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HU31UIIM 3B8110M a)J,MHIIIICTpa THBIIOH ClICTeMhI rrponmnnra HB.'I5I.mcs OOlI1,IfHbI (civitas) )J,aIWB, IIOJIb30BaBIlrneCH 38MJUlMIf, IIJIa TIIllnnre narvpam.nsre nonarn PUMCKIIM IwaCTHM II nhlITOJITTHDllIUe crponTeJILHblO II BORHCRue IlODHHHOCTU.

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BopI>fia ~8KOB C pHMIHIlra'llI. ot>parMenT peJll>eifJa KOilOllllbl TpaRHa

PHMCK81I KOJlOIIHa TpaHH8. C pellpO~YKlIHII XIX 11.

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06m;HHHbIe nOpJIp;InI npononaeasn coxpauarr.ca cpenn TOH lJ:aCTH MeCTHoro posranasaponanaoro rraC8JIeHllJI, xoropoe, 3aHHMaJICL OT1'01lHblM CKOTonop;CTBOM, B 'IaCTHOCTII OBIJ;eBOp;CTDOM, nopsmano C 3eMJIe,lI,eJIIIeM II BeJIO OOOCOOJleHHhlH ofipaa mH31I1I B ropnsrx OOJIaCTJIX. . BOJIbllIIHCTDO MeCTHoro HaCeJIeHIIJI, p0!l1aHII3IIpYHCb, paCTBoplIJIHCI. B Macce JI(llTeJIeH rrpOBHrrIJ;lIH )..(m(llH, C03AaBmlIX 3,1I,eCI. cnoeofipaarryro npOBnrrn:Ham,Ho-pHMCKYIO MaTepnaJIbHYlO H p;yXOBHyIO KYJIbTYPY·

B )1;o6pY,II,me, BOme,lI,meH BIB. B COCTaB PlIMCKOH rrpOBIIHIJ;IIH HlIlEHHH Me3HJI, poaaaaaanaa npOJIBHJIaCb crrafiee BBH,II,Y cnnsnoro BJIIIHHIIJI 3AeCb rpenecxax roponoa 3arrap;noro Ilpasepnoxopr,a, HUN,HeH Me3HH, KaK II )..(aI\IIH, HMIIepaTophl OTBOAHJIll BalE Hoe MeCTO B CI1CTeMe OOOPOllhI IJ1mepmI. Bo II-III BB. pHMJIHHe C03,fJ,aJlII unecs ClICTeMY nOrpaHH'IBI.IX coopyareaaa, nOCTpOHmI TaKHe xpynasre xpeIIOCTl'I, RaR KanH.n;aBa, ,n;lIHOreIJ;HH, ofiopynonana CTOlIHRll P;JIH ,n;ynaiicxoro rPJIOTa.

EbIBmIIe rpesecxae I\OJIOHHII (TOMHC, KaJIJIaTHC, MCTpOC) coxpaHHJIlI BUYTpeHHee YCTPOHCTBO rrOJIHCOB. 3anaAHonOHTIIffCIme ropona 001>eJ1,IIHHJIHCI. B COI03 WITH llJIH IIIeCTlI (p;aHHhle paCXO,ll;HTCH) ropo}:(OB, B ROTOPhlff BXOAHJIll MCTPOC, TOMIIC, RaJIJIaTIIC, )..(HOHIICOrrOJII., Oneco. Bo raane COI03a CTOHJI nonrapx, ero CTOJIIIIJ;eH BO II - II I BB. OhlJI TOMHC. RaR CDHp;eTeJIbCTBYIOT ,lI,OKYMeHThl, aa repptrroptnr ropo)J,OB H rrpaneraromax 1\ HHM CeJII.CRlIX pajioaon naplI)J,y C MeCTHbJM pOMaHH3HpOBaHHI.IM reTo-wpaKIIHcIUIM HaCCJICHllCM iKIIJIll II PH!I1CKIIB ROJIOHIICTbI. B 8KOHOMHKe ropO)J,OD naacnyro pOJII. nrpaml aeMJIe}:(eJIIIe II TOprOHJIlI, P;OCTHfJIII BbICORoro pa3BHTHH peMeCJIeHROe npOII3Bop;CTBO, ROpaOJIeCTpo8HIIe. I'opona 'IeKaHHJIll COOCTBeHHYIO MorreTY. Hx :3KOBOMIlKa 6a3HpOBaJIaCh na paficxo a TPYAC. BrrJIOTb AO BH3aHTHHCROll ;JIlOXII rpB'IeCHHe ropona m-pamr 3Ha'1HTeJIhHYro pOJIh B ;mOHOMlI'IeCKOn n 1\YJlbTYPHOll mH3HH HHlEHCn Me3Hll.

Ha rrJI8MeHa, HaCeJIlIBIIIIIe MYHTeBIIIO II: MOJIP;OBY, pmscxoe aanosaaane ne pacnpocrpaaaaocs; OHH II\HJIH B YCJIOBIIHX nepaofisrrnoofinrannoro CTPOH, HaXO)J,HBmerOClI na CTa)J,IIH pa3JIOiHeHHH. Ha 3TlIX

reppnropaax, no CBIIp;eTeJIhCTBaM p;peBHlIX aBTopOB, DO II-III BB. H. 9. 6hlJIH naafioaee ll3BeCTHbI p;aKlIiiCIum nneaeaa KapITOB, capsraThl-pOKCOJIaHbI II repxannsr-riacrapnsr.

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06JIaCTn CeBepo-BoCTO'lHMX RapnaT 11 IJ;eHTpaJIbHOll MOJIP;OBhl aaHHMaJJIl GacTapHbI. B HX xarepaansnoa KYJIbType BbIJIBJIHeTClI CXO):lCTBO C reTO-ll.aKHnCKHMlI rrJIeMeHaMlI 1I capaaraxa, 'lTO GblJIO 06YCJIOBJIeHO p;JIHTeJIbHMM COBMeCTHblM rrpoamnanaen II CBH31IMH Memll.Y mIMII.

Bce 9TlI IIJIeMeHa nonnepzsanaaa roprossre OTHOmeHlIlI C PHMCKOii npOBlIHD;llell ,lJ;aI\lIe:ii, rpe'tI8CRHMlI 1'opO):laMH-ilOJIlIcaMH H 06JIaCTHMlI npanofiepeacsa .IJ;YHalI. 8TlI OTHomeHHlI OKa3bIBaJIlI BJIlIlIHlIe na paaBlITHe Y HHX pesrecna, CeJJbCR01'O XOa.HMCTBa, cIloco6cTBOBaJIH COBepmeHCTBOBamUO BoeHH01'O ):IeJIa, POCTY cortaansaoji ):ImV<fJepeHIIHaIllIH.

,l1;aRllH IIpnXO,!l,HJIOCb BeCTH BonHY C n01'paHlI'1HhlMH «napsapcxaMlI» IIJIeMeHaMH. Bo II B. ORa I10ll.Bep1'aJIaCb nananenaax oapxaroapORCOJIaHOB 11 (WBOGO,!l,HMX p;aKOB». Ocofienno nocrpanana npoammaa BO BpeMH MapKOMaHCKOM BOMHM (167-180 1'1'.), ROTOpyIO BeJJO npoTHB PHMa repxancxoe IIJIeM.H xapaosranoa, ofiaranmee B paitone COBpeMeHHoH MopaBHH.

B cepemrne III D. PlIMCRaH HMrreplIH nepeaoasana cepseamae aaenmenoaaranecxae TPY):\HOCTlI; OOm;lIH KPlI3HC pa60BJJap;eJIb'1eCR01'O cnocotia rrpOllSBOlJ,CTBa npnsen K TJIy60RHM BHYTpenHIIM COIlIIaJIbHO-3KOHOMlI'IeCKlIM npOTlIBOpe'llIHM, '11'0 CHII3HJIO OGOpOHHhIll rroTeHD;HaJI rocynapcrna. ¥CHJIBJIllCb COIlHaJIbHble II cerraparacrcxae p;BlImeHlIlI B rrpOBlIHD;lI.HX. B :3TlIX YCJIOBII.HX nonsrrxa PlIMCKlIX IIMrreparopon C):IepJRaTb aanop (<BapBapCRlIX» nJIeMeH, neCMOTpJI aa apeMeHHMe ycnexn, ORaaaJIlICb Heyp;a'1HbIMll. PlIMJIlIH8 ObIJIH BhIHymll.elIM OCTaBHTb .IJ;aKUIO.

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BEJIIHWE IIEPECEJIEHHE HAPOAOB

IJ;HOHHOH reopna) rOBopRT 06 .lBaKyaIJ;HH scero naceneaaa AaKHH na npanofiepersr,e AYHaR.

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B IV -- VI HB. na TeppIITopIIII 6hIl:lrneii PIIMCKOll rrpOBlIHn;IIU Jl,aKuH nponcxonano nepenaaacenne II paCCeJIeHIIe pa3JIH'IHhlX nJJeMeH, 'ITO BJIeKJIO aa co60IT II3MeHeHIIH B 3TIlll'IeCIWM COCTaBe naCeJIeHHR, ero 06m;ecTBcHlIOll oprannaamnr, B Ma repaanr.noir U P;YXOBHOII KyJIhTypC.

B III - IV DB. ua repparopira TpaHCIIJIhBaHIIn ocena BOCTO'IHOrepaaucxne 3eMJIe,n:8JIh'leCRIIe rrJIeMeIIa rOTOB. II06e,11,IIB llhITaBIJIIIXCH npOHlIKRYTh CIOAa rermnon, rOThI llOA'IUHUJIII ce6e Banp;aJIOB, pacceJIHBIllIIXCH B paiione conpeaennoa KpIImaHhI. B II I B. ro'rsr npcnnnnyJIIICh B Moanony, a BO BTOpOll nOJIOB1I1J c C'1'O,leTIIfl 3aCemIJIlI MynTeHIlIO. DOCToRHHble noenmae CTOJIKHOBeHIIH C pllMJIRHaMII He xemaJIll liM BeCTII ToprOBJIIO C IIMnepHelI 'lepe3 pIfMCKlIe ropona na Aynae. Ha 06~eCTBeHlIOll 1I BoeuHOH opraaaaanan rOTOB cxaaaxocs pIIMCRoe BJIIIHHlle. B IlX cpene pacnpocrpananacr. pa60BJIa/J:eJIh'IeCRIIe OT IIOillC Hll:fI. rOThI lI).reJIll rrIIChMeIUIOCTh II rrepBhIMII U3 repua nCRHX nJIeMeH npmrann xpnCTlIanCTBO B ¢opMe apaaucrna.

B IIOCJIep;Heii: TpeTH IV B. na )J,yn3c rrOHBIIJIUCh KO'IeBhle MOHrOJIbCKUe rrJIeMeHa ryHHOB. Onn ll31'HaJIIl roro a sa I];YHaiI, a 3aTCM no,n:'IIIHUJIH IlX. rYHHhI onyCTOIlIIIJIII repparopna MOJI)J,OBhI, rora MynTellIIH, O,lJ'remm, EaHa-fa H KpHwaIIhI. ApxeOJlOrIPIBCI\lIH;l pactcousn CBlIp;eTeJIhCTBYIOT 06 ynanae C npaxonou rYUHOB MaTepuam.Holl H nyXOBHon KyJIhTyphl HaCeJIeHIIH 3TlIX repparopaa.

Ocnosnan 1Iacca rymIOB IIOCemIJIaCh B Cpanneu Ilonyaam.e.

B c¢epy nx rocnoncrna BXO,n:IIJIII repparopna AaKuH U 1];06pYJ\1IUr. Caoero Mory~ecTBa nepncana TyIllIOB ;rJ;OCTHrJIa B cepermae V B. npu nOlTqe ATTHJIe, ROTOPhlll, conepntan MnOrO'InCJIeHlIhIe nOXO)],hI, )],0- xortmr ;0:0 Cenepaoii 11ramIII II no crea n.oIIcTauTlIHonOJIIL IIOCJle ero CMCPTlI Bxop;IIBmIIe B ryHHCKyIO nepataay renansr BO TJIaBe C KOpOJIeM Apziapnxosr 3aXBaTIfJIII OCHOBHhle 06JIaCTII ryIIHOB IIO p. Tnce, 3aIIHJJH reppnropaa Hpnmansr, Eaaara, TpaHCUJIhBaHIIU U OJITeIIuH. I'ynnsr y,n:epiI\aJIli nOJJ: cnoeii BJIaCThIO TOJIhRO A06py;o:my.

B cepennae V B. BOCTO'IHOpIIMCKaa lIMlIeplIH (BH3aHTIJH) npn- 3HaJIa npasa reIIII;O:OB aa JIeB06epemHYIO ,1l;aKllIO II COrJIaCIIJIaCh na

eaceronnyro lIJIaTY aa C06JIroll,8Hll8 IIMH Mnpa. Ilpa Apnapaxe rerrUp;hl rrplIHHJIH XpHCTHaHCTBO. B VI B., BTOpn'lHO OTBOeBaB y BH3aHTHH BalIwhlil: CTpaTerH'leCKHH nyHKT CHPMHH, ona rrozrraaana eerie rrpaaotiepeacayro J];aKllIO.

B aasane VI B. B OOJIaCTHX cesepo-aananaee Tacsr rrOCeJIIIJIOCb repsrancxoe IIJIeMH JIaHro6ap1l,OB. He 6e3 rroncrpexarenscrna BU3anTHlI Ha'laJIHCb llX noenusre p;eHcTBllH nporas renazton. B 567 r. JIaHrotiapnsr OOpaTlIJIIICb aa IIop;p;epmlwil: K TIOpKCImM IIJIeMellaM anap, xoropsre IIOHBHJIllCb HI! J];YHae B cepenane VI B., aaXBaTHJIII pHP; ropO):(OB IIO npano ay Gepery II aaaaaa J];OOpYP;lI\y. I'enansr GbIJIH paarpOMJI8HbI aoiicxaua anap H JIaHT05ap):(OB. B 568 r, JIam05apIl,hl nepeMeCTHJIHCb B I1TaJIHIO, rll,e C03p;aJIH csoe rocynapcrno. C HHMH yWJIlI .II OT~eJIbHbre IIJIeMeHa rerrarton, nexoropsre OCTaJIHCh nop; BJIaCThlO aaapon, npyrae rrepeCeJIHJIHCh B norpanaamae C BH3aHTHeil: paHoHhl.

Asapsr 050CHOBaJIHCh B IJ;eHTpaJIbHOH Espone na CpermenynafiCIWH H1I3MeHHocTH, coanas BoeHHO-IIOJIHTll'leCKOe 05'hell,llHeHlle - xar-aaa r, pacrrpOCTpaITHlHITIlH BJIaCTb ITa repparupna OT KaprraT ):(0 Anpnam-recxoro MOpfI, na BOCTOKe - AO CeBepIWfO IIpll"'IepIIO~OPbH. TaRII8 OOJIaCTll, KaK MYHTeHHH H MOJI)J.Ol:ta, XOTH If BXOP;llJIll B CWepy rOCIIop;CTBa xaranara, aaCeJIHJIHCh anapaaa MaJIO 1I IICITOJIbaOBaJIIlCb rJIaBHbIM 05paaOM P;JIH KO'l8BllH. I1x nOCeJIeHHH ObIJIII cocpenoroxensr rrpeaxymecraenao na repparopaa TpaHCHJIbBaHHII. Anapsr OGhl'lHO He CMeillHBaJIHCb C MeCTHbIM HaCeJIeHHeM. I1x rocnoncmo orpana'lHBaJIOCb COOPOM p;aHH H npHBJleqeHHeM M8CTHoro HaCeJIeHHff B BOHCRa xaranara. Ilormrna asapos IIo.n;'lHnnTb nonananmxca B VI B. B HIIlImeM Ilonynanse CJIaBHH ORa3aJIHCb oeape3YJIbTaTHbIMIf. OCJIaoJI8HHblff B pe3YJIbTaTe soccranaa rro.n;BJlaCTIIbIX naponon ABapcKHH xararrar pacrrancn, noreprrea rropazaerrae B ROHI~e VI II B. 01' !fJpaIIH.OB.

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BJIHHHHO ccranaa rrpOHBllJIOCb H B npouecce tiJopMIIpoBamm H3bIRa ImaXOB, OTHOCHIII,erOCH K pOMaHcKoH rpynne. 06 3TOM CBII)J,8TeJILCTsyer 3H8"lHTBJIbHOe IIIICJIO CJIaBHHClUIX 3anMcTBoBaHHH B era .rreKCIIRe upx coxpaneaan OCHOBHoro tiJoH)1.a H rpaMMaTH"'IecI<OH CTPYRTYPbI I1aPOP;HO.ll JIaTbIHH.

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B XII -XIII BB. rrpOHCXOP:IIT pacceneaae BJIaXOB B paBHIIHHhlX 06JIaCT.HX JIeB06ep8J!\bH AYHa.H. Crracaacs OT mtcnJIya TaIl,IIU nerrrepCIUIX (fJeop;aJIOB, BJIaXlI rr8peCeJI.HJInCb 1I3 Tpancrrasnanan na TeppHTOpIfM 6Y).l,YIIJ,lIx BaJIamCROro H MOJI~aBCKOro RIIHiK8CTB. CIOiJ.a nrn a TaKme ~IllrpaIl,mI BJIaXOB M3 lO1I\HOil.ynaHcKIIx 06JIaCT8II. BJIaXIf pacC8JIHJIHCI. If B paaousr 3arrap,Holl Y xpaaasr, B XV B. OHn ROJIOHll30- uaJIII aanamrsre eKJIOHhI }\aprraT. 3THH'IeCKIf rrpeo6:ra).l,aIOIIl,HMH B,TIaXII CTaJIII B RapnaTo-,lJ,ynaii:cRJu 3eMJIHX.

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C03)I,aHHe. '

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CBe,u:eIIHH HCTO'lHIIKOB 0 CO~IIaJII.HOM pa3BIITHH HaCeJIeHIIH pernona CKyrrI.I, ITo MHeBHIO OOJIhIIIHHCTBa yxeasrx, oCHOBon ooro:eCTBeIIHOro CTPOH MeCTHoro naCeJIelIIIH B paccxa rpanaeuoe BpeMH ObIJla reppIiTOpHaJII.HaH ooro:llHa. Cpenn OOID.IIHIIIIROB paaannanaci, HMyro:eCTBeHlIaH II COI\lIaJIbUaH p;ncpwepeHIJ;naI\HH, KOTopaH ReJIa K ofipasonaHHI{) aHTarOHIICTII'lecKHX mIaCCOB. Ilponecc xnaccooripasonaaaa COnpOBOlKlI,aJICJI 3apOiEp;CHII8M <f>eop;aJIbHbIX OTHOIIIeHHll:, 'ITO nonrneparHaCTeH H p;aHHbIMII 0 pacnpoerpanenan B TO BpeMH xpIICTIIaHCTBa Cpe)1,H MecTHoro HaCe.lIeHHH. BOJII.IIIlIHCTBO pacxonatursrx aa reppnropaa Hapnaro-Ilyuajtcnax 3eMenh MOrHJIbHHKOn X-XIII BB. XPIICTIIaHCKHe.

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B03HIIHHOBEHI1E BAJ1AIIICROro KHHiRECTBA

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B XIII-XIV BB. TCppUTOpllH 6yp;ym,8ro KHIDf\eCTBa Banaxan obma 3aCeJI8Ha HepaBHOMepHO. !taR CBHp;8TeJIbCTBYIOT apxeonornnecxne rraMJITIIH"KH, BJIamCIWe 11"aC8JI8HH8 rrponcaaaxo rrpeIIMYIn;eCTB8Hno B npep;TOPbJIX H na IOJJtHhIX CWIOHax I'laprraT H BP;OJII. JIeBOrO oepera AYliUH. CJIa60 HaC8JI8HHLIMII oCTaBa.TIHCh CT8IlHhIe paiionsr OJIT8HUlJ M MYHTeHHH, rno IW'I8BaJIU noaonnsr II MOHTOJIO-TaTapbI. Co nropoii rrOJIO]3HHhl Xl If B., IJOCJI8 mIRBHp;an;UH MOHrOJIO-TaTapCKoro rOCIIOJ\CTaa, II STIIX OOJIaCTHX CTaJIH pacceilHThCH BJIaXn C npenropna I\aprra'F II Yi:1 IIpn6peilmLIX paMOIJOB.

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B XIII-XIV BB. nOHBJIHIOTCH M8CTHhI8 pI.IHRlI, paCIII:llpH8TCH

ToproEhliI oOMen Memp;y BHYTP8HHHMH 06JIaCTHMH. Haxonxa apxeorrofaMII MOH8T CBHP;8-rBJIhCTBYIOT 0 3UR'IHTeJIhIIOM pacnpocrpaaennn B TO BpeMH P;8H8lRHoro otipameaaa, KOTOPOMY crroc06CTBOBaJIU TaKJIW BII81IIHHH H TpaU3MTIIaH TOprOBJIH.

Pa3BIITne peM8CJIa H TOprOBJIH B YCJIOBHHX pOCTa rrpOH3BOJI,HTeJJbHhIX CHJI M YB8JIIIQ8HIIH IIJIOTHOCTH naCeJIeHHH B8.'lO R rrOHBJI81IIIIO nepssrx ropOJ:(OB. B ROHn;8 XIII - nasrane XIV B. B03HIIKaroT ropona HhlMnYJIYHr n RypTH P;8 Apnzaem IIa cenepe MYHT8HHII, IIcaRQa B ,lJ;06pYl~iIW, B XIV B.~ TLTprOBIIllITe, llHTemTII H np,

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,lJ;OKYM8HTI.I XIII B. ym8 OTM8'IaIOT <l!eO)l,aJIhHYro 3HaTb, KOTOpaJI npo'mnocronr Mace8 KpeCTbl1H-06Ill,HHHHKOB. B pyxax 3JHITH cocpe-

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K Cepe,IJ.HHe XIII B. 1Ia TeppHTopHII OJITeHIIH CJIOII,HJIIICb xaeaarr.r IIoaHHa II cDapI\alLla. Ha cenepe OJITeHIIII II na cenepnsrx CHJIOJIaX IDIIHIbIX Haprrar cym.8cTBOBaJI B TO Bpel\UI nneaar JIl'!TOB01L lID MHeHIUO yqeubIx, no 6bIJIO OAno 113 CIIJILJIbIX nOJIHTIFleCRHX 06'heAHJIenUll BJIaXOB na TeppliTOpI'III 6YAym.ero KHflm:eCTBa. Ha cenepe MYHTeHHII pacnonara.rncs 3eMJIII BoeBOAbI Cenecnana, PaCRorrRH PYMbIHCRHX apxeOJIOrOB noxaaana, 'ITO nepnonaaaar-nsra JIP;pOM <lTOrO «aeaara HBJIJIJIaCb 06JIaCTb UO BepxHeMY rosenaro p. Apnacern, rne BrrOCJIeACTBIBI 6bIJIa OCHOBana II IIepBaH CTOJIIrn;a BaJIailiCItOI'O rocyAapCTBa KYPTff ne Apnarem.

BHemHerrOJIIITlI'leCRlIe yCJIOBl'!ff cym.ecTBOBaHlIJI ::ITIIX pannerpeo.ll,aJIbIIbIX nOJIIITII'IeCKlIX 06'he)J;IlHeBllii: BJIaXOB 6bIJIll TpyAHbIMH. I\JTe;JaTaM H aoenonaran, pacnoaoa.ennsra B TPY)J;HoAocTyrrHblX ropnsrx II JIeClICTbIX paironax, rrpllXOp;HJIOCb OTCTaIIBaTh CBOID caMOCTOJITem,nOCTb B oxpyzaenaa rrOJIOBD;eB II MOHI'OJIO-TaTap.

TeppIITOpIIJI BOCTO'lIIeO p. OJIT, na3hlBaBIIIaHCJI KYMaHIleii: (noC1WJIbRy BJIa,n:eJIlI eID B TO npexn lJOJlOBn;bI-KYMaIILI), nOCJIe 12tl2 r. OIW3aJIaCb non BJIaCTbID xanos 30JIOTOll 0pP;bI. Bo BTOPOii: rrO,lIOBHHe XI II B. na Hnzcnee IIo,r(YHaBLe pacnpOCTpaHIIJIaCL BJIaCTb nOJIysaBnCH~mll 01' 30.lIOTOOpp;bIHCJmX xaaos HorallcIWM OPAbI. MOnTOJIO-rarapsr cOBepmaJIII orrY6:TOUIIITem,IIhIe aafiera na aeMJIII BeHrepCIWM lWPOHbI B TpaHCIIJIbBaHIIII II It rory 01' Hapnar, IIoCJIe rlloe.TJlI B pesYJIbTaTe cPOOAaJIbIIhIX pacnpen Hor-an 30JIOTall Opna nee eIIJ,c npoT(OJImaJIa coxpanarr. csoa nOJIIITIITleCIwe l'! BoeHIIOO npacyrcrnae D lOro-BoCTOtIHoti: Esporre.

13 XII - rrepnoii nOJrOBIIHe XIII B. 06JIaCTlI JIeBOOepeiKbH ,ll;YHaJI (COBp. BaBaT, OJITeHIIH, 'IaCTII'lTTO MYHTeHlIff) BXO):(UJIU B COCTaB BTOporo Boarapcxoro napcrna, YKpeIIIIBmerocH 1l nepnon rrpaBJIeHIIH ,lJ.IIHaCTIm ACeHlI)];OB. B cepermne XIII B. na <lTn 3eMJIll pacnpocrpann.rracr, BJIaCTb BeHrepC1\HX ROpOJIefr, xotopsre B XOl~O rrOCTO.flHHLIX 1l0llB C 60JIrapaMH II MOHrOJIO-TaTapaMII CTpeMl'!JIIICb paCIlIHpIITb cnon naccam.nsre BJIaTT,eHHfl R rcry OT RapnaT. CYlI\eCTBOBammle na TCPPlITOplIlI BaJIaXHII RHe3aThl II noenonarta ORaSaJIIICL B 3aBHCIIMOCTH OT IwpO.lIeBCTBa Benrprrn l'! 6bIJIlI 061I3aIIhl BbIIIJIa'IIIJlaTb eMY onpene.reanyro )WHb.

Bpam,r(e6HocTL MeCTIIoro rrpaBOCJIaBHOrO naCeJI8HHH 3aCTaBJUIJIa nenrepcsyro xopony npoaonnrs KOJIOIIII3aIIlIoHHI,le Mephl na reppnTOpInI BaJIaXuH. B eeBepHoli 'laeTII MYHTemm IT B 6anaTc Cesepna, coanarmoa ROPOHOH B naxane XIII B. ua 3aXBaQeIIHbTX Y 60JIrap norpaHH'IHhIX 3eMmIX, 6bIJIII noceJIeuJ,I aenrpsr n neMD;bI, OCHOBRHDI RR-

TOJIH'IeCRne xpaasr. Mecroa npetismanna B8HrepCROrO naUeCTHlUHl (HIIInaHa) CTaJI lIOCTpoeHHbIH R 1300 f. ropon RbllIIrrYJIynr.

CJIOlliHbIe BHeIIIHerrOJIlITHlJeCRlI8 YCJIOBIUI CYII~eCTBOBaTmjJ, rrporpecc B COIl,HaJIbHO-8IWHOl\HI'IeCKOM pa3BlITHH BbI3BaJIlI neofixojraMOCTb IIOJIHTII'IeCROH ROHCOJIHiJ,al\IIIi( InreaaTOB II oeh,ep;HHeHIIH B 60- nee l'tpynHhI8 rOCYll:apCTBeHHbIe E}l0PMUPOB3HJIJI.

MCTOlJUHI\H lJIHRCHPYIOT IIOHBJIeIIH8 B Ha'IaJIe XIV B. B MYHTeHlUI B3JIamClWfO rocynapcrna BO rorase C BOeBO)1,OH Eacapafiox. B rocno)1,apcRHX rpaxro'rax TorO npCMCHH OHO HMenOBaJlOCh « YrpOBJIaXHeii)~ HJIH «PYMhIHCKO:l:i: 3eMJIe:l:i:», a nnorrra (13CIIIJIe:l:i: Eacapa6a». C XV B. Bee 'Iaru;e ynoTpeOJIHeTCH na3BaIIHe «BaJIaXHFD}.

06'Le)J)meHIIIO paapoanenmax KIIe3arOB n BoeBo,!(aTOB B e)lHlI08 RHHilleCTBO cnocoficrnonana CJIOlliHBJllaJJ'CH B Cepell:IIII8 XIV B. M8n,}:(YlIapO):(HaH o6cTaHoBKa B pernorre. 30JIOTaH Opna 6hIJIa OTB';W'IeHa oopbooil c MpaHolII II reIIY33Il,aMH. B ROpOJIeBCTBe Bearpnn YCHJIHJIIICb BJlyTpeHHHe neypnmmsr, BbI3EaHHhle lJIeo):(a.:IbIIOM anapxneir If 60ph6oii MarHaTCIOIX rpyrrrmponox. Bn3aHTJUI, Boarapnrr H Cep(51m 6hIJIII 3aHJITbI Mea,}:(oycoOHbIMH BoeHHblMH KontPJIHKTa?m. MMeHllo J3; aro BpeMJI Eacapa6y y.D,aJIOCh OO'hegHHHTI> cYIIl,eCTBOBaBllHe aa TOppHTOpUU BaJIaXHH RHe3aTbI II soesonarsr B O}:(HO rocynapcrno.

Ilpnanan q,opMaJIhIIO BaCeaJIhHYIo 3aBHCHMOCTh OT aenrepoxoii KOpomr, Eacapa6 <ilaRTH'IeCRH rrpOBO}:(HJl caMOCTOHTeJIbByIO RHemHIOlO nOJIHTHRY. 06 aTOM rOBopHT yqaCTHe na CTopone BOJlrapun «yrpoBJIaXOB>} II MOHfOJIO-TaTap B oOPb6e npOTHB BII3aHTHH. Bacapaf YCTaHOBH.lI OTHOIIIeHHH C 30JIOTOH: Opnoa, YlJaCTBOBaJI B Harra}:(OUHJIX MOHrOJIO-TaTap, OOJIfap II ception na IOIRHbIe rpannrm l\OpOJIeBCT.B3:

BeIIrpIIlL

Ilorrsrrxa Eacapa6a aaxnarnrr, 6aHaT CeBepHH 3aCTaBIma xoponrr RapJIa Potiepra npermpmrnrr, B 1330 f. npcrnn Hero IIOXO}:(. B yCJIOBIIJIX ropnoit MeCTHOCTII H MaJlOHaCeJIeHHOCTH reppm-opan IWpOJIe BCKlIe Boii:CI\a nCrrbITLIBaJIH Tpy)1,HOCTII c npOAOBOJIhCTBlleM, <yypamoM II BbIHymp;eHbI ObIJIlI OTCTYIIHTL. B pajione Ilocana apMHfl Hapna Pofiepra nenana B YCTpoeHHyIO Bacapatiox sacany. KpOBOrrpOJIHTHOe cpaxcemre 3aBepmMJIOCb IIooe;n:oH BaJIaIIICKoro BoeBO}:(hI, can KOPOJII> e}:(Ba crraccrr C OCTaTHaMM CBOIIX BOHCK.

Ilofiezra npn Ilocazre cnocoticrnonana yKpenJI8HHIO BJIaCTII Eacapa- 6a B KHHmeCTBe, nonaanenaro OrrIT03HIl,lIH 3HaTH. Onopoa BOCROgbl BnyTpII CTpaHbI HBJIHJlHCh RpeCTbHHe-06IIl,IIHHIlIOI, 06.fI3aHHbIe HOCTH BOJIHCI\YIO nOBIIHHOCTh B rrOJIh3Y rocrronapa H COCTaBJIJIBIIIIIe BOMCKO B cnysae BoeHHOH onaCHOCTH.

B0300HOBJIeHIle MOHfOJIO-TaTapCJ\IIX narraAeHuH rra BOCTO'IHble rpaamrsr ROpOJIeBCTBa Bearpna He n03BOJIMJ10 ROPOJIIO KapJIY Po- 6epTY npennpaanrs HOBbIH noxon npOTIIB Bacapafia. IIpeeMHHR HapJIa JIaHoIlI I B 1344 f. yrnepnan ero noesonoa BaJIaXHlI na npaaax BaCCaJIa M Aame COfJIaCMJICJI aa npacoerraaenae R RHHllieCTBY RhIMnynyara, me B 1352 r. Eacapa6 n yMep.

IIpeeMHMKY Eacapa6a, ero ChlHY HHROJIae AJIeRCaHAPY (1352- 1364) , Y.ll.aJIOCh pacnrapart, reppnropmo Banaxmr, npHcoe,!(HHIIB TpaHCIIJIhBaHCRYIO 06JIaCTh Il>arapam. IIp.lI HeM B03POC nOJIHTll'IeCRnii

ITopTpeT BSnamCROrO aoeaonsr

Bacapa6s I.

e 4IpeeRB rocnolflllPcRoft U.epXBH B repone RYPTJI ):Ie Ap):IlRem

epSlReHHC 1330 1:'. MelR/l;Y Bacapa601ll I n BCHI'epOlllIM KOpOJlelII

KapnoM Poi5epTollll y IToCS):Ihl. MUllnaTlOpa

aa «BeHCKO! RnnlOCTpnpoBsHBOA XPOIIBRB,.

95

nee MOJIO;o;OTO rocynapcrsa B pernone. 06 aTOM rOBopHT Y'Ipem):leHHe B 1359 r. B KYPTH )1,8 Ap,n;Jiwru «yrpoaaanrcnoar MHTPOIIOJIHH.

l1epnoA npe6hIBamUI Y BJIaCrH Baanacnana BJlai'lRy (1364~1377} OTMe'Ien onpenenennsnr rrporpeccoa B COn;UaJIbHO-3KOHOMll'I8CfWM: paaanraa ItIImKeCTBa. MnOrO'IlICJIeHHhle naXO;O;IUI MOHeT roro upesreHU ell TOM 'IHCJW nepaoii BaJIamCKOH cepetipmroii MOIIeThl) rr03BOJIHIOT CY)l;nTb 0 3Ha'IIITeJIbHbIX ropronsrx CBH3HX KHHJf(eCTBa, KaK BHyTpenanx, ran 1:[ BueUIHIIX.

Bearepcxze KOpOm! npennpaaaxaior nOXO)1,bI npOTIIB YCUJIlIBWIIXCH BaJIaIlICKHX BoeBO):\ C n.eJIbIO YKpeIIJIeHlUI csoero CIOaepeHHTera B KIJHmeCTB8. B cpaacemra C aearpajra norn6 BJIa)l;IlCJIaB BJlailuy. Ero npeeMHHKM Pany I (1377~1383) If p;arr I (1383-1385) 6eaycnenmo IIhlTaJIHCb OTCTOHTb CBOIO caMOCrOHreJIbHOCTh B 6oph6e C BeHrepcKoii: KOPOHOii:.

cDOPMIIPO BAHllE MOJIAABCKOrO fOGyp;APCTBA

B cepemnre XIV B. UCTO'IHIIKH OTMe'IaIOT cymecraoaaaae B BOCTO'Inox Ilpaxaprrarse RIfHmeCTBa non naaaanneu <i MOJIP:aBCKaFI aeIlIJIH». UeHTpoM ero ~OpMMpoBaBIm 6hlJI 6acceiIH p. MOJIP:OBbI, orxyzta, rro MHeHlHO ysensrx, rrpolICxO)1,IIT n naasanae rocyna pCTBa. AKTOBbIe H apxeonorasecsae MaTepMaJIhl CBIIfJ;eTBm,cTByIOT 0 rrpO'lKlInamm ap;eCh K cepe)1,IUI8 XIV n., ItaR U ua BC8H repprrropan Meili;O;y HapITaTaMU II p. Caper, aHa'IMTeJIhHOrO no 'IHCJIeHHOCTII anamcxoro naCeJIOIIHH. OHO nsrpocao OC060IIHO B XII - XI II Bll. aa C'IeT npuroxa RJIaXOB, 6emaBUllIx 01' axcrravararmn aenrepcxax ~80p;aJIOB IIa 00- nacren II pmcapnarsn, nxorrannrax B COCTaB KOpOJIeBCTBa Benrpnrr. I1epeCeJIJIHCh B BOCTO'IHOe Ilpanapnarse, BJlaXH BCTynaJIII B KOHTanT C OCTaBllIHMca 1J;penHeCJIan}lHCItHM HaCeJIeHHOM H BOCTO'1HaCJIaBHnCRIIMII nOCeJI8Hn;aMII U3 raJIlIIl,KOro I1pIIKapnaTMI U rrOCTerreHIIO aCCIIMIIJIlIpOBaJIlI UX.

feorpar4lH'IeCKIIe II KJIIIMaTlI'IeCRMe YCJIOBIIH cnoco6CTBOBaJIH paaBUTIUO y BJIaXOB BOCTO'IHOrO Ilpmcapnart.a amBOTHOBO)1,'IeCKO-3eMJIeU8JIh'IOCKoro X03flHCTBa. Jlecacrsre XOJIMbI OhIJIU y)1,06HbI )1,JIH nacr- 6HIIl,HOrO IKHBOTHOBO;O;CTBa. llilIT8JIlI aanIIMaJIUCb paaaenennecs oaerr, CBuneH, JIomap:en II rcpynnoro poraroro CI{QTa. Apxeoaoravecxne naamre rOBopHT 0 3HR'InreJIhHOM yponae 3eMJI8p:emfH II OT)1,e.r.rhIIhIX peuecen JI KpeCTbHHCKIiX X03HllCTBax, B 'laCTHOC1'M roanaprroro II HY3Ue'lHOrO ):'iena.

C yrJIy6JIeUU8M nponecca OT)leJIenIiH penecna OT 3eMJIeueJIIUr IlOHDJIHIOTCH n;eHTpJ>I pesreena H TOprOBJIH, BblpaCTaBllIHe B ropona. Han60JIee p:pemUIIII ira nux 6bIJI Baaa, CTaBIlIUH nepaoii CTOJIHIIelf rocynapcrna, R rrepnoii nOJlOBnHe XIV B. OTIIOCHTCH B03HIIKIIonenne r. Cnpera, BO BTOPOH rrOJIOBIIUe CTO.lJeTHH nCTO'IHHRH ynounaaIOT y)l;e pll)1, rOpO)1,OB, B TOM 'IRCJIe Cynany, POMan, Xo TlIH , Hccsr. Pa3BUTIIIO :lROlIOMlIlm II ropronnn roponoa OJlaTonpUHTCTBOBaJIII TOproasre CBSI31I c Censpnsra II pn'IeprrOMOpbeM, rp;e CI\pe~HBaJIHCL MHOrO'IHCJleHHhle ropronsre aprepna.

26

OCHOBOll: COn;HaJI1BOii OpraHH3aD;lUI Bn:aXOB BOCTO'lHOrO IlpnxapllaTLH 6bllI8 CeJIbCIWH o6m;uua. B XIII B. B ee He.a,pax illeJI rrpouece ~ln1yn~ecTBeHHoro H COD;HaJIhHOrO paCCJI08HHH; nporrCXO)),HJIO Bhl)J,8lleHH8 05m;HHHOll: 3HaTH, aaxaarunaamea ap;MIIHHCTpaTIIBHYIO Ii cynefiII}' 10 B.1I8CTL. Kne31.I, mytl"e, BRTaMaIIhI, CTOHBllHe BO TJIaBe 06m;HH, IIO,"'l.seprana ee '1JIenOB (jKCIIJIyaTan;HII, npanyaotaa K nonapxau II orpa·60TI,aM B csonx BJIap;eHHHX, 'ITO CBnp;eTeJIhCTBOBaJIO 0 3apom,n:eHIIH .qJeo.n;aJlbIIOll oTpa6oTO'lHOH peRTH II narypansnoro 06pORR.

B XIV B. nponecc xnaccooopaaoaaaarr YCIIJIHJICfl. BMeCTe C 00- m;HHIIoii: co6cTBeHHocTbIO 3HaTL npacaaanana eerie npano B3llMaHlIH noennaocrea, npenpamaa 'IaCTb 'IJleHOB 06m;IlHhl B 3aBJICliMbIX JlIO,ll;eii:. AmI aanmrsi CBOHX :3ROHOMIPleCKIIX HHTepeCOB weOp;aJIIl3uPYIO~aHCJl nepxyurxa nymp,aJIaCb B CIIJIhIlOH BepXOBIIOM: BJIaCTH, KOTOpyro Momo ofiecneuarr, rocY.AapCTBO.

