJIb'leCKoH. PaObI HCnOJIb30BaJIIICb B CKOTOBO,[lCTBe, B pyzranxax, B xasecrne npncnynr. Ho OCHOBHYIO poas nrpana no-npeacaeuy CBOOO;:l;Hble OOIT(I1HHHKll. Pation 'laCTO COhlBaJIII B rpeqeCKlle rrOJIIICbI. K cepennae I TbIC. iJ,O II. a. Ha'raJIOCb CTaHOBJIeHII8 rocynapcrs.

GIla QaJIaB03I1HKJIO H8CKOJIbKO rocyztapcrneaasrx OO'be.n;HHeHIIu MeiK}],y CrpYMoM II Bapnapox, B,[IOJIb rrotiepearsa 3rcuCIwro MOpH II BO cDpaKIIll, cperra KOTOPhlX CUJIbHeMIIIIIMII OhlJIH onpnacnnev OfipaaoaaHIIID na pyfieace VI - V BB. no H. a. OOIIIllPHOM O;qpH3CKOii )l;epmaJ3hI CIIOCOOCTBOllaJIa OOm;aH onaCHOCTI> co CTOPOHbl rrepcon - 'lepe3 3eMJIII IPpaKHllIJ;8B llJllI IIOXO}],OM BOHcKa lJ:apHH B 514-513 rr. ,[10 H. a. rrpOTHB CI\HTOB, a 3aTeM H BOMClm nepcos BO BpeMH rpexo-nepcanCKIIX BOHH. .I'ocynapcrno 0P;P1l30B oxnarsraano na aanane nO'lTII nee COBpeMeHIIbIe oOJIrapCIme 3eMJIlI II BhlXOP;IIJIO aa nx npenenrr na ccnepO-BOCTORe If IOrO-BOCTOKO. EOJIbIIIIIIICTllO rpeaecsnx ropononIWJIOHHM, ocofienao H3 qepIIoMopCKOM notiepexn,e, rrplI3HaJIO cynepeHIITeT Onpnscxoro napcrna. OAPll3CKaH nepacasa nonrrepacaaaaa OTHOIIIOHlIH c rpO'leCImMII nOJIHCaMII (ocofieano AcpIIHaMR) II co CKHcpaMH. Hannsrcmero pacnnera OHa ;qocTIHJIa B V n. zto H. 9.

C VI- V BB. ):10 H. a. wpalmnCKlIe aeMJIH BOIlIJIII B apean B03,'WMCTBUH rpCqeCKOM KyJIbTyphl, CJIaOO aarporryanreii, O)l,HaIW, ceascnyro TOppHTopmo. Esrr rcpecrt.amma OCTanaJICH OeJ\IIbIIII. PeSKMe U3MeH8IIMH nporepnen ofipaa iK1I3HH 3naTII. rronnepranmejica aJIJIHH1I3an,lllL B ropop,ax HHCll,PHJIOCb CTpOIITeJIbIIOe IICltYCCTBO rpexon: IIJlaHHpOBHa, BO;qOIIpOBO}:l, xaaanaaanna, KOJIOIIUa}:lbI, CTaTYIi. 6ap8JIbecpbr.

I

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BB03HJIOCh MHOmeCTBD rpesecxax :sem:en II lf3.n;eJIHH lfCKYCCTBa. BIIO::l y,n:OBJIeTBOpHJI rrpemp,e ncero aanpocsr BHaTII. rOpo,n:a-KOJIOHHH paasanaJIIICb II OCHOIlHOM II paxxax rpenecnoa It.yJIhTyphl.

Op,HaKO ,npOA0J!iW.lJIH pasnana'rsca II c06CTBeHHO 4paRHMCKlIe I\yJIbTypa II IICl'YCCTIIO. COXpaHHJIllCb RyJIhThl tPpaRIIH:CIm:x 60roB 'II GOTURh. rJIaBHYro porrs llrpaJI ItyJIhT COJIHI(a, 6hI.lIa pacnpocrpaneaa nepa II 6eCCMepTHe AYUIll, cYII(eCTBonaJI ItyJIhT B03pom,n:eHIIH npnpo,n:hl - see sra BepOIlaHlIH OTpa3IIJIllCh II norpotiansaoa paryane. Ilo:RJIOHJIHCb ooraM, tPpaI\IIHl\hl COBepIIIam1: JlWpTBOrrpliHornemIlI, 06hJlI~ HO xponaasre, 1I3peARa II mepTBY npllHOCIIJIII JIIOp,OH:. Ilear.io iKepTBOnpnaomeaait 6lJJIO CTpeM.IleHlle ,n:06n:ThCH ypoaraa, IIJIOp,0l!0;pm. qacTo mepTBenHhIM iRllIlOTll:bIM OlW3bIBaJIaCL cofiaxa, EeCLMa'rronyJUIpHbIM 6bIJI KYJIhT TaR naasrnaenoro cppaRlliiclwro KOUHHRa '(scanHllRa): Hali:p,eHo ));0 noayropa ThlCH'l 1I306pamOHllM ROIIHllKa B 350 reorpadnrsecxax nyUI\TaX BOJIfRPllll_J' IIo'lHTaJICH TRRme KyJIbT )l.llOHllC!,I, Dpa3,Il;HeCTBa B 'leCTh CRa30'IIIOro 60ra-noBn;a OptPeH II ,lJ;:uoHllca HOCIIJIR oprlI~leCl{Rii: Xap3I{TOp.

Maoroe 06 ncxyccrne tPpaRlltl~en 1I3BeCTIIO no ueKpOnOJI}IM. TaM 06HRpymeHbI llle,qeBpbI roneaapnoro llCl,YCCTBR - aooxopdmsre YKpaIDeRlIlI 113 30JIOTa :n 6pOR3bl. PaCn;B8T cPPRKlltlCKOrO nCltYCCTBa npnXO,qMTCJl na IV - HR'IaJIO III B. R TOll: anoxe OTHOCET 3HaMeHllTYIO Ka3aHJIbmCI~Yro rpofinmty. Ee n;neTHhIe pOCITnCM paCCRa3hIBaIOT He TOJIbl{O ° EyJIhTe MepTBhlX; 110 II 0 6h1Te 1I npanax JI\llBbIX. 3U3MeHlIT :n IIaHarroplIIIITcKHH aoaoron KJIa)); nucoxoxynoarecreenasrx caamenHhlX npep,MeToB (,qllCK, KyIllBlIH, aoosropdmsre 11 aHTpoIIoMopqlHble PlITOHbI - CllMBOJIhl BJIaCTH). Ha,IleJIllH MCrrOJIHeHhl MeCTHoro KOJIOpara, XOTH II 0plIeHTHpoBRUbl aa JIY'IlllIe rpe-recsae II nepoancnne 06pa3I1,hl. IIHRqe rosopa, RaR 11 paHee/KYJIhTypa BOCTOllHbIX BaJIRRH cayxrana MOCTOM MeiEJ'(y Enponoii II A31Iei!_.,

Ra3aHJIhlKCKaH rpofimma n gpyrne menespsr ne 'InCTO q,paRllUCHIle naxarnuna: OHII rrpe,llCTaBJIJIJIII canrea rpexo-diparmiicxoro UCKYCCTBa. Ho II <iJpaRlfllIl,bI oxaaamr CepI.e3HOe B03,n:eH:CTBile na rpeneCKYIO RYJIhTYPY. WpaKIdi:clme 60mecTBa Apec II ,lJ;noHIIc IllUPOKO pacnpocrpaaanncs B rpe'leCKOM MUpO. KYJIbT ,l1;lIoHliCa npIPl3CTeH K CTaHOBJIeHllIO rpexecaoa rparenna U KOMeAHU. OPtPeH rpesn 110'111- TaJIU He sreaee, 'IeM tPpaKHiin;LI. He 6hIJIO HU onaoro napojta, nYJIhTypHoe BJIlIHHlle xoroporo aa rpexoa cpaBHIIMO C CPPaIt.UMCRHM.

O,IlpII3CKaJl nepzsana OKRaaJIaCb aenpoaaoii. IIpll3HaKM ee pacnana CTamI HBHbIMll K cepennne IV n. no H. a. KPU3llC paOOBJIa)\eJIh'lecxoro rpeaecrcoro noaaca coanan YCJIOBllH ,IlJIJI HOB oro rOCYJl,apCTneHnoro 06'be,Il'RneHHH <ppaRIIUn;eB, lIO aTOMy nouemana aI\CIJaHCUJI M3- KeAoHCKIIX n;apeH.

U:eHTp MaKO)l,OHCKOll nepacansr JIeiRaJI B BepXOBMIX Bncrpnnu.

Yme B V B. no H. 3. no n;apCTBO HrpaJIO 60JIbInYro pOJIb B IIeJIorrOHCCCRllX noimax, a B IV B. CTaJIO rereMOHOM na EUJIRaaax. TIo CBoeMY Cl'POIO OHO 6hIJIO CXO,Il'BO C KJI3CCJPIeCHll paOOBJIa,IleJI:b'I8CRI1- Mll, HO C aaMeTHhlMU nCpeiRUTRaMII rrepn06I.ITHoOOtu,llHBbIX o'raomenUll. BJIacT}, napa npeBpaTHJIaCI. B MOHapXl'l'IecKYIO B nepsoa nOJIOBllHO IV B. ,Il0 H. a. ITo KYJIbType, B oc06eHHocTH no KyJIhType BbIC-

2Q

IIIllm oorraansaoro CJIOH, Maxenoncaoe n;apCTBO 6bIJIO 6mI3KO R /

Ijll"lt'CKUM rOCYJ\RpCTBa:~L IIpIIlllO)];lIIHM R BJI3CTII B 359 r. )];0 H. 3.

~1.1I.'111lT1I II B 342-339 rr. rrOJIOllilIJI KOHDQ OAPlI3CKOMY I{apcTBY.!

~ 11111,1[\0 .MaKeIl:OHCR3H .n;epmaB3 6bm3 neIl:OJIrOBe'IHoil:: rrOCJIe CMepTH t\.IP'I;CaH)J;pa B 323 r. AO II. a. ero 06rrIIIpHoe rOCY,[I;apCTBO pa3BaJIU-

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H III B. )1;0 H. 8. na TeppHTopUII rppaRHiiu;eB pa3BepnYJI3Ch tlopl.oa HHail,OXOB - rrpeeMHHKOB AJIe.RC3Hp,pa. BUpO'IeM, OAPU3bI CO~pamIJIn He3aBIIClIMOCTb B UPIIMOPCKHX paiionax II B 212-211 rr. )111 II. 21. oCllo6op,IIJIHCb, II3rHaB MaHe.u.OHCRlIe rapHlI30HbI. O.'l.HaKO ,YHpl'fmeHlIIO napcrna cppaKHlfI{eB rrOMeIDaJIII 3aTHmHbIe (AO Ha'IaJIa 11 B. AO H. 3.) BoilHhl C rpesecxaxa roponaau. Cenaparnau OXBaTlIJI IW(' 3eA.rmI rppalmiin;eB. IIOHBlImrCI. I1reCTHLIe ,u:llnaCTIIH. IIOJUITII'IeI:H'y10 necTa6uJIhHOCTb ycannnan ynanox afWHOllfIIrm II ToprOBJIlI.

BJIACTb PIIMA II BII3AHTIUI

1111!\rlHra;lIaCb BOBaH anoxa - snoxa pllMCKoro BJIaJ],bl'l8CTBa. ¥TBep)11111 caoe rOCIIOp'CTBO na sanane Cpep'II3eMHOMopbH, pIIMJIlIHe npa- 1~·I.v lHIJIH R aaBOeBaHIIJlM na BOCTOKe~ C Ha'IaJIa II B. AO H. a. OHII ~1·.II.TmJUI HaTUCR na Maxenoncxoe rtapcrno, cocenane ¢paKHil:cKue 1,"Pll rrOllfOraJIH MaKeAOHqaM.iOAHaKo K cepezraae CTOJIeTHH pIIMJIHBe 1',11 OM IIJUI conporunxeane MaKe,o:OHqeB H rpe'IeCRIIX IIOJIHCOB (roponou-rocynapcra}, OEJIap;eB TaIGKe 'IaCTbIO IPPUKHllCI\lIX aeMeJIb. II II()CCTaHIIH MaKep,OUI{eB 149 r. ,u:o H. a. npOTIIB PIrMa nplIH.llJI1I Y'lilcnw II IPpaElIiiU;bI. B 80-x roztax I B. ,0:0 H. 3. OUIl nonnepzsaaa II POTIIB PMMJIJlH II MUTpIIJl.a Ta IIOHTlIlrCKoro. Torp;a pnMJUIHe B3)'!JIII II nnerr Bom,o:H IPpaRHii:cKoro nJIeMeHII MeP;OB Cnaprana, aHaMOHIIToro nOlIl/VI BOCCTaHHH paOOB B Hramm B 74-71 rr, no H. 3. Pa3011B M urpanara B 65 r. no H. a., pUlIfJIHHe CTamI paCIDHpHTb CBOH sanoeIIUllfHl BO <DpaKIIH./

Hnacrr, PIIMa B MaRep'oHHH H na 3eMJIHX IPpamriio.eB yTBepmll:a.IIIlC[' C TPYI\OM. BOPb6a TO aaryxana, TO paaropanacs CHOBa. \Ra aeMJill IppaKuil:qeB nOCHraJIH 11 cenepnsre COCeil:H: BpeMeHHO, B 50-xI1Il'lnJIe 40-x rOJ],OB I B. ,11,0 H. <I., Han: 3aOaJIRanCKIIMH paiionaMH, II TOM QlICJIe Hap; rpe'IeCRlIlIfH npmropcxmra roponasnr, YCTanOBHJI 1'111)(1 rocnoncrno naps aanyaaiicnoro ,Il,aRO-reTCIWro napcrna Eypelinna.

r rOCJIe y6uifcTna «ne-rnoro: ntnrrnropa PUMa rail IOJIlIH Ileaapa " -'It. r. ,[1;0 H. 3. Banrmma CTIlJTIf 0i\IInM H3 TeaTpOB PlIMCKHX rpamJlllllc·.lmX BOHR. <DpaKuHTl;bI TO npU3HanaJIU BJI8CTb Pnxa, TO orsepra.rill p·o. II3BecTHbI RpYIlHr.!O BOCCTaHlfH qJpaKulIIl,eB npOTIIB PlIMJIIlH B :~1, 26 H 44 rr. H. a. Ilocne BOCCTaHIIlI 44 r. <DpaKIIil:cKoe n.aPCTBO 1'11,1.110 npeapameno B rrOJl'IUIIeHHbIe PH My rrpOBUHn;IIlI. Erne pauee na j'lIPPlfTOpUlI Me30n, aa Eanxarrana, 6LIJIa OT'laCTII nnenena pHMCRafl "11M uuncrpanna. Tenepi, aTOT pernon CTaJI nponnmmea Me3HH (MII- 1111 JI, MnCIIH), lnmlO'IaBmeii npmrynaiicxae 3eMJIII npmrepno OT coupeM4111110rO Benrpana 11,0 l.Jepnoro MOpH.;

21

B rrpOBl'IHn;RIOl1>paRIIH Bom.'III reM (Eaml:aHcRHH xpefier}, PoJl,O II hI , IInpMH, PIma, Bl1TOIIIa, pasanna Mem)JS Mpaaopaux, qepHbIM, 8reiicKMM MOPHMH H 'laCTb rrpoaamraa Maxenonaa. B 86 r. Me3RH 6LlJIa pasnenena aa Bepxmoio (ofinacrr, K rory OT .u.YHaJI Melli)];Y Bearpanoa II JIoMOM) II HmRHlOlO, COOTB8TCTBOBaBJUYIO coBpeMeHIIOM Cenepnoji Bonrapaa. B03HlIIma II rrponaanaa Manaa CKIHIHI:JI <)J;06pYJl,iI\a). KaK rrorpanaxuoa (;0:0 noxoperraa pllMJIHHaMH p,aROn sa )J,YHaeM Jl navaze II B. H o6pasoIlamm rrpOfll:lHn;nH .n;aKluI) IIpOB1nn~llH pHMrrJIBe y,l1;eJIflJUI Me3HII ocofioe DBHMaHIIe: 3;J;eCb CTOHJIO MBomeCTEO PlIMCKHX JIenIOHOB; npOBO):\HJIaCb TIO.ilHTIIKa aRTIIBHoii KOJIOH1l3alJ,HH aaxaaseunsrx SeMeJIh; YCTpaJIBaJIHCh TIOC8- JIeHllR B8TepanOB, Rai'!-eJIH8MhIX 3eMJIeii: II 06JIa/l:aBIli1IX naJIorOBblMlI JIhrOTaMH.

H. tory OT Baaxaacxoro xpsfira pm,:lCRaH ROJIOHll3an;UH ohlJra Menee IfHTCRCIfBROll. Bo WpamIH Yll,eJIe,TIO HeMaJIO $paKHIfcRl1X ceit C 061n;HHHhlM 3eM;'leBJIap,eHIIeM II HM(lHUii: 1JpaKllIIcKOii a pncroxpa HIlI. lflpuKm~icKaH 3HaTI>, na HOTOPYIO OIIHpaJIHCh puxcxne BJlaCTH, noJIy'IaJIa npasa pnucxoro rpantnancrna II rrpeBpaIn;aJIaCh E pa60BJIa;p:eJIhIIeCHYIO napanae C PIIMCKOii. Coanananacs BIIJIJlhI, OCHOBaBHhle na ,)KCIIJIyaTaU;lIlI paOOB II apeanaropon H pacnoaaraanraeca OOhJ1lHO rr06JIII30CTH OT roponon. 8TO 6hl;'l1I ItpynHhl8 X03H1ICTBeUHhIe KOMHJIBKChl C POCKO[[[HhIMII TOCIIOP;CKIfMH IIOM8m,8HHRMR, Bogorrp0l30110M, KaHUJIH3aIl,neii:, 6aHJlMII, canaan, ITOpTHn:aMH, a II03i\JIee - B 8IlOXY «aapaapcxnxs narrreCTBnii - l:I C KperrOCTHhIMH coopyllieHliJBm. i

Cerra HaxOJl,nJJUCh B IIOi\IIHH8HHII Y roponon. CeJILCKUe a'HTe.Tlll He pacnonaraan un c05CTB8HHOCTblO B ropozrax, -lUI rrpaBoM Y'IacTHH II ax 06u~eCTBenHoM iKlI3HlI. CenOM yrrpaunnn MarllCTp. On OTBe'IaJI aa BhIIlOJIIl81me 06H3aTe:lhCTB rrOCeJIHH rrepep, 1JUCROM. OJ:u;y~aJlCH. OCTPblii He;cJ;OCTaTOK pa6o<urx PYR. «Bapnapon», nouasmax B IIJ18H, ceJIHJllI na rrOJIOmeHIIH nOJIy3uBHcnMhIX Ii.peCThHH, 06R3UHHhlX IT;'laTHTh HaJIorH U H8CTH BOIIHCKYIO CJJyil\6y; HX nponanana II HUCJIe):\OBa;rIl BMeCTe C HX 3BlIOIelI. Talmo nOCeJT8H~hI 6hlJIU ua Baaxaaax npenIIIeCTBCHHHRaMH KOJIOHOli. A C06CTBOHHO ROJIOnaT, corrponomnasmaiiCH npHKpenJIeHIIOM cBo60gJIhIX RpecThHH K 3eMJIe H JlH'lBOCTH rOClIOJl,I1Ha, npU1ll8JI CIOi\a B III n.

Oco6eHHo RpymIl,IMH Hi\HIepaTOpcRHe HMBHIIH 6hIJIIl n lIIc31UI.

POMaHII3aIl,IHI conepmanacr. 3gCCh 6I:.ICTpham TCMnaMH, rorna RaE K lory OT Banxancxoro xpefira H B MaKe)J,OBHll oaa HaTOJlKHYJIaCb aa CUJIhHoe npOTHBOi\ei1cTBUe rpenecxoro 8THOKyJIhTypHoro ::meMeHra. Aa rr pnMCKIIX rapllH30HOB, COJI nerepanos II HMeHHll mmepaTopa BO cPpmUIH 6hlJIO MeHhIII8.

Ha MOCTe narepea PHMCKRX JIerIIOnOB B Me3HII I>hlpaCTa;'lH 05- C.'lYiftHHaBIIIH8 llX n.OCeJIeHllH,npenpaTHFlillneCH B YRpenJIeHHbIB ropona. TnK ITO AynalO E0311RKJIH CHHrlIi\ynYM (BeJIrpaA), BUMHHall,HY1l1 (ROCTOJIaId, BOHOHHJl (BnAHH), AypocTpopYM (CHJmCTpa, )J,plIcrpa), HOllO (CBlIUlTOn) II AP., a no BHyTpeHHHX paaoaax=Monraaa (MHXallJIOBfpa)J,), A6pIITYC (Paarpan) B np. I'opona B MaKen;OHHH, cymeoraonannrao c IV B. Jl,O n, 8., nepeHHIBUJIll, HanpOTHD, ynauox. Coxpaannact, JIllIIIh ~IaCTh IIX (<DHmmrrn, CToon, <DeccaJIO-

22

1111 hll - nO-CJIaBJIHCl\U COJIYUb, cospesreausni ropon CaJIOHlIKII). IIJj'''i\a <PpaKIIU TaKJI\8 cna-rana H8 nOJIY'la.TIU npau pHMCl{OrO rpazs(jIIJl'TlJa II HaXOp;IIJIlICb Il 60JIbIIIOii 3aBIICIIMOCTII OT PUMCKUX nauet'llll1IWB, IWK II B I'peIJ;HH, OmHBJIelJH8 HaCTYUUJIO TOJIbIW n nauaae II II., xorrra, nonytran npasa ropO)J;OB, IIO)J;IHIJIUCb KaK pafioananem'lI'l'1iIIC nerrrpsr crapsre WpaKI.dicltH8 IIOCeJI8HHH CepP;IIIW (Cponen, ~ :",IIIIH), Bepoe (Aarycra Tpaana, Crapa-Baropa), IIaYTaJIIIH ( IIIOCT8HAHJI). Hx P;OJIIliHOCTIIhle JIIUJ;a (nypnansr) no crapoa aIIT:U'I!loil Tpa)1,Un;HII cIICnOJIlIH.~III cnOII OOJIaaHHOCTII 6C3B03M83):(HO.

J ~ Ul\mepaTopCKUX canrycax (UMeHHHX) BO (,I)paKl1H ocofienao III10I\1!8ra.'1H ItOH8nOp;CTBo If ounenoncmo. BJIaCrH II00III:PHJIU aaus'If41 IlHHOrpap;apCTBOM. AI{TUBHO nenacs p;o6bFIa M8)1,11, !B8JI8Sa, ao- 111'1'01, cepetipa.. PYP;HlUUI 6hlJII1 COOCTBeIIHOCTbIO rocynapcrsa. 3p;eCh 11111(101\0 HCIIOJIb30BaJICH IpYA pa60B. BOJIee rpern 0pY{I\ei'lHoro IIpO- 11.\11I1!~CTila HMuepmi cocpej.\O'lO'lHnaJlOCb BO <DpaKHH.B 170-230-e ,'0,11,[ OaJIK3HCKUe rrponIIIIIIHH rrepenmHami paCIJ;nCT, BamHbIMH TOpIHI!!.IMII Marlic-rpaJIHMll CTaJIIi npoaenenmae pllM.lHmaMU crparern'11'(,.lme ,r(oporli. I1x 06CJIymllBaJIH ,r(opmKlIble CTaHIJ;1l1l co CMeHBbIMlI Jllllllap;bMII II IIOCrOJIJIhIMII nnopaan. I'oponcxae peMCCJIeHIIIIKH 6b1JIH II/HllilIcam,J I{ ROJIJIerHHM - 06'bep;nHeHIIHM MeJIRUX nponaaozrareJll'ii, cnaaannsrx 06H3aTe.TIbCTBaMII nepen WllCKOM, IIpoH3Bop;HTeJlH 1\~1J\(','Jldi ObIJIH II IlX rrpO,r(aBIJ;aMH: JIanKa COBMe~aJIaCb C MaCTepl'I(lJii, ,OCHOBHLIM Cpe!l:CTBOM 06paIll,eHIIH na psnnce CTaJIa plIMCKaH MOlieTa (COJIU,ct.).