B pe3YJIbTaTe rrofien BeHrpOB Hap; MOnrOJIO-raTapaMH no BTOPOii: ~IeTBepTn XIV B. II ycnemasrx BeHrcpCKIiX noxonos ITa SeMJIII faJIHD;IWll PYCH BOCTO'IHOe Tlpaxapnarr.e 0!,a3aJIOCh B COCTaRe BJIap;Cnllii nearepcuax KOpOJIell, xoropsre npesparana 31'y ofinacrr, B CBOll )1,OMen, ynparornanraacn rraMeCl'HllI\aMU. Hx npaaaenne BbI3hInaJIO nelIOBOJIhCTBO MeCTHoro HaCeJIeHIIJI. IIoTIhI'fII.:a HOpOJIH yupaannarr, B Ma pasrypeura aBTOIIOMHIO BJIaXOB Bhl3BaJIa IIX noccranne, IWl'OpOe nozmepxcana nacrposnnsrs rrpOTIIB IWpOJIfl MeCTlIhle q,eOll.aJIbl II BJIaXII BOCTO'IIIOrO Tlpanapna'n,a. Bo rorane BOCCTaBrnlIX BCTaJI soeaona Eornan. B 1359 r. C 'laCTbJO BJIaXOB on nepecemrnca II3 Mapanyperna B paiton MOJI!J;OBhl H no.rI.'llImm cnoen: BJIaCTII 60JIhIlIYIO 'laCTI. BOCl'O'IlTOrO Ilpaxapnarr,a. KOpOJIeEclmii: HaMeCTIIIIK Bam>. II nponcnrepcaaa 3Han, 6I,IJIII BhIHymp;8Hhl nepeceaarr.ca B Mapanypem.

TIorrbITKH KOPOJIJl IIOP;'IHIlIITb Eor-nana ne y):(amICb. IIpH rro;tJ;p;epmIW MeCTHoro naCCJIemUI noesona CYMeJI OO'I,ep;HHHTh cymecrnonannrae na TeppUl'OpllH BOCTO'lHOfO Ilpaxapnarr.a rrOJIIITH'IeCRne otipaaonanas B ep;UHoe I{HameCTBO II B 1365 f. )),06UJICH npnananaa ero ne- 3aBIICliMOCTII. Ho KOpOJIenCTBO Bern-pan nponoazaano coxpannrr, CROll CI03epCHIITeT Hap: 'laCTLIO 3eMeJII, Bocrounoro Ilpnxapnarr,a,

H.orrCOJIIIp;aU;IUI MOJIp;aBCKOro KlIHmeCl'Ba npOllCXO)J,U'f rrpn noeno;rr_e Pojrane (1392~ 1394), IWTOPhIII pacruapnn ero TepplITopIIIO, npncoep;IIHIIB xonrpomrpoaaamaeca panee 30JIOTOOP)J,hIHCI(llMIf xauasor aeMJIII. 8TOMY crrocoficrnoaana nofiena AMIITPIUI ;o;OHClwro Hap; MOHrOJIO-TaTapaMII na HYJIllIWBOM HOJIe, 'ITO 3aCTaBIIJIO 30JIOTYIO Opzry orrrnryrr, CBOff CHJIhI H3 Hmxaero IJoAYHaBhH.

r saea II

BAJIAmCKOE II MOJI,IJ;ABCKOE RHHJKECTBA B YCJIOBHHX OCMAHCKOn 3.KCIIAHCIIII (CEPE]J;IIHA XIV -

IIEPBAH lJETBEPTb XVI a.]

BHYTPEHHEE YCTPOnCTBO RHHil\ECTB

B03H1mmIle B XIV B. Baxanrcnoe II MOJIp;aBCKOe llJI1UHeCTBa npezCTaBJIflJIH COOOH MOHapxHH BO rnase C BOeBOp;al'YHI, TlITYJIOBaBIIIlIMHCH onaospeaeaao rocrronapaua, I136npaeMhlMM coopaanea CBeTCKHX II p;yXOBHbIX q,eop;aJIOD. I'ocnonapcxaa BJIaCTb IIaCJI8p;OBaJIaCh, w.m npaBIIJIO, npep;cTaBUTeJIHMH npanamax q,aMIIJIlIH, co BpeMeH8M CMeHHBIIIHX npyr ,upyra. Ilonneparaa OTp;eJIbHbIMH rpyrrnasm DOHP pasnsrx npererrnearoa na npeCTOJI Bhl3hlIlaJIa 'I8CTble q,eop,aJIbHhIe pacnpa II Mem:p;oycooHhl8 BOHHbI. Baxaaran TpOH C rrouomsro opyaiMH, rucnonapr, aaren aaxpenaan cnoe noaoaceaae nYTeM «H30paH1:lH)). 1::IToohl oOeCne'IHTb HaCJIe.n:OBaHHe npecroaa no CBOeM: muum, rocrronaps OObl'IHO .n:eJIaJI corrpaaarexesr csma UJIH fipa'ra,

Bnacrt, rocnonaps 6hUla orpanaxeua ooapcKHM COB8TOM, 083 cofJIaCHH xcroporo B KHHm:eCTBe He rrpHHHMaJlOCh HII O.n:HO perneane. Bonpocsr, CBH3aHHhle C .n:eJIaMII rocynapcraeanoa Bam:HOCTII, rJIaBlIbIM ofipaaoa oTHorueHHHMH C IIHOCTpaHHbIMH p;epm:aBaMH, OO'bHBJIemleM BOHHhl IIJIH 3amIIOQeHHeM MIIpa, penranacr, na ruHpOInIX co6paHUHX CBeTCKIIX II P;YXOBHhlX q,eo.n:aJIOB. C yxpennemrea rocnonapcxoa BJI8.CTII, a II nOCJIep;yIO~eM YCTaHOBJIeHHeM BaCCaJIbHOH aaBIICHMOCTll RHHlReCTB OT OCMaHCKOH IIMrrepHII 8TH cofipanaa TepHJIII CBOIO POJIb. Crroco6CTBOBaJlH 3Tml:Y CJIa60CTb CJlym:IIJIOrO COCJIOBHH B RHH)f,eCTBax II CTpeMJIeHHe 60HpCTBa cocpep;OTO~HTh B CBOIIX pYKax perueHae rocynapcraenasrx 1l0rrpOCOB.

B 60HPCKIIH COBeT BXOP;UJIII Kalt POp;OBIITble II llJIIIJITe.rlbHhle ooape, DJIap;eBIIIHe naCJIep;CTBeHHhlMH BOT~HnaMII, TaR H CJlym:I1JIble 60Hpe, IIOJIY'laBillR8 a8MJlIO aa cJIym6y rocnonapro,

YnpaBJIeHIIe RHHiReCTD ocym;eCTllJUIJIOCb C noaorrrsro nsopa 1I xaaneaapan. ,IJ;BOp B03fJlaBJIHJI BOpHIIR. PYKOBOP;IIJI RaHqeJlfIpneii: II 6hm xpannreneu nexarn norodier. I'ocnonapcxoa K8.3HOH, P;OXOj1;bI ROTOPOii: zroaroe BpeMJI He OT;n;eJIHJIIICb OT rOCY/1,apCTBeHHbIX, neztan llIICTHepHIIK. B ero oOil3aIIHocTH BXOP;IIJIO ofiecrreaenae HaJIOrOBOrO nocrynaenna, ooyrnecraaaanreroca crreU;lIaJIbHhlMlI COop:W;IIKaMII. ,IJ;JIJI 06ecrre~eHIIJI naopa npo)],YKTaMII U BIIHaMI! cy~ecTBOBaJIII 'lUH!>I CTOJIbHIIKa II 'laIIIIIHKa. 3a60T11 0 BHyTpeHHIIX rrOKOHX rocnonapa, a T8.Kme 0 npIIBMe IIHOCTpanHhIX rrOCJlOB H ornomeaaax C APyrlIMH ;rJ;BpmaBaMlI HaXOp;HJIIICb D Bep;eHIIII IIOCTeJIbHIiI\a. BOBHHhlMII p;eJIaMH nenan cnaraps,

28

Boape, 3aHMMaBIIIHe 3TH ;tJ;OJDRHOCTH II 'IHHM H B031'JIaBJlllBllme paansre Be;tJ;OMCTBa npa nnope rOCIIOp,aplI, COCTanJIHJIH BblCIIIIBI CIToll rocrrop,cTllyIOlll,erO KJIaCCa q,eOn;aJIOB B KIIfl;t;eCTBax.

A.n;MHHIIcrpa TUBHO KIIfl}KeCTBa ObI JIll pasneaensr ITa oxpyra, Ha3bIBaBIIIMeCf[ B Ba.::raIIICKOM KHaiI,eCTBe a~y):l"eu;a~UI, B MOJI;rI,aBCIWMI.J;IIHyTaMU. Bo raane OKpyrOB CTORJIlI nsrpnanarisr, IWTOPbI€ ocyII~eCTBJIffJIH ap,MHHMCTpaTHBHo-cy;n:e6nyIO BJIaCTb na srecrax. IlapsaJIaObI npnaanaeacann K 'mCJIY BMCillUX canOBHUlWB KIUIfl,eCT B l! no)mJlH B OOHPCHlIH COBeT.

Cyp;onpOH3Ilo;n:CTBOM BeAaJI rOCIIOl1.aPb; na MeCTax CYA BeplIIll.11I rocnonapcxne CJIyrH IT BOT'lHHHHKU. Cy;o;eoHbIe nerra BeJIIICb na oeilO· Be OObIQa8B 3eMJIH, xoropsre P;OKYM8UTbI Ha3bIBaIOT «BOJIOJIICKIIM rrpasoa». B CYl1.0rrPOH3BOl1.CTBe KHfflReCTIl AOJIf08 BpeMff coxpaamea 06bI'lai:i: npHII8ceHIIH npacara npa BbIHCH8JIlilI ncaa, I'nannon Mepoii nanaaaaaa 6bIJI nrrparp. ECJIlI BHHOBIIbIii He sror BbITIJIaTlITh ero ;rx:8HLraMH, OIl BbIHYlRp;eH 6bIJI OTAaTb xacrr, CIWTa lIJIlI 3eMJIU. Hajs.uy C CYJ1;eOHblMII rrOIIIJIIIHaMU llITpacpbl cocraBJIlIJIH OJ1;Ry 113 3IIaqnTeJIbIIhlX crareir ,!{OKO,[(OB rocnonapcxon JW3RbI.

OCIIOBHOM BoeHHOll Cl1JIOM B 060MX KHH'H{8CTBaX 6bIJIII rocnciap CRlIe H 60HpCIme P;pyiI\UHbI 1Ii3 CJIymlIJIhIX mo.n;eiI, aoropsre npeaensJIHJIH TaI{ uaasrsaexroe «MaJIOe~) BOMCRO. B nepnon nneumeji OllaCEDern e03bIBaJIOCb rarose ({60m .. moe: BOIIClW, B xoropoe llpmlhlBaJlICh Epecn}Ure. ITPH3hlBHHRII P;OJIiKIIbI 6bIJIll HBJUlrbCa c OpylRlIeM n Janacoa rrpOAOBOJIbCTBHH. B nexoropsrx CJIY'IaHX rocnozta pn MCrrOJb30- BaJIII HaeMHllKOB.

Onopoa rocnonapcaoa BJIaCTII B KHHlReCTBaX CJlylRHJIa IIpaBOCJIaBHaH uepxons. C03,naHHe B BaJIaXHM B 13,59 r, coticrneanof MllTpOrrOJIHII, XOTff cpopMaJIbHO M 3aBHceIlUIeH OT ROHcTaHTMHOIIOJIbCHOII narpaapxna, lIMeJIO 60JIbUIOe aaaseuae ,D;JIH KOIICOJIIIl1.aU;UH rocy~apCTBa.

ROHcraHTIIHOrrOJIbcltoll narpnapxna ol>IJIa rro,n;'IHHeHa II MOJ~aBCHaH ~epKOBI,. CTpeMJIeHHe MOJI;tJ;aBCKHX rocnonapea P;06HTLCfl rrpaB3 aa BbI)J,BnmeHHe CBOHX KaHAll)J,aToB na nOCT rJIaBbI nepxau B RUDiJ(eCTBe BbI3BaJIO AJIHTeJIl>Hhlll: IwrrcpJIIIItT C ROHCTaHTHROIIOJIeM. D pe- 3YJIl>TaTe Il 1401 r. narpnapx 6uJI BblHYlR)J,eH rrpaanarr, MOJI;o;aBCKoro enacxona lloca<}la MHTpOnOJIlITOM ImmKeCTBa.

Cymecrnoaaane aBTOHOMHOH MIITpOnOJIllH B BaJIamCKOM Ii Mo.~· .n,aSCIWM RHHlReCTBaX IIMeJIO 60JIl>moe 3HR'IeHUe ;n:JIH ynpenaeaaa nepxonuoii opt-annaattnn ImaiKeCTB, aanmmannrefi IIHTepeCbI }(,1acca <f!eop;aJIOB.

<Pop~nIPOBAHllE cDEOP;AJIbHbIX OTHOillEHIIli

Oopa30BaHIIe Banarncxoro H MOJIp;aBCHOro KHH}KeCTB cnocoficrsesaJIO Con:uaJIblIO-3KOIIoMII'IecEoMY nporpeccy B KaprraTo-.L(yna11CJ(llI ;38MJIHX. Otinmpnsre neca II nacrtiama 06YCJIOBIIJIU IIpeIIMy~ec.TB€H· Hoe paanurne aneci, }KHBOTIIoBo)J,crBa, oco6eHHo oBu;eBo~C1Ba. B XIV-XV BB. B 8KOHOMHKe IUIHa,eCTB nee 60JI8e ana-nrrennce MeCTO 3aHIIMaeT 3eMJIep;eJIHe. CeHJIII poacs, mnemnry, H'IMeU1, npo-

29

(;0, onec, B03p;eJIbIBaJIHCh JIeH II KOHOTIJIH. BOJIhIlIYro pOJIh arpana BHH(ll'pap;apCTBo, BllHop;emfe, ca)J;OBO~J;CTBO H oropomrexecrso. Pa3BHHaJIHCh TaIUI,e phloonOBCTBO II OOpTlIII'leCTBO. IIOCTOHHHhIM crrpOCOM EaR BHYTPH RHHmeCTB, TaR n: B cocezarnx crpaaax nOJII,30naJIHCh }lIIlIO, Me~ Ii BOCR.

Y tHe B Xl V - XVI BB. orrpe,!l,BJIHJIHCh paaJIH'lUH B paanarna q,eonansusrx OTHOIlIeIIHii na repparopnax, TA'e CJIOmUJIIICb Bananrcnoe If MOJI,!l,aBcKOe E'HHmeCTBa, npOHBJf.1IllCb IlX oco6eHHocTH. B BaJIaXHIf IW BpeMeHll OOPU30BUHlUI rccvnapcrna B pe3yJILTaTe p;aJIeRO aamezrmere rrponecca pa3JIOllieHHH OOIIIHHbI ospenzra q,eOgaJIU3upylOIIIaHcH mIaTI" B PYRax noropoa nUXOp;IIJIaCh aHa'lIITBJILIlaH 'laCTh aeMeJIb (orciona nefioxsmae paaxepsr p;OMeHa aanamcaoro rOCIIO/l,apH). CBeTCI'Oe 3eMJISIIJIa)J;smiB c\flopMHpOIlaJIOCb TyT rJI8BHhlM 06pU30M 38 cxer axcnponpaamra OOIIIUIIHhlX 3eMeJII..

B MOJ!)1.aBCROM KHHIKeCTBe B pyxax rOCllOll.apH nepnoua-tansun ORa3aJIMCh 06mnpHI.Ie repparopna H paanrrrne 3eMJIeBJIa~eHHH BaH CBeTCI,IIX, TaR If qepJ{OBHbIX <peO)J,aJIOB rrpOHCXO)J,MJIO na OCHOBe I\HHEOCR.HX S8M8JIbHf,[X rrom8.rrOff8mHr, BCJ1ep;CTBHe nero B reuenne XIV - XV BB. mJIO coxpautetrne I'OCIIO,rJ,apCKoro ,n:m.1eHa. Ilponecc 3auren Tart )J,aJIeRO, 'ITO Ill retpaa III Bemnmii II ero rrpeeMIIHKII npeztrrpIIHHMaJUI II01JJ)ITIHI BOCCTaJIOBJWHlIH rOCIIO~apCI\I{X S8MeJIL I1YTeM CI\yIIOl~ II ROH(pMcKaIVIH Y CBElTCl\l1X 3eMJIeBJIa)J,eJIbn;eB.

K Ha'IaJIY XVI n. OCIIOBHaH Macca aeMeJII. B 060HX KHHlReCTB8X BXO)J,llJIa B COCTflB BJIa)J,ElHUii CBElTCliHX qJElO,ll8JIOB, TIOJIb3DBaDllllrXCH )J,OTlOJII.HO mHpoRIIMII aeMeJILHbIMII npaBaMli. B MOJl;o;aBCROM KIUDRe·· CTBe cnBTClUIC q)eO).l,aJIbI MOI'JIlI ncpC}J,aBa1'h naCJle).l,C1'BQ Ii OTQym.).l,aTJ. npnaaztneacannrae HM 3eMJIn, B TOM lfllCJIe If noacanoaanasre rocrronapex (B CJIy'lae oTLIymp;emIH OR rrO.TIb30TlaJICrr rrpelIMYIll.,eCTIIellHhIM npanosr na nx rrpaofipereane ). IIOJIY'IeHIIb1e iPeo,n:aJIOM ITO nUCJIep;CTBy 3eMJIU CTaHQJHIJIHCh PO,!l,OBOM nOTqUIIOII; rrpn nponazse 3THX 3eM8.'Ib rrpano nepnooaepermon IIORYIIRH HM8JIH pOP;lI'=[H.

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C WOpMI:lpOTlal:tl1eM 38iVf.lI8BJIag8uHil B I\HilJReCTBaX OcpopMJIJmCH rocIIogcTBYIDIIIll.U roracc iPeop;aJIOB, COCTOHBmll.ll II3 60HP 11 P,yXOB8Ucrna. Bsmenancr, Hal, cocaoans rrpHBUJIernpOBaUHbIX 3eMlreBJIaA'eJIhIleB, rpeO,!l,aJIbI He IIJIaTIIJrH rrogaTeH. HaJIOrOITJra reJTbIIIHRaMU 6hIJlH npeUMYIT{8CTB8TIHO xpecrsarre II rnpoxcane.

O)l,ROTlpeMenHO meJI nponecc CKJIa)J;hlBaTUUI ti>eop;aJILlJO 3aBllCllMO- 1'0 RpCCThHHCTBa. B 3TY naroropnro nonanana OCIIOBnaH l\1aCca panee

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31

ae~(JJep'eJlb'l:eC:lKHC >l peMeCJleliln .. e DPYI(lfJr Tpnj"a XIII-XIV BlJ. He pacKolIOJ( B alllllC'1i(OJlf yea,'le

CllOOOp,HLIX KpeCTMIH, TepJIBllIIlX 3eMJIIl II OKa3hlBaBllIlIXCH B aaBI1CHMOCTl'[ 01' 3eMJIeBJIap,eJIhlJ,a-BOT'lHHHlIKa. KpecTLHHe, lliUBllIUe aa SeMJIHX rOCIIOp,apCKOrO p;OMeHa, B OTJUpme 01' 'laC'l'HOBJIap;eJIh'reCKIlX 1IIIIeJIII CTaTYC rOCY,L(apCTBeIIHLIX.

OCOOyIO }(aTerOpHIO CeJIhCKoro H(lCOJIeIIIIJl COCTanJIHJIH xOJIOlIhI, rJIaBIlhIM otipaaosr IIHOIIJIelllenIIllKII (rrpeacne ncero mrraae}. XOJIOnhI lliHJIH 11 paOOTaJII1 KaK aa rocnoztapcaox ,n:OMeHe, TaK II aa 3eMJIHX TIaCTHhIX (jleo,n:aJIOB, BHOCMJIM CBOMM BJIap;eJIbIl,aM OOPOK aepnoa 11 ,n:aHJ, npo,n:YKTaMII If JIll p;eHbraMlI. CaMM XOJlOIIhI II UX EI!IIyru;eCTBO JIBJI5IJlIICb COOCTBeUHOCThIO rpeop;_aJIa, OIl MOl' uaxaasma Th, ,uapHTh, OOMemIBaTb II aaasmarr, :3TIIX JIIO,n:eil: BMeCTe C 'J:JIeHaMlI IlX ceMeii:.

B nponecce (fJeop;aJIH3an;IlII npOHCxo,n,IlJIO (jlopMIIpoBaUIle peHTI,I.

KpeCTL5IHCIUW nO,L(HOIlIeHHH npO,L(YKTaMH cronatueii no raane 06rn;lIII 3Hanl C oopaSOnaHHeM I'OCY,L(apCTBa npaotipeaa xaparrrep perynapaoa aarypam.aofi peursr, a ofiaaaanocrr, KpeCThHH pafiorarr, BO BJIap;eHIIRX KHeaOB IIOCJIyJI{IIJIa ocnonoii AJIH B03HlIIUIOBeHlIJI OTpaOOTO'lIloii: perrrta. BbIIIOJIHHBilllIeCH B IIOJIh3y BoeBOA IIOBHHHOCTH CTaHOBIIJIIICh rocy,n:apCTBeHJILIMII.

B BaJIaXHII 06rn;IIHHan 3HaTh, yKperHIBIUIICh paasnre, cyneaa 3aXBaTIITh B CBOII PYKII IIJIaT8mII OOru;IIIIHlIKOB B rocYAapcTBeHHYIO t:asuy. B MOJI~aBCKOM KHSDKeCTBe qaCTHOB.lla~eJIhqeCRa51 peH'ra CJIO;t{HJIaCb U3 rex IIJlaTemeii:, xcropue OOru;IIIIHHEII BHOCIIJIII na lIym,n:hI 06rn;UHhl, a aa TOM B nom .. 3Y (jleO)J,aJIU3IIpyIO~eii:crr 3BaTH. B XV B. C 3anepIlI8HIIeM <peop;aJIH3aIIUn 061ll;IIHHarr 3HaTb IIOTeprrJIa cnoe 3Ha'WIllIe; BepxyillKa ee BOIlIJIa B '1IfCJIO !fJeo.n:aJIOB, OCraJlhIIUH 'IaCTh CJIHJIaCh C Maccoii KpeCThHHCTBa.

OCIIOBHLIM DII,L(OM TIaCTHOBJIa,L(OJIL'IeCKOM penrsr B IWJUHeCTBax Ohm OOpOR npop;yKTaMK. AOKYMeUThl rOBopHT 0 p;eCHTIIHe c ypomaH aepna (KbIOJIa) IT BIIHorpa,n:HlIKOB (BIIHapIl'I). 3a IIOMOJI aepaa na I\IeJII>IIllIl,e cjJeo.n:aJIa, aa IIOJIh30BanII8 PblOHbIMII yrOAbJIMII KpeCThHHe P;OJIillHbl 6:OIJIli BHOCIITb narypoa ,n:eCHT1IHy BJIa,n:eJIbIJ;y.

Bapnnma B KHrrmeCTBax ObIJIa ne3HR'IIITeJIbIIOH (OT ,L(Byx ,[\0 meCTII ,n:nOH B rozry): OO'bHCHHJIOCh 3TO cJIa60ii: CBJl3hIO OOHPCKllX II MOlIaCThlPCKIIX BOT'lIIH C PhlHI{QM. IToTpeoHOCTII BOT'IUHHIIKa B aepne y)],OB;r[eTBOpRJIIICb 3a C'IeT KpeCThHHCKoro ofipoxa. OTpa60TOTIHbIe IIOBHHHOCTII KpeCTMIH COCTOrrJIIl II3 COlIOKOIIIeHIIH, peMOIITa MeJIbHIIn;, yxona aa npy,n,a:lfII If oaepaxa, KpOMe roro, KpeCThHHe co CBOIIMn IIO,L(BO;a;aMII ,L(OmRlIbI 6bIJIIl Y'laCTBOBaTb B pa3JIII'UIbIX IIepeB03I\aX.

Ha 'IaCTHOBJIa}J,eJIh'IeCRHX RpeCTLHIIax JIema;;UI TaRIRe SUa'IIITSJIhHhIe rocynapcruenasre nomIHHOCTII; rpaaorsr XIV ~XV BB. naasrBarDT IIOP,ROPHYIO IIO,L(aTh (onp) , narypansnsre AeCHTlIIIbI C rcpecr-saacxoro X03III1cTBa. B rocynapcraeansre IIOBIIHHOCTH BXO)J,IIJIII TaKme H pa3JIHTIHbIe orpaoorxa B IIOJIb3Y rooynapcrsa (cTpOHTeJIbCTBO xpenocrea, peMoIIT ,L(opor, aaroronxa ,L(POB, CTOpOJI{eBaH cJlymoa II T. a.). 3Ha1JHTeJIhHhIMH Ohl.lIII ToprOBhIO IIOffiJIIlHhI (naaa}, cynetilIbIS naaom. llOMHMO ncero npoxero, KpeCTb~He BpeM.H: OT· BPCl\fCHli IIpU3I.1BamICb na BoeIIIIYIO CJIYJI,oy. qacThle BOeHlIble IIpH3bIBhI KpeCTbHH B YC.rrOBlIHX .n:.rrnTeJIbHOH ooph6bI RJIHllieCTB aa Hea31mCUlIIOCTb OrpaIHlTIIIBaJIU BOT'lHIHrym ;:mCITJIyaTarrIIIO. I'ocynapcrnennsre

32

npecrsane BbIllOJIHHJIH nOBHHHOCTII B nOJIb3Y rocynapcrna; a31I3cTyro IlX OO'beM npeasnnan BOT'IHHIIble IIop:aTII.

ITo Mepe pa3BHTMfl (jJeop;aJIbHbIX OTHOllIeHMH POCJIO BHeaROHOMHlIeCIwe rrpnaymnenae xpecrt.aa, naxonnanree nsrpazsenae B orpann'IeHHH fIX npana nepexo,n:a. B naxaae XVI B. BaJIamCRHe (jJeo,n;aJIhI yxce nOJIY'IaJIH nonmepzsnenae He TOJILKO na 3eMJIIO, JIO H H3 aaBIICIIMhlX RpeCTbHH, XOTH (jJopMaJILHO HX npaso rrepexo,n:a He OblJlO orpann-reno. AmI MOJIp;aBCKOro KHlUR8CTBa B paccM3TpIIB3eMbIH nepnozt T3KHX .n:aHHbIX HeT. 3.n:ecb crerrerrs JWT'IHHHOH 3KCIIJlY3Tan;Iur 6bIJIa Merrhme, '1eM B BaJIaXIHr, II BHe3IWHOMlItJeCJwe rrpnrryznnenne ocym;eCTBJIHJIOCh rrQCp8p;CTBOM artrrapara (jJeop;aJIhHOrO rocyrtapcraa.

ECJIH BOT'IHHbI, rrpnTIa,r(JIemaBIIIII8 p;YXOBeHCTBY, B 060HX RHHmeCTB3X rrOJIL30BaJIHCh OP;HH3ROBO J1:0BOJIbHO mIIpOIUIM IJOJ1:aTIIhlM II cyp;eoHbIM IIMMYHIITeTOM, TO B pa3BHTHU IIMMyHIITeT3 CBeTCRlIX BOT'IlIH Me;riiW I\HHmeCTBaMlf cyrn;eCTBOBaJIH pa3JUIlI1UI. B BaJTaXHIl BOT'lMHHIIK 'Iarn;e 06JIaP;3J1 3aH:peIIJIeHHbIMII B rpaaorax IIMMYHIITeTHhlMII rrpaaaxa B cfiope nOBIIHTTocTeii: II ocyutecraaenaa cyna HaJ1:

CBOHMII nO)J;p;aHHblMU. OJ1:HaKO aTO He 6hlJIO 06rn;IIM npaBIIJIOM. I'ocynapcreeunaa BJIaCTb B IWflIRecTBax, ocofienno B MOJI)1,aBCROM, orpaHlI'IIIBaJIa q:llIHancOBhre n CYJ1:e6UbIe WYHRU;IIII BOTtJHHHIIHOB; B nrore pa3BHTMe (jJeop;aJILIIbIX OTHomeHlIii B RHHmeCTBax He npnaeno K noJlIITH~feCIWil: pa3p;po6JIeHIIOCTII.

rOPO,[(A, PEMECJIO II TOprOBJIH

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I'opona pacnonarannci, na rocrronapcxnx 3eMJIHX. HaCeJIeHHe nx COCTaBJTHJIH rJIaBHbIIII ofipaaox peMeCJIemUIKH II roprosrrsr. ITpOFRHBa.'HI 3J1:eCb CBeTCRIIe (jJeop;aJIbI H J(yxOBeHCTBo, a T3KiKe RpecTT,fIHe. MHOfHe ropoacaue 3aHIIMaJlIICb 3eMJIeJ1:eJIIIeM.

Pa3BIITne peuecrta B RHHmeCTBax B XIV-XV BB. IIIJIO no JIIIHIlII CrrelJ,lIamI33U:UH rrpOII3BOJ1:CTBa. IICTO'IHIIRU OTlvIe'laIOT MaCTepOB opymeHHIIRoB, Ry3neII,OB, CTOJIHpOB, nopTIIbIX, CKOPHHROB IT T. J1:. ITo nanHUM IIoc.rre)J;HIIX IICCJIep;OBaHHII, B CepeJ1:IIHe XV B. B pexecaennoToproBblx ueurpax RHJnKeCTR HaC'lUThIEaJIOCb OROJIO 20 npodieccnn, K IWHIW aexa 'IHCJIO nx rrpII6JIII3IfJIOCb It 40.

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I'opona nOJIb30BaJIlICb aexoropsnr cauoynpaaneaaen. OcymecrnJIfIJIH yttpannenne COBenI lI3 12 'IeJIOBeK BO rnane C H36IIpaeMbIM

AHTIIcDEOJ__(AJIbHhlE J__(BIIlHEHMH

emerOIl.HO IITOJI'1'Y301lf U;[II BOHTOM B MOJI/J;3BCJWIIf HlIameCTl'l€, /f,YlJ,eIJ;OM - B BaJIaXHu. Y'laCTIle B rOpOJ(CKIIX opraaax npe,[lCTaBI1TeJIeH rOCIIOlJ,apH OrpaUJI'IHBaJIO lIX !fIYHKIJ;UII. COBeThI OCYm:eCTBJlHJIII ctiop rronareii, eTpOIITem,Ho-peMOIITHhle pa60TI.I lIO yxperiaeumo roponon, KOIITPOJIb sa nopHAHOM, WOpMIIpOBamI B CJIy'Iae neo6XOlJ,HMOCTU BoenubIe OTpHAbI.

PeMeCJIenHOe npOII8BOn;CTBO B XIV-XV BB. ObTJIO erne MaJIO CBHaano C PhlHROM, 60JIhIlTlilICTBO peMeCJIeHlIIHWB pafiorana na 3aKa3. Bce lI\e onpenenenuoe pa3BIITlIe B MOJIAaBCl\IIX 11 BaJIaIIICIniX roponax B aTO BpellfH nonyaaer TOprOBJIf!. KpecTMHIe H8.'lIIH8.IOT cOlolBaT!> CBOIO npOAYKU;UKJ B ropon II aaxynaior 3)1,eCb Heo6xo)1,IIMhIe H3)1,eJIUIT peM€CJIa. OCHOIlHOiI ¢opMoii ToprOBJIlI 6bIJIH HpM8.pKII. Hexoropsre (jJeoAaJIbI II MOlIaCTbIpn B XV B. nOJIy'laJIlI npaso 6eCnOIIIJIIIHHOH TOprOBJIH JIIOOhlMII TOBapaMII na Bcell TeppHTopUII KHHll\eCTB. Bo BTOPOH 'fIOJIOHlIlIe XV B. TaIUIM npanojr B MO.II;qaBcHOM HHH}I,eCTBe nOJJh30- BaJICa MOHaCThIpb MOJI)1,OBnn;a, a B BaJIaXnII - MOHaCThIph K03lIH.

Pa3BlITHIO nnemnen TOprOBJIlI CIlOCOOCTJlOBaJIO cocencrno C II pnqepnOMOpheM, rne CRpeIIl,llBaJlIICL MelliAyHapo)J.HhIe ToprOBhle UYUI. CBH3hIBaBJllHe crpausr 3anaAHoll H Llerrrpam.noa EBPOIIlo! co crpaaaMll BOCTOI\a. B XV B., nOCJIe aaaoeaaana OCMauaMM MaJIOM A31IlI, Bamrroe anauernre npnoripen {(IIfOJI)J.aBcKnM rryrr.s , no ROTOPOMY 'lepe;> Monnaacnoe KIlmI,eCTBO lTTJIM JlOCTO'IRhIe TOBapI.I B BaJIanIlO, Tpancnrrsaarrmo II nanee B Enporry. rJIaBTIhIM TaMOiReHHhlM IlyHI\TOM 6hlJIa CTOJIIITW KnmltecTBa CY'IaBa, OTHY)1,a ToprOBU8 xapanauu nanpaarramrcs rrpenrne scero ITa J1bBOB, a TaI{JI\e na BrrCTpIITt;y M Hit Bparuon, xoropue CoelJ,IIHHJIII roprono-peaecneansra ne nr psi TpauClIJIhBannn C roponaan IIoIJ,YHaBMI.

B RIUI7fWeTBa BB03H.JJ11eh TRam! lI3 llO.lJbITIH, lJexHH, I'epManrUI.

CDJIaH.n,pIIH. IIs Jlr.sona II EpaIIIoBa nocrynann MeTaJIJIlI'IeCIUle lI3!J,eJIna II opynme. BpaIIIoBCRue KyrrU;hI aarcynann B BaJIaXHlI Clto'r II BOCTO'llIhle ronapsr.

Boasuryro pOJIh BO lIlIeillUell TOprOBJIe nrpana HHOCTpalIHhle rcyrtU;bI - reny:33U;LI, neMIJ;hI, apuaae nAP., naxonanmaeca TIOA ITOKPOBHTeJILCTBOM RJIaCTeII n nOJIY'IaBIIIne ocoohle nplIBMJIerHlI. B XV E. BlolPOCJIO 'IIlCJIO MeCTHlolX ropronnee, HHTepeChI KOTOPhlX Bce 60JIhllle na'IIIH8.IOT aaurarna Th rOCIIOAapH.

Bnemaaa TOprOBJIH peraaaenrnponanaci, ToprOBhlMII npUBIIJIerum.nI, II HOTOPhIX rrepe'IIICJIflJIlICh BHAbI TOBapOB, paaxepsr nOIII.JIlIH )1,JIH Ram:iIoro IT3 HlIX, TaMomeHHhle nyHItThr. CaMaa paHlIJUI lI3 coxpaunannrxca - ropronaa rrpannaerusr 1408 r., rroacanoaanaan MOJIJ],aBCRIIlIf rocrrOJ],apeM AJIeRcanJ],poM )J;06PhIM JILBOBCKIIM RymWM. B Banaxua nnepnsre ropronan npnsnaerna 6hlJIa naaa B 1368 r, RyrrU;aM BpaIIIoBa.

Y CHJIlIBaBmaHCH no xepe pa3BlITlIH ljIeop;aJIll3l11a 3aBIIcnMOCTh BhI3bIBaJIa OTIIOP co CTOPOHhI xpecman. Or-Ill OTlta3hlBaJIHCb BblIIOJIHflTh BOT'lIIHIIhle IIOBHHIIOCTn, 3aXBaTbIBaJIlI 3eMJIlI OOHP II MOnacThlpeii:.

) lOIH)JIhJlO pacnpocrpanennotr qlOpMOll imaCCOBOro rrporecra 6hIJI Y X ()/~ C a8M8JIh T80p;aJIOB, OerCTBO aa rpanmry. OC06eHlIO MHOrO "pueT I>JlH nepeCeJIHJIOCb rra yxpaaacxne 3eMJIIiI, HaXOp;IiIBUIHeCH Tor'(U II COCTaBe Ilnnsurn. 1I3 BaJIaXIiIH xpecrsaae yXO)1,llJIH B Hapnarsr, II 'l'paUCMJIhBamIIO H aa .JJ:YHaii. B treperonopax rocrronapea C nOJIb"Ial M H BeHrepCRHM KOPOJIHMH 'laCTO THrypHpOBaJI nonpoc 0 BbI[l;a'le !II! I'.~I r.rx.

JlOI\YMeHTbI rOBopRT 00 YOHHCTBax neIIaBHCTHbIX OORP, 0 'laCTbIX (',IIY'IURX IIoRyrueHHii RpeCTbJlH H rOpop;CRTIX HTIaOB na COOCTB8HHOCTb ~llPo/\aJIOB H narra)1.enHii na UX BOT'IHlIbI. lIcTO'InHKU na3hIBaroT aTII /\l!iir:I'IIHR ~<TaThOoii» HJIH «paafioea »: B OT)1.8JIbHhTX CJIY'laHX OIIM uepopacrana B BOCCTanHH. cDeO)J,aJIbHbIfi: cyp; xapaa MHT8.JEHMKOB.

13 1490 r. B norpaaxnusrx C IIOJIbru8fi: pajiorrax BCHbIXHYJIO BOC(~'I'H uue, EWTopoe, COrJIaCHO llCTO'lHIIKaM, B03rJIaBIIJI «BOJIOllIIIH)} no IIMPIIH: Myxa. .JJ:BMmeHlle, OXBaTlIl:l1lI88 MOJI;o;aBCKHX H YRpaHHCRHX Iijll'CTMIH, MMeJIO aHTH~eOp;aJIbHblfi: xapaxrep. I-IeAOBOJIbCTBO lQIt'CTbHH p;aJIeRO 3ame;o;mHM nponeccou aaapenornennn ObIJIO oco(iI'IIIIO CHJIbHhlM na repparopna IIoJIblJIH. IIoClToMY cIOAa rrocrerreaao Irl'pUM8CTllJICJl nenrp BOCCTamfJl. 1l0JIl>cRHH ROPOJIb tipocan HpyIIHbIe ,'11.:11.1 na nOp;aBJIeHHe rrpllHlIBillero IImpoKIIH paaaax ABlUI,eHIIH. He\ II1ITI{a BOopYi[,enIIR, IIJIOXaR opranII3aU;IIH rrpIIBeJIII B IWne'lIIOM urore R rrOpa}ReHUIO BOCCTaHIIlI B 1/[92 r.

11 norrta HJIaCCOB'bIH nporecr npeCTT>lIHCTBa II ropO)J,CKUX HH30B HIIHH\eCTB OOJIeKaJICH B peJIHrU03HYIO q,OPMY. Boaayruenne npoTIIB ~IH'Oll:aJIbHOH aKcrrJIyaTaU;HH HanIJIO BblpameHIIe B epecn 60rOMHJIOB, II POIlHEtIIIei1 113 cocenneir BOJIrapIIlI cnanana B BaJIaXllIO, 3aTeM H i'vloJ[)J,aBcKoe KnHJKeCTBO. Illnponoe pacnpocrpaaeutre nOJIY'lIIJIO, OCO- 111'11110 B MOJI;o;aBCI{OM RllHlI\eCTBe, ynemre RHa I'yca. TIPOIUrKHOBeIHIIl ero II.n:eii OOJIer'laJIOCI. npllCYTCTBueM B KIIHllieCTBax rrpznepaceuuou I\aTOJIIIU;H3Ma, rJIaBIIbIM o6pa30M cpena nerrrepcxorn II neuen- 1\01'0 HaCeJIeHHlI roponon, IIpu3bIB rycuron K oophoe C rtopoxavu IWTOJIH'IeCKOiI u;epKBH 6hIJI narrpannea npnrnn Teop;am,Horo yrtrere- 111111. II03TOMY rrpononenn RHa I'yca HaXOp;llJIII OTKJIIIK Ii[ B cpene II JiHBOCJIaBHOro yrne'rettrroro aacenenaa. BMeCTe C TeM rycarcxoe J(1I11meHue B RHHlReCTBaX ne nepepocno B soopyacennyro 00pb6y, RaK : I'm ObIJIO B qexHH II TpaHCIIJIbBanMH.

BHYTPEHHEE 1I BHEllHEIIOJIlITI1qECKOE IIOJIOJPlEHFlE BAJIAXlili

BO BTOPO{l IIOJIOBlIHE XIV - HA qAJIE XVI B.

MemAYHapop;UbIe YCJIOBIIR BTOPOH nOJIOBHHbI XIV B. oJIarOnpnHTcTIIOIJUJIII KOHCOJIM.n:aU;lllI Bananrcaoro rocynapcrea. ¥XO;O; 30JIOTOii OpHI.I 113 Hnxsaero Ilonynaar.a OCJIa6IIJI HaTHCR MOnrOJIO-TaTap, XOTff 'l'I'I!CJIbHble IIX nafier-a npO;O;OJImamICb. Baccansnaa aaBIICHMOCTb 01' Ilourpaa nee OOJII.IIIe CJIaoeJIa. Cocenane Bropoe BOJIrapCIWe nap"'1'110 II Cep61IH C cepenarrsr XIV B. O'blJIII aaHlITbI onaaanue.a OTIIOI'U OCManaM; BllaaHTHH nepeanmana ynaztox,

'* _fUi

Hanaaraaacs, op;Hal\O, HOBan rpoaa. B 1389 r. nOCJIe 6rrTB:W: na l\'OCOBOIII nOJIe CYJITaH nOp;'lllHIIJI cefie Ceptiaio, a B KOHII,e XIV B. aRBOeBaJI BOJIraplIIO II ,lJ,06pyp,my. OCMaHcKIIe BJIap,eHlIH BIIJIOTHyro IIop,cTynIIJIII K rpaaanaa KHHmeCTBa.