I] peMH pIIMCKoro rocnoncrna 03HaMeHOBaJIOCb peIIIllTeJIbHbIM H3- 1IIIIIlaUUeM OCTaTIWn IIepno6bITIIO06rn.UHHoro CTpOH II. YTBepm~eHHeM IInfi()B.lai~eJlblI8CI{HX OTHOIIIeHllii, ocofiermo B Meana, XOTH AO rrpa\11/111 PUMJIHH B COll,naJIblIO-,HWHOMIPleCROM OTHomeHUII OHa 6blJIa ~WIII'C paasnra, ~IBM U>paRUH, Ho D l~eJIOM game n Me3uH pafion III,IJIO MeHbIIIe, 'IeM B nepenonsrx PHMCKIIX nponannanx, Onaaxo, I'I~JI U B MeaHH pafionaaneane eIII:e pa3BHBaJJOCb no nOCxOl~HIII:eM, B caPowii MeTpOlIOJIHH II 60:l8e pa3BUTbIX lIpOBnHI~lHIX: OHO y,I\e IIpHXO)IIIJIO B ynanox. OCilOIlHYIO xracoy 3eMJIeJ~e.'IhIIeB Meaza COCranJIHJIH l'cllooop;Hhle xpecn.aae ~ HaJIOrOlIJJaTe.TILII~Hlm I,a3UhI; OIIU IIOp,JICmaJill 'raKme peKpYTCKIIl\f nafiopan. cl'i'pn3Hc pa60BJIai~eHIIH aaxaa THJl Mo:nno B cepenane III E., II ero HacTynJICHHe 6hIJIO ycxopeao Irl'OpmeHHeM «aapnapon». ~~CH,'JI1JfC.lI orIIYCR patios aa nOJIIOj eXOAHbIe upuueccra rrpOHCXOAUJIH II no <PpaKuII. C 212 r. no 3AllKTY m.mepaI'opa KapaKaJJJII>I Bee IIOJ':J\3IIHhW lfMrrepHH (HpOMO patina) 06peJIll upuuu pasrcxoro rpaumnrrcrna. Mopa ara npeCJIC!IOHaJIa npexme see- 10 ~IH:lcRaJIhIIbre qeJIH: 1I0BIHlIlOC'I'U Tl,lJ1C)1 I\a3HOH pacnpoorpananacs HTIlJ.llIe aa nee nacenenne l-IMIICPllH, C cepennusr III B, IIO'I1'H ,D,Ba I'I'WIOTHH Pmrcaaa UMIICPHfI BOJIa TJlmeJIhle BonuM c r01'aMII. KpOl\o18 10'1'1111, B nMnepHIO BTOpra.lIHCb 6yprYH)l,hI, KaJlIIbI, repynsr, 6acTap- 111>1, lICBRll, TanwaJIbI, rynmr n ztp, B 270-272 rr. pIIII1JIJUre OblJIII UI,IIIYiKIWHbl OCTanUTb aanynaacnae BJIaACIUlH n .namiB. BaJlRaHbI ',hllaaJInCb apeaoir OOpr:.OhI, aa ROTOPOH peuraaacs CYAbOhl uMIIepnH. Ih."IIHO eIDAa BIll-IV BB. OhIJI HarrpaBJICH rJIaBHbIH ynap (mapIInpOII»~

23

fT~ppnToplIa II. ceuopy OT BammHCKfJfO xpefira (re~m) pacnanaJIaCb B III-IV BIl. B ClTHOh:YJlbTypHOM OTHOIIIemUI na ABe 30Hbl: 66JlhIIIUiI "IaCTh BHYTpeHHIIx panonos ObIJJa nUlHOCThIO PO"WHll3IIPOnana. Ha "lJepHollIOpClimI ITOOep8i),h8, B 30Il8 rpOTlCCli:HX roponoa C lIX 9JI:1HHIl311POB1HlHDll OJipyroH, ~()M:lHHipm~allH rpe'-mcKHt'I. RahlE. 11: rpe,,[8CRH8 It:yJlhTypHble TpaIJ,HI\lllI. J1UIIIh K08-rAe B nepesrrax Me3IIll B IV B. cOXpaHHJIUCh cppalmiicRIIO ObIT 1I HyJlbTypa, ocofienno 1Ia I'exe.l

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c C yrJlY0.JOH1I8M ynanaa paOOBJlaAeJJh'IeCKOrO crpos BCe 6o;rree 06-

Hapynnm8,'IOCb aIWlIOllIIfTreCIW8 npeODJIa)J,aHH8 BOCTO'lllbIX npoBllHIIHi:L B 330 r. IBIIlepaTOp }{OHCTaHTIIH I BemIKIIH nepenec cronnny 1I3 Puna B BU3aHTuii (OH CTaJI Ha3bIBaTLCH }{OHCTaHTIIHOIIOJl8M), 01'CTpOlIfI ero C Heo6LI'HtiiHOII OhICTPOTOii H Be.lIIHmJI8IIIIe:M:. B 395 1'. npoasomen ocpnIIHaJIbHhIii pasnen IIMrrepHII na Bananayio H BOCTO'IHYIO. C rex nop pa3BITTHe 6YA"yru;I1X 60JlrapClnfX TCPPHTopu¥r COBepiuanocr, B paxxax BOCTO'lHOPHMCIWII (BHsaHTHHClwii) lUtmepnH.

'HOReII I V -VI Bel, OTllle'ICHhI YCIIJreH1l8M xpaaaca. PaOOB BCl' Tfaru;c nap,CJUlJlII Y'IaCTKOM, nponpamaa n MeJIKIIX 3amICIlMhIX 38MJle)l.e.Tl~I\eB. c OHH rrOCTerrCHHO CJIIlBaJIHCb C KOJIOHaMll, 60JlJ,mllHCTBO KOTOPhIX B IV - V BB. 5hI.TIO npnxperrneno Ii: 3e;\fJle. nOJlOHhI aecrrrr rroBHrrHOCTlI II B IlOJlh3Y rocnon II B IIO.TIL3Y cpIIcKa. CnOOOAHQC otinnnnros KpecThHHcTBO, 3aAaBJICHROe THlI,CJlhIMH aarypam.nsnra naaorana II oTpa6oTKaMII, pa30pHJIOCb. Ero BOHIICKaH IIOBIIHHOCTb 3a!IICIUIJlaCb usmaaroii neuer: aa :;)TIl cpencrna rocYAapCTBO COACPma;so HaeMHbI8 BOHCKa II «1jJ8P,epaTOB» - YKOMnneKTonaUUble II3 «aapuapoer OTPHAbI, paasremerrnsre na Banxanax.

I'ner rocynapcrsa YCIIJIJiI.lIClI 11 B roponax, q.rreHhI peMCCJleRHOTOproDbIX KOJIJI8rnH 6hlJIH npIIKpeIIJIeUhl K caoexry P8MCCJIY n 1)6ll- 3alIbI BROCHTb RaJIorU 11: 'IoprOBbIe nouranasr. B YCJlOBIIHX YfJlYOJleHIIH RpU3IIca aHTII'IHOrO rrOJIIICa (y pHMJIIIH - MYHlII\HIJlm) ropoataae, TfJIellhl roponcxoii 06~HHhI, TepmIII CDOH YTIaCTKII B npnnaaneararn;eii ropony CeJlhCKOll oxpyre: JIX 3aXBaThIBa.lIlI HPYUHbl8 3e!>meBJlanem.nsr, rOCY;rI,apCTBO npnnpeIIIIJIO RypHaJlOB (yrrpasnreaea ropOAOB, OTB8'laBIlll'IX H 3a nx cBa6menne) K fiX Il,OJUKHOC'l'RM; OTBeTCTBeRHble sa coop HaJIOl'OB II COIl,epmaHIIB 06ru;eCTJlBnHhIX 3J\8HIIH, He rronynaumHO n.:JUTI,I aa ;rr.OJIlliHOCTb KypnaJIbl pa30pHJIIICb.

\"xY;~UIeHHe 3KOHOl\IIPIBCHOll: KOH1,JOlIKTYPhI, pasoperrae CBo60AHoro KpeCTbHHCTBa, POCT HaJIOrOB, HamCCTJUIH «napaapon», numrrn'IeCI<an necTa6IIJlbHOCTb, rrpOII3BOJI 'll1JIOBHlI'lflCTl.Ia - Bce »TO 060CTPH.TIO COI(lIa.TIbBble npOTHBOpC'IlIII; MB0jHeCTlW JIIoJ(eii: OhIJIO .ratnerro JIMYIlJ;8CTBa II oxara. BCIIhIXJIB8JnI BOCCTaHIH[ pafion R nWIQHon. B 364 r. yrnercnnoe JIaCeJleHIIB <DpaRIIH rrpIIRJIJlO ysacme H JlOCCTaHIIII Ilpoxormn, a B 378 r.- B M.IITeme roron-rpaneparon, He BLInecnrrrx npOH3BOJIa BJI8.CTei1. B 6HTBe C BOCCT8.BIDUlUH nOI'n6 lIllUIepaTOp BamlllT. 1J1npIlJlOCb ABHiI{eHnB CRaMapOB «<pu350HmUWB}), pa- 30PUIlI1I1IXCfl CJl060;~nhIX, 6erJlhIX ROJlOHOn II paOOB •

. }{PyrrHhle IWJlHCHII.II rrpOJICXO)'J)fJIH IIa rr01IBe peJllIrl103H1:'Ixpa3HO~ r.'H1CIIii, IIOHIIHJlHCb MHOrOTIHCJf8HHhIe 60rOC.lIOBClme epecn. XPU:CTHaUCTBO pacnpocrpananocs na Eameauax C RaTI8.JI8. Hameii: apsr, no

24

fil,I.'IO rOHlIII10H penaraeil. KOHcTaHTHH I npexparan rOHeHHH n: cax IIPlllJHJI XPlICTFIaHCTBO nepen CMepThIO. Vme npn HeM xpncrnaucxaa 1\I'jlIWBb CTaJIa npIIBIIJIernpOBaHHOfI opraanaauaea. EmICROilbI IlpIIofil'UJIll orpoxnoe nnnanae B roponax. IIPII npeemnrsax KOHCTaHTlma ~ /lIlCTII8HCTBO crano oqnrI{lwm,Hofr peJIHrneir: rrpeCJIe;n;OnaHlIHlII rrot{ilnpl'aJIIICh nee, He pas;n;e.'UIBIIIHe oqllIu;naJIbHYIO ;n;OKTpl'IHy. fB VI B. lIoGe;'\uJIo OpTO;n;OKCaJlbHOe narrpaBJI8HH8 (npaeocaaaae) , normepara- 1IIII'1'.10e BiIaCTHMH. .HabI'leCKHe, B TOM lIHCJI8 ¢paKHHCK1I8 1I rpeue- 1'1(110, KYJIhTbI cypono npecxenosanacs.

HameCTBIHr «napsapom TeM BpeM8HeM nnpacraan.. Oco6emfO OllycTOilllITeJILHhlM ObIJIO OIWJIO cepenansr V B. nananenae rylIHOB. M uoaeecrno cen II roponoa OI:oIJIll CMeT8HI:oI' C aana a8}'IJIH, COTHn TbI(',II'! JIIO.n:eii: y6IITbI 1IJIB ynenensr B pa6CTBO. Harieru t-yrraon, rOTOB, IIPIJ'fo60JIrapn013TOpUJlI1Cb KaI-KJ\bIe nUTb-IlIeC'Ib" JIeT, nopoii emerop',IHI_ «Bapnapsr» .n:OXO~VlJIli no CTeH CTOJIHIJ;hI. 10CTlIHIIarr I (:"527- ~I(;;'), ormpaacr, aa pocypcsr BOCTOlIHbTX rrp 0 mnrn:nii , npncTyIIIUI Ii IIIIlHT\II:03HOM nporpasore yxpenneaaa rpannn. B.n:oJIF. AYHaH OhlJIa OTcrpoena 11:3 HeCKOJIhRHX COT xpenooreir MOII'\HaH JIlIHIIH 060POHbl, IIIHmOC'1'll BO MHOIKeC'1'Be 6UJIl{ B03Be)J,ElHhl Z EO BRyT-peHHllX -pai'ionux. : ITo crpOIITe;'IbCTBO R rrpOp;OJImIITeJILHhle BOlmbI IOcTYlIIJIana C I~eJlhIO U'I'1l0eBaHUf{ l1TaJIllU y OCTrOTOB, ACPPIIKH Y Banp;aJIOB, a 'I'afO-f,e (,opJ.6a C Ilepcaeir aa JIa3IIKY (na KaBKa3e) H ApMeulIIO TUiHKIIM I'ipl'MeneM JIerJIH aa rrJIelJ:II napona. Ho HaTHCK «aapsapons ObIJI Hey!\tlpmlIM .. Cpenn HIIX yme B HR'IaJIe npasnenan IOCT1IBHal1a nee IIOJI suryto onacaocrr, CTamI npe.n:CTaBJIHTh Jl.JlH lIMIIeplI1I CJIaBHue._

I'ocnoncrao PlIMJIl'[H, yrnepzsnenae XpIIC'I'HaHCTBa II HameCTBHH ~ 1111 puapom OOYCJIOBIIJIII xopenasre rrepeuema B 9THOKYJIhTypROi!: lllll:1II1I Ba.rxaa. J

B I-IV BB. aa BaJIKaHaX yrnepaoranacs pIIMcKaH J-iYJIhTypa, uu x BaTHBrnaH npezsne ncero ropona. JIa Thlllh CTaJIa mIlllu;naJIbHbIM I\:lMI'OM. B roponax aa ~oPYtIaX (WIHTpaJIhHhlX rU1ow;aiU1x) B03)J;BlIl'UJmer. 06II'\eCTBeHlIhle 3;n;aHIIH: On6JlHOTeKU, TepMhI (6aHlI), 'reaTpbI, ~nlllllIOHbI, xpaxrsr. 3p;aHllu yxpatnanaer, CTaTYJlMlf ooroB II mmepa'I'0IWlJ, 6ape.!lbepaIlIH, n:lleTIfhlllHf M03aHR811HI, IWJIOHHa.n:aMH, ,n;eRopa'l'IIIlIIOH POCIlfICLIO. Ilposorurnacr, BOHorrpOBOI-l: II KaHamI3aI\IIH, MOCTlI,1111(:], ymIU;hI II Aoporli. C YTBepm.n:eHlIeM xplICTlIaHCTBa nearpansnoe M~I(~TO B apxnrexrype ropona aaaana I~epROBb-Oa3IIJII1Ra.

II a fiepery qepnoro MOPH, B IOiHHOM Maxeztorraa 1I BO !DpaKHII 1'0' paHffJIOCb rpexccxoe H J.1I,1JJIHHaOB8rmoe rracenerme C OTO Ky,TJbTyp- 111.1 M II oco6eHHocTHMII. Tpa)J;III\IIH cPp aImHc Iwii Ky.rrhTyphI ynepxrana- 11111'1. B OC-HOBHOM B CeJILCIwi-i MOCTIlOCTIT J\ tory OT BaJIKaH, ocofien- 1111 II ropusrx paiionax (n Pononax, no Te'leHIIIO CTPYUU). Ho II U'I'II rpammaa II3MeHfJJlHCh I!O.n: lW3;:r.ellcTBlieM KyJIbTyphI rpexon 1I • 1111 I'BapCKHX)} ruresreu, OCw\aBllIUX na BaiIJ\ClHax. OrpoMIIbIU HIIBe'III py 10II'\lIM <paKToPOM B c¢epe KyJIbTyphI 6hIJIO xpacrnaacrno, crna!II II BaUIIIee 8THll'IeCKIIC OT.'IHlIIIlI, R na lIaJIY C.'IaBHHCI\UX BTOP}[WHlUi 4llpu 1\I1Ho;hI He COXpamJJIlICr. 8THlItJ:eCK!I KaR OC06hIH napon, Ilponecc ,"'II HOB.:IeHHf[ <ppaKHllcKOli naponnoc'nc B CUJIY BHemHenOJiliTIl'leCKllX V4'"IIIlBlLii (MaKei"\OHCROe II paxcxoe aaB08BaHlIH) He ,n:OCTlIr rrOJIHOrO

25

easepnrenaa. B Me3IIII B BOJIRaX nOCeJHlHn:eB-«BapBapOB» paCTnOpIIJIHCh ne rOJIhKO tPpaKllun:1I, no 11 pOMaHII311ponaHHhIe iRllreJIll, llMeBmile paamro 8THIPleCKlle IWpHII.

CJIOiHHee 06CTOlIT .n:eJIO C <p pamriicmu,r I{YJILTypHI.IM aacaenaesr. ::hreMeHThl ¢paRuii:CIwii: KYJIhryphI, YCBoeHHhIe KaK rpeuaxa, rax II «napaapana» cauoro paanoro arnn-tecxoro npOIICX01J\p;eHIIH, a ~IOmer OhITh, II coxpaaenaste J3 JIOIle xpucrnanoaon pcnaraa ocrarxaxa C06CT}JeHIfO tPpaKHiicKOTO lIaC8JI8nHn, npoc.:ronnIBaIDTCH BO MHOTHX c¢cpax CJIOmIlllmoiicH 3J(eCh II031~HCC oomapCKOII KYJIhTypbI. 3TH aJIeMClIThI OrpaaIIJIIlCh B KOJIOpnTC napomrsrx rrpaanaecrs (KpaCOlJ:HI>lC, B MacKapap;Hhrx onemmax, xyxepcrrae nrpsr, necrnaapcmo eHCKyCCTBO XOlI,JJ;eHlllI 60CHKOM lID paCKa.1JeHHhIM YrJIfIM) , B ocofienHOCTnx naponncii OP;ClI\JI,bl, B YH.pamCrnIHX, B 06hl'laax, CBfI3aUHhIX co cMeRoii: npenen rona, B MY3hIKe. Ha xpacraancnae J,YJIhThl «CBHThlX),-BOIIHOB (CB. ,n;HMllTpnH Ii CB. I'eoprna ) 6hlJIlI nepenecema 'IepTbI H3hl'IeCKoro KyJIhTa tPpaKHllCKoro xomraxa. COXpaRIIJICfI PJI;n; TorrORllMOB, neponanasrx OT <ppmmHII.CB.

PeJIIIKThl (ppaKnii:cKoii I\llBHJIH3aI~HlI B c.lIaBftHO-6oJIrapCROH

aym.rypo orcrynaror, onnarro, na nropoii IIJraH cpaBHHTeJIhRO C B03- ]l,eil:cTBHcM rpelw-pIIMCKoii: II.H}lHJIII3aII.IHI, a C IV n, BOCTO'IHOXpnCTHaRCKoil (naaanrmicson}, B paxxax xoropon B Te~IeHHe JIOJIYTbI-CH'IeJIeTliH no 3aCCJIeHHH IIOJIyocTpoBa CJIaJlHHaM paaaaaanacs II BlIp;OH3MeHJIJIaCh caxa t}>paKnii:cKafI KyJIhTypa.

I'saea II··

CJIABHHE II ITPOTOBOJIr APbI )1;0 BCTPE"llII B IIO)1;YHABbE

BEJIIUtOE IIEPEGEJIEHI1E HAPO)_J;OB, CJ1ABffHE

11 BOCTOlJHOPI1MCKAJI MMIIEPI1JI

(:oupeMeHHalI HaYKa cxaraer CJIaBHlI o,qHOH aa BeTBeH aanoenponeaI\!'B, oifJoplIIIIBmeHCH B I ThlC. no H. 3. na TeppHTopHH OT cperraero )llJl'rrpa no OP;Phl (Onepa), IIoJIaraIOT, 'ITO paaee ncero CJIaBHHe Ha- 4~I':lJUH peraoa Mellip:y Jlafiori (8JIbOOll) II Onpoii. GaMbII\{ nepnsnr l'IIII,'WTeJIbCTBOM 0 CJIaBHHaX (non 1I1\{8n8M «neaenoa») npnaaaicr COUOIIl;8HlIe IIJIIIHIIH Crapnrero OT I B. H. a, 0 senenax B KOH~e TOro IIUJla naurer II PHMCKIIH IICTOPIIR Ta~HT, npoTIlBonOCTaBJIHIOID;lIH BX HO'IOBHlIKaM II YKa3bIBarom;IIIr oOJIee 06IllIIpHhlll apean aI\TIIBHOCTlI 4~JlarHnL

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TpYP;HO COMlIeBaTbC.fI B TOM, 'ITO yme B nepDI.IO CTOJIeTHH namea ',111['[ CJIaB.fIHe lIaXOIl,IIJIUCb B IWHTaKTe C PHMCROll IIMlrepH8H: 06 ,''I'IIM cnIIp;eTeJIbCTBYIOT RJIall,hl PHMCKIIX cepefipaasrx MOHeT Toro lIJ14'MeHll E pa3HLIX ROHlJ,ax CJraBHHCKoro MHpa, Il,JIIIT8JILH08 coxpaneml(' B CJTaBHHCKOM snoce IIMeHIl pIIMCRoro nsrneparopa Tpaaaa, saIIOPII::tTO;UI AaKHn (B na-rane II B. H. 3.), 3HaROMCTBO CJIaB.fIH C rpa(111(lIHMll nonoro H3I.I'I8CRoro plIMCKoro rrpaarmaxa KaJI8np;(nO/l: '1II.IIWHHeM KO.T[e~a), rrponmcnoaeuae R CJIanHHaM PUMCKOH Mephl ,'1.11 I Y'IlIX ren - KBap;paI-ITUJIa (<<'lCTBOpmW»). XOTII JI cnopar 0 CTe'1111111 npeeMCTB8HHOCTlI Momny srarepaanr.noii HYJIhTypOH CJIaBHH H 'III> IHI3I.IBaeMOlr qepIHlxoBCIWii l\ym'Typoii, caua STa npeeac-nsenHIII'TI. nplI3Ha8TCH HCCOMIWllIIOll. llOJIH3THII'IeCRaH lJepHHxoBCRaa uy.u.rypa OXBaTbIBa:la nurporcaii pernon B CeBepHOM Ilpasepaouopse II'" (l4'PXOBIIii: Ileana H lllT30lmii: )_J;U8npa AO nepxoaajr Cepora II YCTI,J{ «111'1'<1 (cesepaoro npnrona AYHaH), T. 8. OOHIlMaJIa Cpennee H HaxcW'., I Innnenponr,e, nee IIop;HeCTpOBb8 II 3Ha'IllTe.T(I.HylO qaCTb xapnarqll)l'l) apeana II HIIJlUleJl,YHaiicRoro JIeBo6epCllibH. CJIOfRHJIaCb <ITa llitll'l)[Wpa3BHTaH R)'JIbTypa BO II - IV na, non CHJIbHhlM Bos.n:ellCTBH"14 PUMCROH B ee TIpOBIIH~lIaJIbHOM napaaare, 3anagHhlii apeaa LIep-

27

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HRxonCIWll Kym.TypLI He MeHee 100 JIeT COBrrap,3JI C BOCTO'lHhIMlI aeMJIRMH PHMCIWll nponaanaa )1.aRlllI. CJ1Cp;OBaTCJILHO, B milDpMlIemm 9TOll Kym,Typhl Y'IaCTBOH3J1II II pOMaHH30BaHHhlc <ppaKHllclme n:reMCaa ,1J;aIWB. B llPC1(eJIaX 1.IepHRxoBClwii BLIjIBnCHa sona 3apy6IlIlell,KOil KyJIbTYPhl II - III BB., 3aHH~IaBIJ1alI pajionsr MClHAY J(HCCTPOM, ,lJ,ncrrpm,1 II Eyrou. ,nJIJI nee xapanrepna npanaa CBlIHb co C.'13 IllIRCKOll RYJILTypoii VI-VI II BB.

[r.TI3BHbIJ.llI 33HHTlIHMH CJIaTIlIH B VI-VI I nn. OLWII 3CM.1Ie):IC.'lHC II CKOTOBO)J,CTBO. 1I\CJIC3HLIC COlliHUKII 1I ceprnr Haiip;CHLI B caMhlX pa3HLIX }WHJWX cnanaucxoro ~mpa. CcmUI IIlUCHJlll,Y, 1PIJlleHL, npoco, onec, poacr., nsrpannraann OBOIIJ,H. B Ra'ICCTBC THrJIOBOro mllBOTnoro lICIlO.TIb30n3JIH rnanasra 06pa30M JTOmai\L, nnOCJlCil,CTBlUI aa rore 6hIKa (Bona). Paanonmrn TaKjRC ROpOB, CBRHCiI, oneu, ROJ, Il,OMaII1- BIOlO lITllIJ;Y. Pa:mlfBaJIUCL II pCMCCJla: lIOMRMO 'ICPHOM MeTa .. tnyprna (go6hl'I3 iRCJIe33 ChlpO/l:YTHhlM cnOCOOOM) II KY3HC'IHoro nena, 6hlJUl H3BCCTIIhI TI,a'ICCTBO, nepenoofipaficrna, IwnwnCHHoe P;CJlO, ron-rapnoe rrpmI3BO;rl:CTBO (TaR Ha3D1BaCMafl JICnHalI lICpaMIIRa, cnenaanan OT PYRlI). BOJIee OhlCTPhlMH TCMnaMl1 paauanarracr, CJIUBlIHCKne nJICMeaa, KOTOPhlC 6Ll.TUI TCCHce CBfl3aHhI C lI03,1J;IIeaBTll'IHhlM MUpOl!: (rpe'ICCKllMll rrpIl'ICprrOMopcIUIMII roponaurr, PIIMCHI:IMH rrpOBIIHll,llJJMIl B IIoP;YHaBLe). tPOPMhI lHH3Hll n 6hlTa CJIaBlIH B CCBepHLIX 11 ceaepoBOCTO'IHhIX pernonax OTJIII'Ia.'IUCh 60JlLIDeii: apxaaxuocrr.to: xorrta HR lOrc Y C.1JanflH rOCrrOfl:CTBOBaJIO namennoe 3eMJICp;CJIHC, na CeBCpE) eute rrpaKTlmona,:ulcL nOp,CEJKa :II nepeaor.:

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'ITO nocne I;:QIIl]llHhI My/na nnona )J,05POBOJlbHO mna aa cneprs II cynpyron XOpOIIllJllI RMeCTe. CJIaB.f[U9 onyxornopnna CIIJlhl npnponsr. noB"JIOH.f]"JIHCb HCTOTfHIIRaM II pornasc. Ho OLlJI y CJJaBlIH II IJ,e:lbI1r nanTeOH naamciiulIIx 50 ron, fJlaBHhIMH If3 KOTOpbIX HBJlH.1l1CL Ilepyn, 60r-rpOMOBepmCll" rnopen MOJIHHii:; Bexec-Bonoc - oor 60raTCTB8:, CROTOllOiJ,CTBa, IIJIO_rr:OBIlTOCTU, lJ:am60r - 60r CBeTa H eOJIHIl3, MaKOiliL - 60rIIHfl II 30 OIlJIIIlI, Jlana - IIORpOflIITe:rbHlIIJ,a ~I06BlI 11 fipaxa H np.

tIIepeCeJICHIIfl CJl3BflH rrpCllCTaBnHJIII nocaennnn aran TaR naasrnaeuoro B&JIIIKOrO llCpeCeJIeHIIlI HapO):\OB, BhI:maHHoro npOIlCI.;CO:lt1

IIII,VTpeHHero COn;HaJILHO-3IWHOMI111eCIWro pa3BIITHH: nepexon K npolfaBo)\Hrn;eMY x03JIilcTBY (3eMJISp;eJIIIIO II CIWTOBOP;CTBY) OfiYCJIOBIIJI 1II10()X01VIMOCTh n 3aRperrJIeHHH aa IWjHAhIM POp;O-IIJIeMeHHhlM ofi'hep;lIIlI'lHlOM onpenerrenaoro llilI3HClIIloro rrpOCTpaUCTBa, HO B TO me BpOMil _. B ClIJIy :UWTenCHBHOC'I1I nepnoaa-ransusrx (rrpIiMIITlIBHhlX) IIW[lM 3eIlIJIe,r(OJIHJI II pOCTa HaCeJIOHMjJ =norpefiona,« pacumpenna HyJII.TIiBHpyellIhlx 3ellIeJIL H nOlICKa BanGo.lIee 6JIarOrrpIIJITHhlX .n;JIJI 11(1)(()HIIJI X03I1UCTEa TOPPHTOpHH. Coxeranae aeMJIOAeJU1J1 CO CROTOBOP;- 1''1'110111 H BLlBeJIO MHOfHe CJIaBHIICKue IIJIeMeHa B J1eCI)CTeIlHyIO 30HY, j I V -VI Ell. cpena «napnapont 6l>IJIO lIIHpOlW pacnpocrpaneao npen-' C'I'ill!.1fOHHe, 'ITO HUH60JIee lIJIO)l,OPO,I\IIbIe 3eMJIH HaxO)J,JITCH E PHMCfWii:

II MllHpIIII, K nepeCeJI8HlUIM IIo5y:m:.n;aJIO TaIOI,e rOCIIo,r';CTBO y CJI(lBJIH It V-VI BB. CTPOH noenaok .n;eMoKpaTHH. Bojina C ~eJIbIO aaxnara Ill)or.Jlll1 CTUJIa na AJIHTeJIbHhlll rrepaon eCTeCTBeUHblllI COCTOHHHeM qr;I!(CCTBa. «Bapnapsr», B TOM lJIICJIC II CJIaDRnO, 6hlJJH XOpOIllO ocneWMJIOUhl 0 TOM, 'ITO ne TOJIbKO IIJIOP;OPO)J,IIbIe no-mer, lIO H naHOOJIee I iururan nQOhllJa MOi!,eT 6hlTb HanHeHa Il roponax H cenax lomepHH. j (o:JTOMY' lIOCTCIIeRIIO 0503HaqaJIOCb OClIQBROe aarrpaazeane cnananfli[1X rrepcceneuHii B V-VII BB.- K rpamrnaa, a 3aTeM II B npene"11.1 BOCT01IHOPHMCKOM HMlIepHH (BH3aIITIIH).