Ilepen JIlHJ;OIlI aaennrea yrpoasr rocnonapr, Mnpna CTaPbIH (1386-1418) nplIIHIJI Mep:w: no CTa6HJIll3a~Hll i:lKOHOMHlm II BHYTpeHHero nOJIOmeHIIH B KHHmeCTBe. C n;eJIbIO 06eCne'leHIIH oe30nacnOCTH ero ceaepnsrx py6emen OIl HaJIa}];IIJI OTHOllIeHlUI C MOJI}J;aBCKI1M rocnop;R pex HCTPOM MYIIIa rOM n B 1389 r. 3aRJIIO'lHl1 /l:OrOBOp C IIOJlbCJUIM fiOpOJIeM BJIa,lJ;IICJIaBOM HreJIJIOHoM. Ha IOJl\HbIX rpammax Mnp-ra yxpenun KpenOCTU.

B 1391 T. ocnaacxos BoneRO TIO,lJ; Ha'faJlOM QJlIpya-oe.a TIpomU>JIO na TeppHTopMIO Banaxnn II nonaeprno ee CTpaIIIHOMY pasopemno, OceIIhIO 1394 r. CYJITaH BaH3Mp; I (1389-1402) BO rorase 50-TbICH'lHOii: apMIIM nepenpaaancn 'lepe3 J];ynaii:. BoncRa rocnonapa ORa3aJIJl ycnemuoe conpOTHBJIeIlHe OCMaHaM B cpaacenan TIpn POBIme (10 OI{rnfipa}.

IIo}J;BeprHYB KHBmeCTBO orrycroureaaro, OHM orcrynuau, aaspelIHBIlIIICh B xpenocrax no 6epery ,lJ,YRaH.

BnYTpH CTpaHbI aKTIIBlJ3IIPOBaJIliCh xpyrrnsre fioape, rrpOTHBHHRl'l YCllJIeHMH rocnonapcxon BJIaCTlL ,lJ,JIH roro 'lTo6bI CBeprHYTh Mapny, ona rOTOBbI 6bIJIIf IIOHTrr na MIIp C CYJITaHOM II BblP;Bl1HYJllI B Ra'leCTBe nperenneara aa naaamcxaa npeCTOJI ero nJIeMHHHITIHI. BJI8)J;a. sonreztruero B llCTOPHJO non HMBueM BJIa}J;a Yaypnaropa. B CJIOmUBIlIIIXCH YCJIonUHX B MapTe 1395 r. Mapxa 3aKJIIO'lIIJI noroaop C BBUrepciora IWpOJieM lliHrMOH)I,OM (1387-1437), a onnosatraoaasre oOHpe no raaae C BJIa)I,oM Ha'laJIl1 neperosopsr C CYJITaHOM 0 noMQIn:JIl,

B Mae 1395 r. OCMaUCKHe BOMCKa BHOBh BTOprJIUCh na 30MJIH It cenepy OT J];YHaH. Iloxon BeHrepCRIIX BOllCK B BaJIaxJIlJO (na noxouu, Mnpve) 01\a3aJIC}( Ge3ycrrelJIHhIM. Baany, onapaamenyca na CHJlhl OCManOB, yztanocr, aaxnartrn, CTOJIlIn:y KHHmeCtBa KYPTJI ne Apnacenr II CMeCTHTb MHP'lY C npeCTOJIa. Pa3BHBaH aacrynaeaae, OCM8HhI B KOIIn:e 1395 r. BCTynllJUI BTpaHCllJIbBaHlIIO.

JIeToM CJIePSIOIn:erO rona rrpn nonnepacxe TpaHCHJIbBaHCKoro soeBOP;bI Illrntiopa Mnpua nonhITaJICH BOCCTaHOBIITh CBon n03Hn:UH B BaJIaXIUI. Coripas 3HR'IIITeJlhHOe BOllCKO, on npIIHHJI ysacrne B opraITlI30BamIQM }I\urMOH}J;OM ocern.ro 1396 r. KpeCTOBOM noxono punapell Benrpaa, cPpaHn:III1, fepMaHIIII, AHrJlIIH, Eyprynnna. CY)J,],oa noxona peIlIHJIaCh Y CTeH HIIKOIIOJlH aa npanosr 6epery ):J;YHaH. }I\eCTQJWe cpaxcenne (25 ceHTaopa 1396 r.) Mea-;;W BOllCIWc.1Il KpeCTOHOCIJ;eB n B ):J;Ba paaa npeBocxo)],IIBllIeii IIX no 'IHCJIeUHOCTII apMneil CYJITaHa EaH3IIp;a I 3aROH'IIIJIOCh nofienoii ocxaaon. HenocpencrnenlIhlM ee CJIe}J;CTBIIeM ObIJIO npespauteaae nocaezraero fioar-apcnoro napcraa B Bnnane B TypeqKHll trarnansrs.

Ilotiena TIOA HIIIWrrOJleM aaxpenana OC!I1anCRne aasoenanaa na Banxauax; yrpoaa aaxsara HaBIICJIa uaA Benrpaen, Baaaurorora It. MOJI}J;aBcRIlM KIIHm:eCTBaMII, Ilomanen. 8TO aaCTaBIIJlO nanaincxnx 60JlP o).J.YMa rsca. Mnp-ra BOCIIOJlh30Ba.;rCH BIlyTpeuHHMH neypamrna-

Ba:TaIllCRUH roenonaps HJ1I'oe Eacapa6 0512-1521) co cBoeiJ ceMDeii~

tlIpa I'"eu1' il>PU3b1 RTlITOPOB emrcaoncxon ~epRBII MOIlBC'I'b1PR HYPTR p;e Ap~lnem

Ba.'181IT(,RIJH rocnonaps B;rR;l, I~eneIIJ. (1456-1462).

He:lle~KaJJ rpaBlOpa XV B.

Ba.'1amClmll I'ocno;J,apI. MHp'Ia CTapldi{ (laS6-iU8) C CMnOM MUXBHJ10M

MI'I, BOSHHKIllUMH B naxane XV B. B OCMaHCKOH IIMrrepIIH B pe<lYJIhrare HarneCTBUH cpenueaaaarcxoro rrpaBIITeJIlI Tmrypa, BepHyJI ce6e BaJIarnCKIIi:i: rrpeCTOJI H B xons yp;a'iHbIX BoeIIIIbIX aI\lJ;nH BHOBb OBJIa,n;eJI 3eMJUIMH, saXBa'IeHHbIMH CYJII'anOM B 1393-1396 rr. HeCMOT])H na 3TH ycnexu, B 1415 r, on oOJI3aJICH BhlIIJIatlI1BaTb OCMaHaM 3 ThIC. 30JIOTbIX p;YKaTOB emerop;HO m;::It neny sa eoxpanenae Mupa.

IIocJIe CMepTII Mnpsn (1418 r.) B BaJIaXHU na'illHaeTCII p;JIUTeJIbIIbIH nspnon rroaarauecxoa lIeycTOijQHBOCTlI, Bb13BalIIWH 60PbDOH paSJIIPUlbIX rpyrtrnrponox KpYIIHoro 60HpcTBa 3a BJTaCTb 11 BJIHHHlIe. 3THM ue rrpe?HIHyJIII BocrrOJIhSOBaThCH cocenn, I, rrOMOIll,II KOTOPbIX 06paIll,aJIIICb II BpalKp;OHaRJnIIe DORpe, II cueaasnnre OP;HU l(pyroro rocnonapa.

POIwnyIO P0JI]:, csn-parra: soapocume rrpoocaaacnue lIaCTpo8uIIJi:B rrpaBJIUJ,HX xpyrax. BJUIHIUle IIOPThI B I\HHiIWCTBe yCUJlIIJIOCb rrp~ rocrronape Anencannpe I AJI,Il,H (1431-1436). B OTBe-r rpynrra nposenrepcrcn nacrpcemrstx 60HP npu normepznxe weo,n;aJIOB TpaHCIlJIbBHJIHII ):(oofmacb B03Ee,n:eHIIH rra npecron Cblna Mnp'iJI Bnana, no rrp03HHIII,y ).1,paKYJI (,IJ,bHBo.rr) (1436-1446). Ho BJIHJ], ).1,paKYJI scxope H3MeUIIJI opneuramno. On JIBIIJICH K CYJITaHY II corJIaCUJIClI BblCTaBHTh BOIICl\O )l,JIH Y'IaCTIUI B BoeIIHhIX ,n;eHcTBIIHX OCMancKoH HMTlepUII rrpOTIIB Benrpnu. Hecxorpn na 3'1'0, Ilopra aanonoapana ApaI\YJIa B II3MeHe Il 3an:mO'IlIJIa ero B TIOPhMY, on OhIJI nsrrryntcn JIHlIJL nOCJIe npu5hITIIH K cyJITanCKO!'.iy nsopy B xa-recrne 3aJIOiKIIl1- lWB ero )lIaJlOJIeTHHX ;:J;eTeii.

BCTYIIJleIlU8 TpaUCIIJILBanClwro uosnonsr Hnonra XYIIL.H,Il,H B xone 60Pb6bI C cYJITaHOM na repparopmo BaJIaXI1II II06y.rumo rocrronapa npnnars YQaCTIIe B aUTHOCManCI\IIX aRn.I'IHX esponencxnx CTpHn. 0;1;uatco nepea neuoropoe BpeMH )J;paKYJI 6hIJI yOWl: II rocnonapesr CTaJI ero csrn BJIa,Il,HCJIaB II (1446-1456). B ero npanneune naemaenoJIHTW[eCROe noaoacenne BaJIaXllII onpeztennaocs ocaaucxo-nenrepCIUiM J],orOBopOM '1452 r., no YCJIOHI1JlM uoroporo I{HHiKeCTBO,OCTaBaHCh BaCCaJIOM Boar-pan, P;OJIiIUJO 6bIJIO YlIJIa'IHEaTh )l,am, Tlopre.

3aHHBIIIeMY C llOMOI1(hIO HnOIIIH XYHhH,Il,n IIpeCTOJI BaJIaXIH{ BJIalJ,y Ilenemy (1456-1462) Y,Il,aJIOCb ,n;OOIITbCH orrpell,e.1Jel-lIIOH BUYTpeHHeH 1I BHeIIIHeIT IWHCOJIn.n;aU;UII I\HHIIH)CTBa. BJIa.n; npnuan MepbI ll,JI.H yKpenJIeHlIH rocynapcraenaoro anuapara II BOeIJIlbIX CUJ1 CTpaHbI. OIl meCTOI\O paCrrpaBJlRJICR C npOTIIBIIIIKaMH IJ;eII'rpaJIbIlOH BJIaCTlI, 'IaCTO npIIKa3hIBa.TI caiKaTL IlX na I\OJI, 3a 'iTO rrOJIy'IIIJI csoe Mpa'lHoe rrpoanarne Jlenem-KoJIocamaTem,. Crpenacr, cTa6nmI3IIpOBa1'I> 3IWHOMIItIeCKoe rronoxceurre B I\HHi[,eCTBe, LI;e rrerrr npOB01(rrJI rrOJII1THKY nORpOBHTeJIbCTBa MecTHOI'i TOprOBJIe. B 14,59 r. OH orparmarrzr 'fOprOBJIIO nnocrpa HHblX xynnon TOJIhI\O neCIWJIhI,HMIi HpMapKHMlI B nor-paan-rastx MeCTHOCTHX. Bo BIIelliIIeH IIOJIHTHI;:e Henern opnenTII::pOBa;rCH na Bearpmo, B OTJIII'IIIe 01' CBOllX npep:IIIeCTBeHTTHlWB OIl OTT\a:WJICH npnfisrrr, JUPInO Ii CYJITaHy U pa30pI1JI OCManCIUIe xpertoCTII Bll,O.'Ih npanoro Gepera )J;YHaH.

J1eToM 1tl62 r. OCMHHCI\aH apMUH BO r-nane c rronopn rene« KOHCTaHTHHOIIOJIH CYJITanOM MexMelJ,oM II BTOprJIaCh B BaJIaXHIO. B Ka-:: 'iecne npereanerrra rra npecrnn Ilcpra IIop;ll,epmIIBaJIa 6pHTa IJ;ene-

IIIa Pany KpaCIIBoro. Ilerrenry ynanocs P;OOlITbCJl ycnexa nan aBBRrapiJ,HblMU orpaztaaa rypol\. EPOCHT!> Bhl30B IlX OCHOBHhHI 'Jacm! OIl He pellIHJICH IT orcrynaa, pacc-nrrraaaa C08J(llHlfT1CJl C nenrepCRlIM BOHCKOM. Ho KOPOJIh Marr.nnr nOpBllI! rrpellnO'leJI ~mp C Pa~y n Iloprofi: U.eHOIII ObTJI opOlII8n B rropr.ny.

Pany KpacHBhIll (1462-1475) CTaJI rrOCJIymHblM 0PYIl:1!8M !IopThI, OH corJIaClJJICH na yrmary CYJITany p;am! B pa3~!epe 12 rue, 30- JIOTbIX .uYRaTOB, Pany aoeaan C MOJIp;aBCKHM rocnO;18peM IIITe~a- 110M III DeJUII\HlV!, I\OTOPhlll CTpeMlIJICH nsrpnan, Ba.1[aXlHO lI3 c¢ephl CYJITaHCKOro BJIInrmW_ B 1470-1473 fr_ illT8cpan Tpllllilbl COBepllIarr nananeuna ua BaJIaXIIIO II rranonerr P;OOUJICH n;8.11l, noca!l,lIB na rrpeCTOJI csoero CTaBJIelITIIIKa Bacapa6a Jl atiory. Oi\HaKO, ouasaames y BJIaCTfI npn co)),eHCTBIIn MOJI)),aBCTW1'O rOCIIO;(apJI, ;'laiioTa Bell€k JIeHHO nepeMeTHYJICH ua cropony CYJITaHa. lIo CBHIl:8r8JILCTBy sesel~nancIWH xponnnn, B 1474 r. Jl airora JIlPIHO npnaea cy!lTarry ~aHb, a 1:1 1476 1'. BaJIalllCKH8 BOHCEa B COCTaBe apMllII :\lexMeAa II yqa~TBOBaJIU B rrOXO)),8 na MOJIIJ,aBCE08 KHllmeCTBO, 3aJiOIPU!BrneMCJl pa3- rpOMOM TYpOl\ II ax COI03HUROB. HeYToMHMT:Jll illTe4lan III BTOprc.H 1\ BaJIaXHIO_ IIo II HOB hIll CTaBJIeHHIIR ill rerpaua na BaJIarnCIWM npe· CTOJIe Eacapa6 Ilenemonr (1477-1481) nOCJIe,!"(OBa.1[ npanepy CBOero npenmecrsenmma, a aaIUIBIIIUH n 1482 1'. BaJIalllCl\lIll npenOJ csm Baana )l;paRYJIa BJIa)), K~JIyr3p (MOHax) nceneao nO!\,lllBlfJ ('BOlO rrOJIIITHRY nnrepecax Iloprsr. D ero npaanenne cy.1Tan Y3aKoII IIJI aa cooofr npano yTBepm;n:eHfUI rocnortapn B Ba,1axII1I. ,qJB rteuonapa CTaJIO rrpaBIIJIOM couponoxmarr, OCMaHCKlle Boiicl;a no BpeMJ! I1X BoeIIIIhIX nOXOIJ,OB. BJIa;n: IJ,OJ]JI,eu OblJI Y'IaC'fBOBaTb co CBond o'rplI;n:aMII If B noxonax rrpOTIIB MOJIlJ,aBCJWrO KHHif\eCTB3.

C nauana XVI B. nOJIIITHRa BaJIaurcKHx rocnoaapeii IIOJIHOmlO IIOiJ,'lIIHlleTCH Ilopre. Baanryro nonurnnecxyio PO.1b B ];HJlJlieCTB€ B TO BpeMa Ha'lHHaIOT nrparr, xpynrrue 60Hpe Hpaiiossr. Ih!eJI pO~~TIICHHbI8 CBII3H B OCMaHcIwH HMlTepuIf, OHn rrO.T]h30Bam:ICh 60JIbmIDl IlOB8PH8M IIOPTbI n C'lHTaJIMCb nepnsran rrOili\aHHhIMll cy.;rraH3, :hWUOMlf'IeCKall CHJIa OOIlP Hpaironsr, MX CBH3M C TypeI\K1Unr caHOEII m\aMII 3aCTaBJIJIJIH rocnonapea C'lMTaThCH C HIIMII, l!CRaTb IL'( CnIiJ:1<1. B rrpaaae.aae Pany Bennxoro (1495-1508) 11M Yi\a.1oCh )(06UT1CH nilMIIHHCTpaTIIBHoll caMOCTOf[TeJIhHOCTH nyT8M C03!laHI!Jl BemlKOl! (in TlIfII C nenrpon B f. npaJIOBe. ,n:aBJIeHIIe IIOPTh! YCIWflJIOCh; OHa I(OOfIJIaCh rrpn6blTHH BaJIalIICE01'O rocnozraps B ]{a'leCTBe naccana na IIIJI\JIOII cyJITaIIY. B 1505 r., 1I:01',qa Pany B O'lepe)l,HOrr paa npIlobm II Cra1ll6YJI, cyJITaH IIOBhreIIJI IJ,aHb BaJIaXIUI C 8 no 12 TMC, 30.IIOThlX I(Y I\aTOB_ TypeU;Ku8 KyrrU;hI CTamI 3aEpeIIJIHTbCJI na TOproBbIx aprsPUHX IIO )l;YHaro, Ilopra non pa3HbIMH npennorasn BBOl(llJIa B KHE)1,('CTBe HOE.bI8 TTOOOPhL

B Mae 1508 I'. BoiicKa nama I-IrrKOrrOJIJI l\Ienr8i'(-oen rrepenn l'panHJ~y BaJIaXllH II yTBep~HJIH rocrronapeu ChlHR B.1[a)lR Ilenena M nxrrro, npoanaanoro OOJIpar.UT aa rrpnH.fIThle nporas HIlX uepu mel"I'OTmIlL YKpeIIHBIIIliIch Ha npecroae, MnxHH rrhITaJICJl IIOpBRrL C TY pI\aMlJ, npasnan CI03epeUUTeT senrepcnoro 1I:OpQ.1!JI; 3TO nOBJleHnO ;111 coooii: HOBoe nropaeenne MeurelJ,-OeH (1510 r.) II CMepTb MuxnIT,

MOJI;O:ABCROE I(HJIlliECTBO ,L{O llEPBOn 11ETBEPTil XVI B. IllTEct>AH III BEJIl1lUlfl

Ha npeCTOJI OhIJI nocazaea Baan Mononon (1510-1512), opaT Parry Beanaoro. Ho II OB IIOIII.ITaJICJI IIOPBaTh C Iloproa II B 1511 r. rrpIICHfH.l'7l searepcxoxy MOPOJII{) YJI8CJIO II, IWTOPbli! HageaJICH acnOJlh30BaTb BaJIaXllIO B aHTllOCMaHCROH 6opL6e. Boape RpailoBbI, ortopa IIop1.'bI B RHHl-I'8CTBe, 3MllrpnpoBamr aa ;O:ynali. C nOMOIIl,bIO soennsrx CHJI Mexxen-riea OHII npennpaaamr noxon B Banaxmo H non Byxapecrosr paarpouana BOHCNO rocnoztapa. BJIan ObJJI CXBa'leH H oOearn8BJIeH.

Flpecron B BaJIaXHII 3alIJIJI CTaBJI8UHHR 6mrp RpaHoBbI Haroe Bacapa6 (1512-1521), IIpoBop;JI nOJIlITlIKY JIaBUpOBamHl B OTHOIIIeHllJIX C cocep,HHMH rocyp,apcTBaMll, Haroe CYMeJI yll;8pmaTbCH ua aanamcsoa npeCTOJI8 no KOHIJ;a mH3Hn, 'ITO n03BOJIHJIO eMy yxpeHHTL BHyTpeHHee nOJIOmeHHe B KHHiIWCTBe, YCIIJIHn. rOCIlop;8PCKYIO BJIaCTb, OH ncrynnn B CHOllIeHHJI C IToJIhIneiI, B8H8I1,II8ii M nanoa PllMCIUIM, M no 1l;0rOJ:lOpy C eenrepCKJIM KOPOJI8M JIailoIII8M II (J516-'1526) 06ecrrWIlm ce6e y6eiKlllIl,e B TpaHCIIJIhBaHHH na CJIyTJ:aH IIOTepn ITpeCTOna, ITpmmeHlIe Hmoe 6hIJIO OTM8'I8aO HBnBhlCmHM yCH,TI8HUeM 3IWITOMU'1eCHoro II IIOJIHTWleCHoro BJIHHHHH 6mrp RpaiIOBhI, rrpOHBlIJIruerOCJI B pOCTe a)..lMHHlICTpaTIIBHolI caMOCTOJITeJIhHOCTH BeJIImOll 6aIlnu B OJITemm:, R ;HOMY BpeMeHH OTHOCHTca oq)OpMJI8Hlle naopa B8JIHlWrO 6aHa, aiJ,MIIHIICTpaTHBHoro anrrapara, Co6CTB8mwro BollCRa. 11 TOOhl II36e:;naTb npavoro BMeIIIaTeJIbCTBa Jloprnr, rocrrO)J;apL COrJIaCHJICH Ha POCT 06HJaHHocTeii: KHHaWCTBa nepe.n, CYJITaHOM.

CTaHOBJIeHne !lJeonaJIhHhrX ornornauait, IIco6xogHMOCTh rrOJIllTM'I8CIWH lI'OHCOJIMp,alJ,lIli KJIaCCa !lJ80p,aJIOB, lIHTepeChI aarunrra OT BH8lliHHX sparos BeJUI K YCII.'IeHHIO BJIaCTH TOCIIop,apH B MOJI,n:aBCKOM RITHmeCTBe. .Ero nop,,n:8pro:llBaJIII roporta, 60pOBIIIHeCH rrporna I{PYIIHhlX !lJeop;aJIOB. ;O:eJIT8JIbHOCTh rocnonapeii, nanpasxenaaa ITa nenrparruaanax, rocyna pCTBa, OTBe'IaJIa II llliTepecaM noemro-cnyncuxotn COCJIOBHIl, xoropoe HBnHJIOCl> nx OCHOBHOll COIl,llaJIhHOii onopon,

IIoJIbIUa, ceBepHbIH coce,n: l\lo.TI,n:aBC"frOrO IlHHmecTBB, IIOCJIe ymm C JIRTBOlI B 1385 r. npeBpBTHJIaCh B CJ1JIhHoe rocynapcrso, conepHll'lBBHlee C BenrpHeii aa BJIHRHn8 B KI!lIjT,eCTBe, JIaBnpYH M8mi'W Bpan-1p,yIOru;IIMH cocennxn, MOJIp;anCKUe rocnona pH nsrranacr, coxpaBRTE. caMOCTOHTeJIl>HOCTh, B 1387 r. rocnonapr, ITeTp I Mymar (1374-1392), DCHOBareJIb ,IlIIlIaCTHH Mynrarnnoa, rrpn3Iw.1l naccam,HyIO aBBIlClIMOCTI. OT rrOJIhCIWTO I{OPOJIlI, ROTOPblH 06JI3hIBaJICH aarnnII\aTF:. RHart,eCTBO OT BHeIITHHX nparoa. B nOCJleP,YIOlII,eM B TeqeHlle 60JI8e '100 JIeT MOJJ;J:aBCI\lIe rocuonapn B0306HOBJUIJIH npncsry nO;1hCHOM xopone.

3.rroyrroTpe6JIJIJI npaaon CI03epen8, IIOJIhCHaJI xopoaa orofipana y Herpa Mynrara ofinacr» Iloxy rse, npenocraaaeaayio rocnonapro B

1387 f. l:l xanecrne 3aJIOra aa B3HThlB B3aHMhI 3 rue. 30JIOThlX, ROTOPbIB TaJ{ II TIe 6hlJIH aosnpamema eMY. C aroro BpeM8111I Iloxyrse IIa ;rVlllTeJIbHOe BpeMH CTaHOBHTCH rrpU'lIIHoii IJOCTOJIHHLIX MOJIp;aECRO-nOJIhCKIIX J{oH¢mmToB II aoennsrx CTOJIRHOBcHnii.

I'ocnonapro AJIeJ{canp;PY ,AOGpOMY (HOO-1432) ynanocs iJ,OCTlPlh onpeneaenaoa BHYTPUITOJIlITl'I'leCKOII YCTOli'IHBOCTil B crpaue, ynpeJIllTL Be BHelliHenOJIII'rl'I'leCIW8 rronoacerrne. Bazsnoe 3HS'IeHHe )J,JIH pa3BlITHH 3lWHOMlIKH HMeJIO 3aBoeBaIIHe nopra I\mIlIlI. OCManO-BeHrepcxaa Coph6a C03;n:aBaJIa YCJIOBHH ,Il;JIH OTIIOClITeJIbHO MIIpnoro cy~eCTBOBaHllH KIIHlNeCTBa B npaBJIBIIlIe AJIeHCaUApa Ao6poro. On 110,lJ,TBep,Il;lIJI BaCCaJIhHYIO npncm-y nom.cnoir xopone; MOJI)J,aBCJme uoiicica npanmrann Y'1aCTne B 3HaMeIIllTOH 5IlTBe npn Fpsouaanszre (1410 r.), B IWTOPOH IIOJIbClmB, JIlITOBClme II PYCClme BOHcHa pa3- l'pOMHJIH psmapen Tearoacsoro opnena.

IIoCJI8 cueprn AJICKCanp;pa ll.o6poro nananacs 60pr.6a 60HPCRllX rpyrrIIHpOBOI{ sa BJIaCTb. Tal" aa '1eTBepTh nexa, no 1457 r., B KHHmeCTBe CMeHHJIOCh 15 rccrronapeir, CbIHOBeH II BHYKOB AJIel{CaHApa ,Uo5poro. ,UJIllTeJIbHbIe yc06nll,bI npHBeJIH K oCJIa6JIeHIlIO nerrrpam-HOH nnacrn, YI,penllJIII srorvntecrao xpyrmoro 6onpcTBa. llOCTOHHHbl8 ofipamemrn aa rrouornsro K cocenmra crparrax yCHJIIIJJH rrnocrpamroe BM8maTeJIhC'rBO BO BIIYTP8lIHH8 nena KHHlPleCTBa. Bearepcxne xopcaa lie OC'l'aBJIHJIH ua)J,eJf\}:(bl aa BOCCTaHOBJIenlIe cBoeii: BnaCTH B BOCTO'l- 110M Ilpaxapnarr,e. Hananeana KPhIMCI\HX rarap na RIIllllieCTBO He npexpamaancr.,

B nepaoii nOJIOBHHe XV B. H8I10Cpe;n:cTBeIIHoii: CTaJIa OCMaHCHaH yrpoaa, B 1415 T. n3'13JI3 TwaTIITb ~aHb CYJIT3HY BaJIaXHH. 1]epea IIflTb JIeT OCMaHbl nrrepnsre BTOprJIIICh B MOJI}:(aBcIwe KHHmeCTBO. Hoene BaHTHH CYJITaHOM Mexaenox II B. 1453 T. I\oHcTanTUHOnOJIH HIlOJIHe peam.noii cnenanacr. onaCHOCTh 3aBoeBaHHH CTpSHhl. B ycJIOBMHX THmeJIOrO BHYTpeHHero IIOJIOmeHHH B HHH}lWCTBe, paannpaeMOM OOPhOOH OOHPCKllX rpytmaponox, roononapt, TIeTp III ApOH OCeHhlQ 1456 r. corJIaCIJJICH na yrIJIaTY CYJITaHY AaHl1 B 2 TbIC. 30- JIOThlX ;n:YKa'fOB. CMeCTHBlIInii Apona C rrpeCTOJI3 ill Tc¢aH II I BeJIHIHIII (1457-1504) na nepnsrx nopax npcncnacan nOJIIITIIKY csoero lIpeAllieCTBeHHIIKa B OTHomeHHHx C Iloproir.

Ill rerparr, OOJIa;rraBlIIHH Ka'leCTBaMH KpYIIHoro rocynapcrneuaoro ;\C.HT8JIH, cocpenorouaa YCH;'lIIH aa C03,Il;aHIIII H3}:(emHoH COll,I13JIhHOii: unopst n cnoeii snyrpeaneii M BHelIIHeH I10JIHTllKe. PaCIlpaBJIHHCh c nnrroaanaonasmn rpYIIIIUpoBNaMII II npmieraa N KOMnpm.lllccy C upyrmsnr OOHPCTBOM, on n TO me spean npnBJIeHaJI 1\ ynpanaeumo rpe,lJ,HCe OoapCTBO. I'ocncnapa nonjtepxcanana ropona H nepxons, 3aIIHTcpeCOBaHHbIC B CH"lbHOll nenrpansnon B.TIaCTn.

III req,aH yKpemm crapsre If: rrOCTpOIlJI HOBble xpenocrn, e03;r:(aJI 4'j\IHlyIO CPOPTII¢lut3l.\IlOHIIYro CHCTeMY RHHlHeCTBa, npaI\1'HIWB3JI BO II pe:'lIH MHorO'IIIc;reHHhlX noxorton nafiop B apunro 3aBlICIIMbIX xpecrs- 11lI. B 1459 r. OlI npnnec BaCCaJIhHylO rrpncnry rrOJIhCI\OMy I\OpOJIIO l\a3lBUIpy. IIonbITKII aenrepcxoro I\OpOJIH Marsaura I\OpBIIHa, HC- 1I0JIT,3yn conepnnua III rerpaaa Ilerpa Apona, aacranrrn, MOJIiJ;aBCl{O- 1'0 rocnonapa npII3HaTh eI03epeHIIT8T Benrpaa He HM8JIH ycnexa.

OTHOmeHIIf! C KOpBIIHhIM ofiOCrpnJIUCL, xorna B 146.) r. MOJIAaBeImii rocnonaps OBJIa}J,eJI AYHaMCIwlr RpeIIOCTbIO KnJUm, nepenannoit Benrpaa B 1448 r. rocnonapea IIerpOM II aa IIOMOID;h B IIOJIY'IeHIIll rrpecrrnra. Hapany C BeJIfopo,l1;OM nrrJIIIH 6hIlIa BUH\HblM roprossnr n CTpaTeTn'leClin~1 IIYH1\TOM lOfo-BoCTo'lHOM EBPOII1>I. IIo)l}l,epJKKa Ill rerpaaon B 1467 r. BOCCTamur TpaHCHJIbBaHCKIIX cpeO,l1;aJIOB IIpOTHB xopoaa BhI3Ba.TIa OTKPbITYIO BpalK,I1;eOHOCTb Marr.sma I\opBIIHa II rroCJIY}I\HJIa npenaorosr AJIH noxorra nenrepcxoa apMIIII aa Monnancxoe KIUlilieCTBO B TOllI me fO,l1;Y. Bropntenae Hopsnaa 3aKOIl'lIIJIOCb neY,I1;aQeH. B pe3YJII>raTe CMe.TIbIX ,I1;eHcTBHi'r, npemrpnnsrrsrx illTe£paHOM B cpaateana npn Baile (15 iWEa6PH 1467 T.), Tf!meJIO paHeHHbIH:

BeHfepCl\IIH EOPOJIb RhIHym,l1;eH 6blJI C 60JIbmIIMll norepaaa OTCTYnars.

l.IrOi51.1 copaars nnansr Benrpnn B OTJIOmeHIIH MO.lI,Q"UBCffOTO nIIHmeCTBa, Ill rerpaa yCTaHOBIIJI ROIITaNT C 1\0pOJIeM 1fexIIH Mpmu 110- ,I1;eOpa,l1;O.l<f, KOTOPbIH ObW aaaarepecosan B COI03e C MOJI,I1;aBCKllM rocrronapen nepen JIHD:OM rOTOBHID;erocH COBMeCTIIOfO noxona ItopBnna II lIMrrepaTopa <DpII)J;pllxa III rrpOTHB 'leXOB.

BOCnOJIh30B8Rrrmch 3aHHTOCTI.IO nenrepcxoro ROPOJIH '1emCKIHfJf AeJIalvIII, IUT8wan B 1469 r. pacrrpaaanca co CBOlIlII COIIepmIHOM IIeTpoM Aponoa. B 1470 T. on IIa'1aJI 60PhOy C BaJIarucKHM rOCIIOnape a Pany npacIIBbIM, BaCCaJIO:\I Bearpna II ,I1;aTIHIIKOM IIOPThI, CTpeMlICh yTBep,I1;UTh na BaJIamCKOM npeCTOJIe cnoero craBJIeHHIIKa. Ero nOXO)1,bI B BaJIaXHIO II oco6enHO aaaoeaanne I\UJIHH BDI3BaJIll noasryrrienae cynrana. Ilopra ncrpetionaaa ynaarsr AaIHr. OTBeroM rocnonapa 6bwa ::lRCrre)J;HD:lIf! 1474 r, B BaJIaXlHo. Torna CYJITaII pomIfJI rrO)J;'1UnUTb Ill rerpana noenuofi CIIJIOn.

B ROHn;e 1474 r. MHOrO'lUCJIeIUIOe BOHCRO OCManOB BO raane c pYMeJIlIHCRHM oeHnep6eeM Cy;reiiMan-namoii BCTyrrlIJIO aa reppuropmo Mo.rnaecuoro ruUflheCTBa. B oophoe C npenOCXO}lJUD:UMII CHJIaMIl npOTIIBIIIIR8 III TecfJan rrpn'!'i8mIJI raRTHEY «BbIJRHteHHOH aeMJIH», npnxaaan nUITeJIffM YIUl'ITOIKaTh BceHa nyrn CJIe,l1;OBaHllH spara. B OCManCKOM soiicrce naaarrca rOJIoTl. Penraroman OUTBa npon30IIW8 y BaCJIYH 10 HHBapa 1475 r. I'ocnonaps paCnOJIOffillJI ROHcna H8 60JIOTIICTOH MeCTHOCTII, 'lTO MernaJIO OCMaHaM pa3BepnyTh cnOII orpOMHb1e CUJIhI; non npaspsrmeu TYMaHa CMeJIOn aTaEOlI MOJIp;aBane orrpoEIIHyJIH !fIPOHT IIpOTIIBHIma. Hx xaaaaepaa TpII ,I1;Hf! npecnenoBaJIa npara,

RaE OIlhlTHhlt'I rrOJIlITllK, III TecpaH rrOHHMaJI, 'lTO aaaoenarem, KOHcTaHTIIHonOJIJI rre cMllpnTCJI C HeYAa'len. 25 HHBapJI TOCIIOAapb 06paTHJICH K eBporreii:cKHM npaanrenasc c npochoon 0 IIOMOrn;II U npe,l1;JIOmeHIIeM C03AaTh KOaJIIID:IIIO )1,JIf! OOPhObI C OCMaHcRoii If MIIepneH: «(HeBepHhlH HMrrepaTop TYpOl .... npU,I1;eT noxaparr, rranry crpany, IWTopaH f!BJIf!eTCf! aoporaun xpacraancrna.; ECJIU ona rrazter, BDCl. XpnCTlIaHCKlIH Mllp 6Y,l1;eT B 60JIbIIIOH orraCHOCTII)}. OTKJIIma na ero npnasra He rrOCJIe)1,OBaJIO. IIpaBIfTeJIII esporreacxnx crpan 6hI.TIIT 8aHf!ThI B ::lTO BpeMJI cOnepHII'leCTBOM Me}[\)1,y co60rr IT OrpaHll'lITJIITCh ~05pbli'vm rrOmeJIaHlIHMH IIITeq,arry. CYJITan B 1475 r. SaHHJI Racpcpy, nOp;'lIIHllJI ce6e RPbIM, U 'lepe3 RPhIMCKoro xaaa OKaSaJI ,I1;aBJIeIIlle

lIITe!}lau BeJlllKHA (U57-150~). MHHJraTJOpa TeTpaeB~HreJlHH 1473 r.

:\IOJl;U1BC1UHT MoneTa Bpe~umH npaBaemm rocnoaapa Ilerpa I MymaTa (1374-1392)

PYKO"TlCa (\BOJln IDTe!}luHa Bennxoro, )'lyacli. 3cKK-Capai'l B CTUMfiYJlC

MOiJ,\aOCKaa neaerauurr nB ROHCTRHL\CKOM cooope Ht8 r.

na rrOJII:.CRoro IWPOJIH. BecHoM 1476 r. Haaaanp aaKJIIO'IlIJI cornamemre C IIOpTOH. 3HaH 0 noascxo-rypemcax neperosopax, rrepe.n; JIllD;OM BOBon orraCHOCTH OCMaHCKoro nananeaaa IIITe1Jarr rrpH3IIaJI B 1475 r. BeHrepcKIIH CI03epeHHTeT.

BecHoll 1476 r. Mexuerr II co 150-TI.ICJl'IHOH apMlleH .n;BHHYJICJl aa MOJ.lll:aBCKOe RHJl)f\eCTBO. Hecaorpa na nopazseane, aaaeceanoe III TeglaHY Hero BOlicKaM OKOJIO xpenocra HHMD;, CYJITauy He yztaJIOCb .n;OOIlTbCH peuraromax ycnexos. ,lJ;aBaJIa peaym.rarsr BHOBb ripennpaaaraa IIITe1JaHoM raxraxa «BbmOKeHHOH aeMJIH». B OCManCIWH apMHH aa=anca rOJIOp" BCULIXHYJIa 'IyMa. TmReJIOe rrOJIOIKeHlle Boilcr", a TaKme BeCTL 0 npn6J1lIiI"eHIIII K rpananan KHJllfieCTBa nenrepcxnx OTPH.n;OB aaCTaBlIJIII cyrrraaa OTCTYIUITb.

HeCMOTpJI na <lTO, lIIem.n;ynapo.n;noe rrOJIo*eHH8 Monnascxoro KIIHlKeCTBa He YJIY'ImmIOCb. PHil: eaporreitcxax crpau 3aKJUO'IUJIII Mllp C Iloproir. Mnoroaermre norrsrrxn MOJI.n;aBCKoro rocnonapa cnenarr, BaJIaXllIO CBOllM naprnepoa B oOPb6e C CYJITaHOM oxaaanacr, 6e3YcnemHhlMH. Bananrcnos OOHpCTBO rrpeiJ:nO'IHTaJIO cneasy C Iloprojr. B 3TllX YCJIOBlIHX III Te1Jan BhIHy*.n;en ObIJI nOHTIi na YCTaHOBJIeHlle MllpHbIX ornomeaaa C CYJITanOM II corJIaCHTbCH nnarnrr, nans. ,lJ;a 11 aayrpa CTpaHbI 6hIJIO necnoxoano. Onno311D;HoHHO HaCTpoeIIHoe MOJI,n:aBCKOB ooapCTBO, orracanmeeca noopyacenaa 3aBHCUMbIX KpeCTbHH II ero npaastaa B BOHcKa, OTKPbITO BbIcTynaJIO aa Mllp C Iloproii.

~ Ill'rediaa ace OOJTbIDe .n;YMaJI 0 COTpY),:(Hll'IeCTBB C PYCCKHM rocynapCTBOM. BaJImOB anaaenae HMBJIO 6paKOCO'IeTaHlre B 1483 r. ),:(O'Iepa III Te1JaHa EJIeHbI C ChlHOM Hnana III MBaHOM, tICTO'IHHKll O'TMB'IaIOT OiHllBJIBnlIhIH oOMen nOCJIaMH Mem,n:y MOCRBOH U CY'laBoH. OCHOBOH MOJI,n:aBcKo-pyCCKoro nOJIHTH'IeCROrO COJIHJI{eHIIH 6bIJiU 00- m;UB CTpeMJIBIIUH rrpoTHBo,n:eHcTBOBaTI. nnarraxr HreJIJIOnOB,

3aRJIIO'IeIIlIe Beurpneir B 1483 r. )1;OrOBOpa c IIOPToHllOCTaBllJIO MOJI.n;aBcKoe KHHlKeCTBO B rpymroe I10JIOmBnHe. HOBhIH CYJITaU BaH- 311)1; II (1481-1512) B0300nOBlIJI 3KcrranCIIIO. J1eToM 1484 r. OC~WHcxae aoiicxa 3aXB~TlIJIU KpenOCTH RIfJIHH II Bearopon, 'ITO nanCCJIO KHHmeCTBY THlF:eJlhlU B{ffiHnO-rrOJIIITll'IeCKHU II 3KOHOMH'I8CKHH yru;epo. Pacnonoxraamaeoa B nax Typen;KIIB rapanaomr C03;f1aBaJI1I rrOCTOHHHYIO BoeHHYIO yrpoay.