1303 MO iIUIO , CJIaBHIIO IIOHBIIJIHCI, B Ilonynasse necrera pano.: Hann uyne caxrorc rYIIIICIwro nallICCTBIiH, a MOil>eT 6r.ITb, lJaCTb IIX Ilr.IJra YBJIelJeHa CIOp;a npa IIPOP;BIUHOHlllI rYHHOB H3 BOCTOlJHOii B 3aIIU)\lIyro Espony. B anoxy ATTHJIbI (YM. B 453 r.) B ilaHHoHHH 6WI uuuccren HaIIHTOK non Ba3BaHlIeM ({Meg», rrOMBHKH no yxepnrexy o(,o:maTlaJIHCb CJlaBRIICI{HM H3HMenOHaUlIeM «crpana» . Bo BCJJIWM r,'r y-rae, cnanane 3aCeJIlIJIII IIaHHoHHlO II ulIlliuep:YHaiicRoe JIenooeIIn;IILe 1\ I\OH~Y V - HalJaJIY VI B., rne HX IIOCeJIOnHJJ OTCTOJlJllf na \IH~UIIOH nepcxon OT ,[(ynaH no npenropaii l{aprraT B.n;OJIb JIeBhlX trpnIllIwn peKII. 13 narrane VI B. ({CIOIaBHHhl}) 3aHIIMaJIlI npocrpaucrno "I' oacceiiHa IIpYTa II Cepera go Ilaaaoacxoa naaansr, a «aBTbD), IIr.IIlIO)J,llilIe na ioro-aanane K AyuaiicKoMY YCThIO, 5hlJIH HX BOCTOlJIII.I~IH COCOJ~HMI!: Memgy 518-527 1'1'. OhlJI ocymecraaen nepasrji nalilli' aHTOB IIa 3Cj\Om: mnrepaa,

CHCTGMaTlPIOCKHMlI IIOXO)J,hl CJIaBHH na nnanerma llMrrepHII CTaJIII I: nuuana npannerraa IOCTlUIHuIIa I (527-565). Ilermon lJaCTbro go(il,I'1 H .rrBJIRJIHCh nnenasre, IWTOPbIX JIIIOO noanparnana aa nsrayrr, JIn60 i Ifipm:n;a.l11 B patios. Pa6CTBO IJOCHJIO uarpuapxansmra xa paxrep:

IlI1(iLI 6bIJIH .n;OMallIIIlTMI1 cnyrasca, y'racTBOBaJIH BMeCTO c rOCIIo;n:llHOM II noennsrx noxonax, a 'Jope3 nexo'ropoe IIpOMH IJOJIY'laJIH CBOOO/\Y If ~1()rJlll OCTUTbCH B CJI8nHlICltllX noconenanx KaJt IIOJIHonpaBHhle lJJIeUI,[ 05rn;eCT1Ja. n ~CJIOM I1MynWC'l'llOIlUaH AI1¢¢epeHI~J:Ia~IlR BO BTO,,(Iii rrononuae VI B. OLIJlU 01[\0 ue3Ha'IHTeJIbIloii:, XOTH yillC IlOJlBlI'[OCI, npano coficmenaocru na l~BHmHMoe UllIyu~eCTDO, npoacxo.tano II!IIWIIJ18HWe 6oraTcTB, OC060lIIIO B cpene nonnaxaiomenca llJIeMeHHOll: fijHtcTOKpnHn, PYlwfiDl\Hllnreu Ha6eraMlI na HMrrepllIO.

Bce naafionee Bajf\HhlO BOIIPOChl jJ\1I3HH IIJIeMOHH fiJIH llJIeMeHIIO- 10 COI03a penraaacs na 06rn;eH CX()lme soopyaeennsrx Mym'IHn, HJIIlCTh Dom.n;JI eme ::m:mJ\llJIaCL na auroparere, XOTH yme THTOrCJIa

29

K npeapameaaro B HaCJIOJl,CTBCUHYIO.'I BU3'aHTllHCKHll: nacareas cepe,IlJl:HI>I VI n. ITPOKOUllll: l{ecapulICKIIll: rOBopHT 06 05ru:ecTBcHHOM crpoe caanaa KUK 0 «)J,8MORpanUI». CYIIJ,8CTneIIIII.Ie nepeueust nacTynffJIli K py5emy VI-VII BB. 05 051IJ,eCTBeHHoM YCTPOHC1'B8, BO~ HIICIWii: TaKTIIK8 II 6hlT8 CJTal1JIH Co06l:0;a8T nR3aHTIIllCI\llH rrOJIKOBO~ tl.8IJ" craarrraji asrrreparopox, MaBpllKfrii (582~602). B TO BpeMH yrrponnnacr, BJIaCTb BmKl~eH, nenoropsre U3 BIlX l103rJIallJUIJIH T8pPl1~ ropaansnsre nJIOM8HHbI8 06'he!1.lweHHH (IHI3aHTllHIJ,bI HM8HOnaJIII STIIX Bom,'l,eif «peRt::aMH» - Rnn3hJIMH).: B rrO,'l,'1IIIIDHHH peRCOB n&XO;l:HJIHCL HeCIWJIbI<O BOiK,n:eii: (apxonron) nJIOMen, npe!1.CTaBllT8JIII apacrospaTIIll, PO)J,lI'1lI, 3H3TIIbI8 JUOAH rtpaamuero nJI8M8IUI, JHPIHO npenannsre JIHn;a. IIO-BII)J,IIMOMY, C PJI}1,OBhIX 06Il(IIUHHKOB ym8 B3tICKIIBaJlUCh aaTypaJIbHbt8 notiopu, npennaanaaaauraecn na 05ru:eCTBeHIlhIC Hy/Kill>I (C031J:aHIle 061IJ,CCTB8HHbIX 3anaCOB, cpezrcrn na BblKyn mIeHHhlX, ira conepacanae mp8~I8CTBa II na mcprBonplIHomeHllR II T. 11.). 3TH cpencrna BC8 QaIIJ,8 yaypnnponana B CBOIO nOJIb3Y KaH3I. U ero OKpymeRIIe.

M3neCTHhl UM8Ha BO/KjI,eH «CKJIaBHIIOB» - MYCOKMJI, Apnaracra, Ilnporaora, nom)J,eii alITOB - ,lJ;o6peaTa, I{eJIaraCTa II I1p,apU31Hl. ABapCKIIii xaran (BepXOBJlI.IH rrpaaarem.) II BH3anTHii:n;hl aaaan, "ITO y CJIaBJlH na JIeBOM fiepery AYHaR 6bIJlO MIlorD rrpOlIOBOJIbCTBIIH II pasaoro poga 60nlTCTBR. BHSRHTHHcmm IIOJIHTHKH 11 lJ,nIIJIOMRTbI orracanncr, o6'LelIlIHeHlIff CJIaBJIH nOA BJIaCl'bI{) onnoro KHH3H II CTapanacs UOCCOplITb MX .APyr C i\pyrOM, npIIBJICI\aJl O;l:IUIX na cnOIO CTOPOHY II senn iKecToRyIO 60PLOY C ,n;pyruMII. B03YCJIOBHO, T8CHblO CEHBIl, MJIPHhle II BpaiI\;o:c6HbIe, CJIaBHH IIo,n;YHaBLJI C mmepaeii (BbICOIwpa3BHTI:I11 rocynapcrsoa) YCKOPllJIU TCMIIbI ax 06m,eCTBeH-

noro pa3BfiTUH. i

CyJJ;bObI nO)J,YHaHCKHX cnauan B VI -VII BB. nanexo ne onanaROBhl. TOT aHTcKlIH COI03, I<OTOPbrII paaxemanca no COC8;:J;CTBy C IIMneplIOH 6.'I1I3 YCThH AYHaa, c 40-x ronon VI 11. rraXO,Il,1I.1ICfl n npymeCTBeHHblX OTHOIIWHMJIX C f\oHcTalITlIHOIIOJIeM. Jlanrr, I-l 002 r., nocne rroxona nporas CJIaBlIH noiicK aaapcxoro xarana, aliTI.I, noBlI,!1.IIMOMY, OTOIIIJlH OT iW:IhTbI )J;YHafI K COBepO-DocTOKy 11 rrpepnann CDOM CBR3H C m,mepneH .

. IIaHHoHclUIe CJlRBJIHe, cosepruanntao c KOIIl~a 20-x rO;cJ;OB VI IL cnon aatiern no npaaxymccrey na aeM.'IU t~amvlalVI.I1 II IlmrnpIIKa, rrorrana B 60-x ronax non llJIaCTh asapon, rrpHohIBIlIHX crozra xo-reBoii oprtoii 1I3 CTell8R BOCTO'lHOrO Ilpaaaonr.a II OCHOBallllHlX B IlanIIOHlIll BOOHHO-nO.lIlITII'I8CROe OO'h8JJ;IIHCHH8, }{OTOpOe no Tll1'y:ry nOIRl(JI anapou (xarana) rrpHHHTO 0003Ha'laTb I<aK AnapcKfIir xaraaar. HaxOJJ;RCh, neponrno, B CIIJlbHOli crenerra aam1ClIMOCTH 11 I~OIITpe repparopaa xaranara (B fiacceiiae Tacsr), CJIIlDJIHe coxpanrnra noROTOpyIO anronoumo na ero nepadiopna. ORn COCTaBJlJl.lflI ClTIBI'10- cnoe OO:!bIDHHCTBO nO)J,lJ:aHHhlX xaraaa, DJIOCIIJTll ]1 Oro IIOJIh3Y )J,aHT, If BhIIIOJIHHJII1 rpynonste IIOBUHHOCTU (n '1acTHOCTII, CTpOllJIn cyna ,Il,JIlI asapcxoro BOli:cKa, HaHO/lI1JIU nepeupansr ~ICpe3 peKII). V'IaCTBOBaJIII OHU B noxonax xaraaa na HMITOpHIO. B 582 r. xaran aaxnaTIIJI BlI3aHTlIHCKUM ropO.)1;-KpeITOCTb CHPMHH (Cpex, CpeMcKa-MIITpo-

30

uarta ) ITa npanox 6epery CaBLI, npo6IIB )'.(JIJI cefia 6pemh n BlI3aH'1'lIiiClWH 060pOHe. Ho CJIaB.IIHe TIaHHoIIHH, XGfJ,IIBJlIlle c anapaxa B lIuGorll na llMIIepHIO, CTPOMlIJIHCL R ne3allllCHMOCTH OT xaraaa.

Ocofiernro ynopnyro caMOCTO.llTeJIhHYIO 60Pb6y C nxnepnea Be.TIH r.nnumre IIPClf\HCil: pHMClwrr npOBHIIII.lHI )J;muUI, IKUBIIHIe BMeCTC C U(',1'IlTIWMH pOMaIlII3HpOBaHIIOl'O MeCTHoro HaCe.TICHH.II H 3aITHMaBUHre 11 OI:llOBJIOM TeppUToprrIO McmilY AYHacM H H'apnaTall1M. IhreHHo 3TU "Jll1IHIHC (nx Ha3hIBalOT TaKlf\O «60JIrapCKllMln> H OT.rIIPIlle OT cep6ow pnaTCItOll rpYIIIIhI) coaepnrana 'laCThIO nam.nne nOXOAhl aa IIMII1'PIUO, nocrm-aa IIO'lTII CTeH caxoro KOHCTaIITIUIQIIOJIlI, B lWHl\C V I - na-rane VII B. mrrrepaa opranaaoaaaa HOCIW.TILKO xpyrmux ill(('rIOHHI~Hj;'I nporrm «p;aRIIiicKIIX» cnan JIH. Onnoupcueano, XOTlI II rll·:tycneJlTHO, npeTen;LIOBaJI IIa RlJaCTb lIa,q HHMH H anapcnair xaran. II 1i02 r. IIIImepaTOp Manpaxmi nOBeJIeJI CHOHM BoiICI{uM, conepmnnIIIIIH Yl1-a'lHbIM IIOXOP; sa J(yuaH, nepe3I'1Mon3Th B 30MJIe C.1aBHH, cnafi)Ii'll!! ce6H aa HX C'l8T B Te'QeHH8 3HMhl. BOHH!.I B OTnOT aa ;)TOT 1II'IIIW3 nonnana MJITem, rrpOB03fJIaCHJHI HMrrepaTopOM coruuxa cDORY 1\ Y IllmI C ;O:YHallCKOH rpauausr, p;BHHYBrrHICh ua !(OllCTaUTUnonOlIb. I klwpe MaBpII:RI'IM 6hlJI cueprnyr II y6RT. C rex rrop 01\:0.110 80 .TIeT IIlJii(~l\a RMIlepHH HO JTOflBJIHJHICb ua p;ynui1cRoM pyfieace OT HH30BHH 110101 )W IK8JIe3HLIX Bopor.

OT HAEErOB R 3ACEJIEHI:IIO HMllEPCIUIX TIPOBHHIJ;l1il

II )ltl!;JBH rronyaaacaax CJIaBHH nacrynan HOBbIH aran ~ OT aafieron 1111 aOMJIH BII3aHTlIH K npO'lHOMY nx ocnOCHHJO. Ilponecc IIOCTerr8H- 1101'11 lIPOHI'IRlIoneHH.II CJIaBHH, ocotieano B ropnsrx paaoaax (B nerrr- 1111 II ira aanane rrOJIYOCTpona), B03MOlf\IIO, Ha'laJICH erne n nepnoii II11J1OIIHH8 VI B. I1epeJIOMHOH 6bIJIa, O,,qHaRO, cepemrua CTOJleTIUI: 11 [,:10/51 r. caananc, conepnran JIeTOM II oceHbIO IIOXO,n: aa IIMIIe- 1'1110, nnepasre OCT3JII1Ch 3DMonaTb B ee npenenax, 0 TOM, 'lTO cna- 1111114. naxaaa paCCeJIHThCH aa reppUTopHH HMrrepHH, n rOM l.fIICJIe BO IllplllmlI, 6JIH3 WCCcaJIOHlU\lI II B I'peuan, ente P;O B3HTIHI CHPMI1JI 1IIIIIpUMII, cootimaer 11 cnpHHCRHl1 aBTOp - COBpeMeHHHR C06hITHH 111111111[ 8IfJeCCRI:lH. CJl3B.lIHe, IIHIIIeT OH, a3xnaTIIJIH B 580 r. 1I1l10rO tfll'lI)\OB If nperrocren, 3aHHJIlI 3eMJlIO <m rrOCeJJI:lJIlICb B HeIr CRoGOi~- 1111, 01,3 crpaxa, xax B cnoeit COGCTBOlll:IOih, a lJ03,qIIoe (R 584 r.) 111111 fiY)l;TO OLI YiKe «pa300raTOmJ, HMOIOT 30JIOTO II cepe6po, raGYHLI UlIlIl'ii n MHoro opyxran If oGy ue II hI BoenaTb 6oJIce, '!CM POMUI» (I', 1', BH3aHTllil:l\bI).

I )(~HOllHhIM MeTop;OM aaCeJJOIIIIH Banxan CJIaBJUIaMII 6bI:ro I\IaC, uepeCeJIeHHe, IWTOPOMY IIpe;LIrneCTnOBaJIH RpYIIHhW noopyzsenIlUna/WHHR, rrpHBo,qHBIlllle R rraiI.eHHIO xpenocraa, II3rHaHHIO na,"iiclHiX BJIaCTeH JI rapH1l30HOB. B 584 r. CJlaBHHe, yme 060CHOIlJeCH Herr0ll.RJleRy OT cDeCCaJlOIIHKH, npe,qIIpHHJlJIH IIOIIhlTRY "I,I'Tb 9THM BTOphIM JIO 3Ha'l8HHIO nOCJJe KOHcraHTRHOrrOJf.ll nenrLlMIICpHli. B 586 r. ropon 6bIJI CHona ocazanerr anapaxn II non-

31

nJIaCTHF..[MH IIM cnaaanasnr. IIocJIe neYIIH <In CJJaBHHe He YIIIJ[ff Br>{(lCTe c xaranou aa .n;YHaii:: OHII OCTaJIllCL B rpell,IIH, B Maiceuonan H ,[lame p,OCTlIfJIH Ilenononneca, rue IlX rrocenenua cox.paHFlJJHCL C rex nop B Te'IeIIl1e ceMH-BOCbMH CTOJfeTIfll:. OCHOBIIblM MCCTOM BTO meHull )J,JIJI naHHOHCImx CJJaBHH 6hlJI paaon YCTbl1 MopaBLI CniiT'lIJ(ynYMoM (Benrpanosr}, n3HTbIM asapaxa n 585 1'., a «p;aKln'1cKIIX» ciranna - paRoH iHe.'I83HbIX 13o])oT If ycrr,n pexz MOK. .He IICKJUO'Ieno, OJl,HaIW, 'ITO B KOJroHu3al~I1U Y'IaCTBOBami II peceneurtsr II3 GaJIeo OTp,aJIeUHhIX pe1'lIOHOB CJJanlHICKOrO Mnpa: aTOM CBrrp;eTe.'If:,CTilyeT ccsrranenae TIaCTH nanM8HonamrH crrauancx ... ",, nJIeMeII aa Banxanax C nx Ua31:laIIIUIMH n BOCTO'IHOi1. II Tlenrp Rofr Enpone. Hecxorpa na OTCYTCTBHe C 602 r', ynm.umaHull 06 Tax B HCTOqmmaX, CnOn;I{(pWleCrm aHTCKHC nCIIl,H 06HapyJH'HBatOT MHOfIIX paiioaax Eannancnoro nOJIYOCTpOBa. 0 TOM, 'ITO anrta TIOCJIe rroxona asapou He 6hIJIH conepmemro OTpC3aHbI OT 3er.reJIb HMlIOPHH, CBHp,eTCJIbCTBYIOT KJIa)1:bI BH38lITIrirCKUX llcII~efr VI-VII DB. na TOPpH~opnlI arrrou.

'~"iI\e B KOHIl,e VI B. MHomeCTllO CJ1aBHHCJUlX nOCTOl1HllbIX IIOCOJI8RIrIT 6IoIJIO ocrronano rrpaKTIFf8CHil ITO RceMy BaJ[K8ncKoMY rronvOCTPOBY, B TOM 'll1CJIe H na cesepo-aauane, rne 060CHOnaJIHCL npuOhIBIlIHe CIO}..\a B 20-30-x ronax, VII B. CJIaBflHCKlle lIJIeMClTa co P: 60B H xopnaros. TIO-BHJl,HMOJliIY, 11;0 602 T. JIHIIIb OjJ,HH patron WI Banxanax erne He nonsepranca CJlaBHHCH:OH KOJIOHI1:3au;riH - 9TO TeppHTOpHH Me/KAY BaJIRanCKHM XPC6TOM H P;YHaeM, T. e. MeCTO, eraamee IWJIhr6eJIIoIO EO.'1TapCI{01'O roCyjJ,apCTBa. 3TOT pernon B 110- CJrel~Hei1 xernepra VI - ncpnsrx roriax VII n. CTaJI apCHOH nenpePbIflTIbIX BOHR BH3aUTHHIl,CB, cnanan, anapon, OR flBJHIJICJ{ nOCHHOIr 6a3011: nr.mepIIil II ee lWHCTllHfIX npOTilB cnasmr JIBHOOep(mu .. H,' Oco- 6eHHO I{PYIIHaH (<BOJIHa» CJI8BHHCKHX nepecencuuen rrocnenonana BCJJeJ( aa naI\eHMeM IHI3aHTl1HCKOii rpanama na Aynae. TOTf~a, ChOpee ncero, 6LIJlfI 3aCGJIeHM HMH TaKiI,€ Me3HH If MWI8JI CrnHrnJH. Cnanane nepeceotanncs YiRe JWJIbIMM CJJamnnmMH (rrJICMCHRbum COI03aMH- B08nHO-TepplITopn:aJrbHLJMII OO'be)llmeHMHMH), namp;al1 M;) ROTOPbIX rrpO'HIO OBJIageBaJIa onpep;€JIelUIOir TeppHTopUCH;: B IW'IR,:ro VII n. CJJ an HIre, nOCeJIHmnMCCl1 n MaJ\e)J;oIlIIH, ::lnMpe II Ceucpuoii rpeIl,HH, conepnrana na CBOIlX cyrtax ne parcne nananerraa na I" 1- OOP€iHb€ H OCTpOBa 3reHcRoro H llOHIf'IeCIWro lIwpeu. B 61, I 620 rr., o6pa30BaB RPYUHbIH COI03, l103rJIUBJIJ1mmrjlcfI BOII{;:J:eM UMCHII Xanoa, OlIR npermpanaxa HOByIO nonsmcy Bal1T!. <D ca.tlonITRY· Ocana, o,lJ,wmo, BHOBT> He yJ~aJUlCb. XaIVlH norno. l~ nfe Bom,!.'\II 06'b8p,lIlieIlIIR ncryrnura B neperonopsr C Xal'aTIOM c n JIOmeHueM C0103a npOTHB t;l)ccCajIOHlIRH, ofiemaa aa nouonrs 601'a nrrary. Ho xaran, HBJUmTHiicrr C OrpOMI1bIM anapO-C.lJ8BHHCRHM B CKOM 'Jepe3 naa rona, npa uepnsrx neynarax ocarnr npCl\n01IOJI JIY'JHTL 60raToe orcrynnoe or Cal\UIX I'oIJO'KaH.

R TO~{y I1peMeHII IWIITpOJIHpyeMhw xaraHOM ,WMJfII co CJTan CKllM naCOJIOHHCM llKJ1IO'IaJIII Hmn H Cpeneu, CaMJ1 n,e auapsr ne npOJiUmaJIM. B 20~30-x rO)J,8X VII a, II pe3YJIbTaTe H8 csnepo-aanan CBa'!a.TJa xopBaTCRHX, a aal'eM cepfcanx

32

IIIIJIO rOCrrOp;CTBO asapon II aTOM paaoae II H AaJIMaI\IUl. B paarpoxe (tl\U,pC}B B AaJIMaIl,HH IJIaBRYKl porn, csrrpana xopna'rst.:

13 626 r. xar au opraaaaonan rpaanaoaayro 3Kcrrep;n:qHIO rrpOTHB I \o}JcTanTIIHOrrOJIH BMeCTe C nonnnacr HhIMII aMy C.TIaBHHaMII II npo'1ofiOJIrapaMII, 3aKJIIO'IIIB cornamenae C nepcaxn, rrO;rJ;eTynIIBIIIHMH K U:IIIIlTCKllM npep;MeCThHM ropona. Anapcrcae rrOJI'lIlIII.a IIOTeprreJIII nopuJHCHIIe, cQp;e:iJ:CTBonamrree OOOCTpeHHIO paanopos aaapon co CJHl.BHIIHMH.IIocJIe 626 r. BJIaCTh xaraaa nap; CJIaB.HHaMll R lOry 01' AYHaR II Canst PYXHYJIa, BHYTpn xaranara nOJIbIXaJIH BOCCTaHlHl CJIaBHH II upurofionrap. Asapsr nepecraxn nrparr, cyr::qeCTBeHHYIO POJIh na BaJIuunax. C.'laBHHe ocranacs B CYIIIHOCTH ep;nHCTBeHHbIM cepscansnr II POTIInlIllKOM nMnepIIIT B Enporre.