IIITe1JaH C03naBaJI, 'ITO COOCTBeHHbIMIi CImarrm on He CMOiReT nepnyrr, RllJIlIIO H Benropon, Ha nOMOIIJ;b Bearpna paCC'IIiTbIBaTb He npHX0Il:HJIOCh, nOCKOJIhKY B 1485 f. Marsam RopBlin B0306HOBl[JI MHp C CYJITaHOM. B 1485 r. rocnonapt, peman npnanarr, CI03epeIIIITeT Ilonsnra, aapysaanracs OOelIl,anIIeM I\a311Mupa 3aru;UIIJ;aTb MO.TIrrancxoe KHHmeCTBO. MemiJ:Y TBM IIOJIbCKHH xopone He TOJIbKO ITe npenrrpnaan HHKaRIIX anTHOCManCKHX ll:enCTBUH, HO BCTYIIl[JI C IIopTOB: B neperonopsr, KOTOPbI8 aaaepnnoracr, 3aKJIIO'IBHHeM B 1489 r. xnpaoro noronopa, iho, a TaKm:e aKTIIBH3aD;IlH onnoanttaa OOHP 3aCTaBIiJIlI Ill rediaaa no nTH na Mllp C CYJTTanOM, a B 1489 r. npasnarr, BBnrepCImii: cioaepennrer,

B OCJIOmHllBmBHCH B CBH311 co CMepTI.IO Marr.anra Hopsana (1490) II Ha'IaJIOM 60PbOhl sa BenrepCRYIO xoponv oficraaonxe IIITe-

44

fr i I

¢au Y;D;emIJI ocofioe BHlIMaHne YRpeTIJIemfIO CBHaea (; Poccneii. B 1492 r. npn rroCpe;D;UH'IeCTBe POCClIU ObI.JI 3aRJIIO'IeU ;D;orOBOp MeiK,l1.Y MOJI;D;aBCRHM RHflIReCTBOM II lI'.PI>IMCKHM xaHCTBOM.

CTRsHIHil rrOCJIe CMepTII lI'.a3HMHpa (1492) rrOJIbCKHM KOPOJI8M .f.[H OJIb6paXT COOHpaJICH BOCCTaHOBHTb BaCCaJIbHyIO 3aBHCHMOCTb Mox,l1.aBCRoro KHHlJ\eCTBa, ycrpanna III Te!flana II nocanna na rocnonapCKUll UpeCTOJI MJIa;D;llIerO II3 HreJIJIOHOB, CnrII3MYH,l1.a. B arnx YCJIORHax cop;ei1:cTBne pyccxoro rrpaBIITeJIhCTBa B 3aKJIlO1Jemur B 1496 r. Mnpa MelnAY MOJIAaBCRIIM rocnonapex II BeJIIIKII;11 JIIITOBCKH~[ KHHa8M AJIerH~alIf\pOM Hrenno lIMe.TIO naamoe aaaxeaae. JIHToBcRlIe noacaa lie rrpHHH.'l1I Y'laCTlIJl B nOJIbCKOM nananeann aa MOJI,l1.aBCKOe RHHmeCTBO.

E 1497 r. nOA rrpennorosr aHTHOCManClmx )J,eHcTBHH rrOJIbClnIll IWpOJIJ.> trpenrrpauan noxon na lVloJI;D;aBCIWe KHHnteCTBO, HO rrOT8prr8,TI lIeyp;a"lY (oT1JaCrU H3-3a rronscxo-aearepcxoro conepanvecma). B JIarepb rrOJIbCRHX BOlicK, ocaIK;D;aBUHIX CY'laBY, npH6bIJIO nOCOJIb(:TBO OT serrrepcxoro ROPOJIH ¥ JIaCJJO II C rpeOOBaHIIeM npexparnrr, noe aaste )leii:cTBHFI. Ill rerpau onocnfiornonan oCMaHClW-TaTapCRHM nalIa,':(ennHM n 1498 r. ua IIOJILCKYIO repprrropmo. 3TH aKn;IIlI (hImI InI nCrrOJIb30B8HbI JJ:JIH roro, 'IT06bI JJ:06nThcH OTKa3a I10JIhllIH OT rrperen:HIH aa Monrtascxoe RHHiKeCTBO. Horna IKe B 1498 r. Heurpan II I [OJILllIa Ral\JIIO'IIIJIH Melli;D;y co6oii: aIiTlIOCMaUCI,UH COI03, III Tecj)alI 113MeHHJI TaKTURY II npenynpenan rrOJIbCROrO ROPOJIFI 0 rOTOBHBllIeMerr ocensro 1498 r. OCManCROM nananenaa, B 1499 r. OH OTKa3aJICH OT YIJJIaTbI nann CYJIT8HY II aaKJII01JHJI norosop C I\OpOJIeM .f.[UOM QJIb(ipaxToM, rrpacoamrrmnmact, TaRHM ofipaaon K aHTHocM8HCJ\OH I\.OaJllfn;HH BeHrpHH H I10JIbllIH. Onaareo II3MenHBllIaHCI! scxope IIIelnnyIIflpO.JJ;HaJ£ oficrannnxa aaCTaBIIJIa Ill retpaaa B 1501 r. IInOBb npmmIJltTLCH C CYJITaHOM.

Ileperraereane nrrrepecos cocenaax JJ:epmaB ;D;eJlaJIO nneunterroaa'l'll'l.eCKOe nOJlOJKeHlIe MOJI)l;aBCKOro KHR1KeCTBa B na'IaJIe XVI B. oc06eHHO CJJOnmbIM. Ono ycyryO.TIHJIOCh YCIIJIHBJIIHMCH rrpn npeevtmrnax Illrediana, ero CbIHe Bornane III (1504-1517) II IIlTe!flClIHuw (1517-1527), BJIIIHIIHeM xpynnoro OOHpcTBa na BHellIlIlOIO rrOJIHTIII(Y RH.lDKecrBa. CB.fI3aHHOe RJIaCCOBbIMH yaaMII C nOJJbCKHMH II Benl'CpCKH1IHI <})eo.n:aJIa:'lIH, MOJl;D;aBCKOe OOHPCTBO CTpeMlfJIOCb narrpaerrrr, IIOJIIITHI{Y rocnonapn B PYCJIO HHTepeCOB ROpOJIeBCTBa BeHrpIIII H I TOJIbllIII.

Becnoii 1510 r. nee oOJIee 'IaCTbDfII CTaHOBFITCH TaTapCKHe nanaJ~eHIIH aa cesepo-nocroamre rpanansr MOJJ;D;aBCIWro KHmK8CTBa. n KJfJfHil n Banroporre pacnoaeranacs 3HalJIITe.'!bHbIe rypen;Klle ~lfJIbI, IIoJIbIIIa aarrana BbIlEIIgaTem,HYIO II03Hn;IIIO, a Benrpnn B TOII1 me rony 3aI\JI!OTHJJIa nepexnpne C CYJITanOM. Bnyrpn KHnFI,eCTBa axTIlBII3I1pOBaJJOCb KpYllHoe OOlIPCTIlO, npOTllBIIBIIIeeCH ynperraennro t\nlITpaJIhTIOH BJIaCTH. Bee 8TO 3aCTaBIIJIO rocnonapa Eomana rrorrTH tin co:nnRemle C IT oprnii II rrpnnesro I( YXYAmeUHIO OTH01lI8HIIIl KHHlI(nCTna C TIOJIblHCfI.

B 1513 r. rarapsr CHOBa nanann ITa RnJl}KCCTBO. Boman norrsrTllJICFI 3apyquTbcH nop;p;epmKoii: pyccxoro npaBIITeJIbCTna; on gBam;D;bI

At:.

HanpaBJUIJI IIOCJlOB B MOCKEY, HO OHU 6bIJIII aanepacarrsr B IIOJIbIlIe IIO,ll; npenacroja HOeHHhlX gerrcTBHii C Poccnen.

IIocJIe notierrsr cynraua CeJIHMa I B 1514 r. Hag BOHCKaMH npancxoro maxa n RPYIIHhlX 3aBoeBaHHH aa EJIHiKHeM BOCTOKe B03paCTaer OCManCKaR yrpoaa AJIR orpan EBpOnhI. B CBH3H C aTJIIM YCHJIlIBaeTCH )1;ImJIOMaTlPleCKaH ,ll;eHTeJIhHOCTb enponejrcxax npaBMT8JI8rr no C03p:anHIO aHTHOCManCRO:H KOaJIIHI,HM C yaacraex MOJIAaBCROro l:\IHIm8CTBa. Ilpn necoBoprn8HHOJI8TH8M rocnonape lliT8<paHHII,e 6pa3Ahl npaBJI8RMH B RHfl1l{8CTR8 B3RJIO npOnOJIhCKH aacrpoeanoe 60HpCTBO. )1.oroBopoM 1518 r. DHO BnOBh rrpM3UaJIO CI038p8rrUT8T nOJIhCIWrO ROPOJIfI.

Ilpennpnaarsre 8Bpon8rrcRHMM CTpanaMII aHTUOCMaHCIUl8 neiicrBTU! OhlJIH nOAopBaHhI COJIHli\8HU8M <ppaHII,Y3CKoro IWpOJIH fPpanIl,IICRa II cynraaa, 'ITO CYlIl,8CTB8HHO M8HHJIO paCCTaHOBRY CHJI naxauyHe rOTOBUBrnerOCH HacTynJIeHHH OCMaHOB 11 Ilearpaasnoa Eapone.

r naea III

TPAHCHJIbBAHIm

B COCTABE BJIA)l;EHlIll BEHrEPCROll ROPOHbI (X B.- 1541 r.]

OIflOPMJIEHI1E A]l;MHHI1CTP ATI:IBHOrrOJIIITlPIECKO:tl CTPYKTYPbI.

P A3BIITllE <D EO ]l;AJIbHbIX OTHOIIIEHIUl

YTBep,Il.llBnHIeCJI B X B. na TepPIITOplIll Tpanca.rsnanaa BJIa~eTeJIlI ueurepcxnx nJIeMeH craaa npaJlIITe.TIJIMII <ITOll OOJIaCTI1 *. B X-XI BB. OHil, RaR II OCTaJlbHbIe BOfI\iJ,1I BCHrepCI\IIX llJIeMeH, npIInliMUIOT xpenteaae 11 Hac am;a:aIO T xpnCTIraUCTBO aa aaaoenaaasrx 3eMJlJIX. B 1003 r. nocaenaaa Ha npanureneti Tpaacansnamnr, AbIOJla MJIa}:llIlUll, ObIIT cseprnyr lllIITBUHOIII I (1000-1038), OO'be}:lIUIIIBlIIHM neaI'CpCEHe BJIa,ll.eHIIH B EOpOJICnCTBO Beurpan, TpaHCllJIbBUHCInW aCMJIII 1I COXpUHI1BlIIeeCH snecs, ITO MIIeHHR) PJI~a Y"IeHhIX, BJIaIliCKOe naceJWHHC OKa:3a.TIHCh non BJIaCTLIO nearepcxoro KOP0':IJ!.

B XII-XIII BB. 3r1CCb 6LIJIlI ITOCeJIeabI cexen (:nIIIPleCKaJI rpynna nenrpon] II HeMI\bI. Cexea lfUI,TUI 06IlJ,IIUUJ\III, rreCJIU KOpOJIeBCRYIO CJIY/KOY ITO oxpaae rpaaan, yqaCTBOBa.TIH B ITOXO}:lax, coxpanaa CHon II.pUBIIJrerl1II. HeMen;lwe HaCC.TICHUC, lla3blHaBllICCCJI ITO HlvIeHH BbIXO~I\CB rra Caxcoana caxcasur, 3aHHMaJlOCb HapJI,rJ,Y C B03p;e.TJbIBaHlIcM ;tCM.TIll pCMeCJlaMII. l'lpoMe Toro, l1pnBJIeI,a.TIOCb OHO KOPOJIJIMII II K IlOrpaHJ1'IIIOli CJIymoe. Oxpyra caRCOB IIOJIL30Ba.TIIICb anronoaneii II casroyrrpaaaeaaea.

OcpopMJIHeTCH CIICTCMa yrrpannenan Tpancnnsaanaea. 06JIaCTb pa3611BaeTCH H3 U,Il.IIIIIHIICTpaTHBHo-TeppHTOpnaJIbJIbIC e,rJ,HHlln;hl. ~ lWMHTaTbI, C8RciicRHe H caKCOHClaIe orcpyra. HaMecTIIIIKoM KOPOJIH ()hlJI noenona.

CTaHOBJIeHn8 rocyp:apcTB8IIHOCTII clIoc06cTBOBaJIO pa:3BHTlfIO q)eo)(aJIbHbIX oTHomeHFIH. Y CIIJIIIJICH npouecc HMYIIIeCTBCHIlOll rt COI~nll.TIbHOii i\lICPCP8 penrraatran B cpeno OOIIIllHHHROB, BbI,Il.C.:IHeTCH cpconansnaa aepxymxa; RPYIIH08 38MJIeBJIa,ll.eHHe paCTCT sa CTIeT JWpO.IICBCRIIX napcrmii. YRpeIIJIelIlIe BJIaCTH CH8TCRllX H n;CpKOBHLIX weOi\aJIOB COnpOBOlf\;a:aCTClI 3aKperrOIIJ;CHueM npeacne CBo6o~HhIX KpeCTbHlI.

B XII I B, na TpaHCIIJIbBaIUIIO 05pYllIIfJIHCh MOHl'OJlO-TaTapC}Ure OPP:bI. Crparra 6bIJIa paaopena, 'IHC.TIeHHOCTh HaC8JI8HHH CORp a ranacs. Cnacaacs 01' 3aBOeBaT8JIeii:, ilUITCJIII OemaJIH B JI8CIICThle rrpenropsn CeBepHbIX H 3aIIa)1)lbIX J\:aprrwl'.

B XIV B. IIIJTO BOCCTaHOBJIeIIlle onycronrenastx II pa30peHTIhIX naIIICCTBHeM IlOCCJ1CIIIli:i: TpaHCHJIbB3HIIII, POCJIO ee HaCeJICHU8 •

.. Eo.nee IIOll:p06110e H3JIOmem:Ie lICToprIII nenreponoro arnoca aa reppnropmr TparrCI'IJIr.naIIlIH eM. B I(RpaTftOH IICTOPl'lH Bearpmr»,

PaCIDnpHJIIICb IIJIOm;aAII 3eMJICrrOJIb30BaHIIH, aanaxnnanace nenana, BhlpyoaJIIICh neca, Ilocrenenao coaepuraerca nepexon 1\ OOJIee HHTeHCllBHhlM IPOpMaM Be,n;eHHH X03HiicTBa. B XIV B. mnpoxoe pacnpocrpauenae rrOJIy'lHJIO nayxuoar,e, xoe-rne npIIMeHHeTcH n TpexlIOJIhHaH cacrexa. OCHOBHhIMIi KyJIhTypallI1I B 3ellIJIe,n;emm ObIJIIi nrneHIm;a, POllib, aqMeHb, rrpoeo. Pa3BHBaeTcH Tpap;Iow;rIOmwe B xpae BHnorpanapcrno. Hacenenae aaaauanocr, TaIUH:e ca;n;OBO;n;CTBOIlI II 01'0- pO;n;HUqeCTBoM. BOJIbIDYIO pOJII, nrpano mIiBOTIIOBO,L\CTBO.

B C8JIhCROM peMeCJIeHHOIlI rrpOII3BO)J;CTBe 6hlCTPbIMI1 TeMllaMH nren nponecc pa3AeJIenIIH TpYAa - B ,L\epeBIIHX TpalICnJIJ>BalIllII B XIV B. IICCJIe,L\OBaTeJIII naC'IHrhlBaIOT OlWJIO 20 penece,n (rcuaapu, xyanenu, CKOPHHIUI, rH:aqII, noprmae II T. A.).

TpanCllJIhBaHIIH 6hIJIa fiorara MecTopo;:r,,n;eHluIMH COJIII, Me;r:UlOM II n.;e.TIe3HOll pyma, ,L\parOIIeHHhIx MeraJIJIOB. B MeCTax paapaoorox noJIe3HhIX acxonaexsrx B03IIllItaJIH rrOCeJIHII ropnopatio-nrx, nepepacraniune aarex B ropona (PO;n;Ha, Eaiifl Mape, A6pYA II 3JIaTlla).

Pa3BIITllIO peaecna B roponax cnocoticrnonano ncnonr.aoaanae ')HeprHH nanaromea BOAhl If yconepmeucreonanusrx opy;n;uii rpyna. YrJIy6JHWTCfl cnennaaaaanaa. YqeHble nonc-raraaa, 'ITO B XVI B. ofirnee 'lIlCJIO peMeCJIeHHhlX cnenaansaocrea B TpaHClIJIhBamHI nocrm-ano 40. B03HnHaIOT nexossre opraaaaanaa, OIPOpMJIHeTCH roponCH:orr narpanna T, 'ITO CBIIp;eTeJIbcrBOBaJIO 0 pOCTe 3XOHOMU'leCl\Oll POJIll TOpOp,OB. }J;ORYMeHThl cepenama XV B. qnmcnpYIOT nOlIBJIemIe HOBbIX roponon, CpeAR HIIX I\JIym, Apan, Typna,

HeCMOTpa aa aarypansasra B n.eJIOM xapaxrep X03HHCTDa, pacryr roaapoofiaen Memp;y CeJIOM If roponox II BHeIIIH.HH TOprOBJIlI. PBlIIecJIenHhle 1I3p;eJIllH 1:13 Bpamoaa II Cnony, Baorpama BhlB03HTCH B BaJIamCHOe 11 MOJI)1,aBCHOe RHHmecTBa, orxyna, B CBOIO osepem., 'nocrynaer CROT, nrepcrs, Roma, BOCH, psrfia, BlIHO IT T. A. fOPO;!l:3 .1.· . TpanCITJJhBaHHII TOprOBanIT C lJexneii, Ascrpaea, I'epaaanea, TIO.lIb-

meli, PYCbIO, Cep611eii, EOJIrapIIeH.

B XIII B. MarHaThI, 3aXBarbIBaH BJIa,L\eHI:IH Cpe,L\HIIX II MeJIHnX lPeOp;aJIOB, npenpamaa I1X B cBOUX BaccaJIOB, CH:OHu;eHTpnpOBaJlH B CBOIIX pyxax orpoxaste 3eMeJIbHhle OOraTCTBa. B OTBeT na aro xopom; mne'r onopy B roponax, a raroae cpena cpennnx 3eMeJIbHbIX C06CTBeHHIIH:OB. B XIV B. npemryrrtecraenno as nx cpep;!.I 1P0pMupyeTcH ABOPHHCTBO, nonnepacaaaarrree ROpOJIeBCRYIO IIOJIIITllRY n;eIITpaJIlI aaqnu. PflP;OM ROpOJIeBCHHX ,L\eH:peTOB 3aKOBO;rJ;a'feJIbHO OhlJIO o<iJopMJIeHO npano yqaCTIIH P;BOPHH B rocynapcraenasrx cofipannax, cofipannax I\OMIiTaTOD 1I npano nsfipaaaa cYAeli. B YRperrJIeHlIU uenrpam.nofi BJIaCTU 6bIJIH aaaarepeconama IT P;YXOBIIble <iJeoAaJIbI, CTpa)laBIITUe OT 3eMeJIbHhlX npnrnaanaa RpyIIHhlX MarHaTOB.

Y rJIYOJIenne IIMYlIIeCTBeHHOll II corraam.aoa p;lllPlPepeHn;nan;llH B cpezre roponcxoro HaCeJIeHllH rrpUBeJIO H: BbIAeJIeHHIO OOraTOH: B6pxymHII peMeCJIeHHlIHOB II. HYlIIl,OB, ncryrtaanreti B oOPb6y C 3BMJleBJIap;eJIbqeCKIIM narpmraarou rOpO,L\OB. II3 npencrasnreaeh 60raTLIX peMeCJIeHHHHOB II xynuon <iJopMHpOBaJICH HOBhIM narpannar, l:WTOPhlH: BO nropoir rrOJIOBHHe XIV-XV B. TIOCTerreBHO 3aXBaTliJI BJIaCTh B TpaHClIJIbBaHCHIIX roponax. llaTpnn;naTY rrpOTIIBOCTOflJl CJIoii pH,I1;O-

BbJX peMeCJIeHHIIIWB II TOprOBIJ;eB, uonsracrepsea II yqeHlllWB. Ha nnaureii crynena connansnoii JIeCTHllU;bl B roponax naXO,Il)IJICH llieCTOKO 3I\CnJIyaTupyeMbIH n:woc (naeMHbIe paOO'IHe, paaopnanraeca rrpecrt.ane, CJIyrII II np.).

3aBlICII:'tlOe lipeCTbJIHCTBO TpaHCnJILBaHlIII COCTOJIJIO R TO BpeMH fJIaBHbIM OOpa30M US n06arnOHOB, 06R3aHHbIX necru B nOJIh3y ¢eonaxa na rvpam.asre II p;enCiKHhIe nOBIIIIIIOCTH, HO nOJTh30BaBnmXCn 1\0 cepennnsr XIV B. npaacn cBo6oP;ROIO nepexona. Co nropoii rrOJIOBlIRhl XIV B. weO;o;aJIbHaJl peirra B03paCTaeT. Jl,eHpeT 1351 r. OOB3aJI HpeCTbHH OT,LlaBaTb <f!eoiJ,aJIY )1,eBHTHHY (nony ) C sepaa II anna. PerYJIJlPHhlMll CTaHOBJITCJI rccynapcraennsre nonarn, C 1336 r. B311MaJIC.fl «HaJIOr C BOPOT>} HpCCTbJUICHOrO nsopa. CYJll;eCTBOBaJI IIOOOP B nonsay TpaHCM.1ThBanCHoro BOeBOp,bI. KpecTbHHe BHOCIIJIli rocynapcrBy OOPOK HaTYP0U: II BhIllOJIHJI.1T1I OTpaOOTO'IIlble nOBIIHHOCTH (peMOHT If CTPOlITCJlhCTBO ):(OPOf, neponoaxn II T. n.).

II pouecc pa3MhIBanlIJI OOm;IlIlHoro lipeCTblIHCTlla npOTeRaJI UCCKOJIbRO BeROB. 06m;IIHa nonsure ynepacnaanacr. y cexees n cpemr naamcxoro HaCeJIeHIlH rrorpanaatrsrx oo.rraCTei'I (Mypaxypenr, Warapam, Asenam, Xaner, BaHaT). Baarncxaa 3HaT!, conpOTlIBJIHJlaCb nonhlTKaM BeHfepCRIIX weO)1aJIOB 3aXBaTIITb 06m;IIHHbIO 3eMJlH. IJ;eHTpaJIbHaJI BJIaCTh, 3allJITepeCOBaHH8JI B IIClIOJIb30BaHHlI BJIaXOB na BOennoii cJIym6e, mrorna nORpOBMTeJIbCTBOBaJIa BJIarucKHM 06Ill,JIHaM. Ho paaan'rae ifJeO)l.8JIM3Ma npHBO)J,llT BO BTOpOM: nonoaane XIV B. K pacnany 06m;IIH. 113 06m;nHHOll 3HaTn (RHeaOB II noeaon) BbIp;eJIHeTcs nefinrn.maa npocnoiiaa I\PYUHhIX BOT'IlUIIIllKOB, naorna nocraranIllIIX noaoacenaa MarHaTOB II BXO,!l;IIBIIlIIX B COCT8B xnacca ¢eOp;aJIOB TpanCHJIbBaHMH. Hacryrmemre weo,n:aJIOB aa 06ru;IIHHhle 3eMJIH xocHYJIOCb B XV B. II CeKeM:CKHX 06m;IIH, 'ITO crroco6CTBOBaJIO ax pacnany II pa3BllTIIIO 3.D;eCb <f!eO,'\RJIll3Ma.

BOCCT AHI1E B BOEbIJIbHE

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HpecTbHHcKne BhlcTyrrJIeHIIJI BhlJIlIJllICb B 1437-1438 rr. B xpynHoe BOCCT8Hlle. IIoBogOM It HeMY nocnyxrano TpeooBaulle enacxona TpaHClIJIbBaHllII IIoraCHTb 3agOJIm:eUHOCTb sa TpM rnaa lIO yrmare neHelI\Hoii: U.ePliOBHOH rronarn. K BOCCTaBmMM HpeCThHHaM npIDumYJIII roportcrraa Oe.D;HOTa II MeJIKne BOT'IIIHHIII\lI. OCOOblii paaxax ;rI,BllmeRHe nplIHHJIO B I\OMlIT3Te COJIbHOR. Ilearpox BOCCTaHIIJI snecs cran XOJIM Bo6hIJJbfIa (n06JI1I30CTlI 01' Aema), rne nonoraansr C03,!!.aJIlI yxpemrennsra narept, no npaxepy qemCRIIX rYCMTOB. IDeo,:r:aJIhl OblJIll BhIHymn;eHhl rrOMTlI IIa coraarnenae C npe;n:Bo,:r:IITeJIJIMII IIOBCTaHn;eB, noofientas IIM cORpam:eHHe nOBllHHOCTeH. )Trpo3a norepa JwaeCOBbJX rrpIIBlIJIerIIll OO'be}J,HHHJIa pasmre CJIOII rocnoncrayromero KJIaCCa

TpaHCIIJII.BaH1HI. BeHrepCKMI H BJIaIIICIWH 3HaTI., npenaonnrena ceKellCRUX OOm;IlH, ropoxcxoa narpannar rrO)l,I1IICaJIli COrJIaIlIemIe 0 COBMeCTHI.IX .)l,ellCTBIIHX. Memore BOT'IHHHHKII n 3amIITO'IH.hle ropoFRane nOKlIUYJIII pHg.hl BOCCTaBIlIHX. 3TO npnnaao B.hlCTYIIJJ8HllIO ceJII.CKUX II roponcnax HU30B xapaxrep aHTl1qJeO)l,aJII.HOrO gBllmeHlIH. Eo rnaae BOCCTaBffillX BCTaJIH B.hlXOgII,loI H3 KpeCTI.HH AHTaJI Hans H MUXaHJI BOJIox.

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06'},e,i'lJ1n8HnLIIIHr ycnJllfHMII W80gaJIallI II rrarpnunary YJWJTOeL K KOHIIY anaapa 1438 r. BloIT8eHIITI> BoeeTaBIlIIIX na roponon, 3aXBaTIlTh II pegHogwre,llei:i: 1I npenarr, I{a3nII 3aXBa'I8UHbIX B IIJreH Y'-TaCTIJIUWB f\mm'8UlfH.

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8KOHOMl1RA JiI COU;HA.TIbHbIE OTHOiliEHIUI BO BTOP01i IIOJIOBI1HE XV -

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Co BTOPOM IIOJIOBIIHhl XV B. pacrer oapIIIHHHaH IIOBI1HHOCTh xpeeThHH B 1I0MeCTbHX. ECJlJI B 1437 f. fiapmnna orpamornaanacs O,[(HlfM ,!I;HeM B rony, TO nOCJIe nopaacenaa RpeCThHHCRoro p;BllmeHIIH 1514 r. OHa COCTaBJIHJIa 52 ;cJ;HH.

POCJIIi II notiopsr B UOJIb3Y rocyztapcrna. qpe3Bbl'Iaj:j:IlI.Ill BOellJlblll HaJIOr C RpeCTbHHCRoro X03HHCTBa npeBpaTIIJICH B nOCTOHHHYIO noBIIHHOCTb. RpeCTbJIIIC Y'laCTBOBaJIII n KOpOJIeBCKOM OIIOJItIeHHH, ofiecII e'IHBaJIII Jlo:iiCI~aM nocroir, caariacann HX npop;OBO.TlbCTBIIeM II CPYpa,IWM, YKpeIlJIHJIll npeIlOCTH, pexoarnpoaana ;WpOfH. THiReCTb noamruocrea, ycyry6JIHBUIaHCH 3JIoyuoTpeOJIeIIHHMH C60PII~Hl\OB, nepROBHOCJIYfIiIITeJreii H ROpOJIeBCKIIX 'IHHOBHIIKOB, JJ:BopHHCRaH Mea;:Il:Oycofinua, CTlIXlIMHbIe oell:CTBlIH npIIBO,[(HJIH K pa30peIIlIJO X03JlllCTBa KpeCThJHI, K COKpaIIIeHlIIO paauepon HX p;epmaHHii.

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Baa.aoe MeCTO B 3ROHOMlIRe TpaHClIJIbBaHHH paccxarpanaeuoro nepnona aarnruamr ropnsre npOMbICJIbI, H npezsnc acero p;OOhI'la 30- JIOTa II cepe6pa B BaiiH Mape, PO;cJ;He, 3JIaTHe, Afipyne, Xynenoape, Pa3BHTlIe peMeCJIeHHOrO IlPOIl3BOp;CTBa, noennoa TeXIUIRH, IIO.llBJIenlIe apruanepuu nOBeJIO K POCTY ;cJ;06b1'IlI meJIe3a na pynannax Xynenoapsr, PlIMeTH II np.

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Y CffJICHH:C KpeIIOCTJIlPJCCTBa, yxymneaae 3KOIIOllIn'leCKQro II IIpaBOnoro rrOJIOlI\eHnH KPCCTbHHCTBa BI.I3bIBaJIH HpOCTHoe COrrpOTl1BJICHue. Jf{aJIOOE.I <pcop;aJIOB, MIIOrO'lIlCJICHHhIC yxaasr KOPOJIH H pacnopaacennrr MOCTHhlX BJIaCTeii: CBIIJl:CTCJIf,CTllYIOT 0 pacnpocrpaneaaa 6ercTB3 l(peCTbJ'IH, OTKa3a OT BbIIIOJIHeHI:IH nOBIIHHocTeil:, nananenaa na HMCJlHf[ cpco,IJ;aJIOB. HaIIOOJIee HPKH~l npoanaeaaea KJIaCCOBOll 60PbObI llaCeJIeHIU[ Tpancansaanau Oh!JIO ero Y'IaCTIIe B KpecTbHHcKoii: BOllHC 1514 r.

TOJI'IKOM K BOCCTamflO nOCJIYiKHJIn COOPhl KpeCTbHH B OTPH.ll.I.I P;JIH fiHTfIOCMaHCKoro KpeC'l'OBOrO noxona, rrpOB03rJIameHHOH) rrarrCKHM Reraroa TaMaIUcM EUKOIJ,1I II: nonrepCKUMII rrpeJIaTaMII B anpane 1514 r. Y'IacTIlIIKaM noxona ooemaxocs «orrryrrteaae rpexon».

Boeaa'laJILHHKOM Ohl,lI naaaauen Ahepl~b Aoma, KpeCTbJlHHH-CCImi1, lIOJIyqllBillnii aa aacnyru B aHTnOClIIaHCKIIX BOHHax THTyJI )J,BOpnanaa.

Harryranmre TCM, 'ITO OOJIbillOC 'lnCJIO KpeCTbHH OCTaBJIH;r[O CCJIbCKOX03HnCTBCHHble BeceHHHe pafio'rsr )J,JIH Y'laCTHH B lIOXO)J,e, <i>80)J,aJIhl IIOIIbITaJIHCb nepnyrs ymernnax. llieCTOKHM aaxaaanaax rronsepraacs II nx ceMhII, B03Myru;eHHbIe KPCCThHIIe rrOBepUYJIlI OPY~ mIIe rrpornn CBOIIX yrnerarenefr. OTPHAh! OlIOJI'lCHqeB B pa3HhIX paiionax Bearepcxoro KOPQ,1ICBCTBa, B TOM '1IIc.rre B TpaHClIJIbBaHJIlI, rrasaaa paCIIpaBJIHTbCH C HeHanllCTHbIMlI nnopaaaaa H BhIcrnllM AYxnBeHCTBOM, R'pecToBbIil: lIOXO,n; rrpCllpaTIIJICH B aHTII{fleOJl:aJIbHOe xpe('ThHBCK08 BOCCTaIIII8, xoropoe rrOIJ,AepmaJIII ropoacane II fOPHOpa60'lne.

,n;oma aa KOPOTKOO npCMH CYMeJI C03)J,aTb lIS coopaBIUIIXCH non lIyp;oil: KpCCTOHOCIl;CB OOJIbmYID KpeCTbHHCKYID apunro, 23MaH C Bon(~IWM 110'lTIl B 33 ThlC. 'leJIOBeK OH BhlCTYUIIJI II3 narepa nort BYJJ;oii 11!l ror: lIO nYTIl cnenonanaa B ero apllIIIID BJHIBaJIlICb HOBbIe KpeCTb'IHCRRe OTpH;rJ;bI. Pacnpocrpanenae BOCCTaHHH aa TpaHCnJIbBaHCKlIC It[)MRTaTbI OTKphlBaJIO noncramtax nopory B TpaHCllJIbBaHRIO. l\peCTbRHCRlIe OTpHJl:bI BO rrraae C MOHaXOM JIepHHn.CM npn lIO;r(,n;epIKItP roponcxoa 6C,n;IIOTbI 3aHIIMaJIlI ropozra II MeCTe'lKII, Tpenora OXBa-

fiR

TlfJIa ~BOPHIICTBO, BhlCIIIlfll KJIlIP n I'OPO,Il;CKOU narpanaar; OHM 00'1>e~nBHJIllCb BOKpyI' B08BO)J,hl 3arrOJIbHH.

1\ cepennae HIOHa noma nO)J,OIIIeJI K TUMHIIIoape H uanan ee ocany, 3aXBaT xopomo YKpeUJIeHHOll KpenOCTH nan Ohl IlOCCTaBIIIHM B03MO)l(HOCTb ynpoxa'n, cnon n03nD;MH, JIOnOJIHIITh aanacsr nocpynceaaa, IIo,o;rOTOBIITh apmno K lIOCJIe)J,YIOrn;eu OophOe. Ocana J~JIEJIaCh n;eJIhlH MeCHn;. HeCIIWTpH na npOHEJIeHHoe MY'HeCTBO H OpI'aHI:I30BaUHOCTh, HOCCTaBIIIIIe He CMOI'JIII yCTOHTb nporua :\iHOI'OlJIICJ1eHHhlX II XOpOlUO aoopymemrsrx ClfJI OO'1>eil,IIHeUHoro noiicxa )J,BOpHH H roponcxoro uarpanaara. noma ObIJI B3HT B naen n nOil.BepTHYT CTpaIIIHoii Ka311H - ero COillTJIII na meJIe3IlOJlrI TpOHe. lJacTb KpeCThHH cnacnacs OeI'CTBOM. HeKOTopbIIII· OTPHJWM Y)J,aJIOCh YUTII OT npecaenonaana BOHCl{ 3anOJIhHII.

Baecro C Telll paarpou apMHH nOJIm non Tmnnnoapoii He 031Ia'IaJI NOHJJ;a BOCC~dIJHJI. EOPhOY IIPoJ~OJIFI\aJl1I MeCTHhle KpeCThHJIClUIe OTpHJ\hl. HeCKOJIhlW OTPHil.0B cocpep;OTOlJIIJIOCh BORpyI' KJIyma, OKPYmilE ropon ·TeCHbIM ROJIhn;OM. CJIaOOCTh II pa3iJ,pOOJIeHHOCTh CllJI BOCcrasnmx IJo6Y;cIII.TlII RpeCTh}HlCKIIX pYKOBO;a;JITeJIeJ~i rrOHTll na rreperonopra C I'opo,o;CKOH EepXYIIIKoH. IIpOIIl1KuYB II rcpon, OIUI rrornr'ranacr, rronnars ropoa.aa rrpOTIIB naTpIIJJ;HaTa II nsopau. fOPO,n;CRIIM BJIaCTHlIf y~aJIOCh CXBaTHTh KpeCThHHCKIIX BomaROB. OHII OLIJIH nepenauia B PYNn: aoesonu 3arrOJIbHll II xaaaeasr. Ilocaennae nonsrrxa BOCCTaBIllIU OKa3aTh corrpOTIIBJIeUHe ABOPHHCROII apMlIII OROJlO Opana ycnexon He YBCH'laJIIICL. <PeOAaJIbI a.:eCTOKO paCnpaBIIJIIICb C Y'IaCTHlma~nr xpecrsaacxojr BOllHbI. OROJI{) 10 ThlC. RpeCThaH OblJIO yonTO. na3IUH[ H nbITRaM lIO)J;BepI'aJIHCh TaKtt,c ropoacaae If YlJaCTBOBaBIIIIIe B BOCCTaHIiH MeJIRI1e ABOpHHO.

B EpeCTbHUCROH BOllHe 1514 T. rrpIIHaJIll ysacrae yraereuaue MaCChl Ha~n:olIaJIhHOCTeH, uacanaamax TpaHCHJIbBaHllIO; ona llMeJIa apxo BhlpameIlHblH aHTII[JJeoilaJlhIIblH: xaparrrep. fJlaBHOH ee )J,Rll1±\yrn;eu CIIJIOi\: asrcrynana xpecrsnne; It HUM npIDiKHymI ropuopafioaae If I'opo,o;clwii rnrefic, npe,n;CTaBlITeJIlI cpenaero II MeJIKOrO ,n;BOpHHCTBa, nnamero AYXOBenCTHa, Hep,OBOJIbHhIe YCIIJIIIBIIIHMCa nOCJIe CMepT1I KOPOJIH MaTh.IIIua I\OpBIIIIa aKOIIOMII'IeCKIIM If lIOJIIITII'IeCRllM BJIIIHHHeM MarnaTOB II BhICIIIcro KJIUpa.

llOBCTaUn;bI BbICTyrraJIlI rrpOTHB RpcrrOCTHlI'IeCTBa 1I !fJeO,l1;aJIhllhIX IIOBHHHOCTeii. Pa30pHH IIMeIIHH ,l1;BOpHH II xaromrsecaoii n;epRBII, OHIi rpetioaam KomIIIlCKaJJ;IIII MX HMym;ecTB, pasrtena 3ellleJIb Mem)J,y rep eCTbJIIIa "Ill, opraUH3an;IIII uepxan ua npannnnax pannero xpncrnaHCTBa.

CJIa60cTh ABHIRcmm, ero OrpaHlI'IeHIIOCTh npOHBHJIIICh B OTCYTCTBlHI nporpaMMIIhlx lIOJIlITH"'leCIUIX Tpe6oBaHIIu, B nenOHHMaHUII xaaccOBOl! CYID,HOCTIf MOHapxHH, B coxpanemrn nepsr B «rtofiporr» KOpOJIH. M)J,carrOM raxoro ROPOJIH ,l1;JIH BOCCTaBIIIHX 6hVI noma, aocnpmnrMaeMhllr IIMII RaJ, rrOCJIaHeIl, Gora. Orpanarensuoe aaaserrae iJ,JIH IICXOna ,l1;BlHl,eHHH HllleJIa pa3,l1;pOOJIeHHOCTh CIIJI BOCCTaBIIIIIX. COJ03JIFlRU RpeCThR:H - rnpaopafiouae II roponcxoa ITJleOC - OhlJIH cnafisr. OcHOBHaa Macca ropoacan lIO)]. BJII1HHIIeM narpmmara OKa3aJIa BoelIHYIO II !fJlmaHCOBYIO lIOMO~h KOPOJIIO II ;:J;BopaHaM. MeJIKlIe If cpeznnre

54

,[IBOpHHe, rrpIIM}tHYBllIHe K RpeCTbJIHCKOMY ,[IBllmeHIIIO, 6hIJIlI nenaneatHhIMll nOnYT'IllI<aMII, KOJIe6aJIHCb, nonanana BOCCTaBlIIHX, nepexo,[IllJII! na CTOPOHY KOPOJIH.

Cne,IT,CTBI'IeM nopazsenaa RpeCTbHHCKOll BOHHhI 1514 f. OhIJIO YCHJIeHlIe KperrOCTHH'IeCTBa, yxy,IT,UleHlIe nOJIOmeHIIH patiosnx PY,ll,HHKOB H rOpO,ll,CKOH 6ep;HoTbI. I'oeynapcraeanos cofipanne B OKTJI6pe 1514 r. onpenemoro Mepbl HaKa3aHHJI aa Y'IaCTHe B BOCCTaHlIll, nOBHDIIOCTll II npanonon CTaTYC KpenOCTHOfO KpeCTbJIIICTBa. CBOP; 3aKOHOB MmTBaaa Bepoell,ll, 1I3BeCTHhlll no,ll, naananaex TpnnapTIITYMa,3a1lHKcHpOBaJI RperrOCTHoe COCTOJIIJJle B xaxecrne HOPMbI npasa.