K nepaoir 'leTBCp'fJiI VII B. OTHOCIITCH OKOH'IaTeJIhHOe otpopxrzreIme aa rrOJIYOCTpon8 20-25 CJI aBII HnH, Kamp;aR 113 KOTOPbIX HOCll.lIa COOCTBCHHoe namcenoaanae. Cpena nax ObIJIa n CJIaBI'lHHR CeMb POilOB (IIJIll CeMb IIJIeMeH). OHa CJIOmIIJIaCb, rrO-Bup;IIMOllIY, eure B JII~B06epembe AYHaR, n COCTaBJIHBillHe ee c.TIaBHHe, nepeCeJIHBIUnCb II MHCIIIO II ,n;oopy:p;my, ynepacana, BIIP;IlMO, B CBoeH BJIaCTH nOCJI8 ncpenpaBhl n 'iaCTb 3eMeJIb 38 ,I!;YflaeM.

r1\ cepcnnne VII B. CJI8BIIHe CTaJIH OCHonHhlM p;eIlWrpal!>H'IeCKIIM 4imKTopOM na Banuanax, aaauettne xo roporo noapacrano B aarrpaaneHWll C IOIa aa CCHep II C lOI'O-BOCTor,a na cenepo-aarran, MeCTHoe 1'[]()'(JeCKOe II pOMaHH3IIpOnaHHoe naCC.'1CIIIle coxpaWIJIOCL TJIaBHbIM oopa30M B rrpl'l6pcIItHoii noaoce, B ynenesumx roponax C rrx CeJIb- 4'lwn oxpyroii, B uexnropsrx lHIyTpeHHlIX paaonax CDpaRllll, I'penna, I fCJIOIIOHH8Ca II B ropax - Ponorrax, IIllH!J;8, 'uIIIJapCIWM naropse, • lacrr, roponon (na qepHoM Mope Mem,J,y BaJ[RaHaMIi n YCTbeM Ayuna II na /J;aJlMaTnUCKOM rrofiepexn.e}, BH~HMO, COXpaHIIJIa aBTOHOM 1110 U CBR,m c 1\0HCTaHTlIHOIIOJIeM neaoa nana CJIallHHCRIIM Bom!\lIM. CeJIbCKOX03RllcTneHHaH ,J,8HTeJIbHOCTL roponcaa, l{aK 31'0 BIIp'HO 113 npauepe CDeceaHOHIIKH, 6bIJIa crecaena. Censcnoe aBTOXTOHuoe HaCCJIeHIIe, no llceH nepOHTHOCTII, 0I\a3aJIOCb B OO.llbUIOH aaan- 4CIfM@CTII 01' pyxononamero CJIOR npanrear.rtea. ITo COOOll\eHIIIO MIIx anxa Capmicnoro, B 584 r. anapsr U cnanaae rOBOpIIJHI mJ1TeJIHM: «8Llxo,u;uTe, ceirre If amurc, Mbl D03b.\r8M B Ka'leCTBe l~aHII TO.TIbRO IIOJIOBHHY)) •

n.TIOTHOCTL MeCTIIoro HaCCJJeHHH PC3KO yrraaa, HO OOI:qaH qnc.'ICHHOCTh aBTOXTOHOB ObI,'W erne 3IHl'nITe.TIbHon: ecxa K ceaepy 01' IOlliHbIX paiionon <1JpaRI'lII H MaR8p,OHIIll OHIT ObIJIII B X-XI BB. I\CCHMII.TIIIponaHbI CJlaHIIIIaMH, TO B 1OIImoH cDpaRuII, n I'penan II na r Iennnonnece p;eMorpaqlIJ'lecKaR xapruna R XI B. B n;8..'IOM CTaJIa IlpHMO npornnorroaomnoii. OcooeHHo penxmr, O;rlHaRO, M8CTlIoe na(:c:rerrne, KPOMC rrpuopclIUloii nonocsr, 6bIJIO B VII B. na 38MJIRX MC;E;U' AYI~UCJtl II EaJI1,UHC101M xpctirou.

IIOCeJI811IIe B HOllUM ecreoruenaoreorpadnrseoxoa 1I K;IIIMa TI:PleC1WM apeane, p;JIHTeJIbIlOe nponrananne pnrr:OM C aBTOXTOHaMH, OCBoeuue Jl.1!O;r:J;OPO,n;HblX, na 11110 KYJIbTI1B11 pyesrsrx 38Mcm, co CJIOlRIIBllHMCH arpapHo-xo3Hi1cTBCIIITT>JM I\OMn.n(,I(COM, YCIIOOHHe lIICCTHOii arporexlHlKII, nCrrOJIb30BallHO I10HJ.lX 0PY)\Hi1: rpyna - see :.lTO CIIOCOocTBoBa-

2 RpaTKalI JlC10Pilfi BonrapHIl

33

34

CnaB>lUCIHllI l:epalllllIllt YlI~VIII BB., Han~effHaB B CKnHeTpeHe1l0~,

• BpaqaHCKO~1 If IlJIeBenCKO:t.l oRpyrax

JIO :lna'lHTeJIhHOMY nporpeccy B 3KOHOMHKe CHaBlIH, B 70-x ronax V I I B. mHTeJIH ct>ecCaJIOHHRH 3aRynaJIH nponcaorlcraae (sepao, l'illoollhle II cynrensre \fJPYRThl) y CJIaDHH <DecCaJIIIIL

H3MeHeHHJI ROCHYJIHCh H CI\oTOBOp;'leCRHX a3HlITnH ClIaBfIH. Ha III'PB()O MeCTO B xasecrne MHCHoro CROTa, OTTeCHEB KpyrrHI.r!i: pora'l'I,lji CKOT, BbIlliJIH OBll,hl II R03hI, 3aTeM CBIIHhII, MOJOD;HlIK KPYTIHD- 1'1) poraroro CIWTa nepeCTaJIII aafianarr, DOOOII\e: 6hlK cran naxor"IolM nmBOTHhlM, a KOPOB nepncana rJIaBHblM 06p3aOM pap;H MoaOK3,

:v' CKOPJIJIOCh pa3BlITHe Y CJIaBJIII H caxsrx paaaocfipaaasrx pexerun: ocofieano 3HR'IIITeJIhHhlMH 6hIJIH ycnexn B Mer3.lIoo6pa6oTK8, IIIIJIlOTIaH oPY}KeIlHoe ,!1;eJIo, II B cY,!1;oCrpOeHIIII (¢JIOT CJIaBJIH gOCTH"IJI oxpecrrrocreii canoro I\oIIcTaHTHHOIIOJU!).

X03HllCTBeIIHbIii: rrporpecc OOYCJIOBIIJI 3aM8TlJbJe rr8peMCH1I IT B "'I\llaJIhHoii: cdiepe, COBepmaJICJI nepexon Dr 3eAIlI8;l,e,11<r8CRDll ((', PO,!1;OBhIMH rrepeacarxaaa) OOrn:HHI>I R cocencaoir; rraXOTJI1Il1 nanea .. po upamanca B coficraenaocrr, 06nrIIHHIIKa (aJIJIOg), JIHIDb yrDAbJI !U~'I'UBaJIIICh B pacnopaacenna Bcell ofimamr. IIOJIBJIelllle aJIJIDJla 0.0- ,Vl~JlOlllIJIO yrJIYOJIeHHe HMyrn:ecTBeHHoM ,lJ,HrpWepCITl\llal\ITII. KDJIDHaTnuo oTHomeHIIH, nraporco pacnpocrpaaenasre aa BaJK3HaX H8KaHYIlU nOCeJIeHIIJI CJIaBJIH, PYXHYJIlI na 60JII,rneii: tJaCTII nOJIyocTPOB3 (U1('IIOnOpoTHo. Pa6onJIall,OJIb~I8CKHe nvrJIJlhl, ocnoaaumre aa TpYAe PHOOH II rrpIIKpeIIJIeIIHbIX I( 30MJle II JIII'IHOCTH rDClIOi\IIHa KDJIOHDB, 11101.:111 CMeTeIlbI enapaapcxmr: HameCTmIeM. CJIaBIlIIc!(alI 06II\IIH3 n .'llxpaHIIBlliaHCJI 06nrIIIIU MCC'THhIX 3eM.JIC1'leJIblWD CTaHIT nCXO;r\HhlM 1111(~TIITYTOM B o\fJopMJIeHIIll HODhlX, \fJeo):(aJIhHbIX rrp0I13BO;l,CTB8HHblX I li'llomeHlIu.

l'aOCTno He rrOJIY'IllJIO Y CJIaDJIH 3Ha'IlITCJIhHorD paanaraa II noc<II! lI!'peCeJ!eHIIJI n I1pe)J,eJIbI HIIIIIepIIH. Op;HaRO IID3I!I11U! COIOBHO-llne~1!lIlllOii apacronparan yxpenanacs. KH1I3bJI pacnoaaraan P,PYlI\llHa~111, '1,T1eIlhI KO'TOPblX oGJIa):(aJIII Gorree coneprrrenaux BODpymeHlleM II, UllpOllTHO, Be ObIJIH, rrO,!1;06HO TIPyrllM OOrn:IIHHHKaM, 3aHlIT1I TIDjll~(!I(IICBHLrM Tpy,n:OM aa 3CMJIe. TpaT(HqIIII CTPOH BDeliHoer p,eMOKpaTIU! II(I(',TOrreHHO yXO,!1;HJI1I B npomnoe. IIOCJIe):(IIIIe nafiern CHaBlIH sa Eaa- 1(IIIIUX B KOHqe VII B. ObIJIH nanpannensr yll\8 He na cocennne IUllI H'I'/lItJIOHHbIe paaorrsr cauoro nOJIYOCTpOBa, a na OCTpOHa II MaJIOa3ITii.'I(On IIoOepemhe. CJIaBHHCKaH 3HaTh ncrynana na lIYTh YCITJIeHITff uucunyararmn connexsnnanoa. C Ojl,HOlI CTOPOH1I, ee npencranarem II upouecce nocrenonaon nOpMaJIIISaU;HII oraornernril C Bll3aHTIIllCKIIMlI IOPOlWMll npaotintanacr, H rpC1ICCJWH I,YJIhTYpC, 3anJI31IBaJIIT CBJl3H I 11l1;WHTIIllCKOH 3HUTLIO If llamo npHOOpCTaJIH D eo CP0/18 npaaepscen- 111111, rOTODhIX K cOTpyp,IHttJOCTny nporna coficrnennoro (KDHCTaHTII- 1IIIIIfI.:lbcKoro) rrpaBHTCJIhCTIHI. C )\pyroii CTOpOIlhl, aro D6II\eHHe DeJID I. 1'/I(',l\oJIY B cpene caMoii ccraunucxoa apIIcTOI,pan!II: l[aCTL ee craaa

I'PPMHTLClI It CJIIIHIIlHO C )lu:mHTlIiicROH 3HaTbIO, I( IID.lIy<reumo BIll- 11011 X iIOJImHOCTCil: H TIITyJIOB B HMnepCIWM UCpapXI!lI.' aTOMY ClIOIIffl'TIlOBaJIU aI,THBHalI BTf3aHTHllCIWf[ ,!1;lIIIJIOMUTIIlI II nenooponcraen-

"1011 !lOeHHOe p;aBJIeHHe aa CJIaBIIIIHH. IIo;)TOMY He crryqaHHO, l[TD, He'!llI'pH na 60JIee oJIarOnpHlITHbIe YCJIOBHlI X03a}!CTBeHHoro pa3BHTITJI , '11111" IUIil B IOlKHhlX paUOIIaX, ycneurnee rrOJIlITll'leCRII YKpelIJIll.1I!ICb

2* 35

CJIaBIIHUH na cenepe, B OT,TJ;aJIeHlUI OT naaanrmicnax BOeHIJO-OOJIl'ITll'1eCRIIX :u;eHTpOB.

C 80-x rOAOD VI B. no 70-x ronoa VII n, CJIRBRHe Maxenoaaa, SImpa, cDeccRmlII, o6pa3YH xpynasre COJ03hl, 5 paa npezmpmnraana rrOrrhlTI>II OBJIRiWTb <PecCa.JIOHIII>OH, rne C.'WBHHCNRH apl1CTOI'paT!UI paCC'll1TbInaJIR YTBepgHTb C1Wll rrQ.1IHTH'1eCKllll IJ;eHTp, CTpeMHCb K co- 3/l:aHllJO coficraeaaoro rOCYJI,apCTBeHHoro OO'he{(llHeHHH. Ho CJIaBHHaM He XlJ8TlUIO noeaaoro OIILITR }l/IH OCai1,hl CTD.llb MOIIJ;HOH ~.fITa,J;eJnr, JWK ne XBaTHJIO CIIJIOTICHHOCTH 1I CP;lIHCTBR. OTpa311B IIOCJI8gIIHft naTHCK na <peCCUJIOHllKY, BH3RHTUiiIJ;hl rrpnCTYIIHJIlI l~ rrJIaHOMeplIOMY OTBoen8HIIIO 3RXna'IeIIIJblX CJIaJlRH8MH repPHTopHif.

'Yffie B 20~30-x ronax VII B., BO speua paccenenna na Banrcanax xopaaroe H cepfion, BU3aHTUiicK0ll1Y H~lIlepaTOpy yp,anOCh npIIo6peCTH B HUX COf03HlUWR npOT1IB anapou. nepshli-i naeHHbrI! rroXO):\ nporns CJIaBHH, 060CHounBumXCH ua 3ClMJIJIX BU3aHTJIYI, rrpep;npanan B 657/58 r. H~mepaTOp KoncTaHT II. l{acTh B3HThIX llM n rraerr CJla£flH 6bIJla rrepecenena B Manyro A3HIO rr a3'IHc.'I8:H3 B HMnapcxoe noiicxo.

1\0 Bpel\1CHIl naroji ocanu CVeCcaJIOHllKIl CJIallHHe, ffiIIHilllle n ee orrpeCTHQCT1-rX If Go;ree oTga.rreHHhIX !>feCTaX, OI-\OJIO nOJICTO;I8TIIH IIO,LJ;AepiIUIB3JIIl MlIpHhle OTHOlllenIIJI C <HUM roponox. B 678 r. IIOCJIbI asapcxoro xarana, a TaKlK8 «(P8KCD!!, ;H\3apXOB II raCTaJlbgoB» cnaBRH sarranasrx pariorroa rrcnyocrposa, onacaacr, naCTYIIn8HIfH IB1IIepHH, rrpn6bIJIll B l\oHcTaHTllHOnOJIh C npe.D;JIO;:heHHeIlI Jlr1llpa. B TOM fRe ro)];y BII3aHTIlii:cKne noncrca paarponnnu CJIaIHIIIcRllii: COlO3 na CTpYMe, OTKpbIB ceGe nopory K @eccanOHIIKC. lJepea -10 JleT )10C.'I8).l,OBaJIa xpynnaa ::lKCrre.IlInHIH, B peSYJIhTaTe xoropoa BusaUTlllIIJ;hI .::\0- limn no cDeCCaJIOHllI>lI, pa36IlJIU CJIaBflH 1I MIIOlKeCTBO IIX nepecexaJIU B Maay» A3UIO. K TO My npeuena .a:amumaMli mrnepna CT8JIll ztparynnrsr, JRllDIlille 1\ cenepy OT <!lccca.;rOHlllOL B xone nacrynJIeHHH BII38H'I1IIUl,BB na CJIaEl'1Il B03Hm~a;lH BoeUHO-a,'l,MlIHHCTpanIBHhle nponannna (q:H"lMhl). K 685 r. 6hl.TIa coanana q>cMa fDparunr, B rrOC.JIe,n:YIOIIVW WITb JIeT - W6M8 8JI.'Ia(~bl.

O~l,HaKO p;nH TIOJIIwro nog'flUIeHHH CJIaBHH MaKe,rr.OHllIl, Snupa, I'peuan, IICJIOnOIIHeca IlOTpeOOB8JIOCb eure 60JIee )1,BYX sexon: iJ,alKe B HD'Ia.JIe X B., 6Y.1l:YQII ylJie XpHCTIIiUIaMH, C.'!81lHIW OTp:eJIhHbIX peraouon COXpDl:I.RJm IlHyTpellHJOro an'IOllQl.UnO, a npexeaaxa OTKa3bIBaJIHCb npII3HaBa Th nnacrr, IIMIIepaTopa. Hexrrroprae CJIaBlIlIlUI VIII _. IX BB. RDJIHJJHCb ITOfl:.iHTInO npororocvnapcraaua, OlWIPIa T8JIbnan KOHCOJIlI):WIJ.lIH KOTOphlX B rrOJIHTIFleCKne npOQHhIC C8MOCTOHTe.TILHhle opranu;rMbI He rrpOU30IIIJla JIHilih B CIIJIY ImeJIIunX nplI"'lIIH. CJIaBHIIHn n H83H8HHH HOCIVIH, nOl~o5Hhle rocyp,apcTBeUHhlM, ITO H8- n);!eHOBamIIo rOCIIO;U;CTBonaBIIIero n 06'hep;HHenHII C;'IaBHHCKoro nJICMelIll. TaI\OBhI BaiilOHIITHH B Snnpe, AparYBlITHH, Carvnarna, Bep3H:TIIR B MarWgOHlfII, BeJJSHTHR 1l [DeCCaJIHn, 110 TJIUBC xoropoii ne VIII B. CTQHJI lIwrym,eCTBeHHhlr'r 1\HH3J> Axauap,

l.JTO RacaeTCH CJIaBlIHIIU CeMh PO/l,OB, TO CBe)];eHHll 0 Heii iW I\oHI:l;a 70-x rO,'l;OB VII .. B. He IIMeerCJI. B03Monmo, K ce CToneTHH, lIO RpaiiHeii. Mepe, "'laCTh CJIaBHH aTUX MeCT, T. e.

86

II Ho6pY;rJ,mH, HOMHH3JIbHO npII3HaJIa CYBepeHlITeT lIMnepaTOpa 11 '111('.JHmaCb ~eT\epaTaMII IIMnepIIII, 06H3aHHblMU aannnnart, P;ynaHC'I(!IH py6em: c;Deo~aH YTBepmp;aeT, "'ITO naK;myne BTOpmeHl1H npoTOJIOO,lIrap 38MJIII 6m13 ,l..{YHaH HaXO;rJ,lIJIIfCb <moil. BJIaCTbIO XpI1eTlIclH» ('1'. (J, BII3aHTlIiiu;eB).

IIPOTOBOJIfAPbI no BCTPEQI1 CO CJIABHHAMII B AOJIllHE Al1HAH

It k-rupaa nporofioarap H lIaCTII cna HHIl TeCHO nepenneranacs II )],0 l'I):W1HlUl Ilcpaoro Bon rapcxoro ~apcTB~ B npouecce ofipaaoaanaa Ilul>1oro rOCY)J;apCTBa npanuaana yvacrne 06a napona. 13 CBH3H C il'I'tlM He06xo,l:\HMO ROpOTKO OCTaHOHHTbCH aa cYJ\L6ax nporofionrap 110 !IX npaxona BO rJIaBe c Acnapyxo» H Hll30IlbEM ~YHaJ:l.

l(d Ipororionrapsr», T. e. (Wep/lWHU,I8 60,T[rapLI»,- YCJIOHHLI[r na.v'IIII.I~t TCPMHII, ofioaaa'rarourak (B OTJIJllIlIe OT 60JIrap - IOffiUOCJIaIiIlIH',IWll 3THnQeCROll: otimsocra - napozraocrn II HaU;IIl'I) rrpe)l.CTaBIl'l'I"lll'll O;rJ,HOll 113 pa3HOllH,TJ;HOCTOII rropxcnoro aruoca. 8TnIl"'IeClxII 01111 u'I',IIII'JaJIUCb OT CJIaBHH, OTIIOCflIIJ;nXCH R :rrHp;oeBpoIIei1u;~

'Ilepnsre P;OCTOBopHble CHelJ;eHHH 0 nporotioarapax OTROCHTCH K ce-

114')(111[8 - aropoil I10JIOBliHe IV B.JOUlI m:HJIII rorna na CenepHOI\I IHlllw3e It OTtJaCTH n 3aImBKa3Le, nponaaaynumct, ClOp;a 113 IJ;euTIIlUII.1I0ll A311llj Bcxope OHH paCCeJIlfJIUCL B Ilpnaaom,e, B fiacceiine J~olla n Cenepcxoro ,[(0 ana, me accm.IHJIllpOHaJIH OCTaTIm HHlJ;OeBpOlII"i(~I01X capMaTO-aJIaHCRllX (apaacxax) naeaea. Bo nropoa nonoantil' I V B. rrpOTOOOJIrapb1 BOIHJIH B COCTaB ofinnrpaoro OO'Le,TJ;IIHeHHH, 1I!I:!I',lIan.IHf1merOCH rYHHaIlIH. rq aCTIo rrpOTOOOJIrap B ROHIl,e aroro 111'1(11 (ihlJla YBJIe'Iena ryHHa~uI na aanan, B IIaHHoIUHo, rne Haxo;r:J;II,T[I')t l\lnlTp rYHHCJwil: KO'lenoii: «n,epJ3:\allbDU BHiJ.HIIIO, nporofionrapr.r HI'I'H,III.L:IIlMOTHYIO pOJIL yme B rrJIeMenHOM coioae ATTHJILI.

I \ I I IJIIIIOHIIll npOTOOOJIrapLI, sepoarno, nnepnue npHIIIJIlI B TOCtllll' ('.OllpHIWCHOBOHHO co CJIaBHIra:loIH. COXpaHHJI B COCTaBe OO'bep;nHi'IIIIH ry nnon rrJIO:\I8HHOe e;:l;1IHCTnO, nporocoxrapu Y'IaCTBOBa.'ln B; 1111 \ 0)\11 x rYHHCT\HX Bomp;eii II OLI,lIIl II3BeCTIIbI liaR nCHYCHue 11 nsr- 11111','111111018 BOlIlIb.!.J

110CJfO pacnana rYIIHCROH «nepacansr» n 453 r, npororionrapsr lIuII 1I0HMlf lIGTY1HfJJH n IWHTaRT C BOCTolIIIopnMclwM HMrrepneIL II ,lIll-x runux V II" ol'oiil~JI R HmlmoMY Ilonyuaur.io , oun ouaasrsa'III 1I0MO~L Houcrnm-nnonomo II OOPLOO C OCTrOTHMH, a R 1[93 r. , '" II COnepIIIIIJIII It !lOO!' uu aOM,JII! HMnepllIf, ,TJ;OC'l'Hrnyn c;DpaRHII. I II' X nop HX rrOXOlJ;I,1 II ;J'I'Y II pO B IfIIl \1110 H JlPyrHe pai10HLI mrrrepnn , I , III CHCTOMaTll"'IeClilfMIf. n 513-515 rr. onn rrOMOI'aJIH soeuaxans" "I. V (Ilc;rJ,epa TOB HMllCpHU BIlTaJIHany, IIO}.l,HHBlliC),ry BOCCTaHue B

I"" py l\1JW c nensrc OBJta,ll;crIHH npeCTOJIO,M.

II(nwpc, C Ha'IaJIa rrpaBJIeHJIH IOcTllHHana I, nporotionrapsr HeI" IlilJ nropranacr, B npeaensr BH3aIlTlJl.f HMCCTe co CJIaBHnaMH, aa." 11 ... 1" nO-BU;rJ;UMOMY, B pane CJIY'Iaen C HHMH B COI03e, Ocofienno IIHII"lIfllii pasaax npoTo6oJIrapCKRe Haoenr rrpIIRHJIlI B 40-50-x ro-

37

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38

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39

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40

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42

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C canoro cnoero noaHIIKHOBeHHH Bonrapnn He MOme'f 6hlTb yno,n.o6JIena Aaapcaouy xaranary, f(BJIHBIlIeMYCH MelIHIJIeMeHHbIM COlO- 30M. BOJIhIIJIIHCTllO rrO;c\;1.aHHbIX xarana TaKiI~e COCTallJHlJlH HHOJl3bI'IHue 3eMJre,n.eJILII,bI (npeacne ncero CJIaBflHe), naxonannraeca B HenOJITlOUpUBHO:'-1 IIOJIOmCmul. B xarana-re 6bIJIO nCMa.lIO II uporoficnr-ap, HO JIIHlIh aaapcsoe HfJ;pO COCTaBJIHJIO llLICIlTuii rocrrO~\CTBYIOlIJ,Hi1: CJIOH. Anapnr OCT8BaJIHCL~(O paarpoxa xararra ra nOJIyr,,:o<I8BbU[ IIJre~1eHeM, r.n&mwii 4}rnK[~neii ROTOpOI'O 6uJW yp;cpm8wle Il nOBHHOBCHHH nonnnacraorn xaranary HaCeJI811HfI, 3 h"pOM8 'foro cfiop C Hero ,D,[IHH 11 opraHl13aqHH Ha6erOB npOTHB cocenanx CTpaH 11 H&PO,qOB. Ha 3UM)' anapr.r YCTpaHBaJIHCh HU nOJIHOe cogeplI\auue B nocexenaax nO;J;'-lUH8HUblX lIM 3e;'IJI8I1,cm,n;en. Apxeoaorn ofinapyxran U CTanOBlIU\a anapOB xaranara, HO He naii;(81I I1,D ClIX nop ero J1.8HTP «<pURr»).