ITO)]; 3HAMEHEM HHOlIIA XYHhH)];lf

B 1440 r. TpaUCIIJIbBaHCKIIM BOeBO,IT,oH OhlJI aaaaasea Hnonr XYHbJIP;1I, JIBJIHBlllIIHCH, no CBIIP;8T8JIbCTRaM HCTOlJ:lJllKOB, nOTOMKOM 60HPCKOfO pona II3 BaJIaXllH. C 1130paHlleM Torp;a me IOIIoro nOJIbCKOfO KOPOJIJI Baanacnaaa III na npeCTOJI Benrpna non IIMeH8M J'JIacJIo I XYHLWIH CTa,lI rJIaBOH noopyarenmax CllJI IwpO.lIencTBa Benrpnn.

fJIaBHOH ero satioron 6b1JIa opranaaamra ornopa nazmnranmeiicn ocxaacxoa arpoccnn, a ,ll,JUI aroro aeotixonano ObIJIO ,u:OOlITbCJI crafin.Crmla1\HII IIOJIOmeHHH BUYTPll CTpaHI,I. X yRhH,Il;U nprHIHJI MepbI K npeapanrenaio cpeo,u:aJIhHOM aaapxan, npatiernya B pane eJIY'IaeB K KomilllcKan;nn IIMeIInM nenonopuux MafHaTOB II 06JIOmeHlIIO IIX BOeHHblMII nOBIIIIlIOCTHMH. EOJIbUlOe BHIIMaHHe OH y,u:eJIHJI opranaaanaa II yKpenJIemflO nojicxa. OCHoBHoe H,ll,pO noenasrx eHJI Xym.ana CoCTaBllJIII OTPH,n:bI naeMnHKOB, nponcxonasumx rrpeaaymecraeano ](13 crpan QeHTpaJIhHOM EspomrvEsrn pacmapen KOHTllHrenT BOitCK sa ClIeT «CJIymnJIbIX)} 1I3 'IHCJIa MeJIKOrO P;BOpJIHCTBa.

B 1442 r. XYHbHP;H naaec nopazseaae BIIp,IIHCKOMY name Me31Ip;oelO, BToprmeMYCH B TPaJ-ICIIJIbBaIIlllO. B cearafipe TOfO me rona, nplI)I.H aa noxonn. BaJIamCKOMY rocrronapro, XYHbH,u:II aaaec nopazaenne OCMaHCKHM BOHCKaM B ,[IOJIllHe p. HJIOMllll,bI.

B cerrrsfipe 1443 r. XYHhH,Il;H B03rJIaBUJI aHTuocMaHcRllii noxon enporreimea. Ileperrpanns BOMCKO na npaasra oeper L{YHa.II, OH,ll,BnnYJICR B aarrpaaaeuaa HIlKonOJIJI. Ilpn rrozmepaexe 6aJIKaHCRIfx naPO)I.OB eMY ynanocr, OCBo60P;IITI, CepOHIO, BOCHHIO, =racrt. EOJIrapIIII, no npeononers BaJII\aUCKllH xpefier OIl ne eYMeJI. Ocemao 1444 r. no lIHlln;HaTIIBe nama 6b1JI rrpennpansr ROBblri noxon rrpOTIIB OCMaHOB, HO C MeHbIIIllMIl CIIJIaMH. BaJIamCI\ilH rocnonaps B aapymeane 06emanaa OTKa3aJICJI Y'IaCTBOBaTb B KaMnaRHll. no BceMY npOlJeMY He npnOhIJI IflJIOT IITaJIbJInCRHX ropO)I.OB. B cpaacenaa non Bapnoa 10 nOH6pH 1444 r, rrpenocxonnnnnre CHJIhI CYJITana naneCJIII BoiicKaM XYHbH)1,II pemarommt ynap; B GOIO nornf HOPOJIb -Y,rraCJIO 1.

Ocensro 1445 r. C He60JIbIIIIIM qmoToM XYHbH,Il;H npennpanan JJOBYIO axcnezranmo na ,.UYHaii, B KOTOPOll Y'IaCTBonaJIll BonCKa nanamcxoro rocnonapa Baana )];paKYJIa, B pe3YJII,TaTe 8THX noennsrx p;eiiCTBna oblJIa ocnofioarneaa xpenocrs )];mYPJJ;my.

CTaB nOCJIe rnoemI ~:JIacJIo rrpaanrenen Bearpnn, Hnom Xynsa,n:ll npO;rJ;OJIJ:I\aJI cocpeacro-nma Tb vcaaaa na oophoe C OCMaHCKOM ar-

.56

peccnefr. C <!TOM D;eJIbIO OH IIOIIbITanCH YCTaHOBHTb oOJIee TeCHbIe OTHomeUHR C MOJI)l,aBCKIIM II BaJIaIIICRllM rocnonapmra. XYHbRP;II B neKaope 1446 r. BToprCR co CBOIIMII BOHCRa}'fH B BarraXIIIO II nonnepacan n 60Pb6e aa rocnonapcxmi npecron csnra Bnana ,l1,paKyna Brrap;IICJIaaa II. O)),HaKo nOJIHOCTbIO IICRJIIO'IHTb BaJIaXHIO JI3 crj)epbI OC1tIaHCKOro BJIUlHHUI XYHbHJ\H ne YJ\aJIOCb. BJIa)),llCJIaB nposomrn IIOJIHTHKY JIaBUpOBamm M81R)),Y BeHfpn8H II OCMaHcKoH HMnepIIeII, lIMeJI APYmeCTBOHHbIe omourenaa C naruaua AYHailcKIIx xpenocrea. XYHhHAU uoanepxcaaan COI03 C MOJI}1,aBCKHMU rOCIIop;apHMII - Jlerpou II, ycrymranraa eMY B 1448 T. H:peIIOCTb I-I:lIJUIIO aa nOMoID;b B nOJIy'Ie!Hm npeCTOJIa, u Borp:aHoM II.

,l1,.JUI Taro 'ITOObI lIMeTh cpencrna aa yrropHi1:0'IemIe ,n:o:X:O!1.0n Ka3- Hh[ II pacurapenne KOHTIIHfeHTa IIaeMHbIX BoilcK, Hnom XYUbfI/J,I1 npOBeJI :mOHOM1PleCKue II a)l;MHHUCTpaTHBlIhle perj)opMhl. OIl nOKpOBH'TeJIbCTBOnaJI ToprOBOH ,n:eHTeJIbHOCTlI ropoxcan, YBeJIII'!IrJI C IlOMOID;bIO peMeC,TIeHHffKOB TpaHCHJIbBanCl\:nx fOPOP;OB apTHJIJIepI1IO. IIpn nex 6bIJIH BO;JBen:eHbI OOopOHIITeJIbHhle coopyaceann B CnOHY n Bpanrone. Ilexo-ra XYHbHP;U no npmrepy '!eIIICKHX TYCRTon, KOTOPbIX B ero apMUM UhI.TIO nexaao, nepegBlIraJIaCb na rrOB03Kax (B cpameunax OHU aarnamana BOHC!m OT rypeurcoit cnaxHiicKolf RaBaJIepUII).

B cerrrafipe 1448 r. Xynsana CHOBa npennpaaan nOXO)l; rrpOTHB CYJITaHa. Ho B 6lITBe na RocoBoM nOJIe (17-19 OKTH6pJl 1448 r.) oro apMuH 6bIJIa paar poxneaa npenocxonaarnmra CH.TIaMll OCMan.

B Mae 1453 f. cyJITaH MexMep; II (1451-1481) OBJI8p;eJI 1\011- craHTn:HOIIOJIeM, a B aBrYCTe - cerrrafipe 1454 r, rrO/J;'IHHHJ[ Cep5HIO. Onnaxo yme B oRTH5pe 1454 f. B peayrrsrare pnaa nofien Xynsana nan BOlkKaMll CYJITaHa Cep6FIfI Obma OCn060}K)];eHa. TIo npnasrsy nanst HrrKOJIaH V aHTHOCManCKI'JH I,PCCTOBbli'i IIOXOP; IIQ/l,/I;epmaJIH BenrepcIUln KOPOJIb JIaCJIO V H repMancKuH mnreparop <Pp:rrp;pax III. RnoIII Xyusana p;OJIlReU 6bI.TI BblCTaBRTb OT Tpaacansaaaaa 10-ThlCJPIIfOe BoHeRo.

4 nlO.lIH 1456 T. CYJITaH MCXMe)]; I I C apMIIeH OOJIee '18M B 100 TbIC. 'fBJIOBeK OCa)];RJI Boarpan, 3aXBaT xoroporo OTKPbIJI ObI OCMaHaM /1;0- pory aa Benrparo. Ha IIOMOIIJ;b ropony rrpnfisrno BOllCKO XYHbRP:II, cyxcauree npopnarr, KOJIbll,O TYp8IJ;KOH: ocarnr. APMlIH Mexuena II OblJIa BblHY1Rp;en8 B KOHIJ;e KOnll,OB B 6ecrropH;::(Ke OTCTYIIHTI.. OCM8UbI JIOTCpIIeJIH B ,}TOH OIITne casroe rtpynrroe co BpeMeH.I:I BTOpmeJIJrH Ii Enpony rropaatenne. Ho B TO BpeMH. xorzta Espona rrpa3,'J,HOBaJIa 3TY IIo6ep;y, Hnonra XYHbHilJI He CTaJIO, 11 aBrYCTa 1456 f. OH yMep OT 'lYMhl B narepe nOJ\ EeJITPa;rroM.

B 1458 r. aenrepcnaa KOpOJIeM CTaJI I>-Wap;IIIHii: ChlH Hnoma Xyns»[(1'[, MaTbHll RopBIm. B 1467 T. C neon.to ynopsno-renaa xcpoaenCRUX q)HUaHCOB OH npOBeJI naJIOrOBYIO pe!fJopMY, YBeJIH'IHB rrocryrrnemur /l,O(Ier B Ka3Hy. 3TH rj)nCKaJTbHble MepbI nOCJTYlliHJIII npH'IIIlIoit fllITHKOpOJIeBCKOTO )J;BOPflITCKOTO)J;BumeHIIH, IJ;enTpOM xoroporo CTaJIa TpaHCU,TIbBaHIm. 3J\OCb npn nonnepacxe lIIOJIgaBCKoro rocrronapa IUTeqlaHa BeJHIKOrO scrrsrxnyno BOCCTaHHe c nensto OT)J,eJIeHIIR Tpancanenaana OT Bonrpnn. Marsnnry ROPBIIHY y)];aJIOCb OKpy1RIITh coopaBIIIHeCH B !\llYiKe CHJIhl BOCCTaBIIIlIX II paarposrars ax.

B1I1ernaT8JIbCTBO IILTecfJaHa Bemnroro J3 iJ,8JIR TpaHClJJIbBallHH rroCJIYlliDJlO Oil,l1HM H3 nOBOJ\.OB il.JHl BO£lHIlOll 'i:mCneiJ,HI\lUi Marsauia KOpllIIHa npOTHB MOJIp,aSCKOrO rocnonapa B HOJl6pe - p;eKaGpe 1467 r. Mansapu rrorepnean nopaaceaae. O,'lHaIW IIB06xoJ~TI1I10CTb QTpa;nemm oCMaHcKoH arpeCCliH npIlBCJIa B lIOCJlep,yroru;CM K npasaaBlllO MOJIARBCKllM rocnonapex nearepcxoro croaepenarera.

Bearepo-xoanascxae OTHOlliemIH 1I1I1eJlII aaxnroe aaaneaae ,rpm TpaHClulhBamm B YCJlOBH.RX B03POClll8H OCManCKoii yrp03hl nocxe 3aKJIIO'IeHllH Benenaea B 1479 r. M.lIpa C CYJITanOM. OceHbIO aroro rona OCIIIRHCRHe noitcxa npn y~IaCTHlI BaJIRmCRoro rocnonapn Bacapatia IJ;eneatouia COIlePIlIIIJIll nananonne na TpanCHJIbBaHUW, no OblJUI pa3611- TM Hurrnaaou Earopa na XJIe6nOM HOJIe npn Opamrne 13 ORTHOPH 1479 r. I'oposcane Tpaacaaz.sanna, B 'IaCTHOCTII iI>.llTeJIH Bpamosa, rrO;I)J;epnUIBa.rUl C MOJI)1,allCKIIM rocnonapea ITOCTOIIHHhle CBJT3H, oOMeHHBaJICb CBc,[(eHHJIMlI 0 ITJIaIIaX CYJITaHa II nepenauaceaua ero BOHCR.

B 90-e ronsr yrpoaa 3aBOeBaHHJI OClI-laHa~IH Benrpan YCIIJHmaCb, TeM 60JIee ~TO HOCJIe CMepTII l\JaTbHIlIa KOpRl1Ha (1490) CIIOBa 060CTpHJIaCb BUYTpnrrOJI.lITH'IeCKaJ1 GOPb6a. C03p;aHHaH B 1500 r, Benrpaen, Ilonsmen, CPpaIJI~HeH .II Benell,lIeii 'R COI03e c narrCTBOM aTIT.lIOCMarrCKaJI mIra 6hlCTPO pacnanacs. IIOITbITKa opramraoBaTb B 1514 r. RpecToBMii IIOXO,[( II 0 CJIyaauI a TOJI'IKOM ~JIH IIa'IaJIa HpeCTbJIHCKOii BOIIHhl II caMoH Beurpmr.

B '1521 r, cYJITan CYJIeibrRlI I Hanynn (1520-1566) ~BHnyJI CBOII RoIlCKa K IOII-iHblM rpannuax Benrpnn. 06'beKTaMH OCMaHCKnx RTopmeHIIH B 1522 r. 6bIJIlI TpaHClIJIbllaIIIIJI, Xopnama, CJIaBOHHJI. 29 aBrYCTa 1526 r. Il cpaacenan rrpn Moxase neurpsr H HX COI03HHKH norepnenn nopaacenne, :KOpO:!b JIaiiOlIl II II ero CBUTa IIorHo.'lII. Ha'IaJI3Cb GopL6a aa B8lUepcKyIO IWpOHy. 3arraJ\HoBeHrepcRue Ma1'HaTM nafipamr ROpOJIeM <Dep,[IHHaHp;a I fa6cGypra, aacrpnjicxoro apnrepnora H xopona LIexHH. TpaHCHJIbBaHlIH 1I BOCTO'IIIaH ~laClb }WpOJIeBCTBa ORa3aJIIICb IIO,'\ BJIaCTblO noeaonsr Huorna 3arrOJIbHH, IIO.Hb30naBmerOCJI ITO;\i1,epIKROll Hoprsr, He aaryxasnraa 6oph6a IIIcmp,y conepnaaaua sa onnanerrne BCCMH 30MJIlIMH senrepcxoa ROPOIIbI HaHOCHJIa orpoMIIhlI1 ypo a ee x03HIlcTBY, npellip,e ncero RpecThHIIcTBy H roponajr. TameJIo crpanana TpanCIIJIbBaHHH, He pa3 CTaHOBliBIlIaHCH TeaTpOM soeaasrx .n;eHcTBuiI.

B IIIOJle 1540 r. 3arrOJIbJllI y~fep, OO'bJlBHB HaCJIep;rmROM TOJIhKO pOl1.HBilierOCJI CLIHa .fJHoma mHrl\IolI/~a. I' a6c6ypnr He:\1e~\JIeHHO nsr/l,BllHyJlIl npeTeU311IO 11a naCJl8i\CTBO 3an0J1hJIll. "lITo6hl ne ~onycTllTh rtpacoenrnremrn TpanCllJIhBaIIIUI K IIX ll.rral1eHIIHM, CYJITan nsrcryrrHJI C 60JIbmoii apMHel1 rrpOTHB tPep;c(.lIHaII;;::(a. 29 aBrYCTa 1541 r. Typell,Klle :BOlleRa OBJ1a)J;8JlH EYAOll, na 3anoeBaHllblX oCM3naMli 3eMJIJIX 6hlJI OCIiOBaH afIJHlT EY/VIII; KOPOJICDCTBO Beurpna OKa3aJIOCh paanenenman aa rpa ~aCTII. TpanCUJIbBaHHH BlII8CTe C BOCTO'IHhIMII KOMllT3T3MH, n03)J,Heo nO;;IY~UlBmlIl>m Ha3B3Hne IIap11,HYM3 (partium - 'IacTh), 6hIJIa BbIL(eJIena B KIUIiI,eCTBO 1I nepenaaa Hnomy lKJ!lTMOH;a:y na YCJlOBUHX npH3HaHIHI CI03epOHIITeTa CYJITaHa 1I ynnarra e11Y eJRero)),Holl iJ.aHll B 10 TbIC. cJ;mopllHoR.

,

I'saea IV

,lJ;YHAIICKIIE KHHiKECTBA B CliCTEME

OCMAHCKOn HMTIEPHH

COI~l1:AJIbHO-8H.OHO.MHqECl\OE IlOJIOJKEHllE MOJ1AABCH.OrO Ii BAJIAIIICl-wrO RHHfffECTB

B XVI-XVII BB.

B MOJI)J;aBcRoM RHHmeCTBe B XVI n. CTaJI xapaarepmasr nponecc ~poo.lIeJIHH BOT'llIH, rrpnBOfJ,llBIDHM R rrepecTpo.iIR8 crpyxrypi» aeJl.1.lJeBJIap,eIImr. H. ROHlJ,y CTO.rr8TlIH xpynaaa JI cpemraa 38MeJlhHaH C06CTBeHHOCTb coxparaaacs anecs HO'lTI1 1l)l;B08, sa C'IeT 'lero B necxorn.rto pas RbIpOC.rrO 'InCJIO MeJIRIIX BOT'IIHr. PacnpoCTpaHIIJIOCh .n;OJIeBOe 3eMJIeBJI3.n;eune, rrpn l\OTOPOM coOeTBeUJlHRa.uH can HBJIHJIHCb neCROJIbRO CBeTCRMX cpeop;aJIOB. B BaJIaXliH crenem, xonnenrpauaa 'IaCTIIO¢eo.n;aJIhHOrO 3eMJIe BJIaJl,eITIIJI OhIJIa Jl.WIIhIIIe, 'le.\1 B Menna RCRUM IUIH,h:eCTBe, rr09TOMY npouecc ).l,p06JIeHIIH BOT'IlIII He 6hIJI anecs CTOJI!. utrreaCHBHbIM.

B XVI B. B KIHIllieCTBax YBeJIH'lHJIOCh B08UIIO-C.rrYiH.HJIOe COCJIOuae, eocroaaruee lI3 MeJIKIIX BOT'IlIIJIIlIKOB. 1\ JUIM OTHOCIIJIHCh rOCIIOrtapcxae CJIyrH-RypTHne, naXOJ\IIBIUlIeCH na rrOCTOHHnOH cJJYfK6e. B MOJl}.l.aBCROM RHHifWCTBe B 'IIfC.1I0 MeJlRIIX 3eMJIeBJIa.n;eJIbu;eB BXOfJ,lIJIa raxxre HeMeIIIII - npHBIlJIerIIpOBaHIlbIe co6CTBernTlfI\M 3eMJIII, RO-ropsre BpeMeHHo npIIShIBaJIHCh B rocnonapcsoe BOHCRO. B BaJIaXfIH MeJIKlIe aeMJIeBJIa)),eJIhl\hI coxpaunnn rraanaane xneaoa, B KOHl\e XVI B. B RHHlReCTBaX ¢opllmpOBaJIHCb HOBbIe rpyrrnsr BOOHHO-CJlynmnoro COCJIOBIIH - CJIyifUITOPhI (RaJIapaIIlII - lWHHbIe BOHHhI, I\OPOUaHlJ,hI - nexorunmr) , pa3MeJl\aeMble na rOCDo!lapCKIIx. 3CMJJHX; onn BMeCTe C RypTHIWMH COCTaBJIH.:III rrOCTOHIIHoe BOlie-RO. HeMeIITH n KHe:'b[ rrpn3hIBamICb B apr.wlO B CJf}'TIae nOOOXOilIIMOCTII ITO pememno rOCIIo,n;apJI.

CTpeMHCb yRpeIIIITh nearpaasnyro BJIaCTb, rOCIIO).l,apH pacntapaan CBoii )),OMeH aa C'IeT CKyrrRII ).l,POOUBUIIIXCH BOT'lIIH II KoncpnCf\al\HlI :leMeJIh OOJIP, 06BUHeUHbIX B U::lMene. B MOJIp,3BCKOM RlwmeCTBe :JTa HOJIIITIIKa OhIJIa naxara IIITeT3noM III Be.rrHRIlM II rrportonatetra Herpov PapeIIIcM. B Banaxna OHa aRTnBHO ocyrrr:eCTBJIJIJIaCh MaxaI'M Xpafipsra.

OJ.!,IWBpeMeUHO B XVI B. pOCJIO 'IIICJlO rocIlo.n;apcKlIx ,LI"apeHIIH MOlIaCThIpHM, TITO BeJIO R pacnmperrmo nepaonnoro 3eMJIeBJIap;eHlIH II KHHH\eCT sax.

B XVI B. B RHHiI,eCTBax ¢opMupyeTcH CJIYHmJIOe (jOHPCTBO, nrRBHbIM HCTO'IHHIWM fJ,OXO.'I,OB KOToporo CTaHOBlfJIaCb rOCY,Ll"apCTBeHnaa CJIymoa, OnJIa'llIBaBTllaHCJI 3a C'IeT :u;eHTpaJI1I30BaHHoii perrrra. Haxannnaan OOJIhllilIe neueacasre cponcraa, OHO cxynano 3eMJIlI Jl.WJI-

RIIX B:ra,n;eJIbn;eB, a TalGRe paCl!IlIpJIJIO CBOIl B.TI3,n;eallH rrYTeM npaofipeTeHIIJI aeMe.'Ib na rocnonapcxoro p;OMeHa. B XVII B. B0311HRaJOT nonsre KpYUHbIe II cpenaae BOPIflHbI CJIY'HllJIOrO OOJIPCTBa; cpenn HIIX BhlAeJIHJIlICb BJIa,n;eHIIJI BOT'IlIlIHIIKOB rpe-racxoro UPOlICXOlli:,rJ,eIllUI (cexencrn Haaraxyanno, fHKll II )J.p.).

B 0'1'JIH'fn8 OT 60JIbIDHHCTB8 CTpUH Ilenrpaasaoa 11 BOCTO'IIIOR EBPOIIhl, rne B XVI-XVII BB. xacmorpeonansuoe 3eMJIeJl,eJJb'IeCIm6 X03JIIICTBO rrpOII3BO,rJ,IIJIO aepao na PbIHOR, B ,IJ;YHaiicKIIx RHH1KeCTBax BOT'fIIHHHKH rrpOp;OmKaJIII IIOCTUBJIJITb P;JIJI psruxa fJlaBHblM oupaaoM rrpop;YKThl lli:HBOTHOBop:CTBa II aanorpanapcrua.

OCHOIlHOii: rrOBIIHHOCThlO RpeCThHHCTBa B BOT'IIIHe OCTaBaJJaCh neCHTIIHa rrp0P;YKTaIlIII. B YCJIOBIIHX pOCTa rOCYJI,apCTBeHHhlX rrOBHBIJOcTeil: rocnonapa C KOllIJ;a XVI B. Ha'IaJIII lInntcnpoBaTh paavep ofipoxa B BOT'IIIHe. Hpecrsane p;aBaJIII BOT'IUHHIIKY OGpOK C cofipannoro ypoacaa sepna, co CKOTIIHhl (nacrfinmarai; no6op), C npO,IlyKIIHH nrreJJOBo,n;cTBa, canononcrna, anaorpartapcrna, OrOpOJl,HlI'IeCTBa, phl6oJIOBCTDa. B )1,OXO)l,8 BOT'IllHRllRa 3HU'IlITeJIbHYlO /1,OJIlO COC'Hl.BJI})Jl noGop H3TypOil: aa rrouon aepna, Ha xpecrr.sn B03JIaraJlIfCh na-rypansmre nOBHHHOCTII II aa npoeazr 'Iepea MOCT UJIIi nonsaonanae 6POP;OM na TeppIITopIIII BOT'IHHhl, aa conepxcaaae KOp'IMhl n T. iJ,.

,L(enemHaR peara BCTpe'IaJIaCb permo, B ycnoaaax pOCTa nen BOT'!HHHnRll 6hlJIH· 3aHHTepeCOBaHhl B YBeJIfI'IeHIIH rrarypansmax noanrrHOC-Tell, )l,a H RpeCTbHH8, ncnsrruaaa nOCTOHHHYro nymi'lY B nensr-ax ,IlJIH YUJIaThI rocynapcraennsrx rrOBJIIIHOcTe.il:, ne MOTJIH naararr, tlJeop;aJIy fI,eHhraMH.

H arypansmae UOBrIUHOCTll C KpeCThHH He rrOKpbIBaJIIT paCTY1ll,l:IX norpeonocrea <pCOJl,aJIOB. Ilo3TOMY BOT'IImrnIRn pa3BlIBaJIH nil OCHOBe 6apIIl,lIHhl COOCTBeHHoe, rrpeHMYlll;CCTBeHHO IRHBOTHOBO!1,'I8CJ{oe, xo- 3JIllCTBO. 3)"(eCb oTpa6oTIUI COCTOHJIU B 3arOTOBKe ROPMOB IT cenoxoce. EhIJIa pacnpocrpansna crreIl,HaJIll3UpOBamIaH 6apIIl,HHa, OC06CHHO B X03HllCTB3X, 3aHHTbIX BIIHorpa;cJ;apCTBOM, n'IeJIOBOp,CTBOM, rne rpefionaJIOC}' BbITIOJIHeHlIe nOCTOHHHhlX paUOT. RpeCTbl'me, 06H3aHHhl8 lIeCTII crrell.UaJII13Up0BaHHYro oapIIl,IIHY, aepenxo oCB060m,Il,aJIIICh OT .n;pyrnx nOBIlHHOCTeii, B TOM 'lllCJIe II rOCYi1apCTBeHHhlX.

3na'IHTeJIhHOe pacrrpocrpunenae 110JIy'IHJIa n 3eMJICIJ,CJJh'reCKaJl fiapnmna (rraxora, maTBa, MOJIoTh6a, patiora na MeJIbBIllJ;e, aasoa, ,ll,BOpOBhl8 pafiorsr}, ocofienno B BanaXHII, rne aeMne,n;eJIne OhIJIO 60- nee pa3BI1TO. BapIl.\IIHa 6Lula aeperynapaoft II ;rr.OJIfO He qnmcHpoRanaCho J1UIlIh co BTOPOil: nOJIOBIIHbI XVII B. ee paaxep Ha'lJmaeT ycr anaBJIIIBaThCH. .uJIH 3aBIICHMhlX xpecrr.nn ncpva 6apIIl,HHbI B 060nx KHH/Ji8CTBax 6hl.TIa npU6JI1l3UT8JIhHO OfI,IIHaKoBoll - OT 3 ):(0 6 ,lJ;H8ii. ,IJ;JIH xperrocrrrsrx B MOJIp;aBCKOM ItH.IIJl\eCTBe OBa COCTaBJIHMl OT 12 p;o 2/f .rIHeiI, B BaJIaXllU - OT 8 fI,O 20.

"YcIlJIeHIIe BaCCaJIhHo.il: 3aBnCIIMOCTII RHHmeCTB OT OCM8HCfWii: IIMneprra H CBH3anllbIll C :lTHM POCl' Tpe6oB8HHil: IIopTbI npH1WJIH K roxy, 'ITO B XVI-XVII BB. 'IHCJIO rOCY,'l,apCTBeHHhIX noaamrocreir B MOJlp;aBCROM KII.IImeCTBe BblPOCJIO C 20 ;1.0 50. B 3amICHX RaBna'IeHCTBa BaJI8XlIH nepnona npannenaa KOHCTaHTIlHa EPhIHROBHHY B ROHno XVII B. 3aqlIiKcnpoBaHo OltOJIO 40 BII)l,OB rrOBHHHOCTeiL TIo CBO-

eJ.1Y OO'beMY OHH naunoro npeaocxojtana BOT'lHHnl>1~ ITo,n;aTH xpecrr,RH. I'ocynapcrno B3HMaJIO 06pOK naTYPOH C OBeIl" KpYIIHoro poraroro CHOTa, KOReH, CBlmeH, C BHHorpa,n:HlIHOB. )J;eCHTJIHY XJIe60M rocynapcrsy 3al!IICH~lbIe RpeCTbJCIHe BaJIaXIIH BHOCIIJIII erne B XVI B. B MOJI,n:aBcRoM RHHlIWCTBe ara rocyztapcraenaaa IIOBHIIHOCTb pacnpocTp81lH8TCJI 1J8 Q3CTHOB.rr3,ll8,JIhlJeClilIX xpecrr.an TOJIhRO C C8pe):{1lRbI XVII B. B03paCTaJI YP;8JIbHbIH BCC neuexorsrx H2JIOrOB B TIOJTb3Y rocyaapcrna. OC008HHO THmeJIhlMH ObIJUi[ onp B BaJIaXllll II «napCKaH ,!!.2Hb» B MOJI)l;aBCROM KIIHtReCTBe, T. e. re )l;enemllble nO)l;aTJI, xoropsre COOnpaJIlICb II2 ynnary )l;aHH cysrrany. KpeCTbHHe IlJIaTlIJIH TalOHe paanoro pona IIITpaWbI II nOIIIJIHHbI. B XVII B. rocynapcrneuasie H2J10rH 6blJlH pacnpocrpaaeasr II aa MOHaCTbIpCKHX KpeC1'bHH.

C ROHII,a XVI B. B KHHmeCTB2X nepaonaueonn rrpOBO)l;HJII:ICb nepenncn KpeCTbHH }:IJlH COCT3BJlenHH nop:2THbIX CTIlICROB. Pacrcranxoa rronareit II IlX COOpOM 3aHIIM2JIHCh CJIymlIJIble JIfOlll!:. IIpH ynaa're aaJIOrOB B yesnax p;eMCTBOBaJIa xpyronaa nopyxa. B CJIY'lae ne;:J,OBMOK, oercTBa IIJIU CMepTII HpeCTbRHHHa ero HaJIorH B3bICKIIBaJIIICb C cocep;HIIX ):IBOPOH H cen II naxce C 3eMJIeBJI anensua. B3IIMaIlIle HaJIOrOB conpoaoacraaocs 3JIoyrroTpeOJIeHHHMlI CJIymHJIbIX GORp II OTHYIIlIl,HROB.

HeCMOTpH na nOCTOJIHHOe YBeJIII'leHHe, rocynapcrnemnae noamrHOCTH He MorJIII IIOKpblBaTb nee pacrymeir ,!!.OJIII II,eHTpaJIII30BaHHoii: peRTH, EOTopaH nixe Ha y;J,OBJIeTl~OpeHHe TpeOOB21HJH HopTH. B ilTHX YCJIOBIHIX rocnonapn CTaJIU pacnpoCTpaHHTI. HaJIoro06JlOlKeHIIO Ha ncex 3eMeJIhHbIX coticraenaanoa. Co BTOpOH nOJIOBllHhl XVII B. B MOJI;:r;aBCKOM lummeCTBe BOT'lHHHhle X03JIHCTBa rrO'lTH ncex !JIeO,D,aJIOB 6hlJJII OOJIOmeHhl ;:r;eCJITIIIIOll H MHorHMIl p:pyrHMu nOBHJIHOCTHMU, B BaJIaXIIII HaJIOrOOOJIOmelme 3eMJIeBJIap;OJIbn;eB CTaHOBHTCR nOCTOlIHHhIM R IWHII,Y XVII B. 9TO BeJIO K coxpamenaro BOT'lIIHIIhlX )1;OXOJJ;OB, K yrra,n,Ky 'raCTJIOBJI2JJ;eJIb'leCKHX weOp;aJIhHbIX X03JIMCTB, paaopenmo RpeCThHH. B MOJIp;aBCRO~I KHHlHeCTBe Yaie B xonns XVI B. ITJITaH 'laCTb lipeCTbRHCKlIX i1:BOPOB ORa3aJIaCh ne B COCTOJIHHII EhlfiOJIHHTh Heooxop;nMhIe IIOBHHHOCTII.

B XVI B. IIIeJI nponecc aaxperrornenaa KpeCThHIICTBa. B03MOJHHOCTh nepexo,n;a KpeCThHH nee OOJIhIIIe orpanaxaaaaaos. Bor-rammKH, paCIIIIIPJIJI np01I3BOP;CTBO I1a phIlIOn: II YBeJIU'lIIBaJI B CBH3Jf C 3TII~I fiapnranmae rrOlllIHIIOCTn, CTpeMIlJIIICb 3aI~peTIlITh aa c060ii KpeCThHlI, 'lTo6hI HMeTh B X03JIHCTBe rrocroannyto pa60'lYro CUJ1y. 3TU CTpeMJIeHHH rrO)l;,n:ep'KHBaJIUCh rocynapcrnosr, rrOCIWJIhKY OHU OTBO'l[l.'IIl era IHrrepec8M 06eC1l8'leHIIH CTa6lIJIbIWCTlI l1ocTYIlJIeHl1H rocy)'I,apCTBeHHbIX rranoron. B 90-x rO,'J;3x XVI B. BaJIaIIICKl1e H MOJI.p;aBcxae 3aBlICIIMhIe KpeCThJ1He B ofimerocynapcrseinron MaCIIITa6e OhlJIH JIlIIIIeHbI npana nepexona II I1a OCHOBaHIIH nepennceii rrpHKpelIJI8HbI K CBOIlM 3eIlIJI8BJIall,eJII.ll,aM. B BaJIaXHH xpenocrnoe COCTOHHH8 xpecrsan OblJIO 3aWIIKCnpOBaHO ¥JIOmeIlIIell rccnonapa MUX2JI Xpafiporo (OKOJIO 1595 T.). B <lTO me BpeMJI npOlICXO,D,IIT npaspenneane xpecrsnn II II MOJT}:IaBCKOM RHHmeCTBe. 32ROHOiJ,aTeJII.HO xperrocrnoe rrpanu OblJIO OWOpMJIeHO ¥J1Q}KeHHeM rOCIIOnapJI BaCIIJIIUI JIyny OT 1646 r., B BaJIaXlIlI - «CBOJWM 3aKOHOB» 16S2 r, 8TH aKTbI ne TOJIb-

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EO npaaperrnaaa xpecrsan K 3eMJIe, no H YCTaHaBJIIIBaml IIpHBHJIerHH iPeon,aJIOB, HX npana na KpenOCTHhlX.

OAllaEO KperrOCTlTH'J8CTBO B D,YHaHCEHx EHJlJH.eCTBax rre IIOJIY'lIIJIO pa3BlITHlI B TaKoH orenenn, EaE B 60JIhlIIHHCTBe crpan IlenrpansHOH 11 Bocroxaoii EBPOTIhI. focY):IapCTBO aETHBHO B~IeIIIIIBaJIOCh B xo- 3HffcTBerrny1O geJlTenhHocTh BOT'IIfH, cTpeMHC1> YCffJlHTh cpeOA8JlbIWrOCYIl,apCTBeHuyIO axcnnyaranaro xpecrnan, IIPOlIBJIHJIOCh aTO II B Ofpana-rerrna rocnonapa aa npan nonarnoro H cy,rI,eOHOrO IIMMyHuTer8 BOT'IHHlIIiRa.

B rocynapcraeanoe HaJIoroo6JIomeUU8 BK.;IIO'IaJIOCh II roponcxoe naCeJIeHIIe. 3eMJIII roponon naXO)l;II.TIIICb B coficr aennocrn rocnonapa, IlO!)TOMY na rOpOFRaH pacrrpoCTpaHHJII[Ch l'>lHorue KpeCThJlHCKII8 nOBIInnOCTH, B ocofierraocra na aarTenell, 3aHIIlII8BIIIlIXClI CCJJhCKHIII X03J1iICTBOIll.

Olh .. ellI Ha.TIOrOll C ropoucan nenpepsrano BOJpaCTaJI, OCOO8lJH() co BTOPOj;i: nOJIOBIITThI XVII B. Ilonarnon ruer, nOCTOIf COJI)\aT H pa- 30pelUIH BO BpeMJI nofin npHBo,IJ,IfJIli K OOIIHIIl.aHllIO 3HR'IUTenI.nOll 'Iaern ropcncxnx aafreJIeu.

Hexcropsre iPeo;J;aJIhI, B TOM 'IUCJIe II nepnoansre, CTpeMl1JlIICb 3aXBaTIITh ropO;J;CKHO 3eMJIH, 'ITO rp03IIJIO ropozaauau ;-lCl.Ka6aJIeHueM. IhBCCTIla, narrpmrep, ,n;JIllTeJIhHaJl oophoa ropoxcan Apmnema C 1\10- nacr stpeu nypTlI ;J;C ApAmeIII II a\lITeJIelr PhIMITHKa C nOCTeJIbUIIKOM HeTpOM sa nparopomrsre a8MJIrr.

TTOJIIITHKa IJ;eHTpaJIII3aIJ;IIll II POCT rOCY,rI,apCTBeHHoro nonarnoro rnera BeJII-I K orpanasenmo roponcxoro caeroyrrpaaneaaa. l1aonpaeMhIe eacoronno ropoacanaan oprarnr canovnpaanetraa YTBepmp;a,TIIICh rocnonapen, fOCYAapCTBO OrpaHII'lIIBaJIO CYJleOHYIO KOMneTeIJIJ;UIO JI coop roponaua nOIIIJIIIH. Ilonaaareaeu IIlHoroJIeTIIIlU crrop ropona nbTMnYJIYHra ns-aa CBOllX npan na coop nOIIIJIHH II ocyruecrsnenae cyna,

RJIACCOBAH EOPbBA

Y CIlJIeHUe !fJeOl(aJIhHOrO rHeTa BhIahIBaJIO rrpOTIIBO!l:eiicTBHe co CTOPOTTbI RpeCThJlH II ropozaarr, OOOCTPHJIO COD;naJIhHbIe rrpOTIIBope-qUJI 13 KlflIff\eCTBaX, npooYiI\;J;aJIO OCBOOOAHTBJIbHhre YCTpeMJI8HIIH.

AORYllleHThI OTMc-qaIOT OTKaahI KpeCThJlH BhIIIOJIHHTh oapIIIIIHHhIe pariorsr, BLIIlJra'IliBaTb nO,IJ,aTJI. B napnoii IIOJIOBHne XVII B. sraccoBhIH xaparerep rrpUTTlIJIO oerCTBO xpecr san B TpaHCUJIhBaIUITO Ii BeHrpHIO, B OOJIrapCKIIC II cepocrore 3e~fJIII, a JI3 MOJI.n;aBCKoro RHHmecrna - raKa;:e na YKpaIIUY. Ilorepa TlIrJIOBoro rraCeJI8THlJI 3aCTaBJIJlJIa rocnonapea npennpnnanars nonhITKII K B03BpaIll.enIIIO OerJIhlX. l1cTO'InURII conepacar CBep;eHIIH 0 TaKIIX !fJ0pMax nporecra EpeCThHH, RaR «TanGa» U «paarioii», YOIIHCTBO !fJeo,n;aJIOB, paapynrenne II nonmol' JIMeHulr, 3aXBaT CKOTa H T. n,

POCJIO raii;J;yl.\KOe Jt;BHmeHHe. faII;rl:YKlI, socnersre B napormsrx neCIU[X, asrcrynana B pOJIII 3acTyuHIIEOB oe,n;HhIx, rrepenanaa lillI 3aXBa'IeUHOe y OOHP mryrrrecreo. Ha EaJII\aHax OhlJI mnpoxo nanecren npensonarem, raM,n,YKoB Ea6a HOBaK, KOTOPhlH B aasane XVII B.

;n:ellCTBOBa:r IT B RHfIltteCTBaX. B MOJIp;aBCROM EHfIllieCTBe B TO BpeMfl 6LI;[II II3BeCTHbI rall;rzyU)UIe orpansr AeTIIHEH II BYPJlbI.

B 1581 r. B IOrO-BOCTO'IIThIX pairorrax MOJIp;aBCIWro EHfImeCTBa BCIIblxnYJIO BOCCTaHlle no rnase C HeRHM JJynry, )1;eiicTBoBaBIIlHM nop; IIMeHeM rocnonapa Horra Bozrsr. Y CllJIeHIIe xpenocruuuecrna If BIlenemre HOBhlX HaJIOrOB BbI3EaJIII B 1591 r. IIOBoe BOCCTaHlIe KpeCTI,HlI. I'ocrronaps IIeTp XPOMOll 6hIJI BbIIIymp;en OCTaBIITh upecron, MTIOfHe 60Hpe II J\yxoBHbIe nana 6emaJIII 1I3 KHRmeCTna. RpynTloe I{peCThHLIcxoe BhIcTynJIelIHe paancprryaocr, B IWHn;e XVI B. II B BaJIBXl1H. 3a'IaCTYTO RpeCTbHnCRIIe p;BlImeHIIH B IUIHmeCTBBX BCIThIXIIBaJIII BO EpeMH ¢eOp;aJIhHhlX ycorian, Hepenxo 60Rpe JIOBRO IICIlOJIMlOBBJIll nenoBOJIbCTBO KpeCThHH, HanpaBJIHR IlX rnen lIJIH npo'rnn neyronrroa liM rpyrmnponaa, llJIn npOTHB npanareascrna. TaR, BaJIaIIlCKIIe xpecrr,nne Y'IaCTBOBaJIll B ;n;BIIFl,emIH non pYROBOJ~CTBOM Jlyny Mexennanaay (1617 -1618), nanpaBJIeHHOM npo-nm 6oRp-rpeNoB, 11 B nOJIIICHlIHX npn rocnonape JIeone TOllfIIIe (1629-1632).