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CYiJ.H no apXeOJIorlf1reCIUIM p;aHHhlM, nporotioxrapsr paCCeJIITJlHCb 1[0 upsmrymecrny B C8BepO-BOCTO'IHhIX IT BOCTO'lHbIX paironax rocyH!lpCTBa CB ~oopY)];iRe). CTOmH\a ObI.TIa ocnonaaa na MeCTe CJIanmI('·I(!Iro nocexeaan IIJIl'ICHa, npenpautcnnoro B OOurUpHbIH yxpennen- 111,1 ii pnoxr II BaJIOM nareps.: BbICIIIa.H BJIaCTb HaXO}l.IIJIaCh B PYKax xnua Acnapyxa.. Ero P;BOp ObIJI T8CHO canaan rrpeacne scero C paCIIOJIO)[{CHHbTlIUI nOOJIH30CTH H BOCTORy II CSBCPO-BOCTOKY OT IIJIIICRH C'I'o.ii6IIIIl,aIlI1I nporofionrap, pa3Moru;aBIIIHMHCH, no Beerr BepOHTIIOCTH, 110 ponaa DO rotase c PO,rr:OM ~YJlO. Bmm\aIIIIIIIMlI E xaay BeJIhIlIOJI\lIMlI Gbwn, nO-Bnp;HMOMY, xaexan (6YRBaJIbHO: «conpanarenr, xana» , uO.IIa,rr:aBHIIIn aOCJIe Hero BbICIIIHMil BoeHIIbIMII nOJIIIOMO'IIIHMII) H «'I apry OOIIJI «<'IepryOHJlb)} B CJIaBHHCIWIII npOII3HomCHHII, OYRRaJlh- 110: «BHYTpeHHHH OOUJI)} , nepaoe JIIIIJ;O nOC.'Ie RaBxaHaL' Ilpa ,n:Bope xuua IIMe;UICb, HeCOMHeHHO, opramr nenrpansnoii BJIaCTH, 0 CTPYRT~' [)8 xoropoir, O)l;HaKO, }l.JI.H ROHI.l;a VII - VIII B. OTCYTCTllYfOT nan- 111,10 IICTO'IHIU{QB.

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45

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50

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51

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52

r upu u, ,lHaQUT8JIbH08 yn8JIII"'18HU8 ee CIIJI II ynpo-renne D;OHTpaJ1hHOH "'IIII'TIf, npn xane Osryprare (814-831) rOCnO/.l,CTBYIOIIJ;II8 KpyrH , II ,,'lIb1 CrpeMHJIHCb K coxpaH8HHIO Mnpa C COcei'VIJI,m: BH3aHTI1err II 'l'I"llIllaMlL} BU,I1)rMO, rraxarsre I"l:PYMoM np806pa30BaHIIH 6h1JIU B8Cb~I n a I\TyaJIbHhfMII II TpeOOBaJIlI rrpeIIMYID;8CTBeHlIoro BHIH>lalIlfJI K 1I1I,~TIHfllO,TIHTII'IeCRIIM UpOOJI8MaM,

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-Hanpaaceaaocrr, B OTHOmenIIJlX C CDpaHIwRoii: )1CpiKaBOll: B03HIIIiJill n CBJI3I1 C HenOBUHOBeHueM, npOJIBJI8HHhIM 3HaThIO CJIaBIIHlIii aa rr.ucpo-aanane CTpaIIbI. IIpnHJITbI8 &TUM xaHOM xepsr no YKperrJIeHlIIO 1I0:HIII,IIU: n;eHTpaJIbHOH BJIaCTII, B TOM 'IIICJIe B npOlll1HIl,TIJIX (CJIaBIIIIIHrx), BbI3Ba,TIH, UCpOJITHO, ilte,nalIne 3lIa1'H C.lIaBJIIIIIn TIIMO'laH CM8- 1IIlTb YClIJIIIBaIOil]YRlClI anacrs oo.lII'apcrwro xaaa aa croaepermrer )J,a,llIHwro q.pmIl{CKOrO HIIIllepa Tapa_.] B 818 r. nOCJIbI TIUW'IaH npOCIIJIlI .11,o/"(OBIIKa Bxaroxecrnnoro npHHHTb IlX non 3aID;IITY cnoero cmme rI'H, HO B 819 r., II3:>tleIUIB cnoe pemeane, oan nep8111JUI IlO;:J," BJlaCTb «.pnarcxcro KH1I3n Jlronenara, EOTOPbIll: orr epr 3aBHCIIlIlOCTb OT WPUH- 1;01l II OER3RJI lUI OT'IaJIHlIOC COrrpOHIBJICHII8. B 822 r. JIIO;:(8BlIT Ohm l'a:!6nr 1I oe;{\aJI 1\ cepfiaa, a THMO'laHe BMeCTe cera BJIa;(8HIIHMII ol;aaa.rlUCb non DJIaCTI,Rl g)paHIwB.

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53

CTpaHbI na nporofioarapcxoe RApO II aBTOHOMHhIe CJIfiB1UICl\Ue paaoBU. TeppHTOpHH rOCYJ1:flpCTB3 6bIJI3 paS,!!,eJI8n3 aa aoasre flJ1:MIIHlICTparnamre OOJIaCTI1 (KOMllTolThI) BO rnaae C HaMeCTHIU\aMll (KOMUTaMIl) xana. llHCJIO npencranarenea CJIaBHHCKOH SHaTII na BbICOl\UX P;OJIiKHOCTHbIX rrocrax IIpH OMypTare YB8JIWffIJIOCb: yKpeUJIHH ~8HTpaJIhlIyIO BJIaCTb, Oxyprar, HeCOMHeHHO, OITllpaJICH na nOp;)l;epmKY 60JIhlIIHHCTBa CJIaBHHcKoil SHaTII, rrpT1BJIeItaH ee npencranarenea R ):IeJIaM yrrpaaxeana rOCY)l;apCTBOM. 3HflM8naTeJIbnO, 'ITO CbIHOBbl:r Onyprara Espanora II 3BfIHHqa HOCIIJUI CJIaBJIHCKHe lIMena. ACCI1- MHJIHIJ;IIOHHbIlr nponecc OXBaTJIJI B TO BpeMH, HeCOMHeHHO, He TOJIbT,Q HM3hI, no II BCpXlI UPOTOOOJIrapCEWii 'IaCTII HaCeJIeHIIH CTpaHbI.

HapH.I(Y C Mepal'>nr no ynpovenaro ennncraa rocyxapcraa nponomrJInCL n nOJIIITUHa rOBeHIIH na xpuc'rnau. B xpncraanax xaa YCMarpUBaJI nOT8HIJ;IIaJIhHbIX spares II B03MomHbIX npI'lBepmBBIJ;BB UlIUHlpan. ROHB'lHO, ronBHlHI 6bIJIH CRH3BHbI If C YCIIJIBRUeIlf rrpOHHRROBeHIrH xpUCTnaHCTBa B EOJIrapIIIO, KOTOPOMY CO)J,eHCTBOBaml UJIeIIHble Bll3aHTHHIJ;bI. Ha DUX-TO B nepBYIO O'l8pe!~b U GblJl nanpannen ynap xarra: HM rrpezoraranocr, JIrr60 orpe-rsca OT CBoeR aepsr, JIIi60 rrorrBeprHYTbCH Ita3Hil.

qeJIHM B03RhImeHlIH npecrnzaa x aIICKOll BJIaCTfI fI YKp8nJIeHHfI ee Mem!'J;YHap0)l;HOrO aBTOpUTeTa CJIyl1uma II CTpOHTeJIbHaH ;rr:eHTeJIbHOCTh Oxyprara. XaB BOCCTaHOBHJI paapynreanyro HIIKIl;POpOM I IlJIucRY, IIOCTpoIlJI HOBblH rrsopen H lIOBbIH H8bI'IeCIurH xpaa, a rasIKe 06HOllllJI BHYTpeHHue U BHemHIIe CTeHhI ropozta. A,nopgIJ; BbICrpOl1:JIH H ITa pene TIPJa, 'lepes HOTDpyIO 6lJJI rrepefiponrea Mocr. Erne o,!l;nn XaHCKlIJl il,BOpeIJ; - YKpenJIeHHaH pe3up;eHIJ;lIH - 6bIJI nocTpoeH Ha AYHae non ClIJIIICTpOH. IIOCTPOHl\lI 6bIJIll YBeHtIaHbI ROJIOHHaMlI, na ROTOPbIX BbICeRaJUI (Ra rpeveoxosr H3bIRe) TOpmeCTBeHHbIB o<f!fm;rram.nsre nammcn, npOCJIaBJIHIOIIJ;Ue xana. KaMeHHble Rap;UHCH no noBeJIeHIIIO xana Boap;BIIraJIIICh II n 'leCTb BhlP;flIQIll,HXCH BoeHa'IaJIbHU~ ROB u rocynapcrnerrasrx )J,eHTeJIeii: - npa aTOM 06hl'IHO YKa3bIBaJICH pop; npOCJIanJIReMOii B namrnca JIH'IaOCTlI, 'ITO IIOSBOJIHeT roaoprrrs ° coxpanemm TIOPI,CKlIX Tpa):(UIJ;UH B cpene nporofionrapcnoa apaCTORpaT1II1.

ChIB Osryprara Maaauap (831-836) nponoazsaa IIO.UlITURY OTIJ;a. rOHeHuH na xpncrnarr erne 60JIee YClJJIRJIIICb: MaJIaMIIp Ka3HHJI CBOero GpaTa EHpaBoTY sa TO, 'ITO OR upnnan xpnCTI'raRCTBO.

'Cepbe:mhle TIepeMeHbI BO BHYTpeHHeii If BRemHell rrOJIHTnRe BOJIrapna 0603Ha'IlPlHCh n rrpaBJIeIIII8 Ilpecaana (836-852)jBocnOJIb30- aaamacs T8M, 'ITO OCHOBHhIe cansr ITMHepnU 6LIJIfI aaHJITbI B noaae c aPPIQ8.1.tH, a TafO£8 B IIolJ;aBJIeHHH BOCCT8.HUH CJIanUHHH CMOJIHH, Ilpecnaa 3aXBaTHJI TOpO,!!, CDUJIIInnhI, a saTeM rrpIICOe)l;HHIIJI K BOJIrapUII TaRme ofinrnpusre paHOHbI Cpep,Heii II IOmHoH MaHef];OHIIH, 3aC8JIeHHf.Ie CJI8.B1IH8.M]!j (6ep3fIT3MH, nparyam-asra IT OT'IaCTH crpn¥9HIJ;al\m). He HMe.f{ B03MomHOCTlI nocnpenarcreonarr, Ilpecaaay,

ilmsaHTullIJ;hl B 838 r. opranaaonana BOCCTanne, a aaren oerCTBO C JI8BOOepelRHhlX BJIa)J;eHuM Boarapna B HnmH8M rrO):lYHaDh.~ c noMOm:bIO noenaoro <pJIOTR HMnepJIH HeCIWJIbJGJX ThlCH'I IIOeeJIHIJ:;HbIX anecs npa RpYMe rrJIeHHbIX BllaaHTllHn,eB (ll I:IX ncroxxoa). 'Boa-

54

AlniHIIO, CYIIl,eCTBOnaJIa CBH3r. MeffiiJ:Y eTOmmOneHIU[MII OOnfap C BnIIIHHIIPii II na-ranox ncpnoa nOllm,J EOJIrapHII C CepOaMH, OO'be):VnUIB- 11111 \111('/1 otWJIO cepeztamr IX B. n J{HHiKeCTBO, n03fJIaBJI.lIeMOe BJIaCTUMil pOM.' C BTlIM RlUI30M C 839 no 842 r. II nen HeY)J.a'lUYlO BoiiRY II pi 'I' II a n. B JWHIl,e ero rrpaBJIeHI1H Bll3aHTllllIl,aM, BlI,IUMO, ynanocr, In i"IIIHTr. csoa II03lIIl,nlI na 8reiiCIWM notiepeacse, B HH30BbHX MeCTbI II I: I'pYMbr, 06eCne'IlIB oe30naCHOCTb cyxonyrnoro rryTn )10 tDeccaJIOIIIII;JI, no CBo.llrapII.II coxpamrna OCHOBHble 3aBOOBamUI B MaRe,n:OHHn::)

II PI1COC;:J;IIHeHHO '3Ha'll1TeRhHhIX TepplITopui1 co CRaBHHCRl1M H8- "I'.IIPlTneM, cpena xoroporo Obmo YiKO ReMaJIO xpacrnan, OOYCJIOBHJilt, IIO Bcell nepOHTHOCTlI, TOT <paRT, 'ITO (C-O npenena UpaBJIeHHH II pl'CHaHa HH'IerO He H3BeCTHO 0 RaRUX-JIHOO rOHeHIIHX rra xpncraan. IJIJ-lllIl\I1MOMY, STII rOHeHII.II npeRpaTIIJIlICL Yffie n nepnsre ronsr npasJWIIIlH xaua, ras I~aR MOfJIU rrpUBOCTU I{ OCJIaOJIeHUIO II03IIIl,HH BOJII'll pl1l1 no nnonr, npucoertaaenmax paiioHa~;:

AKTUBfIaH BIIellRJIJI rrOJIUTlIRa, I,pYIIIlhJe soeaasre npezmpaaraa, mnpoxaa CTpOlITeJIbHa.II )J,eHTeJIbnOCrb, pa3BeTBJIeHHblU annapar BJIaC"III - ace 3TO CBII,n:eTeJIbCTBODaJIO 0 TOM, 'ITO R cepennne IX B. sepXOBHLIlr npaanranr, rocynapcrna pacnoaaran Fi.pymlbIMH MaTepnaJIhIIhlMII cpep;CTBaMIL I\oHe'IHO, mnns He3Ha'IlITeJIhHYIO nx 'IaCTb coC>Tf\BJIHJIa DOlIHCKaJl p;OOhI'Ia. OCIJOBIlaH lIX lIIaCCa nocrynana B xaaBy B <popue perYRHpHO B3blCKlIBaeMbIX C HaceneHIlH HaTypanbHbIX 1I11JIOfOB, ToprOBbIX IIOlliJIUH, paaaoro pozra mrparpos II P;OXO,n:OB C xaucxoro X031IMCTBa. IMoHapXlI'IeCKaJl BJIaCTb xaaa pacnpocrpaan)1 ncr, aa nee 3eMJIlI CTpaHhI U aa nee CWePhI ffiII3HII HaCeJIeHHHII nOM 3aRJIIO'Ia.rrOCb OCHOBIloe conepacanae BHYTpeHHHX rocynapcr- 1I0HHO-IIOJIHTII'IeCRUX H3MeHCHlIll B EOJIfapIIH B nepsoii rrOJIonIIHe IX nI

O'<PIIU:1I3JlbHhIM THTYJIOM rocynapa ObIJI «xaa CIOOnrn» (T. e.

<mOJI{p;b BoiicKa)). B IX B. BMeCTe C &TlIM THrYJIOM ynorpefinanaci, '1'31ONe qJoplIfY'-lla (<OT oora apxorrr», rronsepxanaanraa 60ffieCTBOHHoe 11 POlICXOIK;:leHHe ero BJIaCTI:L Ouyprar H Ilpecnan npU6aBIIJIII R TlITyJIy npUHIl,IIIIIHlJIbHOe yroauenne - rrOJlBlIJIHCh CJIOBa, YRa3hIBaIOlI~ue na TO. 'ITO xaa HB.'lHeTCH noaeanrenesr «MHornX OOJIrap»). TaKIIM q6pa30M, lIMeROCh B BlIPS, seponraee BC{lI'O, Haceneune crpanst B ne,110M, RaK rrporotioarapcnoe, TaR If CJIaBJlHCKOe, Tep:lllIR «60JIrapbI» ,VTpa1JlmaJI Y3KOSTHl1lJ:eCKOe 3Ha'IeHUe - OIl 0603Ha'IaJI yme scex noni(aHRblX,

XaH HBJIHJICH BepXOBHhlM rJIaBBOKOM3H1J;yI01Il,HM, BblcmUM 3aIWHO!(aTeJIeM II CY;Ibeii:, a TalO[,e nepxonnsnr mpeIl,OM. Tesr HO 1I1eHOe ROH«perrrue COObITlIlI CBup:eTeJIhCTBYIOT 0 TOM, 'ITO llJI3CTL xana orpaHH'IlIB3JIa BbICllaH nporofionrapcnaa II CJIaBJ{HCR3H apnCTOKpaTH.II: fiea Y'leTa nnrepecon 3HaTIlhlX PO)J;OB,. 6e3 cOrJIaCOBaHlIH C HUMIl oc- 1l0BHbIX narrpaaaennii cnoeit nOJIHTIIKII xaa pJICIWB3JI rrorepars Col~HaJIbHyIO onopy. B CJIOmHbIX nepnnernax BHYTpeIlHeTI 60PbObI aa 11JI3CTh MeiK)J,y rrpOTOOOJIrapCRHMH ponasrn naoma c03bIBaJIOCb «naponaoer cofipaane (BlIp:UMO, BOHHOB-OIIOJI'IeHn:eB lI3 MeCT, 6JIU3KUX R ('.TonEn;e), KOTopoe IlO):!; BJIll!lRHeM conepaa-rarornax rpynn 3HaTu neJ!aJIO OIWHtJaTeJIhHhITI BhIOOP (MeJ«p;y nperemreuraua na rrpeCTOJI,

55

Me,EAY BOMaOll II: 1Il1POM, Memi1:Y paaasixa npennaraanrmnrca naneHbIlIill 38RoHaMH H T. rr.).

Bsrcmaa rrpOTOOOJIrapCRaH SHan. IIMeIIQBaJIaCb «OOJIIIa)1,aMH)} (« 60IlJla!lIH» ), CpeiJ,HHH II naanraa - «Iiarannann». Hs cpensr OOlI.:IOB Ha3Ha'IaJICJ'I xanxaa, coxpaHHBIIIIIM BTopoe MeCTO nocne xaua, on ]\0- :r.WH,J:IOBaJI ero J1H'IlIOII .rIPYfIUlHoii,6bIJI oro nepBblM coneTIIlU{Q11, CJle,IlYIOII\HM JIO paary OCTRI:laJIClI H'IHpry 60IIJ1, E81WBlliUH oxpanoii CTOJIHD;bI II BHYTpeHHlIx I,penocreM CTpaHbI, OR Y'laCTBOBaJl HenOCpe)1,CTBeHHO II E rpam)J,aHCffOM ynpaanerrrnr. Do R8M8HHhlM Ha,IlmICJL',1 lISBeCTIIO etne OIWJIO )1;HYX IJ,eCHTHOB npOTOOOJIrapCKHx TIO nponcxozs)1;8HHfO THTYJIOH II P,OJIlliHOcTei"r, qJYHKIVIH MHorlIX lI3 KOTOPblX He COBce:>'1 fiCHLI. HeCOMHelHIO, O,'\HaKO, 'ITO B TO Bpe:IIH ente He cynteCTBOnaJIO crpororo paSAeJICHlIH Mem)],y rpan'AaHcKHMlI H BOeHHb[Mtl rrOJIHOMO'lIIHMII 1l0JIIRHOCTlIbIX mm, B IICTO'IHIIKax rrpOBO~\IITCH pasrpaHH1J8nHe JIlImL MemAY caHOHHHKaMII, KOMneTenD;IIJI KOTOPbIX pacnpOCTpaUHJIaCb rra CTOJIln~y If ee oxpyry (T. e. na «BHYTponHlOIO aejr.mo»}, II BeJILMOmaMH, oTUpa13JIHRlliHMn caon )],OJImHOCTlI B nponmmaHX (T. e. BO (wH8nIRoiI 3eMJIe»). Ilepusre Ha3LIBaJIHCL C00TBerCT seHno (<BnYTpeuIIHMH OOJIHpaMn», nropsre - «aaeunmxas , HMeDIIIIIMH M8H88 BbICORUj.1 paar. O,'l,HaRO n 31'0 paarpamrseaao He ObI.1IO aficoJIIOTlIhL\1: p;ame xaaxas 11 IIlJ:Upry OOlIJI rrOJIY1JaJIU B ynpaaneaue H8- )1;aBHO ailnO€B8HHbI€ 3€MJIII. OCTa€TCH n€HCITbIU TaIOR8, HM€JIIf Jill (<BHOIIIHne OOJIHpe») no JIIiRBIIJ\aIJ;HH aBTOHOMIUI CJIaBIIHIIII I{aKYIOJIII60 BJIaCT}, Hail: HIIMH. f\poMe roro, cYlllecTBOBaJIU 311aqIITeJILHaH xareropna snUTHbIX JIIID;, UM8HOEanIDHXCH «(BCKOpMJIeHIIII}WMlI)) xana, T, e. ero «llIITOMn;aMII», CBH3aHHbiMII C rocynapex yaaxa JIlI'lHoi\: rrpe)J;aHHOCTII; 113 HlIX, BII;n:IIMO, KOMIIJI8KTOnaJIaCb H .ITlIqnaH ,J:IPyn\lma xaua, ere rBUpp;IIlI, 'lJIeHbI IWTOPOII Ha3bIBaJIHCb rrO-BII3aHTlIMCKn «KaH,IlI1)l:aTaMII»).

Cxena yrrpaBJI8HlIH IIpOBlIHn;HHMH, npencranaaamaan 6hlBlli1I8 CJIaBHHnn, He HB.'IH.'IaCh O,!l;HORpaTHbDf II lIOBceMeCTHbDf 8RTOM. HoBOO ynpaanerme OblJIO nseneno paaee ncero B 3aXBaqeHHbIX y BHsaRTInI 1I RaC8JreHHbIX CJIaBHRaMH pail:oHax, B 06JIaC'I'HX, OTIIfITfiIX y anapon, a TalORe n CJI8nUHnn rIIMOqall nOCJIO rrOp;aBJIeHHH UK ceuapa THcrcmIX YTpe"meHHH. Y CTaH3BJIlIBaH Hap; CJIUnIIHUHMn CBOro HerrocpeACTBeHHYW HJIaCTb, xan AOJI1I\eH OhIJI O,J:IHOBpeMOUHO BOBJIeKaTb BCe oOJree anatrarern.mae Kpyru nbICIll8ii CJI3RHlICKOiI sHaTU 11 a;n:MHHlICTpaTHBHbIll, B TOM qIICJIe neurpam.nsni, aunapar. CpeJ(H caHOBHIIKOB xarra CraJIII ynoxnaarec» CJIaBHHCKlle nxeaa II CJIaB.HHClUIe TilTYJIbI-;(OJI1I\HOCTII, HHorJJ;a B COq8raHHII C rrpOl'OOOJIrapCRlIMII.

H'. TOMY nepuo;n:y (VIII-IX EB,) OTHOCHTCH If nepnsie acasre CBR;n:eTeJIbCTB3 06 YTJIYOJ1eHIIH nponecca tfJeO,1J;aJIII3aIl)III, Cy,'l,IITb 0 KOTOpOM nOSBOJIHlOr TamIe IOPII)l)I'leCKlIe naMHTHHRII, RaR «3eMJIe)J;eJIbqeCRui'r 3aKOH) l'I «3aHOB cY,i1Hbri1: JIfOp;el\f)). flepEljIH Il3 BIlX OROHqareJILIIO CJIOmHJICn aa OCHOBe OOhIqnOrO npana B nanane VIII B. II 6bIJI otPIID;naJILRO rrpII3HRn B BusaHTHlI. H03aEIIcHMo OT Toro, B KaKoll npOBlmn;IIII OC(JOPMIIJIHCL HOpMbI «3eMJIe,J:IeJIbqeCKOrO 3aKOna», on orpazsan B cnoeii OCHOBHOii xacra COCTOHIIHe nepenan nOCJIe saaepnreaaa :mOXII «BapBapC},UU BTopmeBIIll. DOPH,J:IKU, 3a4nIRCH-

56

I'"'' '11111>10 :1TIIM naMJfTHHIWM, OhIml xapaxrepasr II iVIJf repparopmi, """"' (IIIIIX I{ cepemme IX B. B COCTaB Bonrapaa (Cenepaaa <PpaKIIH, , I" ,'lflJl II IOmnaH MaKe_n:omf.a). B KaHoM-To Mepe nOJIomenIle _n:eJI f," ,,' ('.XO!~HbIM H na 3e~IJIHX Mem)1.y BaJIKanCKIIM xpefirou Ii )l;YHaer.r.

hI MJlelI.eJIL'leCH.HH 3aROH» CBHlI.eTeJIhCTByeT 0 rOClIOII.CTBe B lI.e- 1"'1'"'' VIII B. zmyx BII,'J;OB C06CTBeHHOCTIi na SeMJIIO: 'laCTHoii: co6- I "" JIfJOCTII na rrpllycalleoHbIll y'IaCTOH, lIBOp II naxoTHbIM HaJ.(eJI (ee 1'1I1"ll1l1TOM 6bIJIa coficruenaocrr, OOJIbIIIOM ceMhII-3aiIPyrn) II OOm;IIHIInff ('OOCTBeHIIocTli rra iIepeB8HCKlfe yroiIhH (nacrfimna, areca, nyra, !l1I/IIII'MhI H T, n.): Ofia BUlla COOCTBeHHOCTII cymecrnoaana O;J,nOBpe~1I111110 DHYTpn 0Jwoii: nepesna, npeiICTaBJIHBIIIen coooii cocencxyio "nll',III1Y. Il axornsrii nanen, CJIeIlOBaTeJIbHO, CnoOO)1,Ho naCJIe}1;OBaJICH u P f"lyn'iIaJICH. Cperta KpeCThJfH cymecreonana 3na'IUTeJIhnaH ITMyII\tU'J'IICIIHaH ;rJ;HqJrPepeaIJ;uaIJ;UH: qaCTh lIX ycnena paaOpIITI:.CH II apen'"I11H,'la 3eMJIIO y 3aIRHTOqnbIX oOIl~HHnIIlwB aa nOJIOBlmy ypozsaa (h 'I',lIWM cnysae apennarop, BIIiIllMO, rroiryqaJI nouomr, OT X03f1IUra) 111111 ua necaryx; ero ~IaCTb «()1,eClITIIH cnorrs r , 06e}J;uenmHe OOru;IIHIllfI,ll pa60TaJIH II n xauecrae HaeMHbIX paooTHmwB y paarioraren- 11111\ cocel\eit JI XYTOpHH.

EJf~e oOJIee onpencneaasr p;aHHbIe 0 rrepexeaax B nepenae B «BaIlIllin CYP;HOM moneu» - CJIaBJUICKOM na:VIJITHHH:e, aanacaanox CTOJIO'I'IWM noaace «3eMJIep;eJIbqeCKOrO saxoaa», T, e. nOCJIe npHUJITHH xpn- 11'1'1111 ucrna, Ilpanna, OCTaeTCJI HeJICHLIM, rno aanncaao ::lTO npaso (,I I ;o.'1rapTIII lIJm: DemIIwi'I Mopanna), HeCOMHeHno, onnaso, 'ITO na 111'0 nopusr OIWaaJIa BJIIIfllIllO BII3aHTHMCRaJI «81(JIOra». B «3aHOlIO» YII(l~nIBaeTClI He rrpOCTO 0 oeJ(IIbIX II 60ra ThIX, a yme 0 nOj(JlHHHO IIH'Oi\aJIbHO aanncmrsrx KpeCThHH8X, C Ol\HOll CTOPOHbI, II 0 upynnsrx iUIM,IWBJIal\eJILn;aX, OOJIaJIaBIUlIX n;eJIhIMII C8JIaMII, ~ C }J;pyroii. BOIIllbI IIO,lll'apUH C BH3aJITHei1: nenn, HeCOMH8HHO, K o60raIQeHIIIO npOTOOOJIrl1jlel1011 II CJIaBHHCKoi\: 3H8TH. OHa CT8n0B1m8Cb OQJI8iIaTeJIbHHIwi\: He '1'11,111.1\0 )lEnlliUMhIX OOraTCTTl, HO non yrrana II ofinrnp asre 30 l\IJI If, IWTOploW pauee, n npenenax HMlIOpUII, DXOP;UJIII BllIeCTe C HaCeJIHBIIIHMlI 11\ IIpeCTblIn8MU B C01'T8n nOM8CTl1llIUHlepa'fOpa, U.epl\Blf 11 MOH81'ThI!filii. 0 CYIQOCTBOBanHn TaKIIX r!JeOfl,aJILHJ,lX nOl\IeCTHII R BU3aHTIIII II MPIOTCH naansre ltaR paa OT anOXH Haxnrpopa I, npn I\OTOpOI\I 'laCTh IHI:I,\HTltl'rCKUX TepPll'fOpnii n MaK8l\Omnl oromna K Bonrapaa. Cn"lI'Ma <.1R:CIIJIya TaIIIIll na OT01lI8,i\IIIIIX K Boarapna 38MJIHX He ncnsr"""'<IlIa co CMeHoii rOCIIOrc pOUIHTelIbHhlX U3MenemrIi. 3aXBaqenHhIe (("alleUI'!:!! CT8110BUJIHCb C06CTp.eHHOCThlO xaua, t.oropsre on maJIOBaJI IIMCCTO C 3aBUCHJlrIbIMlI KpeCTf,JIHaMH OJIlImaMIIIIIM caHOBHImaM II pe,111,,'n03HLIM yqpeIRl\enHHM, 06'1.0 f\TOI\I raxux nO)RaJIOBaHuii: l\IorJIll I'THTb II cena-orinunru CBo60;\HLIX HaJIOrOTIJIaTeJILn~HROB, xorrta nocemlJle OOBHHflJIHCb B HenOBMHOBemUI BJJaCTJIM H HCnOB8il:aHIIH rOHIfMoit pi ',)flIlflill. ComaCHO «3aROHY CYiIHOMY JIIO}J;eM», B cenax Y:iKe lure,;raCh ""()CIIo.u:CH.aH» II «cear.cxax 38MJIF[», rrpH'Iel\I rOClTO)1,HH CTOlIJI BHe 00- uurnsr: B cnyxae rocynapcrneaasrx caammii npOTHB lIIHTeJI8H C8JIa, 41TpeKmerOCH OT XpnCTlIaHCTBa, xpecrr.an rr8pe~aBaJIll B COOCTDOHlI!leTb IJ,OPKBH, a ObIBIIIero l'OCTIOiJ,HHa (ceaa) - aepoorcrynrraaa npo!illllaJIU B paOCTBO.

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58

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YllOMl1naBIlHleCJI nsnue XapaRTepHI>IB rrep'rsr penarnn rrporofioaIII p 11(',raJl1ICh TeMH me H na Bamtanax. Jlnmr, orrrpaanenae RYJIb- 11111 (ocotieano B 'I8CTb rJIaBHOrO GOlReCTBa 'I'aarpa II CUJ.lOfO xaaa) I "IIIIIII)(l1 pa YCllJIeHHIO 3ROHOMII'IeCROl'O H rrOJIIITII'IeCROrO MorYIIJ;eCTBa 1'II'y!\llpa npuofipeao o(pnn.naJiLHOe II OOJIee unrpoxoe ODm,eCTB8HHoe !lIlIl'II'lm8, CT<lJIlI B03l~Bl1raTbCH xpausr M RarrHIIJ;a. TeM He M8Hee HeT tlIUHTTllii, ROTOPbI8 n03BO.TIMJfII 6LI npennozararr., 'ITO nporofioaraptH11l1' xausr npIIHym}J.aJlIf CJIaBffH C~IOHIITb CBDI! H3bPI8CI,ue BepOBaHIIH Illi II POTOOOJIrapCI\H8. HanpOTIIB, HamP-HI8 B JX B. COBMeCTUbIX, CJIauuur.uux II npOTOUOJIrapCKIIX, aeuporroneti 1'0EOPUT 06 OTCYTCTllIUI !H'JH,'(Y H3hFIHIIKaMIl l:I3 OUORK HapOAoE CTO.'IKHOB8IIHH HU penaraoa'I'lil no-rse. I'oneaaan nonaepraaacs JIIIllIb xpucrnane, T. e. npen, IIIIII:TOJIH Toii: pemlrUII, ROTOPaJI HBJIHJIaCb oqJH1'Il1aJIbHOiI H!l;oOiIorH'II Moryw;ecTBeaHoro II orracuoro upara - Baaanrniicaoa la!IIe- 1'1111, II ;J,IIII.'IOIVlaTH'l(lCKOM apceaano ROToporr XPIlCTIHl.H1I3au,I1H UbIJIa loll 11H1hIM cpencrsoa H~eiiHoro II nOJIHTIPleCI\Ol'O rro,u;'IUH8HIIJI cocenuIIX uaponoa.

11 )lCe-TaKII B CUJIY BeJlYIIJ;ero nonoxrenaa nporotioxrapcaoa connIIJII,llOli nepxyuntu B rocynapcrnennoa lliU3HH crpama npananneai- 1I0CTb R lIHOi! peanrna aaTpY)J;HHJla npep;cTaBHT8JIH:M CJIan.!{HcI{OM 3Ha"11 nocryn B cpeny nsrcmea rrpansopnoii apIICTOI\paTMII II R BamHellIIII1M rocynapcraeaasor rrOCTaM, O~HaRo aa npeneaaan ace oo.rree I'.,V lIi'IlBaIOII\erOCH Rpyra apacroxparrrn, HBJIl1BlU8rrCJI XpaHl:IT8JIbHHW't'l upcrorionrapcsnx 3THIl'IeCKITX rpa.n,ITlI,ITil: II seponaaaii, B OCHOBlI()ii Macce rrporotio.arap XO)], 3THORYJIhTypUbIX rrpOIl,8CCOB II:\IOJI CY- 1I\1'(~TBeallble OTJIlI'llHl. I10CeJIeUlie no coceACTBY co CJIaBfIHaMH (npo~ 10111i.'ITapCKnX Ha3:BaHlIH RaRlIX-JIlrOO HaCeJI8HHblX nYHItTOB xpanne AiII.:IO), cxrenraaasre opaKH, COBMCCTH(lf[ BoeHHaH cJIY1i,6a, 11 ocotienII1WT].{ - nepexon R Ocep,.1IOMY ofipaay mH3HIf BeJIIi[ K xopeaaon 1Ie- 1U'I:TpOMKe He TOJIbRO OblTa npOTOOOJIrap, HO 11: ax 06bl'raeB, 06Pl1J~OB, IIIH~I\CTaB1I8uuii 0 IKn3H8HUbIX IWHHOCTHX, a TllaBIIOB - caaocosaaIllIll JIIOAeii. TaKHM 06paSOM, pa3BIfBaJICH nponeco, IWTOPbIH conpoIlIJihll.a;'lCH HC'I83ROnBHlI8M cauoro npOTOOOJJrapCHOro ar HOR,YJJh TYp- 111110 Tuna B~IeCTe co BcellIIf lJPI1CYIIJ;HMl! 8l\IY OCOOOlIlIOCTl1~lII. Cxaunue nepeaana OT rrpOTOUOJIrap pan TepMlfHOB, 0003Ha'IaBillHX 1I~[IIIL~UaJIbHhle ~O,JImROCTH II xanemtapnsre n.IIHJIbf, nexoropsre npen~1("l'hl 6bITa II .u.eTaJIH O/l.BiI\ghl H YKpam8HHH; ornr YCBOV[JIll nO.TI8:mbI8 IVIII X03Hi';.(',TBa HRBhlKII CI';'OTOBOil,'[(lCKOii n;eflTe,[bUOr!J:H n pOToGomap, ItIIl'-'ITO ua IlX aoopymernrn II BOHIICIWii: TaI{1'lIRH. OAHaKO Bel!ylIl,eii: ,11,lIlme11 pa3HIITlIJI OClIOBIIOii I\laCCbI npOTOOOJIrap 6bIJIO BCe 00.'I8e PJlyfioKoe UX HOBJIe'fOHIre B pyCJIO CJIaBHHCI'DH napomroa xynsrypsr, IIOMHHupYIOlIl,all poar. }\OTOPOii: ocotieauo HpRO CTa.11a npOHBJIHTbCH H I X. B. C npncoe;cl,UHeInWM CJlaBffHCKIIX paiionon <PpamIH IT MaaenoIIIII!'. HaCeJJOlfH8 arnx paiionon yaw nCIIbITaJIO BJIMHHHe BII3aHTui1:\\1\11(.\ ll,RBlIJHI3aU;tUI.

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59

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rraasr no pacrropaacerrmo xaaa. lipeJKp:e scero 31'0 rraMJITHURll MOHyMeHTaJIbHOii apxnrexrypsr, xpenocrnsre coopyzsemra, ;J;BOpn;bI n xpasrsr B CTOJIHn;e ll.'IHCKe n n CHHTHJIIIm;e Ma~ap8. OCT8Th11 aTIIX COopymeHlIll u Rb1He nopazraror noofipaaseaae CBOHMH pa3'MepaJl.Hf, QHR;IOmf'IeCKoii: KJIa,IWOll, 6hlTODRMIl Y)l;06CTEaMH (6accellHbI, 6aHu, BO;IOnpOBO;J;, [(IICTepHM )J;JIH aanacoa EO,n::bI, OTOIIJIeUUe C IIOlIOI[(blO Tpy6 c rOpH"lei1: BOAOH H T. II.). IIJIaHupoBKa 1I rrOCJIeAOBaTel(bHOCTh 3aCTpOHKIl TIJIIICKI!! II01W3blBaIOT, 'ITO XOTff crpnnreascrno ocymecraxaJWCb IICKyCHbliIlIf apXIITeRTopaMll-Bfi3aHTltiiD,aMll (HeHOTopMC ylICnsre C'IllTaIOT IlX llbIXOJJ;D,aMII C H:aDKa3a), B03RHRJIa ITJIIICKa KaK YRpeUJleHHblll TIOPKCKUii aya, crroco6m,Iii p,aTL B CBOIIX crenax yK psrrne Jl,CCHTKaM TbICJI'l JIIO):lell II orpoxusur crana» CKOTa: OOm;aH rrnontans oxaa-reuaoro YI,pCfweHrrmUil rrpOCTpaHC1'Ba COCTaEJlfIe'{, 23 res. RM. 3TO 6bIJI nepBOB8'IaJIbHD zarcps-aperrocrs, B nearpe roporo H8XOfl,HJIOCh aropoe YRpeIIJIeHue (BHYTpeHHUM: ropon) C ,Il,BOpIlaMII n xpaaavn. Bo BHYTperrHeM repone oonapymeIUJ II c.rrep;hl JH:30,n:eJIaTeJIbHhlX n rOH'IapHbIX MacTepcIUIx II ToprOBMe HnH. Apxeoxorn BhlHEllJIII l'rWCIDTa6LI paapyureuaa llJIllCIUI BoiicKaMII IIuRll(popa I B 811 r, BOCCTanOBJICHHbIii: OMYPTaroM report B II;BJIOllI coxparran npelI\HIOIO IIJlaRlIpoBI,y, HO em;e 60JIbIllO BRIIMaHII.FI 6bIJIO' Y)J.eneno xpenocrmaa COOpYII\cHUHlII: KaMeIIHbIM 6amHHlIl 1I nayrpenHUM CTCHa~f, roaurana KOTOPhlX J(OCTIUaJIa 2,6 111, a BbICOTa - "10 Bo naemnex ropnrte, BIJ)1,UMO, IIBpBOfla'IaJIhUO CTOHJIII npemry BeRRO IOPTI,I, no HaHn;eIIhl 3,'"J;BCb CJIBp,bI If TIIITII<fHhlX CJIaBHHCRIIX JIyae1IJIHnOR II 4)yrrr(RMeHTbI ua HaMHR HeCI,OJIhKMX lIaae:lIRbIX opymeHlIM:. IIo rany IIJIHCRH 6bIJIH B03BBP;BHhl B pasnsrx paaoaax EOJIrapIIlI 1I npyrne (6oollee Cl{pOMHbIe no pasMcpaM) xpe II T01II 'IIICJW Ilpecaas, lWTOPbIll HaK nOCeJIeHl1e nOHBI1JIC.a aa VII - VI II BB., a npn Ojryprare Ubm npespautea B RpyrIHyro nOCTh, H.vleBllIYIO naopen-peaanenmno 11 uonemeuae iJ;JHI rapanaosa B O):lHO ll3 npyrmeiinrax YKpermeHHH ObI:! npenpantea )J.peBHIII! Clmii: ropon ua )J,ynae TJ,OPOCTOJI Ol.pHcTpa, CnJIlICTpa) - He CJlY'1

no B oomapCKOM anoxpnqie {~BHfl:eHlIe npopoxa Hcaiin» ocnona J~PHCTPhI naanau Acnapyx,

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60

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72

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BOPbBA c I1MIIEPIIEP.l: SA rErEMOHIIIO HA EAJIRAHAX

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(>rpeIlIJIeHIIe It Ilo):\'IHHeHnIO cepficxax aeMeJIb OOJIrapCIme 60JIJIpe "pIlIlllHJIn em;e B JI3hl'lecKYw nopy, BO BTOPOII 'IeTBepI'II IX B" lu'rrJOI'HB aa cepficxax reppnropaax cOnepHlI'I8CTBO nOM:&IIIlJIHBIIIlIX 0 'I'IJM IKe BH3aHTUHCKHX HIIIIIepaTopOB. C ROHIl,a 50-x n B TelleHHe 110 x rO)J;OB UMnepIIJI ocym;eCTBJIHJIa cperm cepfion aHTHBHYIO MHCCUO- 11I'1)(~I\YlO ll.eHTeJIbHOCTb. R 70-M ro.n;aM IX B. npouecc xpzcraaanaaIUIII ccpfioa 6bIJI, BlI,lI,HMO, aaB8pIII8H, KaT, aaneprmrnocs xpemeane II 1l0Jll'apUH. YnpO'I8HHe BHaaHTHHCH:OfO BJIUHHHH cpena cep6CKHX pan- 1I111!1C10JWJIhHbIX Ii'HHlReCI'B DbI3hlBaJIO 6eCIIQIWHCTBO Bopaca, HenWT!HI na YCTaB.OBJIeHll:e «fJIy6OT~Ol'O MIrpa}) C mrnepaeti, Ilo,n;p;epm.llIIUIIIIIPii: cep6CRHX RHH3eH, B 870 f. BOHCI\a Bopnca, B03fJIaBJIeHHbIe Ill'u ('raplIl1'fM CbIHOM BJIagHMlIpoM-PacaTe, nroprancr, aa cepficrrae III1M)II1, no nOTepneJIH noparseaae. CaM BOeHa'laJIbRHR II 12 <<BemlKliX nCl,11 H p» 6hlJIH IIJIeHeHhl. BOplIC .n;OJImeB 6bIJI JIHttHO OTJIpaBFITbCJI K 1'llp(if]WMY RHH3ro MYTIIII.mpy, 'lTo6bI ~06HTbCH MHpa II BbIpY[IlITh

73

ll.IIeHHII.KOB. JhBeCTHO, "LITO Bopac ~OCTIIr STIIX n;eJleM. I'paaauu Bom-apna C cep6CRlIMll 3eMJlHMH OCTaJIlICb neH3MeHHhlMlI (OHIl noXO)l;lIJllI ,l1;0 KpenOCTH Paca). B 873 r. MYTUMIIP c)'MeJI B meCTOlwii 6oPb6e 06'l>e,l1;HHIITb Cep6CI\He naexeua, BepOHTRO, C rrOMOIJJ;bIO BOPMca: ,l1;OrOBOpOM 0 COI03e B 870 r., B03MOJKHO, II ofhHCBHeTCJI ycryn'nIBDCT!. MYTHMHpa, oCBo6oJ(IIBIIIero CI.IBB Bopaca. Cep6CInIn RHHSh OTnpaBlIJI non 6,l1;lITeJIhRbIM Ha)1;30p R Bopncy csoero conepaana+MJIa,l1;mero 6paTa, xoroporo, O,IlHaKO (RaR 05bI'lRO B Tamu 05CTOHTeJII,CTBaX nocrynann II BI'£3aRTIIiiIl,bI), Bopnc IICrrOJlbSOBaJI ;O:JIH Y'!'Bepmp;eBHH csoero BJIHHHIUI: B Cep6IIH, IIMeH non PYRoii: IWB,l1;H;o:aTa - CTaBJlelIBIIRa aa cep6cmrii npecroa.

ro nonaoa ne3aBIIClIMOCTH BHernHei1 lIOJlllTIIKlI BOJIraplIlI or nMrrepnz CB1'I,l1;eTeJII.CTByRJT H OTHOmeHIIf.[ Eopaca (a 8aTeM era IWcaennaxa) c I'epa aacnau ROpOJIeBCTBOM II BeJIllIWII Mopaaaeii. Bonrapna nucrynana B poaa COI03HlIRa BeMIJ;eB B lIX 60pL6e C Be.J1HK01I Mopanaeii, C01OSHOii :tlMnepH.lL

B 889 r, EOPlIC ,l1;06POBOJIbRO orpeuca 0'1' npElCTOJIa II nocrparcn B MORaXII B OCHOBaHROM lIM 1tIOHaCThlpe. Bnac'n, npanan BJla,l1;IIMIIpPacare (889-893). Era naenraenonaruuecrcait RypC 6hIJI TaImM }Re, 'ITO :u npa OTIJ;e. HOBI.Iii: KRR3b S8KJIRJ'lIIJI 13 893 r, ,n;arOBOp c I'epMaHCRHM ROpOJIeBCTBOM, nanpannermun npOTIIB Bemmoii: Mopannn II, B03MOlRHa, npOTUB BU3aBTHII. EOJIrapUH a6H3aJIaCh He BhlB031ITh COJIh 13 BeJIlIRYro Mopanmo 1I3 CBOUX xoneti, naXO,l1;UBllIIIXCH B OOJIrapCRIIX BJlap;eHlIHX aa repparopna TpaHCHJIbBaHlIll.

BepOJlTHO, aHTll13II3aHTII:iicRIIH nOJIHTH'leCRHH uypc RHJDI(8CIW nsopa IIocJlymlIJI TOJI'IKOM II: OiKlIBJIeHIIIO B crpane, oc06eHHO cpe 13hICIIIeH BHaTH, RBbPleCIWlf Onn03HIl,lIH. Ee 8KTHBHOCTh MOrJIa no rpeBaTbCff TeM, ~TO B TO BpeMH BH3aHTIIMCKlIe 81IJ;e rocnO)J;CTBOB8JIlI B 60JIrapcKoii: nepxna, rJIaBHOe iKe COCTOflJlO B TOM, 'lTO BJIa,l1;IIMlIp-PacaTe, CtPOpMIIpoBa13llIHii:cH RaR JIII'lHOCTb erne )1,0 RpeIJJ;eHHH, COXpaHHJI TeCHbIe CBH311 C T8MII KpyraMJI apHCTO~ RpaTHH, KOTopbIe XpalIllJIII nporofioarapcxae Tpa)J,IIn:llII II C'lllTaJUI Jt3!>I'leCTBO lIenpeMeHHblM YCJIOBIIeM ycnemaoro rrpOTIIBoCTOHHIIH llMnepnn. IIo3HI~IfH 3T8, O/l:H81W, rp03HJI8 paCKOJIOM rOCIIO/l:CTByrom;ero aaacca II OCJIa5mmneM rocynapcrna: aonpexa 05'"beRTHBHO coaepmaa- 1UeMYCH npon;eccy uoanoro 1I3iKlmaHlIJl 8THOKYJIbTypHoro JJ;yaJIH3Ma, ORa BeJIa R llCKYCCTBenHOMY aaxpermerraro 8THII't[eCRIIx II peJIIIrII03- max OTJIH"'IlIlI, R pecraapanan 60JIee npIIMIITH13HbIX tPOPM OpraHII3an;HII ynpa13JIeHIIH, COn;IIaJIbHo:ii crpyxrypsr II RYJIbTypHoro pa313HT1HI.

B 893 r. BJla,l1;IIMIIp-PacaTe OTRPhITO B3HJI RypC na soaapamenae If R3bl'IeCTBY. 8TOT xypc COrrpOBOiR/1:aJICR pa30peHlleM Il,epRBeii, Ha(lH.lIlIeM nan CBHIJJ;eHROCJlymIITeJI.HMII, rOHeHIIeM na xpIICTuaH. B aro ROCHYJIOCh He TOJlhRO rex YSIUIX RpyroB, KOTopLle OpHElHTUpOB JIHC!> na COJIHiKeHUe C BH3aHTHeii, HO II mupORHX CJlOeB Cpe,l1;II xoroporo nporofionrapcaaa 8JIeMeH'!' yme He IIrpaJI 3aM x03HlICTBeHHoii IT 06III.eCTBeHROii pOJIu. ,ll;oKa3aTeJIbCTBO roro rROCTh, C ROTOPOii: 6hIJl nOJIOJKeH ROHen; R3I.I~IeCKOii peannaa, B n01i:HRYll MOHacThlpb II CHona 06JIa'IRBillIfCb R RHHmeCEIIe UblCTPO H nO"LITII 6eCKpOBHO opraHII30BaJI HU3BepmeHIIe csraa C

74

rlll,lllI, lIail;:VI nrapoxym nonnepanry U y 60JI.bIIIlfHCTna 60JIBpCTBa II! ~ IllLi~('JreHllH CTOJIllI\hl. Bnanmrap-Paoare OhW no rrpmcaay o'rna OC~ltlll,lll'lI, !taR BTO ODbl'-nIO P;8JlUJlOCb B BU3aHTlIli co CReprHYTbIMll HMIIlIpWI'OpaMII ana Heyp;a"lJIHBbIMll yaypnaropann. ITo TB8PJlO YCTaHOIlltllllll!MyCH 06bPIalO CJJ8ITel\ He Mor nperennonarr, aa nsrcmyro CBeT''') I" IIJIaCT!>. HH3JIOJI\eHHbIH HHH3h 6bIJI DpOlleH B TIOPhMY, rAe, 1II1,'IIIM(), II 3aIWH1UIJI CBOIO iI'H3Hb.

(1;\fHlI\O n caM Eopnc He IlepHYJIC.H na npecToJIJfoH C03UaJI rro','II'd,llef) 113B8crHoe B IICTOPHII Cpe)l;II8BeJWnOll BOJlraplI1I «aapozraoe "OhpiHIIle)}J coasmaameeca panes B 'Ipe3BbI'I3UIIhIX CJIY~IaHX. «HaPO)(1I0(} COOpaHIIe)} yme He peIIIaJIO, nnponex, naxaxax nen: OHO na 1'1'0'1' pas nams BhlCJIymaJIO BOJIIO craporo rocynapa RaR 3aIWH na I'i~' 1\~'II~ee. 'Bopne 06'bHBll.ll 0 nonapenaa ceoero TpeThero csraa CaMIiOlia (893~927), 1I30aBJIeHHOrO 01' 068Ta MOHameCTna,! (rrpU"IHHbI IIIT'I'paHeHHH 01' BJIaCTll nroporo csraa Bopaca faBpIIIIJIa nenaIUIC~TIIbI), 0 3aI-toHHOCTH HaCJIe,n:OBaHIIHnpeCTOJla (<01' opaTa It opaTY)}, " 1I0PYllilIMOCTll xpIICTIIaHCRoro BepOlICIIOBep;amIH II nspeaecemra il'I'OJIIUJ;F..I rocynapcrsa II3 IIJIIICRll, llCTOpII"IeCRH CB.FI3aHHOH C OTanIBIIIItMH rrpoTo60JIrapCRIIMn Tpa,n:nqIIflI\,nr H3I>I"IeCTBa, B IIpecJIaB, p;aBHO VllW rrO)J;HHBIDIIHCH ltal{ nropoir ropon B crpane. ¥;n;aJIHCb nOCJIe 91'0- II) CHOBa B MOHaCThlpb, Bopnc BrrJIOTb )].0 CMepTII (907 r.) aI{TIIBHO 1'(J)~OifcTBOBaJl yrnepaorenaro n03HIlIIH xpacraancxojr n;epRBII II CJIaIIHI1CIWii rpaMO'fIIOCTll B CTpaH8. Bcxope nocne ero cxeprn OR Obm IIIUlOHll:mpOBaH - ero lIMH OTRPbIJIO CIIIICOR CBHThIX 60JIrapCKOH Iluplmli.