Haxamneeoa B XVII B. MaCCOBoe pa30peHII8 BoeHHO-CJIym:IIJIl>IX JHO)1;eJI OCJIom:rrHJIO nx OTHomenUR C RPYUHbIM 60RpCTBOllI. B 1655 r. BCUhlXHYJIO BOCCTaHIIe naJIamCRIIX cellllIenOB (naesmsrx rreXOTHIlTI,CB). R' HUM npnCOep;UTIMJIIICl> xanapamn, )lOp06aHTI,LI, nucrynaanme IIpO'fIIB rrpespameuaa HX B q)CO.naJIhHO 3anHCIIMhlX n·pCCTbRH, OTHrqeHlIhIX nOBIIHJIOCTfIMIl. BOCCTaBIITHe nsrraaacs 3apY'IlIThCa lIo).J,;::(cpamoi:i Ra3aIWB Bornaaa Xuam.mmxoro. BORpe II rOCIIO,rJ,apb Mareii Eacapa6, a 3aTCM n ero npeeumrx Horrcranrnn IIIep6aH npOCHJIlI rrOMOlTI,H cocezmnx TpanCHJIbBaUlIII II MOJIp;aBCROro KlIRmeCTBa; 06paTllJIlICh OHU n R rarapax. C IIOMOm:bJO BOllCR rpancnm.saucnoro R1UI3H ]l;bep;:(lI PaKon;II I 60RpaM Y;:J,aJIOCh nOJ(aBlITb ;n;mJlJ,eJTlI8 II meCTORO pacnpanarsca C ero YlfacTlIIIKaMH. BOJInenHH soenao-cnyacaasix rno)leti npOHCXOi1IIJIII B 3TO BpeMlI H B MOJIp;aBCROM RlUImeCTBe.

B roponax 6oph6a npOTIIB q)eo;:J,aJIOB CO'IeTaJIaCb C OCTphlMH CTOJIRHOBeHHHMII cpemr roponcxoro HaCeJIeHIIR, McmAY n;eXOBbIMU MaCTepaMII II 6ecnpaBHoii lIIBccoii nonaacrepsea II Y'IeHllKoB.

B XVII B. YlfaCTIIJIHCb BhICTYIIJIenHH ropO)1,CEIIX HII30B rrporns rpexon-diaaaprroron. PeMeCJIeHHIlRII BaJIaIlICRIIX fOPOP;OB y-racrnonaJIll B BOCCTBHlIlI ceHMeHOB 1655 r, BOJIHeHlIH UPOIICXOAIIJIII B repone Ap;'lJl\eme II neurpe p;06l>Ilfn Me,ll,lI EaNa ne Apaxa, Boccranaa roPO}:(CROll 5e,'lIIOTl>I 1I1IWJIH MeCTO B 1633 II 1653 rr. B Hccax,

YCI1JIEHI1E BJII1RHIIR IIOPTbI B BAJIAXIfl1 B XVI R.

Ha'IaHmaRCR rrOCJIe cxeprn HEIoe Bacapafia (1521 r.) 6oPb6a 60RPCRUX rpyrmaposox 3a BJIaCTb B BaJIaXI1II rr03nOJIlIJIa Ilcpre yxpeUIITh cnoe BJTURlIIIe B RlIHm:eCTB8. BOCUOJIb30BaBIlIHCb ofipamouue.a csraa HRIoe <PeO}:(OCIIR aa rrOMOlTI,bIO R cyn rany, B BaJIaXIIID nc'ryIIHJIIl BORCRa HlIRorrOJIhCROIO nama Mexsren-fiea, ROTOPbIM CTaJI BBOAIITb B crpane Typen;RYID a;:(MlIHlIcTpau,I1ID, CTPClIIRCh npenpa TIlTh RHHmeCTBO B nanransrx, B naneacne IIOJIy'IIITb ero n csoe ynpas.nenne.

6/3

HO)J,l:HIHEHlIE MOJI,n:ABCI{OfO IUlfIiKECTBA OCMAHAM

XO;miiHH'IaHhe Mexaen-Gea n BaJIaXIIII BCTpeBOanmo Benrpmo.

Kopom, JIaiiom II 'Jepe3 TpanCHJIhB3nCJWfO noesony fIHorna aaIIOJIhJIH CTaJI rronnepacaaarr, cortepanxa Weo,n:OCHH Pany AIPYlllaIl,a. 'ToT.I\a II Tlopra, 'ITOOhI He rrorrycrarr, ycaaenaa aenrepcxoro BJIIIHnas, psmana npaauarr, PallY BaJIarnCKHM rocnonapen, B nenafipe 1524 r. OR rrpII6hIJI B CTaM6YJI II npnanan cyrrrana CBOUM CI03epenOM, COfJIaClI.BilllICb rra YBCJIU'JeHue p;aHII C 12 ;'(0 14 TbIC. P;YKaTOIl.

IIocJIe nopaacenan npn Moxaxe (1526 T.) H pacnana IWPOJICBCTBa BeHrpMH )lYHaiicKIle KHJDReCTBa OKa3UJIHCb rtpmro HJIII KOCBeHHO llTHHyThlMU B OOPbOY MetKJ(y Ocxancxon IIMncpncii II aBcrpniicKIl)H1 faocoypraMII. I'ocnonapa CTpelllIlJIIICb IIcrrOJIb30Ba Tb conepmrsecrao )J;ByX IIJI.mepuH B CBOHX rrO.TIHTU'IeCRlIX mrrepecax.

Party AWYMaII B II8JIffX YKperrJIeHIIH cBoeii BJIaCTII rtornaraaca aaPY'lIITbCH rrOMOIIIbIO faoc6ypron. 8TO CTOIIJlO elllY H\II3IIn ~ oOHpe, rrpOBOi'(HBIlIHe rrOJIHTHKY coraamareascraa C cYJIranOM, opraJIII30BaJlII B 1529 r. 3arOBOp. CYJITarr aRTIIBHO IICrrOJlL30BaJl 60Pb6y 60HPCKHX rpvrmapoaon B KHHIKeCTBe P;JlH YCTpaHeHIUI HeyrO)J;UbIX rocrro[(apeM. 3a nporaficfiyprcxne aKIl,HII IIOrrJIaTIIJIIICl, rrpecrcorou Monceii Bono (1529~1530), BJIa;l; BHIITIIJIa (1532~1535), Party ITanCHD: (1535-1545) H npyrae rocuonapa.

D xone oecl{Que'lHhIX ¢eOp;aJIhrrbIX ycofim; cpennee II MeJlROe aOHpcTBO nsrcryrraao aa YCHJIeHlle R:HHII,eCR:OH BJIaCTH, a xpymrste 60Hpe - rrpOTIIB n;eHTpaJIH3aIIIIH. I'ocrronaps MHp'Ia l.Jooauy (1545- 1,559, C nepepsraana) IIhITaJICH OrpaHH'IHTL BJIaCn xpynnoro OOHPCTBa. B npannenae ChIHa MIlP'IH Ilerpa (1559~1568) B rocnonapCKHn- COBeT OhIJIH Bne,rJ,eHhI rrpeiI.CTaBHTeJIH cpermero H MeJIRoro OOJIpCTBa. BeCKOne'IHhIe aarosopsr rrpIIBOp;HJIH R OCJIaOJIeUIIIO uenTpaJIbIWH BJiaCTII. Huu60JIee Ba,KHhle nOCThI B RHHlKeCTBe 3aHIIM3IOT CTOPOHHIIRH npoocaancaoa rrOJIHTIIRU. K ROHIIY XVI B. BaJIaXUH ¢aKTH'IeCKH OKa3hlBaeTCJI B IIOJIIITII'IeCKOii 3amlCUMOCTII OT IIOpTbI.

3axuaT OCManaMII Berrrpana D 1521 r., BRJIIO'IeUHe BaJIaXHH B c¢epy cYJITaHCROH rrOJIIITHRII OCJlOIIHIIIJIII BIlemHerrOJIHTH'IeCROe nOJIOJ[{enlIe Monnancreoro IIJIJImeCTEa. KpYIIHoe MOJl)J,anCRoe 60HPCTBO BO rxaae C JIYKoif Apfiope, THrOTenlIIee K Ilonsme, CTpeMU.rrOCb narrpasu'n, KHHiEeCTBO B PYCJIO aIITHOCManCKOH enporreiicIwlr rrO.lIIITUKH. B neIwope 1522 r, n KpaKoR C rrOCOJILCTBOM 6bIJI OTrrpaBJIeII JIYKa IhIP,1,;). MeIK,'I,y TeM rrOJILCRUiI KOPOJIb Cnfu:n.ryHJJ; ne oe3 BJIIIHHHH cDpann;HH 6hIJI CRJIOIICrr R MHpnLnt OTHorneHHHh-£ C CYJITaUOM.

Paarpo a BeHTepcRoii apMIIII npn Moxaxe B 1526 r. II rrOCJIe)1;OBaBlliII"ti aa HllM pacrtarr ROpOJIeBCTBa Bern-pas yCIIJIlIJIH rr03IIIl,HH CYJIT3Ha B H'apII3'fo-,n:YHaiicRoM pernoae. ,1J;JIH. Toro '1rOObI yrnep)l,HTbCJI na npecrone, MOJlp;aBCKnH rocncnaps Ilerp Papem B Ha'la;rIe csoero npannenaa (1527 ~ 1538) rrpOHBJIHJI IIOCJIyrnaHue Ilopre II corJIaCHJICH na YBeJlII'IeHlIe )l,aHII cynrany C 8 ThIC. )1;0 10 ThlC. 30- JIOTbIX.

Papour IIhITaJICH nepnyrr, IIOKYThe, RDTOpOe B 1505 r. BOr):J;aH III YCTYIIHJI Iloxsrne. 311MOH 1530 r. sronnaacxae noacna aalUIJIII :ny 05- JIaCTL, HO yp;epJf,aTh ee ne Cl\lOrJIH, rtorepues nopaaceane npa 06epThIHe (22 aBrYCTa 1531 r.) OT 'IBCJICHHO rrpeuocxonanmea lIOJIbCROB apaua.

3aKollOtreHlle IIOJIbilieH B 1532 r. Mllpa C IIOpTOii:, B03pOCIIIl1e Tpe60BaHIIH CYJITaI-Ia aacrasnna Papenra ll3MeHlITh opllCHTaIIHIO. OB pelIIlIJI BCTynlITb B COI03IIbIe OTIIOIIIeHllH C PYCCI\HM IIpaBI1TeJIbCTBOM II B 1533 r. nanpaaan CBOlIX IIOCJlOB B MOCKBY, a B 1535 r. aaRJIIO'IliJI ceKpeTHhlH norosop c <Depp,lmaHp;oM I I'afictiyprou 0 COBI\WCTHbIX aHTlIOCManCKllX /l.enCTBlIHx.

CKJIa,llhlBaBlIIaHCH B 9TO BpeMH B Eaporre MClR):(YHapO,'l.lIaH oticraHOBRa o.1J:arOrrpHHTCTBOBaJIa nnaaaa IIWJIgaBcRoro rocnonapn. CoanaHHe CBHl:IIeHlwiI JIHfH B pe3YJIbTaTe 3 aKJlIO'leIIlU( <DpaHIJ;IWH II I'aficfiypraan noronopa B IU01-Ie 1538 f. OTRpblBaJIO B03MOlltllOCTll AJUI aHTllOCMaHCKHX p;ellcTBlIH B MOMeHT, xorna CYJITaH 6hlJI OTBJIe'IeH aaraayameiica BOHnOll C Hpairox, Ha no H paCCqlIThIBaJI IIeTp Paperno Bnpoxen, ero Hap;eiI,p;aM He cymp;eno 6hlJl0 ocyrn;CCTBlIThCH, TaR KaK B 1538 r. CYJIeHMaH I npezmpanaa BOCHHYIO :mcne,llHIJ;IIIO B MOJID;aBCKOo KHHiKeCTno. II pernopeune B iRH31lb rrJIaHOB Iloprsr 06- JIerqaJIOCh TOM, qTO nerto aoasuoe CHJIbHOH rocrroztapcxoii BJIaCThIO OOHPCTBO npOCMJIO CYJITaHa 0 aaMCHC Papenra,

B cerrrsfipe 1538 r. CYJITaH CYJIeiiJl.IaH BO rJIaJlC orpoxmnii apMUII BToprCR na TeppMTopHIO JWHII,eCTBa. Op;HoBpeMcIIIIo BOCTO'IHhle era rpanama aTaIWBaJIM rarapu, a c cenepa aacrynana IIOJIhCKUe HOllCKa. Ilepssre BoellHhle p;eiiCTBliR Papenra OblJIH YCIIClllllhlMH. Ho 13 TO BpeMH, xorna rOCIIO!(apb )J,OOHJICH ycrrexa IIOP; XOTHHOM, ocnancxae BOHCKa 3aH.HJIlI CTOJIIIIJ;Y KHf(lReCTBa CY'laBY, rne C onotipenaa IIOPThI fioape, nenonom.mae CHJIhHOH DJlaCThIO Paperna H nacranBaBIIIHC aa ero caemeuan, noca)J,IIJIII na rrpeCTOJI HOBOI'O rocnonapa III Te!jlaaa JIaRYCTY. Papemy rrpllIIIJIOCb lIOIiIUIYTb RHHmeCTBO.

IIpegaTcJlbCTBO KpYIIHoro 60lIpcTBa, OTCYTcTBHe nOMOrn;H co CTOPOHhl aHTlIOCi\WnCKOrr IWaJIllIJ;HII rrpenorrpenenana nonsanenae MOJInascxoro KII.HmeCTBa OCMalIcRoH JIMrrOpIIH. B Cyxane paCnOJIOiI\HJICH TypeII;KHH rapHH30H. CYJITan aaXBRTMJI ofimapmae aeMJIH MelR;~y IlpyTOM II J(HCCTpOM. By,!!;maK OhlJI npacoenanen R Eenropony, rne 000- CHOBa.llHCh rarapsr. Tnran, nepeaxeaoaaansra IIOCJIe nocrponxa TYPKaMII HOBOll KpeIIocTH B Beanepsr, C npMJI8raIOm;HMII R r!eMY a8MJIHMII COCTaBIIJI TypCIJ;I\Yro paaro, B aTO BpCMR soapacraer YI'po3R IIp8Bpam,eHlIJI J(YHaiicRIIx KHlImeCTB B namaasrxn,

Ilonsmca Anexcaanpa I\OPHII 3apyqHTbCH IIOMOm;bIO I'aficfiypron, 'ITo6hl nepnyrr, aaXBaqeHllbIe cyJITanOM TCpPHTOpHH MOJI):(aBcKoro RHlIllieCTBa, He IIMCJIa ycrrexa. CYJITan BepnYJI na rrpeCTOJI Ilerpa Paperua C YCJIOBIIeM YB8JIII'lCHHH xapanxca (T. e. nann) ;cJ;O 12 TbIC. 30JIOTbIX, coxpaHCHIIH TypeIJ;KOrO rapnnaoaa B Cyaane, rrpnCbIJIRH csma H.'IlIallia n IIOPTY B xaxecrne 3aJIOiI\HIIKa II rrpH3HaHHH TeppITTopHaJIbHbIX B3MeHeHlIH 1538 I'.

IIPH ChlHOBbRX Papema IIJIlIame (1546-1551) II illTf)(:i;wuo (1551-1552) aaBHCHMOCTh KHHateCTBa OT Ocuaacxoti IIMIIepnn YCII-

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JIHBaeTCH em;e oom,me. B 1551 H 1552 rr. IIlTeq,aa rrplIHHJI yaacrne B rypennax BoeIIHhlX P;Cii:CTBMHX npOTMB CTOPOIIIUU(OB fa6coyproR B TpaHCUJIbBauHH.

YTBepllip;cHHe Iloproii B 1553 r. I-IOBOro rocnonapa Aasncannpa Jlanynmrmy corrposoamaaocr, yp;BoeHHeM xapanxca, ):IOCTlHmerO 30 ThlC. 30JIOThlX .D:YKaTOB. Mepsr rocnonapa ITO YKpenJICHlllO nerrrpansnok BJIaCTU npHBeJII-f K KomlmuKTY C OOHpCTBOM. TIoCJIc;n:oBaJl pHP; 3arOBopOB.

B nOHCI\aX COI03HlIKOB JI:=mymHHHY H80p;HOKpaTHO o6paru;aJICH aa nOMOru;bIO K PYCCIWMY npaBII'reJIhCTBY.

B 1561 r. C rrOMOm;bIO faocoyprOB, a TaKiHe npn ITOJUlepa\Re noJIHKOB U IICMIl,en-IIpOTeCTaHTOB MOJIp;aBCKUll npeCTOJI IIOJIYTJHJI AecIIOT, KOTOphlll B noafipe 1563 r. OhIJI YOI-fT B pe3YJIhTaTe aaronopa 60Hp BO rJIaB8 co IIITecpaHoM TOMmen.

IIonblTKa TOMmI-f 3aHfITb ITpeCTOJIi ne IIMCJIa ycnexa. B 1564 r; Ilopra BIlOBb na3HaTJUJIa rocnortapen Jlanynmany. TIepMO)]; ero BTOporo JlpaBJICHHlI xapaxrepuaonanca THmCJIhIM ::ntoHoMHqeCKHM nOJIOllieHIICM KJIHmeCTBa, BbI3BaTTHhlM HerrOCI-fJIbITbIMH cYJITaHCKJIMH rpe- 60BaTTlUIMU II BoeHHbIMU pa30peHUHMI:l, xoropsre rrpep;mecTBoBa.llJ1[ BOIl,apenHIO rocnonapa.

IIpecMHIIR TOMIDII Bornan (1568-1572) npasnan ceoH BaccanOIll rrOJIbCKOrO ROPOJIJI. nOHcpJIliKT C He.n:OBOJIhHhlMII OOHP a 1\1ll , rrpOCIIBIIIIIMII CYJITaHa 00 OTCTam(C rocnonapa, nplIBCJI CROPO R CMCll\CHlllO DOP,rJ;an8. OH BI:.lHymp;err 6I:.IJI 6emaTb B ilOJII,rrry, 3aTeM naIIIe.'T y6eJI,Im~C y I'aficfiypron, a BrrOCJIeil,CTBHII B POCCIIH.

IlOCJIcp;HH8 ll,eCfITHJI6TIIH XVI B. B MOJ1.I\aBCROI\I RHHllieCTBe OTMeTJCIIhI HapaCTanlIeM OCBOOO.I\IITeJIbHDIX CTpeMJIeHUll. Mopcxas nofiena o6'he.n:IuI8HHbIX CIiJI BelIeIl,HH H Hcnaana Hap; OCMaHCI-UIM tPJIOTOM npn Jlenanro B 1571 r. onoooficmonaaa POCTY 8UTIIOCManCRlIX H8- crpoenaii B RHHmeCTBC. B 1574 r. OCBooo;n:HTeJIbHOe p;BlIa,emfe BO;JrJI8BlIJI rocnonaps 110H Bona JIIOThIll. Oraaaannracs OT YIIJIaThl rroBhIllieUIloii l~aHII Ilopre, OH HaTJaJI IIOllrOTOBKY R 6op:r:.6e C CYJITanOM. fJIaBUOll onopoit rOCIIo;n:apJI ObIJIII OTPJIAhI CJIymIIJIJ,IX mop;eii If onorrqeHIl,eB 1I3 RpeCThHH II ropoacan. Ha CTopOHe HOHa BOP;bI BhlcrYIIHJIU nna-rane II 6olIpe. ilPOChO!>I HOHa R IIOJIbme n TpaHCHJIbBaIllI1I 0 nop;p;epnme OCTaJIIiCh 6e3 OTBeTa. Ha nouoms rOCIIo;n:apI-O rrpuurmr ;lJHffih OTPlI;rJ;hl aarropoaccunx Ka38KOB BO rJIaBe c reruanoa BEaHOM:

CBCpqeBCRHM.

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MIIXUJI Xpaliporo. 3CTa~1U XVIII B.

rocnonapa, orr npaanananca HaMCCTHFlI\OM T paHCllJIbBaHCI\OrO KHH3H.

Horna ocuancxae B08HHblO CHJIbI BO rnase C Cnrran-nanroa nepenmn AYHai'I M aaapenanacr, aa neaofiepenu,e, Maxaii orcryrmn IiI 3aHHJI rr031iIu.11l0 y C8JI8HHR KoJIyr3pCHh. B KpOBOnpOJIIITIIOM cpaxceumr (anrycr 1595 r.) rOCIIOi\apIO Y)laJIOCb op;epiT\aTb nofieny Hap; ocxanaMH. Ho sananrcxrre noikI\a 6I.IJUr HCTOrn;errLI, II MIIxaif B OiKIIp,aHlHf I IIO)lp;epamH lIa TpanCIIJIbBamIH n MOJ1iJ;aBCKoro :KIIFUReCTBa OTB8.Tl UK B rrpenropsn l\aprraT. OCMaHCIme BOII:cKa oRKynIIp0BaJIH BaJIaXUIO.

C IIOMOIIJ,hIO nOMCK rpancansnancxoro HHH3H iRnrMOIl)W Baropn H MOJI)laBCKOro rocnonapa lliTe<$aHa P33BaIla Mnxaii npennpanan erne OiJ:HO aacryrrnenne npOTIIB OCManOB, OCBo60AllJI ThIprOBnIIlTe 1'1 Byxapecr II, OTTeCHllB BOHcKa Canaa-nanm R AynaIo, naaec liM nopaacenne npa nepenpase nepea POI{Y.

B oTO BpOMH B xpIICTIIaHCIW~l narepe OOOCTpnJIIICh paanopsr.

PC'Ih IIOCnOJIIITa, ne nornemuaa B CnHIIJ;eIIUYIO mIry, YRpOlIIIJIa CEOC BJIIIHHIf8 11 MO.)]i~allCROM KHfDI,eCTIW. B 1595 T. Rll 3allwllcImiI npe,L{rrpIIHRJI noxon na MOJI,[IaBCKOC KIIJIlKOCTBO; apynnoe 60HPCTBO rrocanano na rocrronapcana npeCTOJI Hepemno Morany, npeACTaBIITemI anarnoro pojra, recno csaaauaoro C nOJIJ,CKllMlI cj)CO)l;UJIaMII. TOM caMblM KHRmeCTBO EbIBO)lIlJIOCh IT3 aIITIIocMaHcKou KOaJIlID;nII, 'ITO naHOCII.TIO ynap no IIJIaHa,,{ Faficriypron, crpesnmmaxcn R yraepaotenaio B HUiRHCM Ilonyaam,e.

BoiicKa ra6c6yproB TOPHCJII! OT OCMalIOB rropaaceaae aa rropaucelIneM. Jlamamnacr, nOMOIII;II 'I'pancnm.nauan, MIIxall B onrafipe 1596 r, IIOIIIeJI na nepexapae C CYJITaHOM.

B Mae 1598 T. OR 3aRJIIO'I1IJ.[ ;qorOBOp C llMIrepaTopOM PYl.{OJIhtPOM II, npaanaa ero CBOMM croaepenov. B CDOIO osepcns, PYP;OJIL<$ corJIac.UJICH ClJIITaTh rocrronapcxaa rrpeCTOJI BaJlaXHI1 nacnencrsenHhI1.l B POAY Maxaa n o6eIIJ;aJI cy6CM)J;IIpOBaTh opranaaanmo nanantcxoro BOnCKa ll3 5 TbIC. HaeMHUI{OB. BaCCaJIhHhle OTIIomllHHJI C JRIHMonp:oM Baropn 6LlJIII nopnanu.

BPOCHTb Bbl30B Ilopre Maxaa ne penmnca, B oKTH6pe 1598 r, OIl nO,l1;IIIICaJI C CYJITaHOM P;OroBOp, no ROropoMY P;OJIlfWH 6bIJl YIIJI8- q.lIBan, }1,aH}' n 06MCH na rrpaanarme cnocH BJIaCTH.

Ilepenuruxy rocnonaps IICIIOJIL30naJI AJIi! ycanenan anuapara ynpaaaeaaa B IJ;eHTpe H aa MeCTax. IIYTeM 3CMeJIhITblX napeuaa eMY y!l;aJIOCb cosna'rs onopy B JIHu.e rryxouencrna, ynf.lJIH'IIlTb 'IHCJIO cnonx CTOPOHHHKOB. IIOJIY'IeHHLIe OT mmeparopa CpCACTBa rr03BOJInJIII MHxaro nanepfionarr, CllJIbHOe HaeMH08 BOllCRO, B pnnax xoroporo 6hIJIil OOJIraphI, cep6hl, aJI6anu.hI, IIOJIfIKII II Ha3aKH. Focrroaaps ITIlI:POIW npHBJI8KaJI B noircrca MeJIKHX CJIymnJIblX JIIO,lJ;eii:, 3aIIIITepeCOBaHIII>IX B YI\peIIJIeIIHH :u;eHTpaJiLIIoii: BJIaCTH.

IIO.JIHTIIRa Mnxaa BCTp8TJIJIa c.orrpOTllBJI8HH8 co CTOpOHhl OIIrr03JInnonao HaCTpOClJflOrO xpyrmorc 60-HpCTna, aaroaopsr CJICil,OBaJIll OAlIH sa il,pyrHM, He npexpamanacs nonsmra 3apy'IlITbCJI no.n;p;epmKOl! MOJI.n;aBCKllX n rrOJIhCKHX <$eop:aJIOB.

IIOJIOlReHUe MIlxaH OCJIOmHIIJIOCL C rrpIIxoAoM R BJIaCTII B TpanCHJIhBaHIIll xapnanana Annpama Baropa, croponnaaa Hna 3aMoi1- cxoro II Hepm.mlI MOrnJIbI, MOJIp:ancImff rocnonapr, B corose C Ann-

· paIIIeM Baropn p;OOllBaJICH orcrpaneana Mnxaa OT BJIaCTll, 'IT06b] DOCa~IIITb na npeCTOJI BaJIaxlI1I CBOerO fipara Ceuena.

Mllxail: ynpeiran CBOnX npOTllBHIIIWB. B oRTH6pe 1599 r. on IIpe,n:nplIHHJI noxon B TpaHCIIJIbBalllI10 II onepacan nooe)w B cpa.sellIUI y IIIeJIIIM6epa (OROJIO ClIony). Ilpa nonnepacxo OTPHP;OB cexeen Il(JHCRa Maxas aaRHJlII CTOJIII~Y Tpaacaxsnancnoro RUH/ReCTBa AJIon-IOmlIo. nOCJIe aroro Mnxail: CTaJI Ha3bIBaTI:. ceoH B ocI>~HaJlbHhIX rpaaorax «rocrronapex AP,D,HJIbCROII IT. e. TpaUCIIJIbnaIIIIll.;taT.] II DaJIaIIIcRoil: crpan».

B TpanCHJIbBalIHII MIIxaH y'Ipe)J;IIJI CBOIO rpam}J;aHCRYIO II noenuvro a)J;MlIIlIICTpa~HIO, coxpanan npeacnee rocynapcraennoe YCTPOII(,TIlO IT MeCTHoe ynpanaenae, B nepIIO)J, ero RpaTJWrO npan:ICUITH BO rnase KUJUI{oCTBa OCTaBaJIOCb Map;bHpCKoe P;BOPHHCTBO, nponoaacano WHCTnOBaTh nenrepcxoe c{leoAaJIbHOC npaao.

'Y cnexn BaJIaIIIcKoro rocnonapa BhI3DaJIH UOJll>IIIYIO TpeBory y 1'1'0 npOTITBHllKOB. Ilonsrrna MHxaH ,n:orOBOPHTLCH C nOJIbCRHM R@pO.It'M HB HMeJIa ycnexa; csirpaaa pOJIb rrpOlICKII MOJIp;anCROro rocno)(ilPH HCPCMIIII MOrlIJIbI.

B Ha'IaJIC Mall 1600 r. MlIxaH npennpaaan noxon IIa MOJI)J,aB('Iwe RUJDEeCTBO. B pe3YJIbTaT8 CTpCMIITeJIbHhlX noennsrx }J;eHcTBllii oil aaHHJI aHa'IHTeJIbllYIO qaCTb KHHiH:eCTBa. CYlJaBa KallllTYJIHpOBaJIa IIOCJIe p;nyxIle;rJ;eJIbHOH ocanu. IIcpeMlIH MOrIIJla C nepnsnrn ooapaMII y"pbIJICa B norpanasnua C nOJIbmeii: paircne. Ofiocnonaauurct, B Hccax, MlIxaH npOBOarJIaClIJI CCOlI B oc{llIqlIaJIbHOM axre OT 27 Ma.ll WOO r. «rocnonapea PYMbllICKOH crpansr [T. c. Ba;rraxlIll.;1 (IT.], Ap~HJIa H MOJIp;OBb!>}. TaRHM 06pa30M, B PYKax Mnxaa co"PC)J;OTOlJHJIaCb BJIaCTh nan TpeMH KHHiI'CCTBaMlI. Ho <lTO OO'he~IIIIeIIL1C, B03HHKmce B XO,!1;C ycnenmsrx B08HIlO-IIOJIlITH'leCKIIX aRII,nii: '[,llJIanTJIlInoro IlOJIROBO}J;I1,a, B YCJTOBHHX nanana XVI I B. 0l(a3aJIOCh HpaTKOBpeMCHHhlM. CIta3aJIOCb D nepsyro oseperrs OTCYTCTBlIe BHYT- 1'L1I10J!IITH'lCCRoro e)J;HHCTBa. MOJIp;aBCROe OOHPCTBO ne cofinpanocs 1I0l\'lUHHTbCH BaJ!amCKOMY rocnonapro, Tpaacam.aanaeit npo)J;oJImaJIo y II pannarr, nsnrepcxoe f~BOpHHCTBO.

'Ymc ocensro 1600 r. npOTlIB Mnxaa nO,!1;HH:1aCb TpaHCIIJlhBaUCKaH :IIIHT", ROTOPYIO nonnepacan lIMnepcKHll reaepan I'eoprna Bacra. l loroprroa nopazcenae npn Mapacnay (18 CeHTHOpH 1600 r.) , MlIxaH IIO'I'epHJI Tparrcnnsnanmo. BOCIIOJIb30BaBmnCb oJIarOrrpHJITHbIM MOMI!IITOM, nOHCKa HHa 3a:.'.lOHCKoro aaHHJIlI MOJIp;aBCKOc KIIHIRCCTBO H lI'1'OprJIIICL D BaJIaXlIlO. BaJIaIIICROe 6oapcTBo nepeIIIJIO na cropony 111'()'fCU)J,eHTa aa rocnonapcxaa npeCTOJI CCMCHa MOrlIJIhl, JIop;p;epmnIIHPMoro MepeMueii MOrnJIOH 1I HIIOM 3aMoHcKlIM. 01'0 pemHJIO CY,!1.Lriy ;IJ;ByX cpamcIIIfH Mnxaa C MOJI,!1;aBCKO-IIOJIbCKIfMlI noiicnasm. l locae rropazsenaa B oaratipe 1600 r. npn EYROB8 Mnxaii: OCTaBlf.lJ Hnnaxmo 1I yeX8JI B Berry.

II c{lcnpaJIe 1601 r, B Tpancmrsaaaan IIop::HHJrIr DOCCTanHe CTOPOHJIlIKlI mHrMoII;rJ;a Baropn, I'anspaa Eacra 6emaJI H3 JOlHiKCCTBU. l la rrpeCTOJI B AJI6a-IOJIIlIO BHOBb BepnYJICH mnTMonp:: Baropn.

AJIH BOCCTaHOBJICnllH CBOCH BlIaCTII B TpaBClIJIbBaHHH faoc6yprn 1llll10CrJIH K YCJIyraM MHxaH. Ha npenocr aanennsre lIMncpaTopoM

PYP;OJII>q,OM II cpencraa Maxaa Ha5paJI anaarrrenr.uoe HaeMHOC BonCKO. B aTHX YCJIOBHJIX COCTOHJIUCL rrpHMlIpmme MuxaH C Eacroa, 'ITO rr03BOJInJIO lIM 05'hep;HHHTh CHJIhI II pa35HTb BOHCRa iKnrllIOII):W Baropa Y I'opscnsy (3 asrycra 1601 r.). YcrrexlI MnxaH B TparrCUJIhBaHUII no5Yil:HJIII BaJIaIIICIWe 60HPCTBO, Uep,OBOJIhlIOe rrpaBJICJIIIOM Cexeaa MOrUJIbI, cuecrnrr, oro. Y MHxaH rrOHBUJIaCh B03MOiIUIOCTh' BepHY'l'LCH na rocnonapcnaa rrpeCTOJI BaJIaXIHI. BCTpeBOIIWITIIbIe rrpOTIIBHIII\H EHH3H opraIIlI30BaJIM ero y5nHCTBO (9 anrycra 1601 T.).

IIocJIa n3rHaHMH Ceuena MOTJ:JJIbI q,aRTU'IOCEHMII rrpaBHTeJIHMD Baaaxna CTaJIJl BJIJnI7E\"l}I,HLIC OOHpe 6paTMI EY3eCEY. Onn IIocail,llJUl na rocnonapcxaa npecron rrOCJIYIIIIIoro HM Party Illepfiana (1602- 1611) .

Co BpCMClIn npaBJIeHUH Pa)J.Y MUXUH (1611 ~1616) lIa'lIIIIaOTCH rrpOrrURI-IOBCHUe B ynpanaenae RIIHlI,eCTBOM rpanapnoToB (fiorarrax rpexon lI3 cTaM5YJIhCKOrO KBapTaJIa <!lanap), rrpUBO):lHBIIIOe E YII\CMJIOBUIO HHTepeCOB MeCTHoro 60HpCTBa. Ilpn rocnonape Pany JIoone (1629-1632) BaJIaIIICRMM 60HpaM Y):IaJIOCh 3aKOITOJl,aTcm.TTO naxpemrn, CEOU cpncRaJIhHbIe U ap;MHIIUCTpaTHBllhIe rrpaanneraa; aa HIIMlI COXpalfHJIOCh HaCJIe~CTBeHHoe npano na BJlaJ1;CHMe 3eMJI8H II ocnofioncneune OT narypam.nsrx rrofiopos. lIM Y):laJIOCh )J,aTh orrrop 4>aHaplIoTallI. I'ocnonapcxna aKT OT 15 IlIOJIH 1631 T. Ilpop,YCMaTpUBaJI Il3- THaIUle rp8'leCKRX 60HP 1I roprosuen U3 BaJIaXlIH, sa nCKJIIO'l8HneM rex, RTO AaBHO anecs OOOCHOBaJICJI.

1{RpeUJIeHH8 QOHTpaJIhHOH BJIaCTU npOIICXO):lIIT B rrpaBJIeHlIe Maroa Bacapatia (1633-1654). HOBhIH rocnonapr, CTPOMUJICR, onapaacs na MeCTHoe 60HPCTBO, vnpoxan, CBOll rrosauan B RHHiKeCTBe II IIOCJI8)J,OBllTeJIbHO npOBOfl,MJI nOJIIITEHy OrpaHH'IeHIIH ¢aHapIIOTOB, 'IeCHO CBH3aHilhIX C IIOpTOH.

8Ta JIIIHHH JIOrII'leCRM npaaena MaTeH Bacapa5a K aHTIlOCMauCRUM aRll,UHM BO BH8IIIHOH rrOJlHTIIRe. B 1635-1636 rr', on rrpasnan ceoff Ii8CCaJIOM TpaHCHJIbBaBcRoro HHH3H )J;r,ep,n:H PaROn;H I H yCT8- HOBlIJI xepea CBOllX rrOCJIOB EOHTaET C llMrrepaTopoM (f:IepJI,I1HaHJl.OM II.

)J;JIH roro 'lTo6hI pacnpannrnca C Bacapatiou, Ilopra IIcrrOJIh30- BaJIa ero npaaenefimre OTHOlliOHIIH C MOJlp;aBCKIIM rocnonapen Bacano JIyny, OI\PymuBIIIuM ceria B KHH):I,OCTBe COBe'l'HUKaMn rpenecxoro rrpOHcxom)J,8HIIH. CYJITaHY OhlJlO HapYRY HaMepeHII8 JIyrry nocanarr, na BaJIaIIIcKuii: rrpeCTOJI cnooro ChIHa Hoana, IIoJl,)l;epama MecTIIoro OOHpCTBa rr03BOJIUJIa Mareio Bacapa6y copaa'rt, rrorrhlTKH MOJI,rWBCROro rocnonapa OCYII\OCTBHTL CBOU IIJIaHhl. D 1644 r. JIyrry rrouren na npmmpenae C BaJIaUICKIIM rocnoaapen.

M OJIp,ABCROE RHJD-llECTBO

B IIEPBOB IIOJIOBMHE XVIl B. YRPEIIJIEHI1E CBH3EB C POCCI1Ell

lJ 8pRbI8 TpII ,n;eCHTIIJI8TIIH XVII B. B IICTOPIIII MOJIp,aBCKOro KHHlli8~ craa 6bIJIII OTM8'l8UbI nOCTOHHHOll M8iHAoyc06HOM 60Pb6oii: 60HPCKIIX I'PYIlIIIIPOBOK, 'ITO C03AaBaJIO YCJIOBllH AJIa BM8maTeJIhCTBa B nena Iwam8CTBa COC8AII8rr POqH IIocnoJIIITOll H Ocaancxoir IIMrrepIIH.

B oopboe aa BJIaCTb rr008AIIJI B 1607 T. KOHCTaHTIIII Mornna. : la OOJIbmyIO p,8H8iKnyIO CyMMy 8My YAaJIOCb IIOJlY'IIITb ifJllpMarr cynruna aa ynpanneune KHHJI'eCTBOM. Ho CBR3l{ KOHcTaHTIIHa C nOJIb- 1~I01MII ifJeop,aJl3Mll p,aJIII CYJlTaHY nOBOA CMeCTIITb ero I1 nasna-rarr, rocnonapess B 1611 T. Ill'rerpaua TOMillY. B 1615 r. ooape llOAHRJIII MHTOlli rrpcrna TOMIIIII, KOTOPbIM BOCnOJIb30BamlCb rrOJIhCIUle MarHa'1'],1: paafian BOMCKa rocnonapa, OHII B03BemI na npeCTOJI MaJIOJIeTHe- 1'0 Aaexcannpa Morany.

QTo6bI rrpecess BMemaT8JIbCTBO Pexa Ilocnoanron B AeJIa KHH".cCTBa, CyJIT8.H C rrOMOID;bIO BOlICR CHJIHCTpHHCfwro IIaIUH IIOCap)IJ1 Ill) MOJIf1:8BCKNI! rrpeCTOJI 6bIBmeI'O B~lJIamCJWI'O rocnonapa Pany MIIXHIO (1616-1619). TaK BHYTpeHIIHH Memp,oyco6Ha.H: 6oPb6a II8~ pepocna B OTKpbIToe COII8pHII'IeCTBO MeiHp,y Iloproa II P8'lbIO IlocIIOJIIITOE: aa BJlaCTb HaA KIIHmeCTBOM. B reseaae H8CKOJIbKIIX JIeT HU 1)('0 3eMJIHX rrpOIICXOAllJIII OCMaHO-nOJIbCKII8 acerrasre CTOJIKHOS8HHH, lIa30pHBIlIIIe X03HHCTBO CTpaHbI II ee HaCeJI8Hll8. B 1621 r. CTOpOnhJ :mKJIIOqllJIII MIIpublii: rtoronop. RHJDI\eCTBO OCTaBaJlOCh B naCCaJIbHOH :JfiBIICIIMOCTH OT OCMaHCKOH: mnrepaa, qaCTb ero rrpliAYlIaHCKOH T8pI HfTO pmI 6bIJIa rrpncoeznnrena K oCMaHclwil RponOCTH llSl\.faII:E.

BHYTPllIIOJlIITll'leCKaH n8ycTOlrqIIBOCTb B KHHmeCTB8 conposomnaJlUeb ynpoaeuaeu ponn xpynaoro 60HpCTBa, <pRKTll1feCJm npasname- 1'0 CTpanOH:. Y EpeIIJl8HIIe U;8HTpaJIbHOH: snacrn, cTa6IIJIII3aU;IIH nOJIO)IIOHIIH: B RHameCTBe npOIICXO,'l,HT npn rocnonape Bacnne JIyrry (1634-1653). JIyny npIIIJIeJI R mraCTII C nOMoIu;hIO rpexon-dianapnoTon ll3 CTaM6YJIa, na KOTOPbIX orr onapanca B yrrpaBJIeHIIII I\IJHIIW('/I'BOM, IJOCTenOHIIO OTTeCHlIH MeCTHbIX 60Hp. YnJIalJllBaH perYJIHpHO )(11TTb IIopT8, rocnonapt, ne IIOpbIBaJI OTJIOIIIeHllii C P8qbIO IlocnonaTOM. rJI8BlIOii: cnoeH S8p;8'ICrr OH CTaBIIJI OBJI8f1:eHUe rrpeCTOJIOM BaJiUXIIH, lI3-3a xoroporo II BeJI 60Pb6y C BaJIRmCKIIM rocnonape« MaTOOM BacapaOOM.