HepROH 3a6o'rOH HOBOrORH.FI3H ClIMeOHa, 6e3YCJIOBHO canoro BbI'1IIIOrn;erOCH cpena npasarenea Ilepnoro BOJIrapCROro napcma, 6hIJIO \'''penJIBmI8' nearpansrron BJIaCT~ IIO-RIl)J;IlMOMy,HeRoTopOH peopra- 11I1:WI\lIlI nonneprnacr, opransr ynpanaenaa B CTOJIIIn:e, Yme npa BoIIIH'.e rr1)RBlml'lCh HOBbie BhlCllllle ;n;OJDKlIOCTll, B "l:l'lc;rre I{OTOPbIX Obma «uucnme cym.n», BhlIIOJIHHBIDlIe TaKlRe BamHble ,n:llI1JIOMaTH"IeClme IIIYlmn:llli. Ilpn CHMeOHe, BepOJITIIO, OhlJla BBeAeHa II P;OJIIRHOCTL <meJlluwro mynana)}, HCnOJIHHBllero CBOIO CJIymoy B CTOJIIIn;e. Bocnpna'1'110 BHsaHTIIHCHoro onsrra B Ty SITOxy, HeCOMHeHHO, YCIIJIIJJIOCbII lie TOJIbRO B RYJIhTypBo-n,n:eOJIOrn"leCROH, HO If B rocynapcrneaaoii !'Iltepe. Op;HaRO aTO npIIBeJIO, He H COJIIImeHlllO C IIMrrepneii:, a R OCT~ !'l'i'l rueH ROH<PPOHTaqlllI C HeH.

CIIMeOH nOJIY'IIIJI 06pa30BaHlIe B BU3aHTIIH, rne npotisrn OROJIO 10 JIeT, npll06peTaH CBeTCKHe II ,n:yxoBHble 31IaHlI.FI B Maraaapcaoz 111"OJIBi yponem, npeuonananarr R l{OTOPOii: 6hm rrpe;n;M8TOM sa60T \ 'IOHoro, narpnapxa II xpynaoro rrOJIIITIIIta (POTHH. 'Gm,feoH ;O;OCTlIr TllliI1X ycnexon, 'ITO era Ha3LIBaJIll «(nOJIyrpeIWM~.J Ho xapaxrepncru"'II 3Ta RaCaJIaCb JIHmL BH3aHTlIMCItOli ofipaaoaannocrn CUMeOHa. I'~I'O rr,n:eMIIO-nOJIIfTII'IeC}{a.H noannaa no OTROllemIIO H BJf3aHTlIll ORa!lIIJtaCb COBceM UHOM,

B 894 r. npaBIITeJIhCTBO IIMnepHII aarrpernao JIl>rOTHYlO ropronJIIO 60JIrapCRllM Kyrrn,aM B RORCT&HTIIROnOJIe: llM npeunaraxoct, OTIII,me, ynna-raaaa nOllJIIIHhI, TOprOBaTI:. B <!>ecCaJIOHIIRe. B OTEeT CIlMeOH Ha"laJI BOHHY, rrOJIOlliIIBmylO Ha'IaJIO nepnosry ararry ero

75

{)opb6hI rrpOTHB BH3aHTllH. BHaaHTHHCKUe BOHCKa 6bIJUI pasfiarsr. I1MIIepaTOp 06paTHJICH sa lIOMOIqhIO R B8HrpaM: OHn R TOMY BpeMeHll OTOmJUI B II1I30BhR AHeCTpa 1I AYHaR, 'ITO 3a;o;eBaJIO nnrepacta EOJIrapna. ClIMeOH m,ITaJICR IIOMemaTb nepenpase aearpos na npansrn (Jeper )J;YHaH, HO IlOCJIaHHbrii Typ;a BoeIIHbIH iPJIOT HMuepHll npeonoJIeJI COnpOTl1BJIeHlIe 1I nepeaes BeHrepCRYIO ROHHIIII.Y. BOHCI\a CUMeoHa IIOHeCJIll nOJIHOe nopazsenae.

HHH3h IIOCneIII1m 3amlIO'lHTb Mrrp C H.\mepHeif 11, paaaaaas ce6e PYRlt IIa tore, B COI03e C neaeaeraau, lliHBlllHMH R BOCTORy OT nenrPOB, 06pYIIIl1JICH na seurepcnae Bemil. TIoCJIe aroro ynapa nenrpta ynmn Ira JI8B06epembJl l1.YHaH (896 T.) B TlaHHomno, Tll.e B 906 r. HaBeCJIH nopaaceane BeJIllKOH Mopaana II 3aHHJIll 3eMJIll, OT'laCTH naceneaasie CJIaBHHaMH, OT aanannsrx CKJIOHOB KaprraT ;0;0 BOCTO'lBbIX rrpep;ropllH AJIJ,u; n;eHTpOM IrX 061'ITaHIIH CTaJIa TeppiiTopIIH MeiKP;Y TncOM II BJIaTHeHClGIM 03epOM (EaJIaTOHoM). COKpaTIIJIl1Ch, seponrHO, Il 3TOM pernoae 1I 3anlICHMbte OT BOJIrapIIH aeMJtll.

~

IB 897 r, CHMeoH pa36HJI If1.fIIepCKYIO apMIfIO nop; EYJIrapoqllIroM

BO mpaKHI!J pacmnpHR O;D;HOllpeMeHHO npeneana CTpaHhl Il aanpaaaeHMII It HOHll'leCKoMY MOpIO. B 904 r., BOCIIOJIh30BaBIDHCh paaopenaea, noropoe y'lHHHJI BHe3aOHO aaXBaTHIlUlHH q)ecCaJIOHHKY apa6cKlIH lIJIOT, CH!'>IeoH llbITaJICH QBJIap;eTh 3TIIM rop0;O;OM. Ho asmepas aanpocana xapa. TIo nOBOMY noroaopy rpanansr EOJIrapnH npOXO)Il:IJIII K ceB'.m.Y OT <PecCaJIOHlIltl1.

fOcJIa6JIBHne II.eHTpaJIhHOH BJIaCTH B BH3aRTHII no6Y;D;HJIO Cl1MeOna xepea AeBHTh JIeT B0306noBlITb HaTIICR na IIMrrepllI()), TIocJIe CMepTlI' JILBa. VI B 912 r, BJIaCTl, nepemna R ero 6paTY AJIeKCaH;O;PY, conpanarecno BOCbMllJIeTHerO CbIHa JIbBa. VI KOHcTaHTIIHa VII Barpanoponnoro, B 913 r, yMep II AJIeRCaH;n;p. TIplI MaJIOJIeTHeM IIMnepaTOpe OhIJI cosnan perearcnna COBeT, cpena lfJIeHOB xoroporo aanaaacx paanopsr. 11 CnMeOH B0306nOBHJI HaTHCR aa IIMnepITIO. BTOPOH aran BOHn Cmrecaa npOTIIB nee npOAOJImaJICJl B cym;HOCTH ;0;0 caMOH ero CMepTII. B Ba'IaJIe npaanenaa Cm.WOH, KaI{ IIpeC1IaH IT EOPIIC, YAOBJIeTBOpHJIC.H CJIaBRHCRUM TIITYJIOM ({KBR3b» II rpe'leCRHM - «OT 60ra apXOIIT)). Terrepr, OH ne iKeJIaJI 60JIee C aTIIM MIIpllTbCH. RHH3b OTJIH'lBO YCBOllJI n KOHCTaHTHHOnOJIe BHaaHTUHCKYIO HAeHnO-IIOJIHTH-recr .. yIO AOl\TplIny, corJIaCHO KOTOPOH IIMIIepaTOp HBJIRJICH BbIcmIIM CYBepenOM ncex rocynapea xpacraaacnoir OHKyr.WHhI. Cmreon 6b1.:1 npeRpaCHO OCBe;n;OMJIeH n 06 OTCYTCTBIIH B IIMrreplIlI crporo .HaCJIe;n;CTBOHRoro npnnmma HMrrepaTopcKoH BJIaCTlI H 0 TOM, 'ITO ee neonHOKpaTHO - ne cosepmaa rpyfioro naCHJIHH HaA CBeTCKHMII aaxoaaMIl 11 I\epIWBHhIMH RaHOHaMIT, cn.llCXOAHTeJIhHbIMH I{ lIo6e;O;IITeJIIO,aaXBaTbIBaJIH MHTeiKHbIe BOeHa'laJIhHl1KH H3 causrx OTp;aJIenHbIX npoBIIHQUH (Eraner, KPbIM, ApMeHHH). Cpe;n;II ysypnaropon 6hIJIIl 00;0;,n;aHHhIe II?lmeplIII cauoro paanoro nRHTIeCI{Oro npOUCXmHiJ,eHIIR (dipaxnen IOCTHH I, apMHHHH JIeB V). TIOTOMY II CHMeoB, pacnona- . TaR 3Ha'lMTe.rrhHhlMH BoeHHbIMH CIIJIaMII, ne BH_geJI HHI,amIX npannalIJiaJfLH:&IX lIpeIIHTcTBIIff I\ OBJIa;n;eBHIO TpOHOM HMIIepIIII It C03,n;aHHIO e,n:Hl'iOH rpeHO-CJIaBHHCJWM ]1;epiKaBhI non cem.io csoero cxnrrerpa. BeAl> l1 EOJIraplIH K TOMY iKe paCUOJIaraJIaCb na 3eMJIHX, HBJIRBIDllX~

76

"11 uouorna rrpoBIIHu.HHMH HMrrepUl1. MaJIO Taro, COrJIaCHO caMoil: BlI'"10'1'11 iicTW:ii: IIOJIlIT1I"'IeCIWii TeopUII, BOCCTaHOBJIeHlIe BJIaCTl{ HMrrepUI:I 111111 OOJfl'aPCJ{I:lMH aeMJIHMH IIpUSHaBaJIOCb He TOJlbRO saROHnbIM aRTOM, '10 11 II 6JIarOrrplIHTHbIX 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaX ,n;ame ,n;OJlrOM UMIJepaTO- 1111: I1MuepHH scerna 6bIJIa IIOJIU<lTHlFIHhlM rocynapcrnox, ]3 HOTOPOM ( IllI ml\anCKoe paBeHCTBo scex aaponoa o6yCJIOnJIlIBaJIOCb mimb anHHl'lIlO~1 nepsr l:l nonnaacrna O)J,HOMy HMIIepaTopy. TaKHM 06pa30M, 1\ '1'0'1101 apeaaa «nonyrpexar Cmreona, 6bIJIO 6nr llIIOJIHe 3aIWRO~II' pllhTM soccoertaaeaae nexorjta paanezrenasrx 3eMeJI!> nyreu gene 11111 ii He 113 nenrpa IIMIIepHH (ROHCTaHTHROIIOJIH), a TaK CH3aaTb, "1\ )\pyroro Ko:mw» - H3 6bIBIIIRX npoBHH~Rn I:IMnepHR (us BoarapIiIT).1 Ilpenocxonao BJIap;eBlmd: rpe'IeCRHM H3bIHOM, BhlCOKoo6pa30- UIIII IlhIH, CUMeOH '!YBCTBOBaJI cefia BIIOJIIre IIop;rOTOBJIeHHhlM K ynjlllll!I()HIIJO UMneplIeii II, MomeT 6bITb, ,n,ame 60JIee npllrogHLIM K f1'01't poaa, 'leM HHLIe BbIXO,n;~b1 lI3 HII30B, KaK !DORa II BacHmrii 1.

CnMeOHY nOCneIDllJIII npep;JlOmllTb :r.mp .. :) B 913 r. npa BCTpe'le "TOPOR non creaaxa KOHcTanTlInOrrOJUI, a 3aTeM II B JIMIIepaTopclLOM '(IIOIJl(8 6bIJIO p;oCTlIrHYTO coraamemre, no KOTOPOMY aa CIIM8onOM 111,1.110 npJI3HaHO npaso aa THTYJI «sacanesc (T. e.uxneparop) OOJIrap)} 11 IIpe):(YCMaTpIrBaJICH 6paft M8m,n;y MaJIOneTHHM ROHCTaHTllnOM VII II 0)(1IOi1 lI3 no-repea CHMeORa. TIo Bl1aaHTllii"cROMY (u noofime OBpOIwiicIWMY) 06bI'laID TaKHe 6paKH - B <papMe o<pn:u:naJIbHOrO 06PY'l8- 111m, llMeBIDero roPII:):WqecKYro CIlllY 6pa'iHOfO ~IIHaCTn'leCl{OrO COlO- 111,- aaRJIlO'IamlCL II Memp;y p;eTbM1I B nospacre IIHTII - ):(ecHTII JIeT. /~UI'OBOp OTRpLIBaJi nepert CIIrlIeOHOM nepcnexraay «MnpHoro>} yrsepd(J\OIlHH B Hoacraaraaonoae CBoen: BJIaCTU: Ral{ TeCTb MaJIOJIeTBero IlMIIOpa'l'opa OIl Mor rrOJIY'lUTb npano na TlITYJI (maClIJIeOIIaTOpa)}, '1'. t\. «orna asmeparopa», aaTeM erars ero pereH'IOM n COIIpaBIiTeJI8M II II xonne KOHIJ;OB IIMnepaTopoM.

l'HlReJlhlH yzrap no IIJIaa3M Cmreoaa 6blJl nanecea no soaspameIIUJI MaTepH Honcraarnna VII 30n 1I3 CChlJIKlI, Kyp;a ee OTIIpaBIIJI AJwl,can,n;p. OHa 06'bHBIIJIa noronop 913 r. HeAeHCTBllTeJIbHhlM. CIIMooH onYCTOnIIIJI CDpaRIIJO, B3HJI Anpaaaonons BToprCH ncxope B OCiJlaCTb <l>eccarroHIIIUI. a sarea B <peMY )J,nppaxlIH (Ilpaaa) na AgI'UUTIP[eCKOM rrofiepean,e. Jl.llIlJIOMaTbt CRJ.1eon3 COpBaJIlI TIOTILITKY .lon C03,n,aTb rrpOTIIB BOJIrapFIlI IWaJIIl~I1lO C yqaCTUeM nenrpoa, cepI,on, neseaeroa. B 917 r. non AXeJIOeM (y 1JepHOMopcRoro nofieI'I'~K£'H CDpaRI'UI) CIIMOOR nanec coxpynrarem.noe rropaacenne Bll3aHII1i1:T~aM, a 3aTeM rrOCTaBIIJI IIO,n; CBon CID3epeHIIT8T Ceptimo. B 918 f. "I'{I apMlIlI npomaa no I'penaa, EbIJIII B3HTbi <l>ll13bI.

lVlemp;y TeM B I\oHcTaHTIIHOIIOJIe rrpm130IDJIII C06LITHH, OKOR'laI'I'JlbHO noxopoaannrae Ha,n;emgI.I ClIMe on a aa oananenae rponosr Ill)UCTaRTlInOrrOJIH c nonomsro norosopoa II p;llHaCTII'I8CIUIX CBH3eH. 'I'u l(Oil ~He 3aMbICeJI, IWTOPbIH JIeJreHJI CIIMeOH, oCYmecrBIIJI iRa'll1JlhlllIK noennoru q)JIOTa apMHHlUl POMaH JIaRaIIlIl1i B 919 r. on :UlXJl3TllJI BJIaCTb B CTOJIlln;e, oTCrpaHIIJI 3010, o6pY'lITJI CBOIO WI'IJ, C RoncTaHTIIHoM, no.rry'lIlJI TIITyJI BaCIIJIeOnaTOpa, a B 920 1'. IwpOIIOBaJICH RaK commeparop lOHoro rocynaps, CTaB aa neae HeOl'paHII'leRHbIM nOBeJlIITeJI8M HMIIeplIlI. Y Caxeona OCTaBaJICH TOJIb-

77

KO BOeHJIhlfl nyrs )J;JIJI )J;OCTHmeHIIJI rrOCTaB~eHHOii nena, 11 noenaoe rrpeBOCXO)J;CTBO 60map B OJIHmaHmne romi OhlJrO rrOJlHbIM. BH)J;IIMo, yme B Ha'laJI8 20-x rO)J,OB CHMeOH 06'bJIBI1Jl ceOH «mmeparopoa 60JIrap II poneea (BnaaHTIIHn:eB)>>; 1IIIIOHClBaJI OH cefia, nsratrnaa neronosaaae B ROHCTaHTIIHOIIOJIe, 11 erne 60JIee nepano - «IIMIIepaToPOM poaees».

POMaH I JIaKanIIH npertnaran CIIMOOHY 6paI{ Mem)J;Y CBOUMI:I n ero ,n;eThMH, HO TaI\OH COIOa He YCTpaUHaJI CHMeoHa_; I1I11IIepIIJI no6ygHJIa cepfion y)l,apllTh B ThlJI fioarapau, POMaHY I Y)l,aJIOCh paspyIIIIITI. HaMe'wnmIIicH BoeHHbIfl coros CHM80Ra C apa6aMll: (OHII 06eII:IaJIll B08HHhlH ~JIOT ,n;JIJI ocansr ROHcTaHTlIHOrrOJIH). 11 XOTJI nOCJIaHHoe CIIM80HOM B Cepfiaro BOIICI\O 6I>IJIO paa61ITO, OR ynopao npo)J;OJI- . maJI 60ph6y. Hsmeparop T~8TRO rrpOClIJI 6oJIrapcI\oro napa 0 Mupe· npa JIII'lHOfl BCTpe1l8 B 923 r. CHM80H npIICoe)l,IIHIIJI B 924 r. CepOHIO J{ repprrropna BO.1IraplIn:.JCephe3Hhl~f cn:rHaJIOM He6.1IarOIIOJIY'lIIH CTaJII! 6erCTBO na crpaasr nPOCTOrO HaCeJIeRHJI, crpanasmero OT oeCROn8'lHhlX T JIrOT noeanoro BpeMeHgj (TbICH'III 6oJIr.?p nepeXOp;IIJIII na IOiKHhlX pafionon CTpaHbI na lIMnepCI\yro aeMJIIO), a Tal,me meCTOnoo nopaaceane, ~8c8HHoe 60JIrapaM B 927 r. xopnaraua B COI03e C BIIaaHTlIHn:aMHi iCIIMeOH H8 nepezsnn H3BPCTHJI 00 3TOM II CROPOIIOCTlImHO CKOHlIa.iicH B Mae Toro me rop;~:l 'BoHHM ClIM80Ra npanena K cymecraenaoxy pacmIIpeHIIIO TeppIITopHH rocynapcraa aa rore, roro-sanane II aanazre cTpaHhl. ABTopIITeT BOJIrapIIII na MelE,l1;YHaPO)J;HOH apene 6hIJI nsnne, lIeM xorna ObI TO HII ObIJIQ.: Op;RaI\O YClIJIUH CIIMeOHa nperaopart, B milam. CBOII lIeCTOJIIOOHBhle aaMhlCJIM CTOIIJIH rocynapcrneaaoay Ra3H311eHCTBY II RaCeJIeHHIO BOJIrapIIlI CJIHmROM OOJIbmIIX MaTepIIaJIhHI>IX Cpe,l1;CTB II 1I8JIOBelleCRIIX mepTB.

{(30JIOT0l1 BER» BOJIf APCKOl1 RYJIbTYPbI

C HMen8M CIIMeOHa CBJI3aHhI He TOJIbRO BoeRRO-nOJIHTIItteCRlIe yc-. nexn, HO 11 paCII,BeT Cpe,l1;H8B8ROBo:il: OOJIrapcRoii: RYJIhTyphI II aa.;.. BepmeHIIe nponecca ~OpMHpoBaHIm CJIaBJInCKOH no CBoeMY oommy . 6omapcKoii paHHe~80,n;aJII>HOH aaponnocrn. BeaYCJIOBHO, anepru-rHbIe Mepr.r uapa no o6eCne'leHIIIO MaTepHaJIbROH oaahI RyJIhTYPbI 11 acexepnaa nonnepama ee ,u:eJITeJI8H OhIJIII HeOT,l1;eJIIIMhl OT IIOJIHTH'leCRIIX IIJIaHOB rocynapa, II B TOM 'l1lCJIe OT ero tteCTOJII06IIBbIX JIH'lRI>IX nOMhICJIOB. On CTpeMIIJICJI, B ':!3CTHOCTH, nenarr, ace, 'lT06hI ero CTOJIIIn.a II nnop He yCTyrraJIIr KOHCTaHTHHOnOJIIO II IIlImepaTOpCItOMY ,l1;BOPII:Y. 06'beI{TIIBHO ara p;eJITeJIhHOCTb CHlI100Ha csrrpana ocnononoJIaraIOII(Yro POJII> P;JIU p;aJIhHeHmero pa3BHTIIJI RyJIhTypI:.I cpe,u:noneltoBOH BOJIrapHH.

Co nceu BeJIIIIWJIeIlIIeM, aa rcoropoe 6hlJIlI cnocofiasr B Ty anoxy CTpOJITeJIhHaH TeXHIIR3 II IIcr'YCCTBa, OUJIa yxpamena CTOJIHII:a BOJJrapnn IIpecJIaB. IIoHCOM MOrrr;HI.IX J{3MeRRhIX YRpenJIORHH 6hlJI OnOHcan HO TOJIhRO BRYTpeHIIHM, RaR B IIJIHcRe, RO II BHeIDHIfH ropon, HII'lTO yme He nancxaaano TroPR.CROro {(aYJIa». IIpecJIaB YCTyrraJI nn paasrepaa (roxaee, no rnrornana) ilJIHCKe Jl .s pas, TaR Ralt a;n;eCh

78

\ .Idl ne OTBO,ll;IIJIOCJ, MeCT,a AJIH ropr KOqeBHHKOB II crazt CIWTa, 8TO nl.lJIH C'l'OJIIIl(a D;IIBlIJI1I30BaHHoro rOCY.r\apCTBa, He yCTyuaBIIIaJI no MPX UTeKT.YpHOMY o6mmy, 6JIaroYCTpoii:CTBY II I\paCOTe .r\BOPU;OB, xpaMoH n lIOMOB 3HaTlI MHomeC'rBY KpyIIHhlX roponon BII3aHTHwcKOH UMur-prur. Bemr'lIIIO BJIaCTII Cnxeona COOTBeTCTBOBaJIII BMCTpoeHIlaJI liM 'I'putlllan nanara n 3HaMeHH.'IhlH naMHTHIIK OOJII'UllClWM MoaYMeu'111.1I1.IWll: apxarercrypsr - rtsopnonaa RpYrJIaJl (30JIOTalI) n;epKOBI:.pOTon.n;a, YKp8.IlIeHHaH MpaMopHMMH KOJIORHa,ll,3MH B nna araaca, apIW ~11f M03aIIKaIlIII, MHorOn;BeTHhlMII I(epaMII'lIeCRllMII llJUJTKaMH, IlpPllpaIn;aH IIpecJIaB B II,eHTp MOnapXII'leCKoi:l: ImacTII, cpenoromre 'P"I\TUaHC1,oro 6JIurO'lleC'IlUI n: oxar o$Hll,n:aJIbHOii KyJIbTYPhl, Cnxe- 011 oCHOBaJI raxzce HeCROJIhKO MOHacT£Ipeii:, U3 ROTOPhlX ImK BhIil:aroIll" ii ClI apXUTeI\TypHI:.IH aHCaM6JII:. II BamHbIll: I{YJIJ>TypnMii: D;eHTp 1Ir.rI(CJIlIJICH srouacrsrp), B npnropo,rr:HoM MeCTe-.:rKe Ilpecnaaa HerJI4,iiJla.

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81

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82

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CJIOmllJICJI E TOT nepaon B Bonrapaa II <peO,ll,aJIbHhlll ropon RaR qIC,lJ;OTO"llIe pesrecna II ropronzn, a He TOlIbRO KaK ap;MllHIICTpaTIIBHOqopKOBBbIfI, KYJIhTYPHbIli II BoeHHhlH nearp, MeJIKHff np0I13BO,1l;IITeJIh, IIJWJl:eBumll c06CTBeHHbiM IIHCTpYMeHTOM 1I MaCTepCKOM, CT8JI rJIaBHOH IlmrypOM TpYP;OBoro H8CeJIeHlI.H ropona, LIam;e acero MaCTOpCKaJJ I~JlyjKIIJIa II JIaBIWH, B KOTOpoii peMeCJIOHHIIR TOprOBaJI cnOIIMH asneJUIJIMH. I\aK rrpaBIIJIO, TaRue pCMeCJIeHHHKII H MeJIKlIe TOprOBII.bI IIMCJIll H.eOOJIbIDHe Y'i3.CTl\lI 6m13 CTeH ropona, COHMeIIl,an TPYi'i peM (lCJIeHBIIKa II roprosna C 3eMJIeIJ,OJIH8M,- HBJ}eHlIe, CTaBIIIee Ba,lJ;OJI- 1'0 06m.eH"lepTOH 6aJIKaHCKOro ropona aootime. HeMaJIO roponon 11()JIrapHH HMeJIO BII3aBTIIHCRoe npoacxozeneaae - OBH 6hl.:I1I. aanoeIIlIubl yme Torp;a (IX - X BE.), xorrra ycrrena onpaaarsca OT pasIlloMa lIX «napBapa}.unlI B03pOw:n;aJUlcb aa nonoii, <l!eon;aJIhROH OI~IIOBe. TaKIIMlI rOpOJl:8MH 6hlJIII, narrpmrep, IIJIOBJl:IIB, Cpenerr, Oneco (I lapna), Cxonr.e, OXPIIJl: H np, Op;HaRO npaamnnr opranaaanaa XO,III iicTneHHO-ToprOBOH U Ofim;eCTBeHHO-nOJIIITII"leCROII 1I\H3IJH 61>IJIH B qOJIOM op;HHaKoBhIMII II B HOBhlX ropoztax, BOalJ,BlIrHYTI>IX B VIIII X II B. (IIJIIICRa, II pecaan) .

ApXeOJIOrH"leCKHe paCItOIIRH IIORaaaJIII, "ITO B CTOJIII'IHhlX roponax I l(l,J(rapllH, RaI{ IT n KOHCTaHTHIIOnOJI8, cym;ecTBOBaJIII rocynapcrnen- 1I1,lO MaCT(1)cRI'[8, 06CJ1),amBaBIIIHe IIOTpe6HOCTll rmopa, CTOJIll'IHOrO II'lHIHSOHa, npasareascrnenasrx Y1JpeiKp;eHHH. BOJIbillHHCTBO pexecIIHllTJ,IX I\BapTaJlOB naXO,rI,HJIOCb B CTopOHe OT 6JIarOYCTpoeHHOfO II,rlll1'pa, a nepenxo II aa npeztenaua YKpenlIeHllii, COCTaB.TU:m rrocan, 11'(~lJble oxpaansr. B Ilpecnane otinapyaceasr roprossre pansr: nanaMO, 'IaCTh n:po~yll.n;HII peMeCJIeHHH}{H (roanapsr) yme B 'fO BpeMH H3- I J)TOBJIHJIH He no aaxaay, a aa PhlEWK.

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(II.8XOB) y peM8CJIeHHHNOB H TOprOBII.en CTaJIa BrrOCJIe~CTBHH rrpHttHnoit rrOJIlITn'I8CRoro 60crrpaBIflI naC8JI8HlIH roponon, aaMep;JI8H1tH T8MIIOB lIX paanrrrna II TH¥R8JIO OTpa31IJIaCh (RaR H n npyrnx 6aJIKaHCRHX CTpaHBx) HB acropanecxax cYAhoax rocynapcrsa.

B n;e.rrol\>( rrpoqecc tf!eo,u:aJIII3aqHn HHTeHCllmree nporexarr n IXX BB. B c8n8po-nOCTO'IHOH H IOII\lIOI( 'IaCTlI Bonrapcsoro rocynapcrna cpaBHlITeJIhHO C aanannsnra II roro-aanamrsnra ropHCThIMlI panoaaxa MaRegOHHH, rne CJIOH cBo6o)l;HbIX KpeCTI.ffH OblJI ocofieaao MnoroQlICJIeHTIhIM.

Ilepesopor 893 r., xorna Bopac rrpnnan BH)l;HMOCrh CaHRII.HH co CTOpOHhI <mapoAHoro cOOpaHRfI) rrpany HaCJIe)l;OBaHHH TpoHa nenepnopO,Tlm,IM CbIHOM, rr03DO.lJHJI II Cnneorry OTCTpaHHTh OT BJIRCTH crapnreTO ChIna MIIXaHJIa. Era IIOCTpHrJIFI B MOHaXH. Ha Tpon nCTyIIHJI Tlerp (927-970). IIeTp IIOrrbITaJICH npO)l;OJIiKHTb noennsre }J,eiicTBHH npOTHB nMIIeplUI, no HeOlInI)l;aHHO OTBeJI BOHCNa II aaBH3aJI TaHnhle ncperosopsr C nn3aHTlIaqaMlI. IIPII'IIIHM [lTOrO COCTDiIJIH, BlI.u;HMO, 'B B03HHRmeH onaCHOCTH co CTOPOBhl xopnaroa FI neHTpOB, a TaRme B uponcxax onII03Hn;FlH. OceHhIO 927 r. Ilerp npH6hIJI B I\OHCTaHTI'IHOrrOJIb. Eo BJIaXepHCKoM IIMIIepaTopCROM nnopne GhlJI nonnacan na 30 JIeT MnpHhlll norosop, CKpenJI8nHhIH opaRoM Ilerpa C BHyttKO:ii

POMaHa I Jlaxanaaa Mapnea (Hpanoa). E OCHOBy CTaTblI noronopa o rpaaanax OblJIH rrOJIOmeHhl cornamennn C CHMeoHoM OT 896 n '904 rr. Cne)l;OBaTeJIbHO, IIeTp OTKaaaJICff OT npaofiparenaa no (fJpaRlIn, xoropsre ero OTeII. C;o;eJIaJI nOCJIe 913 r., B TOM 'IIICJIe OT npa-

. MopCRnx roponon ~eBeJIhTa, ArarPOIIomf, C030nOJIH, MeCIIMBpnlI, BH3hl.

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narpnapxaa, no C yCJIOBHeM - pe31IAeHII.HH rrraasr II.epRBlI (renept, rrarpaapxa) )l;OJIlRHa OhlJIa GhlTh rrepenecena H3 CTOJIHII.bl I(apCTBa B ,l1;PHCTPY, nOCROJIbKY .llpeBnnii ,[(OPOCTOJI OhIJI H3neCTen B nepxonnofi "HCTOpHH RaR MeCTO rro;n:BHiRHII'leCTBa xpnCTHaHCRlIX MY'IeHHROB-CBJIThlX III-IV BE. I1MIIepHH OOmlaJIaCh, RaR H IIpH CIIMeOHe, BhlIIJIatIHnaTh Bonrapaa elRerop;uyIO nans. HaROHen;, no 33KJTfO'leHItn zrorosopa CTOPOHbI OOMeHHJIlICh nJIeHllhlMH.

,84

(~YllR no YCJIOBHHM norosopa 1l YtIHTDIBan nayrpeanee H aaenrII"" 1I0JIO)f,eHHe BOJIrapI'IH, coraamerrae HeJIh3H cauo no ce6e pacne- 1111110 RaK aeasrronaos .n;JIH 60JIrap. TeM ne MeHee norosop TaHJI B ""'" l',CphC3HyIO onacaocrs yme nOTOMY, 'ITO 03H8'l8rr RHKorp;a paaee II" vcranaanananmeeca crinnacenae C HMrrepneH. Ha 30 JIeT BOJIra- 1'1111 (',TanOBHJIaCh ee COI03HI'III,OH. HMrrepHH crpexaaacr, B03JIOiKllTh 1111 II erpa OTBeTCTBennOCTh aa 6e30rracHocTh ee rpaHI'ID; OT nananeunu nparoa C cenepa (rorna 3TO 6hIJIn: aearpsr, rrCtIenerH, npenaae $Iynl). POM8H I nOJIyqaJI I103MOiKIlOCTh OPOCHTh see canst npOTHB IlplifioB II yrrpO'IIITh CBOIO BJIllCT!. BHYTPII CTpaHbI.

Hecosnrenao, nOtIeTHIJH opaR Ilerpa (nrerr ero menhl XPlICT0tP0P !i,.I.I, OO'hHBJIeH COHMIIepaTopOM POMaHa I), ero THTyJI, paar 60JlTap"Iwii nepxaa IIOBbImaJIH MemAYHapo)J,HbIH npecrazs BOJIrapI'IH: -qepea 'tIl'I'IWPTI, BeKa ROHcTanTlIH VII Barpsrroponasm C HerOAoBaHHeM ItHc~nJI 00 3THX YCTYIIKax oOJIrapaM ero TeCT.H-«HeY'Ia». Ho BMeeTe .~ TPM OTnOIIIeHHH napa C axneparopox OOpeTaJIII xapaxrep «ceMeiiIllolX cBH3eii». 11 CHMeoH KOT)J;a-TO XOTeJI 3aBH3aTb ax - onaaso C 'I,IlIIHM BamHbIM OTJIHtIHeM: on CTpl'MHJICH ObITh He MJIa,l1,IIIHM, a crap"'11M rrapmepon B Tall:OM COI03e, tITOObr HCnOJIb30Ban, CTapmHHCTBO B 111 IIllCTlItIeCKOM COI03e .n;JIfl OB,TIa.n;eHHfl KOHCTaHTHHOnOJIbCKHM IIpe'TIJJIOM.

POil:CTBO C BHsaHTRHCKllM IIMuepaTopCKHM gOMOM CtIHTaJIOCb B 1I1,1(',UIen CTeneHH nO'IeTHbIM P;JIH scex xpHCTHaHCRHX (II He TOJIbli:O \ pIlCTHaHCRHX) rocynapefr, Ho KpaM:He orracno 6bIJIO CTaTh «pO,l1,H'110M I), HaXO,l1,HCb c HMnopHefI B aenocpencrneaaojr cocencrne. Ee 1I1JJIIlTHKH noaasraaa AHHaCTII'IeCKOe POP;CTBO RaK npH3HaHHe co CTOllOIiM nonoro PO,n:CTBOHHHRa nOJIHTRtIeCKOH 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HMIIel'UTopa. Jlrofioe OCJIOameHHe B ornonreanax (6y,l1,b TO «CeMeHHaH CCOPIP» ;o;aBaJIO rronon KOHCTannlHOnOJIIO 3aMenHTJ> «IIeOJIarO)J,apaoro» ,lllHDhlM RHhIM ero pOp;U'leM, a TO N nonpocry aaxaarars ero 3eMJIIl. )lJl!! IIOP;OOHbIX qeJIefi asmsparcpra scerna cozrepacana npa CBoeM ,nllOpe pO)J,CTneHHUROB rocynapeii COCell:HHX CTpaH RaR HeKUM: «pe:UlpnHhIH tPOH)J,» - Kan)1;H.n;aTOB aa pOJIb COOCTBeHHbIX CTaBJIeHHIIROB. IIMlnIHO TaK H 06CTOflJIO p::eJIO B OTHOIIIeHHHX C Boarapaea: «sanae!I(lih KaHfl,Hf);aT 11a rrpeCJIaBCKHiI npeCTOJI nOlIBHJIClI B KOHCTaHTHHO- 1IIJJle yme B 928 T., 1'1 HMrrepnH llcnOJ(BOJIh, HeCMOTp.H na COl03 H 1I0IlCTBO, IIOBeJIa nOJIHTHR'Y ynymenaa He3aBI'ICHMOrO rocynapcraa. H HOJTI'ITH'IeCROH II:Onn;enD;IUI HMnepCKHX nearenefr 3Ta crpa TerH'IeI~'WH JIHHl'IlI O:'JHatIaJIa He tITO HHoe, xax BOCCTaHOBJIeHl'Ie (13aHOHHbIX IIPIlIl» BaCHJIeBCa pOMeeB na Banxarrax. He MeBee orracrrsre nOCJIep;CTIIl1lT noronop C BH3aHTIIen lIMeJI ll:JIH BHYTPHIIOJIHTH'IeCRoro RJIHMaTa II 1 lorrrapnn. rocnoJ~cTByIOIIl,nii rctacc crparrsr paCKOJIOJI{,H. Bnspnsre ~II\ 250 JIeT rocynapcmeaaoir RCTOPHH BOJIrapBlI 6oPb6a aa TpOH pas- 1'":m.TraCb snyrpa Ca~fOJr npanmrteii !l:HnaCTHH,

Ilpaesn B IIpecJIaB napansr (rrpell:CTaBJIHBIIICrr npaRJIIn;lIii !l.OM u M" epnn, Tpa;n;rnUIOBHO Bpall\!le6noll: Boarapan B rrpOIIIJI01I) 1I ee nIl1TbJ, TJJIenbI xoropoir rrpliOOpeJIlI BJIH.lIHHe He ronsxo B napoxcsr t'IHIeKee, a ItpOMC roro, TeppUTOpHaJIbHbIe YCTym{H Tlerpa, CBe)J;ffiH8 lUI IIeT npaaecenasre CHM80HOM BO nropoir Borme mepTBhI, IIepeBOJ(

85

pe31Ip;eHIJ;UIl OOJIrapCKOrO BJIap;bII{H sa npenensr CTOJIIl:qI>I, IIOTeH:qIlaJIbHaJI Heo6xop;IIMOCTb noenars B Ra'IeCTBe COI03HIIIl,hl. pana E.HTepeCOB lIMIIeplIH - nee aTO IIo6YP;IlJIO MHorllX copaTHlIROB noxoitaoro napa OTBepHYTbCJI OT Ilerpa. Orrn03IlIl,lIJI CIIJIOTlIJIaCb noxpyr rperr.ero CbIHa CIlMeOHa Hsaaa, 3arOBOp yp;aJIOCb BOBpeMH pacxRphlTb, no cTa61IJIbHOrO nOJIOjHeHlIH ,l1;OCTlIrHYTO He 6hlJIO. Crpanracs p;eplliaTl:, apecrosaaaoro MBaHa aa porrane, IIeTp nepezran ero <mop; aanaop: POMaHY I. TOT BCH'IeCKH 06JIaCRaJI B3rOH: Harpa)J,MJI, nsrronno meHlIJI, BBeJI B xpyr BbIcIIIeii: 3HaTlI, )J,aJI nOMeCTbH B Manoa A3BR. TaR IIeTp CBOIlMB PYRaMH Bpy'IlIJI POMaHY I MorYlIl,eCTBeHlIOe cpep;CTBO, 06H3bIBaBIIIee napa 60JIrap ObITh JIOHJIhHbIM K nMneplIH. IIPIIXOP;UTCH aaRJIIO'IRTb, 'ITO IIOBegeHlIe Ilarpa OTMe'leHO nesarmo aeyBepeHHOCTII B rrpO'lHOCTH csoero nOJIOmeHHH: OH, BIIP;IIMO, aaneanCf[ COXpaHMTb aa C060H TPOH, ynoaaa na rrO,l1,p;epiImy POMaHa 1.

B 930 r. nOp;HJIJI MJITem II sropoa (crapmaa) opaT Ilerpa MnXaRJI, C6pOClIBIIIllH MOHamecKYIO pacy, OH YTBepp;lIJiCH B CTPYMllqe. aa IOrO-3aIIap;e CTpaHbI. Ho IleTPY aa 3TOT paa nOne3JIOOOJIbme; npereanenr aa TpOH BHe3arrHO CKOH'laJICH, aero CTOPOHHIIKlI oemaJIll B lIMIIepIHo, B IOmHhlH 3nlIp. 0 CJIaOOCTlI IIOalIIl,lIH Ilerpa rOBO~ par II 6ercTBo lI3 BOJIrapMlI IIJIeHeHHOro ClIMeoHoM cepficxoro KHH- 3JI qaCJIaBa, KOTOPhlH, BepHYBIIIlICb n Cep6MIO, OO'hHBMJI 0 ee aeaaBIIClIMOCTH OT EOJIraplIlI. Xaparcrepaaa p;eTaJIb - II B 3TOM cnyaae POMaH I, yme aaKJIIO'IIlBmllH COIOa C Ilerpou, OKa3aJI qaCJIaBY noap;epmRY, nOJIY'lIIB or rorn aanepenaa B BepHOCTR.POMaH npIlHIlMaJI. caapaaran II OTnpaBJIHJI R qaCJIany II npO'lIIX oemaBililIX H3 BOJIra~ paa 3HaTHhlX nJIeHHlIROB-cep60B, cop;eiiCTBYJI yKpeIIJIeHlIIO BJIaCTlI KHH3H.

,IJ;BoHcTneHHOCTb, nelICKpeHHOCTJ:, nOJIIlTllRlI IlMnepaTopa B OTHO" meHlIlI EOJIraplIH npOHBlIJIaCb 1I.B «BeHrepCROM})II B . «PYCCKOM» sonpoce. "YTBepP;llBIIIMeCH B KOHIJ;e IX - aaxane X n. B IIalIHoHlIlI nenrpra CTaJIlI nenocpencrneaasnra cocep;HMlIEoJIraplIH.C 934 r., Korp;a OHIl, rrpoana no 3eMJIHM BOJIrapHlI, nrrepnsre COIlepmlIJIlI aaoer BnJIOTb no CTeH KOHCTaHTlIHOIIOJIH,Ha'laJIIlCb HX ClICTeMaTlI'IeCRIle nananeaaa, rrponoaaeaanraecs c nepepsmaua nO'lTlI)J;O KOlIIJ;a 60-x roztoa. Crpanana IIplI 3TOM II EOJIrapIIH, nonyrao nozmepraejraa OIIYCTomeHlIIO. Oc05eHHo 'laCThlMlI 3T1I nafiera CTaJIH nocne 955 r., xorna repMaHcRllH KOPOJIb OTTOH I paarpoxan nenrpon H rrepexpsm 11M nyrr, B QeHTpaJIhHYIO E. 3anap;HYIO Enpony. Torna nearpsr C()~ cpep;OTO'IHJIlI nee CHOll ClIJIbI na noxonax TOJIbKO B' BOJIraplIJO II BU3anT.HIO. B 943 r. 06a rocynapcraa qeHoH ynJIaThl ea{erOAHOH nana )J,051IJIlICb MlIPHOH nepensnnxa na IIJITb JIeT. 3aTeM nafiera Boa05Ho· BlIJInCb. JilMrropaTop B peaxoii <fJ0pMe TpeOOBaJI 01' IIeTpaBhlIToJIHeHIlH COI03HlI'leCKlIX 06JI3aTeJIbCTB - He IIponYCRaTI, BeHrpOB B lIMnepmo, He ORa3bIBaH npa 3TOM caM HlIKaROH nOMOIIl,lI Bonrapaa, B ROHqe noanon IIeTp 3aRJIIO'IlIJI B 965 r. C nearpasm cenaparnoe coraanreaae: nsnrpsr 06H3aJIlICb, npoxona no Boarapza, He pasopHTh ee, a IIeTp - He npenHTCTBOBaTb lIX Ha6eraM na lIMIIeplIIO.

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86

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87

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89

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90

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98

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nocrsr. Ty.n.a me 6hlJIlI neperipomenst HanOOJIee Goecrrocotiasre 1 yuertearrraro OOJIrapCKOro BoI1c1\a. RCTOpm! CYIIJ;eCTBonaBInero 1 340 JIeT nOpBOI'O BOJIrapCROro napcraa 3aBepIIfHJIaCb, Era ,II CraJIH npOBHHU;UHMH BU3aHTIIldmwii: mmepna.

4* 99

* * *

Pa3BllTMe l\yJIbTYPhl BOJIrapHH co apeneaa nepaaetneaaa B 70-x ronax X B. ee 06m;eCTBeHHO-rrOJIHTlIlleClwro neurpa lI3 cesspoI10CTOQHhlX OOJIaCTell B roro-aananaste OTMe'leHO aenocpencraenaoa rrpeeMCTBeHHOCTbIO C RyJIbTYPHbIMII rrponeccaua npemuecrnyromea 3IIOXlI - TOllHO Tart me, I\al\ aTO lIMenO MeCTO B Clpepe comransnoaROHOMII'leCROH II IIOJIHTRt(eCROll JHH3HH. HOBhlMH HBJIeHIIJIMH B RYJII>TypHOM paanarzn crpansr na 3TOM arane 6hlJIH: 60JIbIllaH O)J,HOpOl~HOCTb Hapop;HOll MaTepHaJIbHo.ii RyJIl.Typhl, HBJIHBIIIagCH nOI,a3aTe.11eM 6e3pa31'l,eJIbHOrO rOCIIop,CTBa CJIaBJIHCRoro STHII'IeCIwro aa-raaa, 60- nee mapoxoe pacnpocrpaneaae rpaMoTHocTH H o6pa30BaHHocTlI, 60- nee BhlCOIiHH yposeas naponaocraoro (fioarapoxoro) caMOC03HaHIIH, orpaxreaaoro B naMHTHHRax crapoeoarapcxon JIIITepaTypbI. K TQ)IY nepaony OTHOCRTCJI nOHBJIeHHe nepnsrx arroRpmlnI'lecRllx (sanpeuteuRhlX nepxoasro) rraMHTHIIROB, CBII,n,eTeJIbCTBOBaBIIIlIX 0 BJIJIHHIIII 60- l'OMIIJlhCROH epeCH. lIe CJlyqaeu, O)1,HalW, TOT (paRT, "ITO Ha"IIlH3H Co anOXH THmeJIOM oopr.6hl aa rocynapcrnennyro He3aBlIC1HIOCTb HeT naansrx HII 0 BOCCTaUHHX npoTIIB rtenrpam.aoti BJIaCTH, HII 06 OTRa:m PH,n,OBhlX 60JIrap OT YlraCTHH B aoopyzseaaoa 60Pb6e C BII3aHTuii:ll_,' MIl. BIIP;RMO, Ha'I3JIO II3MeHeHHH B rro31I:q1I1I 60rOMlIJIOB no OTB(' menmo K BOJIrapCROMY rocynapcrsy, RaR R B IIX raxrnne, UP]; XOP;IITCH Yille na TOT nepnon, a He TOJIhKO na arroxy B1I3aHTHHCROIO BJIaAbIlleC TBa.

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r.",,,m VI

sonr APCKHE 3EMJIM nO,I( BII3AHTIIBCRMM BJIA.IJ:LJlIECTBOM (1018-1186 rr.)

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u OT'IaHHHorO COrrpOTlIBJIeRIIH. M Be nee BOeBOll.I>I 1I OOJIHpe CJIO-

H opyacae. Melligy Oxpnp;CRIIM 03epOM 1I rJIaBIIHIIn;eii: (R IOry OT ,I"MCHHoro aJIoaHCROro ropona 3m,6acaHa, aa JI8B06epemI.e":6 "BOJI) nponoaacan 60PbGy B cnOIIX yxpenaenasrx BJIap:,eIUIJIX B

\ noesona Hnana. B anrycre 1018 r., uepea no.nrona nOCJIe ra-

HBaHa BJIap;HCJIaBa, Hsana oUMaHoM 3aMaHIIJI na BCTpe'IY P;JIH 4'pHTeJIbHOii 68Cell.I.I» 1I OCJIerrllJI BI13aHTnHCRllll BO(ma'IaJII.HlIR '<ltPHll: ll:aqmoMIIJI. OTl~a3aJICH IIOP;'IHHHTbCH nsmeparopy II aaL1HR CHPMlIH C8P1101I. TOJIbRO B caMOM nonne 1018 r. MJIII p;allie 'LIlJIe 1019 r, ero ROBapHO 3aROJIOJI BO BpeMH neperonopos aa 6e-

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101

nO-Bllp;llMOMY, QUJIO HeMaJIO}. Oco6eHHO xpyrrnsraa IlMnepaTopCIUfO nnanenaa GhIJIl! B Cenepo- BOCTO'IHOii: Bonrapnn, rne BH3arrTHHI\bt Y1'Bepp;HJIII CnOIO BJIaCTb erne B 1000 r. H rne BH3aHTIIHCKl'Hl cpeop,3- JibI, ocreperaacs II MCCTHoro BaCeJIeHJUI II cocencrna nexeneron, a BIIOCJIep;CTBHH Y30B IT rrOJIOBu;eB, M3Gera;'lll OCHOllbIBaTl. CBOll HMt:HUH. TeMIThI pa3BHTHH .peop;aJIhHhIX oraourenaa aa 3TOH TeppHTOpHlI aerreps, B anoxy naaaumacxoro rocrroncraa, 3aMep;JIU,T(UCb CpaBIH1- TCJIhHO H C npenmecrnyroruaa nepaorrox II C nOJIOJB:eUHeM P;CJI !HI IOJB:Hl>lX, aanamnax U roro-aananasrx 3eMJUfX BOJIrapHH, ocofienao II nonaaax pen Mapnna, Mecra, CTpYMa, Bapnap, n oupyrax roponou OXPHP;, llpecrra, ,I.l,enoJI, I{ocTYP, Bonea, MOrJIeHbI, BHTOJIJI, IIpHJIerr, CTpYMUn;a, Cpsnen,

B n;eJIOM, O,n;HUKO, BKJIIO'IeHHe BOJIra pHH B npencnsr HMneplll1 (rne OhIJI HeC[WJlhKO nsnue YPoBeHb pa3BHTHJI c1Jeop;aJIH3Ma U ;)l,r)HOMU'IeCKUX CBJI3eM Men,,n;y ,[ICpCBBeH H roponoxr}, HHTencn.pHKaIl)UJ neaexororo OOpaIll,eHHH (a IIapBoM BOJIrapCKOM U;apCTBe He GbWO CEoeH MOHe1'hl), pacnpocrpauenae aa 60JIrapCKrre 3eMJll! HOpM pavoxoro npana, OCHOBaHRoro aa npIIHIIHrre 'IaCTlIOll COOCTBOHIIOCTU,--IICO 9TO BeJIO I{ YCKopeHHIO TeMrrOB ocpopl\fJIeHIfJl weOf~aJIhlIbIX OTHOIIIeHllI1 M HUBeJIIfpOBIW pa3JIHTIIIff MeJB:AY 60JlrapCRUMU If HCROHIIh]MH HMrrepCInIMH nponamrasmr.

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102

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108

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104

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105

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106

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