JIyrry YCTaHOBllJI O'l'IIOIlI8HIIH C Poccaea, BOCnOJIbSOBaBIIIIICb no('pO,ll,HIIqeCEHM: rropysenaex IIOPTbl B paapeureann PYCCI\o-TypeU;Koro IWII<pmIETa, B03HIIKmero B CBH3II co B3HTlIeM B 1634 I'. AOHCKHMII IwsaKaMll A30Ba.

B xone KOIIraRTOE C PYCCKllM npaBllTeJIbCTBOM MOJIAaBcKnii: rocIlOP_RPb lurq,0pMHpOBRJI MocKBY 0 IIJIaHaX IIopTbI, QIW3bIBaJl coneaCTRUO H8XQj{lIBIllUMCH B Cr8M6YJw PYCCRIIM IIQCJI8Af. B 06CT8HoBRe IIOJIHTII'I8CKOrO EpII3Hca, BbI3BaHHOI'O a30BCROH rrpOOJI8Moii:, pyccxoe II paBllT8JIhCTBO 6hlJIO aannrepeconano B C1TMX ycayrax MOJJp,anCKOI'O IlJlaCTIIT8JIH II ntenpo O,ll,apHBaJIO oro C060JIHMII. B 1644 r. B CHOIlIellITH C MOCRBOM BCTyrrlIJI II BaJIaIUCHHH rocnonapi, Marea Bacapa6.

75

MMeIOTCFl CBlliJ,eTeJ.bCTBa 0 rOTOBHOCTH n TO apeua otioax rocnonapeil K COBMeCTHOMY BhlCTYIIJleHIfIO na cropone POCCMH rrpOTI1B CYJIrana. 0 IIO.D,OOIlbIX rrn anax n3Be~aJI PYCCIwe rrpaBUTeJIbCTBO MOJI)];aBCKHii rrOCOJI Fpnropson B 1646 1'., xorna pe3KO OOOCTPHJIIICb PYCCI\oKPbIMCKO-OCManCRHe OTHOIlIeHHH.

Paaaepnynmaaca oopboa yxpaancxoro napona nO)1 npO)];BO)];U-' TeJIhCTBOM reT1>WIIa Eor-nana XMeJIbHnIl,ROrO rrpOTHB HOJIhCRIIX ¢eo.;::(a.rrOB YCIIJIIIJIa ocnofiomrreasmae nacrpoerran B ll,ynaii:cKHx KUHlI\ecrnax, BbIXOp,U;hl H3 KHHiKeCTB, ocofienno II3 MOJI)];aBIIIr, OOPOJIHCb B COCTaBe YKpaHHCRIlX OTPH)J;OB, lIHorp,a ,name B03rJIaBJIHJIH UX. Ho D u;e.rrOM 60HPCTBO H caM Bacaare Jlyny, OOHCr, rroreparr, KJIaCCOBbIe rrpHBIIJIerUH, nsrcryrraaa B IIO]l_)J;epnmy Pe'lii DOCIIOJIUTOii. EOT.I\an XMeJIbHUU;KHII rrpOHBJIHJI 3aI1IITepeCOBaHIJOCTb B npannenenaa MOJInancxoro rocuonapa na CBOlO CTOPOHY, 'lTO yxperrano ObI roro-aananIlbrH ¢JIaHr yxpamroaoro OCBo6o.D,IITeJIbJIOrO p,BHJneHHII. C ,ITOH u;eJIbIO reruan npennoacan JIyrry BbI,rl,aTb ,Il,O'lb PORcaHP:Y aa cnoero ChlHa THMo¢eH. Heorrpeneaeaasni OTBOT fOCnO;:I,apH, oro nporronscnaa opIIewraII,IIH 3aCTaBIIJIH XMeJIbHlIll,ROrO rrpep:rrplIHHTb ocensro 1650 r. COBMeCTHO C rarapaua rrOXO)]; rrpOTHB JIyrry.

Vcnenmsr« BOOHHhle )l,eHCTBMH 1651-1652 1'1'. yI\paMHCKO-Ra3a~}lUX noticK rrporna rrOJIhCRHX ¢eo.n.aJIon BhlHyp:llJIH JIyrry COrJIaCIlTbCH na cBa)J;LOY ;r:(o'lepn Poxoaunsr C Tm.1O¢eeM XMeJIbHM~RnM, KOTOPafI COCTOHJIaCh n Hccax ocensro 1652 r,

IIoJIomeHHe rocnonapa II crpano noma TIIYJIOCb. qacTb xpynnoro OIIrr03IlII,IlOHHO nacrpoeaaoro 60HpCTna EO raaae C neJIIIIUIM aorodieTO~1 I'eopre Ill'retpanou npnxsuyaa K npam;rI;eOnOH JIyrry ROaJIUlI,lIH B~JIalliCItOrO rocnonapa n TpaHCHJIbBUnCKoro KIUI3H, CHJIbI ROTOPhlX B na-tane 1653 r, BCTyrrllJIU B KHHIIWCTBO. IIpecToJI 3aITHJI T'copre m TetIJaII. JIyny oemaJI. BecHoH II JIeTOM roro me rona rrOCJIep,Ill1H rrorru TaJICH C rrOMOIJ~blO TUMo¢eH XMeJIbHlIlI,KOrO sepnyrr, rocnonapCTBO, HO 6e3 ycrrexa. TMMo¢eii:: OhlJI YOUT B cpazrcenmr. JIyny rrpIIIIInoes cnaxaaa yliTlI C Ra3aIWMH, a 3aTeM nepenra It RPhlMCROMY xarry, OT KOTOpOro CYJITaH norperionaa BbI,rJ;a'lll H3rHaHHHRa. JIyrry 6blJI 3aT01JeH B CeMHoaIlIeHHbIH 3aMOI~ CTaM6YJIa. Ha TIpeCTOJIe MOJInancxoro KHHmeeTBa YTBepp:MJICH feopre IliTeciJaH (1654-1658).

B BTO npeua Mem;n:YHapO,ll,HaH cnryanaa B IOro-BocTo'lHoii H Bocr01JlIOll Enpone 1I3MeIlUJIaCb. 13ocCOe}(HHeHlIe "YKpauHhl C PoccueH B 1654 r. yxpenaxo rrOJIHTM'leCItOe BJIlIHHHe Pyccxoro rOCY;J;apCTBa B perno He. B CJIOIHHBIIIeiIcH OOCTanOBKO nORbIll MOJI1\aBCRllii: rocnonapi, feopre Illrerpaa nanpannaer II MOCRBY necnoa 1654 r. cnoero rrOCJIa C npocsfioa R uapro AJIeKCeIO MHXaliJIoBu'IY 0 rrplIHHTIUI MOJIi(aBCIWTO RUHllieCTBa B pyccxoe IIOgp,aHCTBO. 3amnoe BonUOH C Pe-n.ro IIocnoJIHTOH II nym;n:aHCb B COlO31TlIlWX, pyccrcoe rrpaBHT8JIbCTBO OTnecnoci, rrOJIO}},HTeJIbHO R npocsfie feopre III Te¢ana. IT pa "TOM JIM OhlJIO IIOCTaBJIeHO B YCJIOBHe, 'ITO ObI rocnonapn «C JIHXaMlI [T. e. noJIHKaMH.- AeT.] HHRaNoro COBeTY II )l,pYJK6bI He IIMem>. BbTrrOJIIIeUIIe aroro YCJIOBIIH CTaBIIJIO feopre Ill'rcrparra B cnomnoe l1OJIOiH8nIIe. HBJIHHCb BaCCaJIOM CYJITaHa, OH He MOl' He Y'lHThIBaTb npyncecruenTIhIe TypeU;KO-UOJIbCnlIe omomeuna, KpOMe roro, rocnonaps 6bIJI 06H-

<JaH IlOJIbCKHM II TpanCHJIbBaHCKIIM <i>eO)1;aJIaM rrOJIY'IeHlIeM npecrone B peaynarare neperoaopsr C MOCI{BOll OhIJII1 rrpHOCTaHOBJIeHbI.

Ha,'1;BIIraBmaJICff yrpoaa OCMaHCKO-TaTapCKOrO Harra)J,eHIIH rrOOY;rJ;IIJIa, O;rJ;HaKO, I'eopre IIlTewaHa BIIOBb OOpaTHTLCH K POCCIIH. Becnoa 1656 T. B MOCKBY npafisrao ero IIOCOJILCTnO no raaao C MIITPOIIOJIIITOM I'eneonosr :n JIOrOweTOM I'pnrope HHlIlOJIOM. B rrpIICJIalIIIOll C nOCJIaMU rpanore rocnonaps npocan pyccxoro napa npnaarr, MOJl)laBCKOe KHHIKeCTBO «non CBOro BhlCOKYro PYEY». B xone neperonopoa UbIJIlI BhlP86oT8HhI YCJIOBHJI BCTyrrJI8HHH B pYCCKoe nOfl,,r:(8IICTno. Ha'IaBIIIaJICH PYCCKo-mnert;CKaH noiina IIOMemaJIa UX aasepmenmo.

CBRIIJ;EHHAH JUIT A, OCMAHCKAR I1MIIEPI1JI 1I IJ,YHAACItl1E H'HRIRECTBA

BO BTOP011 IIOJIOBliHE XVII B.

BOCHOJIh30naBmrrCh Y'IaCTU8M MOJIJI,aBCKHX U lH.lJlaDlCKIIX BOllCK B 1657 r. B aHTUOCMaHCKOM noxone TpaHCHJIhBanCKoro KHHaJI )J.bepAJI Pmw:U;H II, CYJITaH CBepI' I'eopre Ill rerpaua U BaJIamCKOro rocnonapa I\oHcTaHTliHa Illepriaua (1654-1658). B KIIH1I\eCTBa ObTJIH na!!UalleHhI HOBbIe rocnonapa: B Moanannro - I'eopre I'asa (1658- 1659), B BaJIaXUlO - MnXHH III (1658-1659). Onnaao paC1IeTbI CYJITaHa na nx nOKopHOCTh He onpannanaos. MUXIIJI YCTaHOBUJI CBH- 3U C 3arropomCKIIMII KaaaKaMU H nOrrhITaJICH aapYlIUTbCH rronnepncRoii nOJIbCROrO ROPOJIH. C rrpBlProJReHHBM COBMBCTH1>IX UUTHOCMUHClmx J],ei'icTBuH MI:IXIHI 06PUTUJICH K HaxoJ],I:IBIIIei'icH B COCTOHIII:II'I BoliIIbI C Iloproa BeHe:U;HH I'I Harre PUMCIWMY, HO rrpaI\TJPIeCKOii non,fIepmKI:I OT III'IX He IIOJIYllHJI.

OceHbIO 1659 r. MHXlIJI paarpouan nenanexo OT 1--(1I'YPiJ.my OCManCKI:Ie noiicxa, nal1paBJIJIBIIIHeCH npOTIIIl TparrClIJIhBaHUH xepea BaJIaXHIO. B xone ycrrenmsrx BoeHHbIX ;n;eilcTBIIll na .JJ;ynae eMY y;n;aJIOCb BaHTb OCMaHCKIIe KperrOCTU )J.n\yp)1,my U Bpaany; OH rreperrpaIlII.'ICH -repes percy u cxrer KperrOCTH 0pIIIOBY, HHKOrrOJIh, PYIIJ;YK.

I'aamenamnra CYJITan CMeCTliJI MHTeiliHOI'O rocuozrapa U Ha3HaqHJI B BaJIaXHIO feopre rHKY, a aa MOJI)1,aBCKHH rrpeCTOJI - Illre.:f!:mnn;y Jlyrry, ChIMa .5hIBIIIero rocuonapa BaCHJIe JIyny.

B corose C P31W:U;H II H I\oIIcTaHTIIHOM Illepfiaaosr MUXIUI rnaTaJICR npononzanrr, 60PbOY C OCMaHaMH. OceHl,ro 1659 r. COI03IIIfRlI nanpannna rrOCJIa B MocKBY C npocstioa 0 IIOMOIIIU. B paarap BOllnhI c TIOJI1,meJr PYCCJwe rrpaJ3JITeJIhCTBO 6hl.1I0 3aJIHTepeCOBaHO B coxpanenna MUPUhlX OTHOIIIemrM c IIopToH.

B 3TO BpeMR OCMaHhI pa30UJIII BOllCKa PaKOn;H. O;n;HOBpeMeIIIlo TaTaphI aaUJIJIII MOJI;rJ;aBcKoe KIHliI,eCTBO, BhITeCIIHJIII BOrrCKa I\OHCTaUTUHa Illep6aua H BCTymIJIU B Banaxnro. MnxHH orcrynna B TpaHCHJIhBaHuro, rne ncxope yhmp. I\oHcTauTllH Illepfian B 1660 T. C rrOMOIIJ;bJO aaesrnoro BOllcKa, B COCTaB xcroporo BXO)J;UJIU II Ka3aKlI, BnOBb rrOrrbITaJICH YTBepJ],HTbCH aa MOJI;n;aBCKOM npecrone, lID OTCTYOIIJI B 1661 r. B Iloasnry nepen yrpoaoii rarapcnoro HaIIIeCTBUH.

B rrOCJIe;n;HeII 'leTBepTH XVI I B. BOllCKa l--(yna.ii:Cl{llX HHJIiKeCTB B RalJeCTBe BaCCaJIOB CYJITana Y'laCTBYIOT BO ncex OCMaUCKlIX BoeHHO-

77

IIOJIHTM'IeClmX aRIl,Hl'IX B Enpone, OTPH);:LI MOJI)J,aBCKoro M BaJJaillCKOTO TOCIIOJ];apeii: B COCTane apMFlH CYJITaHa rrpHHHJIH YlJaCTUe B Bonne c PellLIO I10CIIOJUITOIl B 70-e rOHLI, B OCManCKOM noxone aa qHrHpHH B 1677~1678 1'1'. H B ocane B8JIHKIIM nH3HpOM Hapa-Mycrarpoa BenLI B 1683 r.

Caenyer cxaaa'rs, "<ITO 8'1'0 6hlJIH nO;IlHeBOJIhHhle ;IleiicTBHJI, 1160 \ CTpeMJleHHe E oCBo6om)J,errIIro OT ocsrancxofi 3aBllCllMOCTII He 3aTYxano. B 1673 r. B xone OCMaHCEO-rrOJlhCIWII BOii:HM MOJI)J,aBcEIIH rOCIIO;r:J;aph IIlTe£{laH IIeTpIIlJeHEY nepemen na CTOPOHY rrOJIhCKOl'O KOPOJlH, paCC"<IIITLIBaH aa era nOMOIl1,h B oCBo6omp;eHIIll KHHlKeCTBa. Bo BpeMH ocansi DeHM BaJIamCKliH rocrrojra ps Illepfiaa KaHTaRY3IIHo (1678~1688) raano HuifJopMllpOBaJI IIMuepCKoe upaBHTeJlLCTBO 06 OClIaIICRIIX soennsrx IwaHax.

B KOIII1,e XVII B. B CBOIIX OCBooop,:IITeJIhHLIX IIJlaHaX KUJImeCTBa nee OOJlhlIIe lralJIIIIaIOT opnenruponarr.oa aa POCCHIO. MOJIp;aBCI{1III rocnonapr. IIlTe¢au IIerpl!l'IezKY l!l OhIBIllHR rocnonapi, BaJtaxIIII KOIIcTaHTHH Illepfiaa B nexafipe 1673 T. HanpaBIIJlH B MOCKBY CBOIlX nOCJIOB C rrpochooH rrpanars KHHiReCTBa B pYCCKoe nonnancrno.

Ilofiena rrOJIbCKOTO xopona RHa Cotieccnoro non CTeHaMU Bensr B 1683 r. ycumma aIITlWCMaUCRIIe HaCTpoeIIIIH n Enpolle. B cepennHe 80-x ronon ABCTpIIl'r, BeHeIJ,IIH II Peas IIOCTIOJIl'ITa 06'bep;IlIIIIJIIICb n IIOBYIO CBHIIJ,eHHYIO mIry, K KOTOpOH B 1686 1'. rrpm.1RHYJIa II POeCMJL

B 8TIIX YCJlOBIIHX MOJIp;aBCKMe oOHpe BO rrrane C MliTpOIIOJIlITOM .ll.ocrrifJeeM ofipamaiorca B anaapo 1684 r. K PYCCKOMY IIpaBHTeJlhCTBy sa llOp,fl,epm:lmii R Il36aRJIelUIlI OT OCMaHCROR 38BIICl!lMOCTIl. B TOM 11,8 rop;y naxo}.l,MBIIIMHCH npn rrOJIbCKOM nnope 6bIBIIIMH rocnonapr, Illrerpaa IICrplI'IciiKY C rrOMOII1,LIO BOMCR aanopozscxoro rerxana KYHIIIl.KOrO npezmpnnaa rronsrrny BepHyTI. MOJli'l,anCKIIM npeCTOJI. IIoCJIO PHll,8 rr06811. MOJIP;8BCRO-R8a8I1,Roe BOHCRO unreprrerro rropazeenne o'r rarapcxnx OTPH.11,OB, B03BpaII1,aBIIIIIXCH 113-rrO}.l, CTeH BeHhI.

K KOII.l1,Y XVII B. OOOCrpHJIMCb rrpOTMBOpe'IMJI MCiH:P:Y lIMII8pneii ra6c6yproB H Pe'IhID IIo crrOJIH'I oil ns-aa rrpeo6JIa,Il,arlHJI aa BaJlKanax. B 1686 r. RH C06eccKIIii npell..IIpIIHHJI noxon na MOJInaBCI\Oe KHHlReCTBO, HO rocrronapt, ero ROHcTaHTIIH KauTeMnp (1685~Hj93) rrpu rrOMOm;1I rarap P;OOHJIC.f[ yxona IIOJIhCKIIX BoikR Il3 KHHmeCTBa.

BaJIamCKIIM rocrroztapt, IIIep6aIi KaHTaKY311Ho YCTanOBIIJI OTHOIIIeHI:.IH C ra6c6ypraMII, Pe'IhIO Ilocnoxaroa II Poccaeir, Ha;J,eHCI. rrpn llX cop;eMcTBIIII OCBOOOP;IITI.CH OT OCM8HCKOii 3anIICUMOCTM. B 1688 r. 011 .aarrpannn rrOCQ.1IhCTnO B Beny ;u;m:r aaRJlIO'IelIllH comaa, 0lUlaKO BH83aIIITaH CMepTb rocrrottapa nOMeIIIaJIa pCaJIlI3a.l1,Hn ::lIlIX rnrauon.

MOJI;:r:a nCKIIII rocnonaps KOHcTaHTIUI Hanrexrap, CTpeMHCb rrpoTllBOCTOHTh nOJIIITIIReHHa Cotieccsoro, llClI0Jlh30B8JI era npaa';;/Ic6- nsre orUOIDeHllH C ra6c6ypraMII II 3aKJIIO"<IIIJI C HIIMII B ifJenpaJIe 1691 r. noronop, XOTH B ycrrex eaponeiicnax aHTIIOCMaHCKIIX CIIJI on He BepHJI. 3aJIOIKHlPleCTBO ChlH8 B CTaM6YJIe aaCTaBJIHJIO ero CJIyiI,IfTb CYJIT8JIY.

IIpecToJI BaJIaXIIll B 1688 r'. 3aIIlIJI Honcrarrraa BPhlHKOBHHY. Ero rrponoaararensnoe IIpaBJIeHIIe xapaKTepM30BaJIOCb <lKorrOMlI"<IeCEOH

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BanamCRHA rOCllO~RP" .MaTeH ~capal'i (t682-t6M)

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I

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TpaHcllnJ>BaHCtCIlu Rlm3r,

,I"{r,ep;qr, PaHOJIU J (1630-t648)

BanalllCKHH rocnonap .. I~OHCTaHTnll J>PbJHHODHIIY (1688-1714)

cTa6I'lJIH33D..I1eH RHHiReCTBa, YRpeIIJIeHI'leM rocnoaapcxoa BJIa ern. Eo BHeIIIlle.il: nOJlHTIIRe BPhIllROBJlHY nnaxane CJle,Il.OBaJl rrpora6c- 6yprcRoMY KypCy. K <.ITOMY rOCIIOAapH IIo6ym;n;amI ),(eiic'fBl'U1 60HPCRaM omroanrnra snyrpa KIIHmeCTBa, B03rmlBJIJleMOll ceM8HcTBOM BeJIeHI:., n HHTpnI'n ero nporaaaaxcn B CTaM6YJIe. Bencruni nsop, I B CBOIO onepens, npUAaBaJI RamRoe aaaxeuae COTpYAHn'1e<~TBy c BaJIaXIIen, paCClJIIThJBaJI 11a rronysenae 1I3 Byxapocra lIH!pop:.{an;HII 0 rrOJIOmeHHU )l.eJI B OCMaHclwfr IIMrropIIlI H ee BoeUHhIX TIJIalIax. B annape 1695 T. BPhlIIROBHUY lIOJIY'HIJI TUTYJI RHH3JI CBBIJ:\enuoll PUMCROH HMrrepUII.

MeiK)],Y '1'eM BhlHBllJIaCb cna60C'1'h aHTIIOCManCIUlX CllJI . .neHcTBllH CB1IUWHHOH JIJITH nporrrn OCMancRoH IIMlleplIll pa3BepTbIBa.:IIICh He):(OCTaT01J:HO aRTUBHO. Hasarsre «ppaI-ln;Y3aMll ocensro 1688 r. noenusre aKIJ;IIH aa PeUHe OTBJIeKamr I'aficfiypron. CYJITany y;u,aJIOCb )J;naa\.p;bI, B 1695 T. 1I 1696 T., ;n;06uThcfI ycrrexa B cpaaroanax C aBCTpl1J1C1-mMII BOMCRa:MII.

BPhlHKOBHUY peman nepeopaeurnponarr.ca aa POCCHIO. B 1697 r.

OR RarrpaBIIJI B MOCKEY nOCJIa I'eoprna RaCTplIora c rrpocI>ooil 00 OCBo6OJK)],8HRH KHfllReCTBa OT oCManCKQH 3aBllCIU1QC'1'II, C TaKllM me rropynenaeu OT rocrronapa Anrnoxa KaHTeMIIpa npntisrn B 1698 r. B POCClIIO MOJI]I;aBCKHll: nOCOJI CaBBa ROBCTaHTIIHOB. Ho R ::JTOMY apeMellIr, T01J:Hee, B JIHBape 1699 r, B RapJIOBaIJ;e OhIJI nOAIIJICan MUpHhIH noronop YlJaCTHllKOB CBJIm;eHHOH JIIITII c Iloproii, II rreperonopta nOCJIOB nanamcaoro II MOJI~aBCl\OrO rOCTIO~apeH He UMeJIH lWBKpeTasrx pe3YJI:£,TaTOB,

I

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TpaHCllJIbBaHCRoe RHHmeCTBO, CTaB BaCCaJIOM Typnaa, BOmJIO B CliCTeMY IIO)1,BJIaCTHI.IX CYJITaay repparopna, IOpH)1,H'IeCKH TpanCHJIbBaIU'IH coxpannna BHYTpeHHIOIO anTOHOMHlO. BJIacTb B crpaae ocym,eCTBJIHJIaCb I\HHSeM C rrcaonmo COBeTa, COCTOHBmero 1I3 npenCTaBlITeJIeii rpex TpaHCllJIhBaHCRIlX (man;Hii» (senrepcxoro )1,BOPHHCTBa ROMHTaTon, ceReHClWH SHaTH, rrarpartaara caRCOHCRHX rOpO)1,OB) 11 )1,BOPHII ROMHTaTOB IIapIl,HYMa. BJIamCKaH nepxymxa rrOJIHTIPleCKOU BJIaCTH He UMeJIa, aa HCRJIIO'IeHHeM neROTOpI.IX npencraaareaea 3IIaTI1hlX Ma)1,MlpH3HpOBaBIHHXCH porto», Ilpencrannrena rex me COCJIOBlIll rOCIIO)"lCTByroID,ero I\JIaCca aacenana B rOCY)1,apCTBeHIlOM cofipanaa, xoropoe OhIJIO npaanano 06CYlli)1,aTh H penrarr, ace naameHnIHe BOnpocsr BHYTpeHHeu H 'IaCTII'IIIO BHemHeu rrOJIHTHKII KHHmeCTBa. Co[JIaCHO aTHaMe (YRa3Y) cYJITaHa CYJIeii:MaIIa OT 1566 r., aa I'ocyJl,apCTBeHHblM cofipanaea 6blJIO aaxpsrnreno rrpaso Hsopamul ImH3H C nOCJleJl.YIOm:IIM YTBepa')1,eHHeM Iloproa. TpanCllJIhBaHHH )1,o.Ttlma 6hIJIa BhlIIJIa1JHnaTh Typnaa eareromryro nans - xapanac, rrocsrnart, CYJITaHY Hero carrOBHHI{aM no pa3HhIM noaonaa napsr - nenraeura, nOCTanJIHTh Ilopre nponoaoascraae, ORa3hIBaTb eu IIOMOm:b BoiiCIWMH.

O)1,HaKo O'I8Hb CROPO TYPLI.lUI CTaJIa napymars aBToHoMuro K]UImeCTBa. Haxanaa co BpeMeHII Hmrnana Baropa (1571-1586) CYJITaH nee xarrte BMCIIIIIBaJICH B Bbl60PhI KHHSJI, HaBJI3I.IBaJI I'ocynap(~1'BeIIHOMY C06paHMIO yrO)J,IIYIO eMY RaHJ];H,n;aTYpy. HaXO)J,HCh B OPOII'I'e HHTepecOB IIOPThI, TpalIClfJJhBUHClme RIIJI3bJI He MorJlII B IIOJIHOll Mope peaJJII30naTh caon BHeillUenOJIHTH'IeCRrre npeporarunsr H BhIuymp,enhI 6.bmu rrO)1,'IIIHHTbCH CYJ1Tany.

Tloorenenno POCJIJI II 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa KHHllieCTBa rrepep, Iloprofi, n 1541 r. xapanac 6hlJI YCTaHOBJJCn B paaxepe 10 ThIC. 30JIOThIX, a B 1661 r, ero cyMMa B03pOCJIa ,[1;0 40 ThlC, Baecre C xapanmeu pOCJIa 1I cyMMa nenrxenreji. BOJIbIIIne cpencrna BhIrrJIa'IIIBaJIHCh CYJ1TaHY aa rrOJIY1JeHUe HJIll coxpaaenae IIpeCTOJIa. 3aa1JHTeJIbHhIMH UhIJIH pacxonsr na Y'laCTIIe B rrpClluplIHHMaBlUFIXCJI CYJITaHOM aoenIIhIX RaMnaHHBX, na conepxcanne OCMaHCKoii apMUli BO BpeMH eo rrpe()bIBaHHR na TCppUTopun Tpaacmrsaanaa.

TeM He MCHee OCMaIICRoe rocnO)1,CTBO He rrpnHHJIO 3)1,eCb TaKHX 1'HmCJIhlX <jlOpM, KaK B AYHaiiclnIX KHHlliCCTBax. B orrpC/1,eJHmHOK crenenn 8TOo6'hHCHJIJIOCb TeM, 'lTO TpanCIIJIhBalIliH ORa3aJIaCh na

rpannne Mem)J;Y llMnepIIeii: raoc6yproB II OCMBHCROH llMrrepIIeii: II crana 06beltrOM conepaaxecrna.

Bo BTOPO::ii rrOJIOBlIH8 XVI - XVII B. B TpaHCHJIbBaHHIT ycanaJIOCL RpenOCTIlII'IeCTBO. CTpeMJIeHlIe <p(0)1,aJIOB YBeJIH'lIITh 3eMeJIhHyIo COOCTl.:eHHOCTb 11 npOII3BOj(CTllO CeJIbCKOX03HHCTBCHHhIX npojtynro» I )1,JIH pLIlIKa npnne.ro B H:OHu;e XVI B. R yTBeplK)1,eHIIID fiaprttanrrop;oMeHIIa,:n.IIoii CIICTeMhl X03.11MCTIla. 8KOHOMM'IeCKHM CTHMYJIOM P;JIfI 'IpanCII.TlI;.llanCKHX W(0)1,aJIOB B pacnrapenaa p;OMenOB ObIJI He axcrropr aepna, a C6blT ero na BHYTpeHH8M psmxe. KpOMe roro, BalKHYIO pom. arpan BhIB03 aa py6eIK CROTa H nponysron IKHBOTHOB0;U;CTBa.

Ilponecc pOCTa !fJoO,LIaJIhllbIX ,LIOMeHOB COnpOBOiI\):IaJIC.II COKpaID;('HIIeM l1JIOru;B):IlI KpeCThHHcKoro 38MJIerrOJIh30BaHlI1I, YB8JIIl'I8HHeM OTpa60TO'lHOH petrrsr. Bce MeHhme CTarrOBHJIOCb KpeCTbHII, BJIa):leBIIIHX 110JIHhlM Ha;n;eJIOM II CltoTOM )1,JIH o6pa6oTKlI namaa.

C ROHu;a XVI B. B03pOC y,n;eJIhIIhlii: sec OTpa60TO'lHOH penrsr-riapIIIlIHhl B ooru;eM 06'beMe I{pCCThHnCKliX nOBlHIHOCTefl. B XVII B. DO MHorlIX paiionax TpanCIIJIhBaIIIUI OTpaOOTKlI xpecr-san B X03HllCTBax <peo,o,aJIOB ,o,OCTHraJIlI OROJIO 100 ~Heii: B ro,IJ;Y. Tazsecrr, fiaprnaanrax pafio'r ycyry6mmacb OTCYTcTBlIeM rnepno YCTanOBJIeHHOrO lIX pa3"'ICpa, a TaRIK8 ce30HHOCTLIO. Bee '1BIu;e oTpa6oTO'lHYIO peHTy BhlIIOJIIIHJIII H3pR):Iy C BeHrepCI{HMl'I II BJI3IIICRHe KpeCTbHHC.

YTBeplK,LIeHIIe 6apru;mfHO-;n;OMelIl'I3JIhHOii CIlCTeMhI X03JlflCTBa cpeoP;3JIOB orcaasmano BJIlfHHIIe II na npyrne BH;n;hl peHThl. <t>eO;n;3JIhl yneJIIFnmII 06pOIt HaTYPOH ):10 ):IeCHTl'IHhI co ncex BII,IJ;OB CeJIhCKOX03flHCTBeHHLIX nponyxroa, C repynaoro n MeJIKOrO CIWTa. BJIaIIICKHe xpeorsane, nJIaTIIBIIIlIe B XVI B. II.fITII,n;eCHTHHy C osen, C nanana XVII B. OT,IJ;aIOT <peo.n:aJIY ylKe .n:eCHTYIO QaCTh csoero CKOTa, a C cepennusr CTOJIeTHf{ BbIITJIa'IIIB8IQT l{CCHTHHy aepHOM.

B XVI B. apeH;n;a u;epKOBHOll: )J;eC.fITHHhl, a 3Ha'lHT, II ee cfiop Ta1\:lKe 0l\33aJIlICh B pynax <peO;n;aJIOB. CeKYJIHp1I3BII,lIH ;n;eCJITHHLI npaseaa K pacnpocrpanenmo ee na scex KpeCThHH He3aBlIClIMO OT ncnoBe.o:yeMoH peJilIrHII.

BOJIbiliOlI THlfI'eCThIO na I,peCTbHII JIOlfl'lIJiIICh rocynapcrseaaste nollIIIJIIOCrlI, ocofienno B nepno;n;bI BOHH. ,lJ;JI.fI yIIJIBThl CYJITaHy xapan}EW B TpanCIIJIbBaHIIll. ObIJI YCTaUOBJleH CneU;HaJIhHhlH HaJIOr c xpeCThHHCKoro rtaopa,

Y xyznnaerca rrpaaoaoe nOJIOIKOIUle aanpenomeanoro rpancanssancxoro xpecrsancrna. Ha crpaaee HHTepeCOB <peo.l1.aJIa CTOHJI <peo,IJ;aJIhHbIU cy,n;. C XVI B. xperroernoir nOTepHJI npano 06IKaJIOBalIIIH ero penreann. COl(lIaJIhHo-ropH):IlI'IeCROe nOJIO»WHII8 KpeCThJIH B XVII B. HaIIIJIO OTpameHlIe B ,IJ;ByX YJIOlKeHIIJIX, .l1.enCTBOBaBIIInx B Tpaaciorsaanaa B TO BpeMH,- «Approbatae» 11 «Compilatc)). OIIII 3aKOHO)J,3TeJIhHO 3aKpeTTIIJUI repertooraoe npano, OTMeRlIB CpOKlI CbICxa 6erJIbIX RpeCTbHH. KperrocTHhlM aanpemaaocs HOCHTb roponcnyio ogemp;y 1'1 HMeTh opyacrre ; iPeoll.RJI Mor .FIX rrO,1J;BeprnyTI. HRRaaailHIO, naxce nponarr, II oOMeHHTh.

JIU'IHYIO cnofiorty nportoxacana COXpBH.fITb B XVII B. 'laCTh xpeCThHH BJIamCKlIX OOII\ITH IT ceKeii:cKl'IX oxpyron, KpeCThJlHe nnrpaun-tHhIX paaorron II xpenocrea, necmae noenasre nOBHHHOCTII n COCTaD-

JIHBIIIII8 xopnyoa .rt:Op06aHn;8B. IIpO.rt:OJImaJIII COXpaUHTh CBOII npnnnJ18rlIII H caxcsr.

B KOHn;8 XVI-XVII B. rrpOHCXO!1,MJIlI H3M8HeIJIIlI B CTpyKTypC TpaHCHJIhBanCKoro rocnoncrayionrero RJIaCca. BbIPOCJIO 'IIICJIO npynIthIX <peo;n;aJIOB aa C'ICT BeHrepCKIIX ,n;BOplIH, rrepecemIBIIIIIXCH B Tpancarrsnaamo lIB 06;rraC'l'8ii, aaXBa-q8BHhIX ra6c6ypraMII H ocxanaMil, II ceK8HCKoH 3HaTH. CrpeMHCb K yTBepm,n;emIlo csoero BJIIIHHIUI, allIi 06'b8)J,HHH31HCh B napran, BCTymmmH8 APYl' C ;n;pyroM B 60Pb6y II nonnepscaaaaurao roro nperennenra na KHHiHeCKIIH: npeCTOJI, KOTOPhIll: CYJIHJI lIM 60JIbIIIH8 31WHOMH'IeCKlle H IIOJIIITH'IeCKHe asrronsr. ~JIH yspenxenaa COIVIaJIbHOH 6a3hl n;8IITpaJIbHOM BJIaCTll RIIH3hH B XVI-XVII BB. YBeJIII'IHBaJIlI 'IHCJlO MeJlK11X 11 cpennax P;BOplIH nyTeM IIOmaJIOBaHHM )J,BOpHHCTBa 3amllTO'IITbIJlrI KPBCTbHHaM, l'aiigYKaM, lWTOPhl8 COCTaRJIHJIIi MIIOrO'IllCJI8HHhlM CJIoii: ,n;BOPHII-O,n;HO,!1;BOpn;eB (TaH na3:PIBaeMblX apMaJIHCTon). Ha apMaJIIICTOB <pOpMHpoBam1Cr. ucuonmre BoeHIIbIe CHJIhI IHmmeCTBa. t:{BOPHIICI{II8 3BaIIllH maJIOBaJurCb Tal,me npC)1,CTanHTeJIHM BJIalliCKOrr II ceKenCIWM auara. 3Ha'IIITBJIbHylO 'IaCTb MeJ1KIIX .rt:BOPJIH, lIOJIY1JIIBIIIHX npananernn OT TpaHCYlJIbBa IICKllX KHH3eil, COCTaBJIHJIlI lIaXO)1,IIBJIUleClI na B08HJToil CJrYtp;6e BJlaXII IIOrpaHII'IHhIX 06JIaCTeii:, '!aCTO IIOJIb30BaBIIIueCH rcpeCTLJIHCKUMII lIa)1,CJIaMII.

Bail\H08 3Ha'leHlI8 B peMeCJI8HHOM rrpOH3BO~CTB8 TpaHClIJIbBaHHU UTOP0i'.: TIOJIOBHHhI XVI -XVII BB. npo):loJImaJllI eoxpaarrrs TOPUhIB paapafiornn, IIhlpOKI1rr crrpoc na meJIC30 BHyTpn crpamr (rJIaBHhlM oripaaoM 113rOTOBJI81llte C8JIhCltOX03JIHCTBeIlHbIX 0PY.L\HH H opyzaaa), It TaK}IHl axcrropr ilWJIC3IIbIX II3P:BJIHH B Bananrcxoe II MOJI.)1,aBcIWe HllffmeCTBU cTIIMymlpOBaJIH .rt:OOhl'IY me.rrC3IIoll PY)1,hl.

B CBJI3H C noapacraaaex cnpoca na rtparonenasre MeTaJIJIhl na tHI poneiicKoM phlHKe B TpaHCHJlhBamU[ YBempIUBaJIaCh g06hl'IU 30- JIO'J'a H cepefipa, Bo BTOpoii IIOJ[OBHHe XVII B. 60JIhlliOC 3IIa'IeHlW upnofipena p:06bI'Ia PTYTH, KOTopaH axcnopraponanacs n Ilonsmy II BtHICI(HIO, a nnorna BhlB03llJIaCb B OCMaHCI{YIO llMIIepnlO B C'IeT Jupap,ma.

BamHOH crarsea noxona xasasr ocraaanacr, :mCrrJIyaTan,UJI COJIJI- 111,1 x rrpOMhICJIOB. Haufionee npoaanonarecn.nsnra 6hlJIH IIPOMhICJIhI '1'.YP1~hl II OKHa CHOUY. COJlb BbIB03llJIaCh n Boarpmo II BaJIRaHClUIe I'.'I'PUHI.I. I'opnoe rrpOH3BO)J,CTBO npUHOCllJIO IW3H8 3Ha'IHTeJIhlIbW JlOX0;D;I.I.

Pa3BllTHe roponcxoro peuecna IIIJIO no J!llHIlII ,n;aJIbHCiiIIIeii crreIIIUlJI1I3aIJ,IiHi, COilpOBOm}:laBllleiica POCTOM RO:JWIeCTBa :u:eXOB. 1\ XVI B. B Bpanrone 6hIJlO 15 IWXOB, B XVII B. B03HlIHJIO erne 11. lIn nropoh nOJIOBIIHe XVI B. B hJIyme cyr.u;eCTBOBaJIO OROJIO 30 ne"0Il, OO'be)1,IIHJIBIITUX peMeCJICHHIIKOB 60 CrreIJ,IIaJIbHOcTeii:. B CHiJIry II ~\J uexax TPy)1,IIJIHCb peMeCJIeHHHKII 30 CIIen;IIaJIbHOcTeii. Onnano ro- 1IIJIlU CTpeMHJIIICI:o MOHOIlOJIU3lIpOIlaTb OPOll3IlO)J,CTBO rex HJIll HIIhlX IU1MCCJI8HHbIX l!:3)1,eJlllll, BucTyrrall l'JIaBRhlMll fiX rrOCTaBIII,IIKaMll na IIIIYTp8HHeM II BHemneM psntrtax.

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npIIROJ,lI.lIH R otiocrpenmo rrpOTlIBOpe1IHH Melliny MaCTepaMII H nonMacn~phHMH, KOTophle nepejneo napepacrana B ornpsrrsre l\OmfJJlIlKTbI. fOCIIOJ\CTBO <j)eOJ\aJIhHhlX ornonrenaa HIl,eXOBOii opraUH3aIl,HII aaTpYP;IUVlO B03HHRHOBeHne UQ.llee BbICOROii 4)OPMhI npOH3Bo;n:CTBaManyt}laRTypbI.

BamIIbIMH peMeCJIeHHhJMII IT roponcroora Il,eHTpaMH ocrananacs It1:ym, Eparnon, C1I6ny. Ha IlpOHal:lO}J,CTBe cyxna, nOJIOTHa, H3}J,eJIIIii:

Ira IWHOf, opymHH, rrpegMeTOR POCIWWU cner("fr3mr3HpOBaJIHCb Bpauroa II Cn6ny. B KJIyme rrpormerana IOBCJIIIpnOe .n;eJIO, mapafiorna cyxna II o6pa60TI\a ROlliU. KpYI1HbIMII nerrrpana 6blJTU TaKIKC AJI6aIO:um, Cm-nnroapa, TYPJJ:a, Opana n JJ:p. POCJIO ropoztcxoe naCOJIenne. B rerremre XVI B. H3C€JI€llH8 RJIyma, naupHMep, YBem'l'ULlIOCh C G }J,O 8-8,5 TDIC, QeJI01l8K. DPOIICXOP;IfJll:I nilMen8lUIJI If B COCTaBO lIaCCJIeHU.lI roponon. Bce 60JIhWe8 'mCJIO .n;BOpflH, npnoriperaa ycans- 6br, rr8p8C8JIHJlOCb B roporta, coxpa URn npn 8TOM CHOH COCJIOBHhle npHBHJIE;lrUII. HeCMOTpR na npornaoneitcrnne neMell,Koro narpmnrara, BOSpaCTaJI nportcar senrepcxoro H nnaurcxoro naCen8HlIf! n roponax,

BnYTpelIHRR TOprOBJIR paannaanacs B paauax MeCTHbIX PbIHROB roponon, M8C'r8TfeK n cea. BOJJbIlUIHCTBO II3 rmx If).f8JIO npauo eme~ ne,18JIbHOrO rapra. LJoTblpe pasa R rolJ. YCTpaUn3JIHC.b HpM3pRIl. Pa3~ nHTHIO ToprOBJIlI CTIOCOOCTBOnaJIO pernenae fOCYJJ:apCTBeHHoro coop aHUR OT 1558 r. 0 pacnpocrpanemra ynorpetinasmaxca B KJIYlR8 Mep neca, ,L(JIHIlbI II 06'b8Ma na BCIO TpaHCHJIbBamHO. KJIym CTaJI aannMaTh B8JJ:YlIl,ee MaCTO no BIIyTpCUH8M TOBapoo6opOT8 mmmeCTBa. Morrorronaa caacorrcxax roponon OCJIaOeBaJIa. Pocno 'meJIO senrepCItHX, ceR8MCIUiX 11 BJIaIITCRIIX RyIlIl,OJl.

Bo BHeillHeM TOprOBJIe TpaHCHJlbBaHIIH nropoa rrOJIOBIIHhl XVIXVII B. BalliHYIO POJIh nponoaacana arpars MOJI;n:RBcRoe 11 Banamcxoe RHRmeCTBa. ,lJ;oxo;n: TOJILKO TaMOlliIllf B Bpane COCTaBUJI B 1664 r. 4 ThlC. 1j)::T0PlIHOB. BOJIbIII08 3HUTfeHIIe )J;JIR TOprOBJIH C lJ,ynUiilCJU1MII KH5.liK8CTBaMl1 HMeJIII ropona BUCTpnIJ,a, Bpamos, CROUY. OUY BhlBOSHmr B OCHOBlWM BbICoIWHa-QecTB8HHbI8 P8M8CJI8HHhl8 TOnaptr: CYIUIO, KOBPbI, llie;W3Hble I13;rI:eJUIlI If opysrae. Cn61IY 1I BpamOB pe;:mcnopTUpOBaJIH aanarnsoenponeitcxne TOBapbI. KaR II pansme, B TpaHCIIJIbBaHIIlI ll.eIIIIJIOCh IHIlIO lIS BaJIaXHII, 60JIblliIIM crrpoCOM na TpanCliJIbBaHCRUX psrnxax IlOJIb30BaJICR eROT H3 ,lJ;YHaiicRHX KHHmeCTIl, a T8Kme pM68, nrepczs, srexa, BOCK.

HeCMOTpR: na TPY}:(HOCTIf B TOpr013JIC TpanCllJIbB3HUU C 3arr3p;HOH Eaponoii, BbI3BaHHhle 38B08B8HlIeM rypnaua repparopnir BCHrepcxoa KOPOHDI 11 coananaen 3RJI8Ta Bynna, ne 060pnaJIIICb CBR3H C TIOJILlIIerf, lleXlieif, I'epsranaeii. 113 TpanCHJlbBRmHI BbIB031lJIKCb npOJJ:YRThl C0JI.bCROrO X03RHCTBa, ronapsr MeCTHoro peMeCJIa, C 3anana IIMllOpTupOBaJIUCb npemrymecmenao pexecnennsre U3,I(CJIHIL

CO BTOPOn- 1I0JIOBHHhl XVI B. YBeJIll'lHJICJI HMlIOpT nOCTOIJ:HbIX TO- .. sapon, a TaRme 06'bCM TP3H3UTlIOii TOprOBJIH 3THMII TOBapa~IH. C 06- paaOBaHII8M BaCCRJIbHO 3aBlICllMoro OT cynrana Tparrcnaaaarrcxoro RIIHllieCTBa nee 60J1bllIee 3HaTfeHlle B ero (lROHOMHl{e 3aHlIMa!1a TOprOBJIR C Ocnancxoa uMneplieif. 8TOMY cnocoticraosana rrpennpnax'THBMe JIeB8nTuitcKIfe roproansr.

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}\PECTbHHCHllE II rOPO)J,CHIiE ,UBI1ilmlIl1H

1l0CJIC paarposra KpCCTbHfI B nouns 1.514 r. afITuqwop;aJIMlhTe p;nIImoilIff( B TpanCHJlhB8mHI BTOPOM nOJIOBHHM XVI-XVII n. OrJIH'IaJIHCh JlOl<aJIbHOCTMO n pa300Il\CHBocTbro. MaCtonoM WOPMOM COUpOTHB.7Iennn xpecrr.aa YCI:IJIeruIIo RpenOCTHH'fOCTBa CTaUOBHJIOCb HX GorcTBo. )J;oBOJIbnO IIIHpOK08 pacnpocrpauenae nOJIY'I11JIO nOpCC8JI8rUre KpC()TbHH B COCe!l.UHe )J;YHaii.cH118 HITHmeCrBa, OC06eTIHO 113 nOrpaTIJPIHblX paiioHOB TpaneHJIhnaHH11, B CBIl3H C 'ICM PaI\OJ~H I II 164Ei r. npnuaaan DnaCTJIM Ilpamona YCTanOlHlTh CTPOfHU lWHTPOJ1h 118 rpaunnax. I'ocynapcrso B03JWifUIJIO uecenne rtonmmocreji OC!f,aBlllUX I\pee'rl,HH na OCraBlITllXC.fI, erne 60JIec OTHl'OTJlB 11X nOJTOa'eUMC.

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B 1562 r. nCIIblxnYJIO noccrauae KpeCThHII-ceKeeB B OTB8T rra paClJPOCrpaH8Hu8 na IIHX ornorrrenaa n03eMe.TIhHoii. II JtH'IHOM aaB11- CI1MOCTH II YBCJTH'I8UIW nOBIIJlTJOCTeU. lIollo;·\OM .rvm BI>ICTyrrJIenHJI IIOCJlylfiHJIO rpeoonaHHc ueurpam.noir BJIaerU J.\0IIOJIHUT()JIhIIoro naJlora c CeI\8UeIWii oGrn;uHbI p;JIn YIIJIarhI p;aHII cy.nraay.

P8aOOllI,eH!IOCTh noscrannea npUBeJl8 K IlX 6blCTllOMY IloIl8m.emuo.

HomaKlI BoceTaHUH OhIJIH IW31I8HbI, MllOfIre Y'IaCTHlrRlI 3almIO'ICIlbI B TIOPbMbI.

PeIUsHH8M focY}J.apcTBOIIHOTO coripanna 1562 r, KPSC'rT,HHe-CeHOII (i1.IJili JIIJIIIeHbI upexcn ax CHOOOJ~, norraauensr 3RaTH 1I oO.'101HeHbI I(Hlo}J,aJIbHbIMU rrOnIfHfIOCT.AM H.

13 1569 r. H3 cenepe TpanClIJIbBamUI pa3BepUYJIOCh soccra nne ltpecTbRH 110)); PYKOBO)J,CTBOM I'eopre Kp8'IYHa (]J,LepAR Kapa'IOHJI). ()IIO na'IaJIOCb B nepnon OOPbObI rrpOTIIB ocaanon II IIMeJIO peJIIIr11- o;myIO oxpacxy. K BoccraBIIIHM npmraayan npencraaarean M8.TIIWro )IIlOpHHC'J'Ba, iKHTeJIH MeCTC'Ie1{ 11 BOHUM norpaan-nnax RpenocToH.' 11 eozraoponnocrr, coqIIaJIbUbIX CHJI 11 OOOCTpIlDiliHecH KJIaCCOBI>Ie npoTllllopefIHH Melfi}J,y IIHMH npnnenn 1\ oblcTpmry nop;aBJIsnI1IO BJlaCT.HM II BOCCTaHHH.

OCOHLIO 1599 r. B CBH3lI C BeTyrrJIeHIIOM B Tpanonm.naumo naJlnlllclwro rocrronaps Mnxaa Xpafiporo npOIICXO!l.HJIO ,I1;UHmeHrre cpe/\11 BJIaIIICIHrx KpeCTb.HII. BOCCTaBIIUIe pacnpaananacs C TeOp;aJla:..m, pn;lOpJIJIH HX HMeIUIH. Boccranae rrpUIIJIJIO IIIlIpOKHll paanax, OXBa'rlll! KpeCTbJIH MHOTUX paiionoa He3UBnCllMO 01' nan;IIOHaJIbHOCTH.

Macconsre pa3J'.IePbI npMOOpeTaJIO 6erCTBO KpenOCTHhlX 1I3 <peOp;aJIbHbIX IIOMeCTHH.

KpecrbHHCKHe BhIcTyrrJIeHMH B TpaHCIIJIbBaHMM IIpO]lOJImaJllICb H

B nepnoa IIOJIOBHHe XVII B. AUTM<peop;aJIbHYIO HarrpaBJIeHHOCTb npnofiperana p;enCTBlHI KpeCTLlIH, YlJaCTBOBaBIITUX B )lBHmeIIUII «xypyuea» (xpecronocnea) IWHu.a XV II n., nnropoe OO'befI,MHHJIO paa- I JIM'IlILle conaansusre CJIOII, B TOM lJnCJIe II P;BOPHH, HaXO,!l;IIBIIInXCH B ormoannua R I'a6c6ypraM.

Conaansnsre p;BHmeHHH HMeJIH Mecro H B ropona x TpalICHJIhBanna; nmTeJIH BbIC'l'ynaJIH rrpOTHB BJIaCTH narpnnaara. HaH60JIee KpynHbIMH II rrpOp;OJIiKllTeJIbHbIMH OblJIH BOCCTaHIiH 1556 r. B Cnony II 1557 r. B Bpamoue. BocCTanIIIHM B aBrYCTe 1645 r. peMeCJIeIIHHI{aM H roponcrcoii oep;HoTe CHOllY yp;aJIOCb BpeMeIIIIO aaXBaTUTb' BJIaCTb B repone II yneparanarr, ee OROJIO nonyrona.

O,IlmIM H3 3IIa'IHT8JIbHbIX p;BHmeHIIll XVII B. OloIJlO BOCCTamre caKCOB B BpaIIIoBe B 1688 r. Ilononou K BOCCTaHIIIO rrOCJIymHJIO rpe- 60Bamm ancrpaacxoro renepana Kapa<pcfJbI CAaTb xpenocrs II rrpnHHTh B Bpamos HMnepCKHii rapBH30H. MaCCbI ropozsan penIHTeJIbIIO BocrrpOTHBHJIHCb 3TOMY H BbICTYIInJIH rrpOTHB rraTpHI\'naTa H MeCTHO- 1'0 nyxosencrna, BOIIIe,n;IIIHX B cornanrenae C ra6c6yprcKHMII BJIaCTJIMIl. ConpOTHBJIeHlle ropozsan nponorosanocs OOJIbIIIe IIOJIYMeCHII,a. OTPHP;bI mmeparopa C nOMOIII,hIO M8CTHbIX BJIaCToiJ: nOll.aBl1JIH nBMiIWHl1e II cypono pacnpasanacr, C ero YlJaCTHIiKaMH. O):(lIoiI lI3 pertpeCClIHUbIX Mep I'aticfiyproa OhIJI nonxtor Bpanrona B 1689 r. (c roro BpeMenH MeCTnaH ca:KCOnCI\aH nepxom, CTaJIa Ha3bIBaTLCJl « lJepHoii») •

PEcDOPMAI~I1JI B TPAHCJ1JIbBAHHII

AUTHtPeop;aJIbHOe ;n:BumenHe B TpaHCllJJbBaUHII MMeJIO H POJIHrHo3HyIO 40PMY. B nauane XVI B. CIOp;a CTaJIH rrpomncarr, nnea PeqJopMaII,Hll. fix pacupocrpaneuaro cnoco6CTBOBaJIU CBH3H caKCOHCRUX xynnon Bpamosa, CH6MY, EHCTPHU;hI, Cnranroapra C roponaua I'epManUH. Bamnoo 3IIa'IOHHe HMeJI OOMeH KJIHraMII, OOYlJeUHe caaCOHCKOiJ: MOJIO;\enm sa rpammen, 'YCHJIeHHO npOTHllOpe'IHTI Mem,n;y qJ80AaJIbUbIMH rpYIIUHpOBKaMH B 60Pb6e aa BJIaCTb, C O,!l;IJOlf CTOPOIILJ, Momp;y qJeo;n:aJILIlbIlIIll napTHHMH Ii Ta6c6ypraMH, CTPOMUHJIlHMIIca K 3aXBaTY Heurpnn II TpaHCHJIbnaHIIH,- C npyroii, a TaKme nopamenae UpH Moxa-re (1526 I'.) YClWPHJIH pacrrpocrpanenne poqJOpMan;nOHHoro ABnmenUff. IIPOIIOBOP;IIHIWM Y'lOHHH JIIOTopa B TpauCHJIbBaUHlf llLlcTynlfJI J10ramI Xorrrepyc, KOTOPbIii B 1539 r. ocnoBaJ} B Bpanrone rnnorpatpmo, rne nenaraa RHHrH JIIOTepa II cnoa Tpyp;bI.

B 1550 T. I'ocynapcrseaaoe cofipanne npH3HaJIO JIIOTepanCTBO oWIIn:llaJIbHOii pOJJIIrHeii. HeCMOTpJI na rrpcraaoneacrnae xpynnoro KaTOJIHlJeCIWrO .n;BOpHHcTBa, JIIOTOpanCl'BO 6hlJIO npmrrrro 'IaCTblO BeHrepCROI'O ABOpHJlCTBa TpanCHJlbBaHHH, ooofienno MeJlH,OrO, CTpeMIIBmerOCJI HCnOJIb30naTb Y'lOHHe JIIOTopa c n;OJIbIO ceKYJIHpH3au;ul'I BJIap;eauiJ: KaTOJIH'IeCIWii nepxsa H yxperrrrenaa sa fe C'IOT CnOHX

:mOJIOMH'rcCHHX n rrOJIHTIl'IeCImX noaanmi. q TOOh! P;06UTbCJI paBJIOnpanan B rOpOp;CIWM yrrpUTlJIeHHH, mOTepaHCTBO rrprUIHJI II senrepelmii narpmmar rpaHCIIJlLBaHCrmx. rOllO)1,OR. rOCY)1,apctBOUlIOe co6paune 1558 r., rr0.l\Tl:lep.l\llR cnofiorry llepOIIcnOBe.l\aHlllI RaR rr;,;m I{aTO.IT fUWB, rax 1'1 [(J1H JIIOTepan, npanmro peUIeHIIe 0 J1Mr{BM,~aIl,IU( fiJIM3l{oii: K l{aJlbllHHll3MY COl,TLI canpaxourapuen. IIPOBOCTfI oro 11 mmmh He YJ1.aJlOCh ~ 'laCTh BeHrepCRoro nacenc 1Il1fI 11 I(JIltpa OTOlima OT Y'leUHH JJIOTepa H nepeurna E KaJILBllHU;lMY. O'IarOM ero crax K.TIym, lWJlbEUHH3M 6hlJI oifJuII;HaJlhIIO npuanaa I'ocynapcrnenIILIIII cotiparmeu B 1564 r.

y cuexau PcifJopMaIl,I1H H TpanCIIJlhBaH1111 cnocooCTBOHaJIa uou-

Ilop;ERa ImH3H H nOIIIa mHrMoH;:r:a, xoropua CTpeMIfJICJI IICIIOJIL30- BaTL pCq)0pMar:pwHHhle Y'lenUH NIJI pacIIIHpouIIH COnnaJlblIOil: 6a3bl eBoeii: B;IaCTU, J1.JIJI YKpenJICHllJI CDOllX. rrO:3Hquil: B 6oph6e rrpOTHI:I l'aoc6yproB. B 1556 1'. 6hIna nponenena cel'YJIf!.pHaaIJ,UH !J;eTmOBHHX IT My~ecTB If TpanCHJlLBaHCKne ifJoop,aJJbI, npHMI,nyBlTTne E PoifJOpMaI I lUI, rrpIfCBOIlJ1H ceGe GbIBIIlIIe nepnonusre IIMeHl1JI IJU YCJlOBIUIX llHeemTlIJ[ B IWlImeCKYIO Ea3IlY ornyua, PaaYMoeTCJI, cyMMa orxyna c .!1KXBOij: soaxemanact, {floop,unaMll npn B3IIMaHHH ):\eCHTHHbl C I,peCTI,HH. Ilepnonnaa )J,eCJITIIHa cr'ana cofinparr.ca B nom.ay EHJImeCKOH IW3JTbI, II JIMilib -rernepraa eo 'IaCTh nina ITa IIPUXO}J,CKl1e paCXOD,bI.

BOJIbIDoi;j: ycnex R Tpancanr.namra rrpnotipeaa rtporronezrr, poifJopMaIJ,HOIIHoTO Y'IOHHH - al1THTplIHHTap1I3Ma, O'larOM pacnpocrpaueuan 'WToporo 6IJJI KJIym. CTOpOHIIHTUr aIniiTpHIIUTapI13l1Ia o TpHIIaJ)11 )~nrMy CBJITOii Tporrrnr (OTCIO;:r:a UX na3BaUIIO - «aUTIITpHIIHTapHU)), «ymrrapans ). 60il\eCTBeTTHoCTb Xpacra, vrsepzanana, anaxcnae 'IOJTOBe'len;OTO pa3YM3. H OIThlTa. DPR :-ITOM aUTHTpuHHTapHK HCXO)J,lUIli Ife! ne3bI6JIeMOCTU cymecrnyioruero ¢eOp,aJII:.llOrO crpon. Heynaanronsno IIO()TOMY, ~ITO B rrOCJIep,HHO fOAhI cBoeii lliH3HH It aHTHTpUUHTapH3MY npncoenannnca If Hnom JIinrMOHp;. Penrenne I'ooynapcrmmHoro co6pamra: OT 1568 1'. nOMorJIO aUTllTpmHiTapHHM YKPOIIHTh c:nOf! rro3HIIHu. B 1579 r. qeplwBb ylIHTapHOB ohma npnauana oifJnIIH:a.JIbHO napasne C HaToJIIPJ{)cJ\OI1:, nrorepancxoii 11: pediopaarcnoii.

Haponnan Pelj!opMallJUI n TpanCHJIbBamlII ohlJIa rrpencrannena n uafiarrracraaa. flop; 3lIaM{\llCM Hp,ei ana6auTH::ma (rrpOpO"leCTBa 0 II cpenopore) IIpOUCXOJI;IIJIII aHTHifJeo}J,aJIblIbIe BOCCTaIIIfJ[ 1569 II 1 :i70 rr., B KOTOpWX. BMOCT8 C BeHrepmnIMH YlJ:aCTBOBaJU1 II BJlaIIIClme ItPCCThJIlfe, acrronenonanmae npaBOCJ1aBIIe.

<Peo;n:am,1 ~ CTOPOHHlIlm: Pe(popM3.Il,IIH, 33HHTep8coBanm,re n YC11:Jl()TlHH CBOeI'O BJIIHITUIH na RJIamCHOe naC8JIeHl'!C TpaHCHJIbBaHIllI, II pe}J,npnHliMaJIH rronsrrror npOHeCTH pe¢opMY npanocnannoa uepxna. (: ;JToi! I(eJIbIO ObIJI nanan pJIP; xnnr J\OpIWBIIoro cop:epmamm, nRUB- 1lll1XClI nepBbIMII JlpOFI3n8p;elll'IHMU PYl>iblHCIWU JHlTep3.'l'ypbl (I\a'l'ovu.mc 1544 r., Eaanrenne na Cafiay 1551~1553 1'1'.). B 1559 r. II I lpanrone p;IIaKOH Kopecn opranasonan TJIIIOrpaqJllIO, neua TaBIIIYIO .IllI'ryprM'I8CIme KHIIfU. Hapany c M3J(amfJ[MH, nporroaenoeanrnaaa .1110TepaHCTllO H l\3JIbBl'IHH3M, B TIII10rp3.cpuH RopecR ne'IaTaJIl'ICb Til "me npaBOCJIaBIIbIe oopnp;OBhI8 KIUITH. H;:r:eII Pediopnanaa BJIamCJWM IT panOCJIaBHOH r:r;epKBll OhlJIJ:I II3JIOmeHbI B xnnre nponosenea enacxo-

EOPbBA OCMAHCIWlllIMIIEPlIlf 11 lIMIIEPMI1 r ABCB¥prOB

3A TPAHCI1JIbilAHCIWE RHf[1KECTBO

na I'eopra 113 Cql1.IllTYJI I'eopr'ynyii, l\OTOPblH nOJIb30BaJIC.fl lIO)lJ~ep1HNofi KIUI3H Hnoma lliUTMOIIAa.

BOJ]bmUHCTBO BJIamCROro P;YXOBenCTna II xpecrr.nncrna He npnWWO PeWopMRIPUO. DOCJ1D CMepTIl HHomR mnrMOII~R uporraranzta pc(~OPIvl}'( cpeAM TpanCl1JIbBaIIClHIK BJ]aXOB npnocrauonaxacs. TI pn Hnrrnane Earopn n TpaHCllJIbl3aHlIH ooOCnOBaJIHCb He3yllTLI, npnJlarRBIIIHB YCIfJIHH K BOCCTRnOBJl8HHIO RJIHHHHR KRTOJIHD;H3M8 Ii IHlfflKeCTBe, O)J,IIaKO 3TH IIonhlTKH ne HlvleJIH ycncxa. "YTBepm;r(elIlle Peq:.opMaI~HH B TpanCI1JIbBaHIlII He TOJIbRO HaIIeCJIO ynap narOJlU'leCIWH J~epKBII, lID 1I IIOCJIYlKHJIO B XVI-XVII BH. csoero pO,JI.a nneoaoru'wclwfI IIJIaTq:.opMoil 60PbObI sa He3aRIICHMOCTL KHHmeCTBa.

B X VII fl. ananrcxne cnHII,emUUU'I ObIJIII oCBoGomp;eI-IbI OT nonmtnocrejr, noropsre onn IIOCJllI pansnre napany C KpecTbRHar.m; KlIHi3b ,u,bOPJl;h PaROn;H I yTBep;a;HJI npaBOCJIaBIIOrO MHTpOnOJIHTa. Bxrecr« C TOM n;epKBII BJ!aXOB rrpIIXOJ\IiJIOCb H B XVII B. BeCTH nOCTORIlIlyJO ooph6y rrpOTIIB IlOIIbITOJ, IIO,:J;,'lllIIUTb ee BeHrepCHHM cpeO;r:I:aJlaM-peWopMHTaM. B DTOll: 60Pb6o llJIUmCROe P;YXOBeHCTBO Tpaucnnsnauna nOJIh30naJIOCb nO)J;p;ep}I{I{oil: IIpaBOCJIaBHbIX qepRBeii: J(YHaMClUfX IUlHmeCTB, POCCHH, Cep61IH II J'pelI,HH. TaH, B 1668 T. BJIalUClmM MnT~ pononar CaBBa Bpaaxoaau e3AllJI B MOCRBY aa «MllJIOCTbIHeu na l~epROBHbIC norpetisr». JiIlIf8IOTCH CBHp;eTeJIbCTBa 0 rrpeor>m8HlfIf B MOCKRe B KOHn,e XVII B. rrpanOCJIunIILIX CBflilWHIIHROB H3 Epautona.

HU3Ha'IeHHe B 1541 r. IIOPTOH npanarenesr TpaHCllJIbBaUCIWTo IlHH~KeCTBa MaJIOJIeTHerO Hnonra iKHTMOHp,a npa perOHTCTBe ero MaTepn I13aOeJIJIbI II HaMCCTHH'JeCTBe enacxona Maprnaymm He npexparaJIO COIIepHI:l'IeCTBO Meli\)1,y ra6c6ypraMH II cYJITaUOM aa npeofinaAaHlle B pemone.

MapTHI-IyqqII cocpenoro-raa H CBOUX pYI(aX IIOCTLI HaMeCTIIIIKa RHIDI\:ecTBa, Ra311a'Ie1I, aepxoaaoro Cyp;bll II ROMafIp;ywm;ero apMHBH. C'IHTaH I'aticfiypros e,l1;HHCTBeHHOH CllJIOH, CIIOCOOllOfI 3aHlI'lTIITh crpany OT oCMaHoB, Maprnaymra B 1549 r. BeJI nepcrosopsr C HMueparopoM Wep;r:I:IIHaH.l\:OM 0 rrepena-re eMy Tparrcnm.sanaa, I1poTyp81Vm nacrpoennaa rpyrma q:.eO/1:UJIOH, B03rJIaBJIHeMaH M3uoe:1JIoH H ee coneTHHIWM Ilerpe IIeTpOBH'IeM, BocrrpOTHHHJIaCh <lTOMY II OOpaTHJIaCh aa IIOMOm;bIO K Ilopre,

B oKTRope 1550 r. OCMaHCRHe OTP.ll;r:I:LI BCTymmrr IIa TpaHCHJlhnancrryro repparoparo. B OTBeT JIeTOM 1551 1'. rrOCJle,!l;OHaJIO nroparelIHO QBCTPllHCKHX BoiicR BO raase C renepanoa RaCTaJ1b,!l;O. Huom lliIIfMOH,ll;, TO'lHee, ero MaTh OTRa3aJIaCb OT KOpOHbI. TpaHCHJIbBaHcnoe rOCY)1,apCTBeHHoe cofipanae npanecno npacary HMIIepaTOpy <Pop)1.HI-IaI-I,!l;Y. MapTHHy~qM 6blJl uaana-ren BOe1l0;r:I:Oll TpaaCHJIbBaHHH. X03.!IHHHQaRbe I'arictiyproa rrpIIHeCJIO crpane nonsre 6e)1,CTBHH, noacxa RaCTMbf],O oeamaJIOCTDO rpa6HJIH ee. TeM BpeMeHeM OCMaHCIme

BOWCKa nepemna B petrrarensnoe HaCTYIIJIeHIIe. Peansnoa I10MOm;U OT l'a6c6yproB Maprnaynna He I10JIYlJlIJI n_ penran rrOBIHIlI:TbC.Il' cynrany. 06BIfHeHHhIH B nssrene, MapTHUYL{n;n 6hm y61IT 110 npirxaay Hacransno.

OCMaHhl 3aXBaTlIJIH B 1552 r. TlIMIIIIIoapy, Jlnnoay, Rapunccoem II npyrrre ropona II[ I,penOCTU, BOmeJl,IIIllO B COCTaB BnOBh ofipaaonarmoro namansuea C neurpou B Taaamoapo. OceHhIO 1553 r. aBcTpIliin;bI OCTaBMJIH Tpancansnanmo. B MIOne 1556 r. rOCY1~apcTnemros cofipanne rrplI3BaJIO It BJraCTH mHrMonp;a H 113a0 eJIJIy, YTJJCp.n;IIB sa coooil rrpaao Hs6paH1!IH IOTH:JH.

Honoe uropxrenae HMrrepcKoii: apMuII ua TeppIITOpHIO ]WHmOCTBa 3aCTallUJIO iKHI'Monp;a aaKJHO'JUTb B 1585 r. MIrp c I'aficfiyprasrn na YCJLOBIIHX OTKa3a OT OTJI,CJIhIIbIX repparopaa IIapn;UYMa 11 lfPIl3UUHIIll croaepennrera nonoro uMIIcpaTopa l\JaKcIIMllJIHana.

BCTpeBOmCIlIIhTH TaRUM XOJl,OM COObITIIII, cYJlTaH CYJleihtan CHOna npezm PIIIUl,'l >lI,Crrep;IIJWlO npOTI1B ra6c6yprOB. jJ\nrMOUlI: pemnn nepenra ITa cropony TYPIIIIn. B 1566 r. CYJIenMUn YTBepillI.lI pemenae I'ocynapcrnamroro cOOpaHI1JI 06 M30pamnr ImH;~eM Jl{urMOH,!l;a, oonaUmllCI'OCH YllJta'IIIBaTb Ilopre eaceroruryro iJ,aHh B 10 TJ,IC. qlJlO~ pmrou, npauocnrr, llaplI II BbIIIOJIIHITh paanoro pona nOCTam'H.

ITo Ap;pnaUOilOJIbCROMY MHpy 1568 r., OCl\WlICIWH MMneplUI H ra6c6ypru rrpU3UaJIU CJI01HI1:TlIIIHMC.H K TOMy apesrena paanen TOpPHTOpUH. CMepTL JI~urMonAa (1571 r.] BhI3naJIa Ol'KOCTO'TCHuyro 60Pb6y aa n.TIaCTb MemAY }1;BYMlI rrOJIIITlflIOCKI1MH rpyrrmrpoanaxa rpancuar.sancnoro lIBOpHHCTBa. IIo6cAY oncpacan I1UITJla n Baropn, IlO}1;):J;epmIIBaeMLIH MeJIRHMII TI cpep;UIIMH p;nopnnaMU IlpOTYP01~IWi1 opUOHTaIlHlI. IIpn3JIaB CI03epeJlUTOT cyarana, Baropn ,D,ofiImc}I nonp,epiRRI:l IIOPThI, no npHR83Y IWTOPOii: I'ocynapcrseanoe cofipauae H36paJIo oro na rrpeCTOJI C TIITYJIOM noenonsr.

Barnpn rrpOBOAIIJI IIOJIMTIIKY JIaBUpOBaHI:I1I Memp;y IIMuepaTopoM It CYJITUnOM. B xoane 1575 r. na Bbloopax ROPOJI.H B Pe'lM IlocnoJIMTOii C nOMoIIl;hIO cynrana on IIOOe}1;lfJI MaKCIIMIIJIHaHa II I'aficfiypra II B Mae 1576 r. nOJIy'IIIJI IIOJIhCKYIO IWPOHY, coxpamra BJlaCTb B Tpaacanr.nanaa (npn nOJIJ,CIWM nnopo CYlIIeCTBOBaJIa CrrOIJ,IIaJIbHaJ{ 'rpunCUJIbBUUCRaH R8HIJ,8JIHPHJI). YrrpanJl(}HHe IWHiReCTDOM Huzrnaa Baropn nopyxan cHoeMy opaTY I{pIIIIITOVY. PaCC'IIIThlBaH na lIOMOIIl,L eYJITa na npOTIiB B03MDrIUIhIX npOMCROl! I'afictiypron, HpmuTOcp ne TOJIbKO perynspno BI.IIIJla'lUBaJl nOPTe emerO;cl.Hyro narn., no H BbInOJIHHJI YKa3bI 00 oxaaanna BOOPYiI{8IlHOH nOJl,,'l,epmIUI OC1IaHCI{lIM IIJIaDUM B BaJIamCI\OM II MOJI):IaBCKOM RH.HmeCTBax. H()3aP;OJIfO ):10 (~MepTU KpnmTocpa I{H}{3eM TpaDCIIJII.BaIUIH OWJI U30pan ero MaJIOJIOTIIUii C1>IH lliJIfMOH,II".

IIOJIY'lIIB B 1.588 r. ]IJlaCTb, iI\UfMOHlI II OT.TIUTIH8 o'r CBOHX lIpeHllWCTBeUrrlIKOIl ocpUII,,HaJILJIO 'l'IITyJIOBaJICH KHH3CM TpanClIJIhBaHUII. OlI pery.rnpno nOChlJIaJI B CTaMOYJI p;aHh 11 P;UPbI, HO OTKa3I>IllaJICfl y'IacTDOBaTh B OCManCRHX soenmrx aRIIHlIX, CChIJIaHCI. aa yrpoay co {'.TOPOHhl l'a6c6yprOB. llinrMOH)J;, C omroii CTOPOHhl, rrOCbIJIaJI Ilnpre lTrrcpopMaUHro 0 nnanax BOUCl<Qro nsopa, a C p;pyroH - Taii:Ho CHO~ rflJICR C IIHM.

89

B 1593 r. HRqaJIaCb BOHHa CBJ'Illt;eHHoM mHH (ABCTpHH, I1cnaHRH, BeneWHl, 'I'ocxaaa) npOTHB OCMI.I.HOB, B xone R010poii I'afic- 6ypraM yzranocr, yTBop,!!;rITLCa B Tpancaar.nauaa.

AHTI1T AECByprCKI1E ,ll;BJIIKEHl1fl

B 1604 r. BbICTYUJIeHHeM raH,!!;YlwB na'IaJIOCb aHTHraoc5yprcRoe ocBOOO,!l;HTeJIbHOe ABHm8HHe B Tpanon.rr.nanan. B )J,llnmeHlIH rrponm raocoyproB Y'IaCTBOBaJIH rarone CTpeMHBlTlHOCH 3aJD;HTHTb CHOM HHTepeChl TpaHCIIJIbBanCRHO nsopmre, Cnanana ,!I;BHllieHIIe B03rJIaBJIJI. J1IlITBarr BO'IKan, CTaBIlIH}I KHH3eM B 1605 r. H npnarraaunrfi cefin BaCCaJIOM CYJITaJTa.

Ilocne CMOPTU EO'IKaH (1606 r.) BHOBb OOOCTpIIJIaCh 6ophoa aa .

BJIaCTb Melli,Lt;y pa3JIM'IIIbIlIIlI rpynnaxa TpaHCHJIbIlaHCKHX cfJeO,Lt;aJIOB. IIOJIOilWHllO CTaOMJIH311pOBaJIOCb n 16'13 r., xorna I'ocynapcraenaoe cofipaaae M36paJIo I\THI3eM I'afiopa BOTJIeHa, noarnaanasmero TYPKO<pMJIbCRYIO napTMIO. OIl ;a:06MJICH YKpeIIJIOlIlIH IomillecRoH BJIaCTII, npIUIHJI MOPbI ,Lt;JTH ynemrueuna )J,OXO}:lOB xaansi, pacnrapna COn;naJILnyio 6a3y cEoei;' »nacrn, yRpeDJm TI03IlD;lUl epertnero )J;BOPHHCTBU, YCliJUlJI lUrHin:OCIwe BOtiCKo. OcnOBY BoonIIbIX CIIJI BOTJIeHa COCTaHJIHJIII cexen, rai1:JlyrUI :n: }:Iop06aHJ~bI (I\peCTbHIIe-BOHRbI, aecnrae ronuKO BOHHCH.YIO IIo.BHHIIOC'f.b), lITO. II03BOJIHJIO EIIJI3IO OTHa3aTl,CH OT onOJIlIOmIH .pOO)J,aJIOB.

Bencn ,!I;OOIIJICfl 3Ha'IJTTCJIbHbIX YCnOXOB B 60Pb6e npOTHB I'aficoypro.B. EJJarOrrpIUlTIIhTe YCJIOBYUI ,[PH aroa 60Pb6.bI C03,Lt;aBaJTO Y'IaCTMe Tpancam.aanaa n COCTaBC aHTHraocoyprcn:OH :KOaJIIIIvm n Tpnnrtaranernek Bonne (1618-1648 rr.). C 1619 TIO 1626 r. can EerJIeII IIpOp;npl1fUIJI TpII IIDXQ,!!;a. 011 TIbITaJICH YCTaUOBl'ITb ornomeHJUI II C I'occneii, no. HO )J,OiI\HJI TID TIpH6bITHH TpanCIIJIhB8nCKoro IIOCOJIhCTBa B Mocxny (YMep B 1629 r.).

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On 8 CHOCTI. ra6c6yprcKux npOlICROB 1I0nOJIlI.lIJIaCb ne}lOBeplIeM I10PTbI K Paxona. 8To. 06CTOHTCJIbCTBo. aaCTaJ3JIJIJIO TpaHCIIJIi>BaHcrcoro IWH3H yKpOUJIJITb OTHomeIIIIH C )]'yual1cRHMII KIUIlli8CTllaMII. B 1635 r, PaKo.IJ;U 38I{JIIO'IMJI COllB C naJI8urcKHM rocrronapen MaT8- e;\I Bacapatiox. I10pTa B 1636 1'. HH3JIOJI\HJIa oro II ABHlIyJIa CHon BOlrcRa B Tpancnai.aanmo. IIpIl: IIocpe}:lIIII'IOCTBO B8JIaIIICROro rocrronapa PaIWIl,H ObIJI soanpamen HHHmecImii: HpeCTOJI. 'I'pancanr.aanCKIIH ImH3b, n CBOro o-repent., nostoran Marero Eacapa6y BO BpOMH BoHn!.! MOmil.Y BaJIUmCRHM II MOJIp,aBCKHM RHJlJReCTBa1l1M (1637- 1639 rr.}, nOCJIUf.I eMY OTpHA no rJTUB8 C Hnourou K8MOHlf, II non.I\epmIIBUJI npCTOH)J.eHTa na MOJI}:IaBCrOI}i npeCTOJI Hcana MOrJlJIY. B 1638 r. PUKOrrM B!.ICTyIIIIJI, xora II: o83ycnoIlIHo, nocpemnncon B neperonopax MaTBfI Bacapa6a C MOJIp::aBCHIIM rocuonapen BaCI1JlC JIyny. Pe3YJIbTaT0;\1 3TOll URD;ITH TpanCIlJILUaIIClwro lUIH3J{ OLIJIO sa-

ItIIIO'IeIIHe COlO3a MO<I>fIY Tpaacaassaaaea II MOJIp;aBCRHM I{HJlmeCT- 130M (1638 r.).

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Mem)"(y TeM Mem)"(YHapO}:(HaH oficraaonxa IIOCTeneHHO CRJIa}:(I.IBaJIaCh B no.nsay I'aficfiypron, Iloascnaii ROPOJII. BJla):lIICJIaB IV BbICTYIUm C JIHHl\IIaTJIBOii coa)J;aHIIH aITTJIOCMaIICIWH JlHTIf If aaICIIOIJJi[JI COlO3 C ra6c6ypraMII H Benenaeii. Bhum rrpWHHTbI MepbI Jl,JIH rrpwBJIC'IenHH R RoaJII1.l1.IIH Monnascnoro RUHiReCTna. Ilopra, llaXO}:(JIBIIIaHCH B COCTOJIIIJIll BOHnoI C Bencnnea II aaHHTepeCOBaHHalI n rreilrpannrere llMl1epaTOpa, Hal1paBIIJIa PaI\o~1I ynaa npercparnrr, anTIua6coyprcn:IIe )J;eil:CTBIIH.

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TIoCJIe nopaxcemm TpaHCI-IJlhBaHCRHX BoiicR CYJlTaH JIHlIIHJI B 1657 T. ,Il;I.ep,I{JI PaHOIW I\HHmeCIWii BJIaCTH, CMelIHJI rocrronapeii MOJlp:aI3HH H BaJlaXIIH. B HHBapH 1658 r. Pasona II Y,I{aJIOCb BcpnYTb IIJlaCTI.; B OTBeT BeJIIIKUII BU3HpI, Mexaen RerrpJOJIJO B COl1pOBOiRp;eJIIIH HOBbIX rocnonapea ,lJ,ynaHcRHx mmmeCTB II rarapcxoit RaBaJIepUll BToprCH B TpanCIIJIbBaHIIIO II nonsepr ee CTpalIIIIOMY paaopenmo.

TIoCJIe yxona aaXnaT'IHROB B cenrnfipe 1659 r, PaROI\ll II B rpeTit!! paa YTl3epp;mrCH na RIIHmeCROM l1peCTOJIe TpaHCllJIh8aIIMH. II COJOae C aanamcnaa rocnonapex MHxHeH III OH l1pO}:(OJlJRHJI aa'J'HocMaHcRYIO 60pb6y. BOCrrOJII.30naBIIIHcb BOHHOM OCManOB C BeneI\HeH II BOCCTaHIIeM Xacaa-nanra B MaJIoH A3IIH, soiicaa MnXIU'I III II Paxonn II aaXBaTllJIH neCROJIbI{o xpenocrek : IIa ,IJ;ynae, B TOM 'llICJIe Ep::JlIJIY II ,IJ;mYPp;Jf'\Y. Ho ycnex ORa3aJICH npeuemnrx.

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roponasr, ceHeHM II caxcax, coanaaaa CJIoa «noaoroi P;BOpHHCTBa MS "IMala CIlI(8llCIWH II BJIaIIICIWH 3naTM. C 8TOH me lJ,8JIbro Anaqm nsr",aJlCH Ha(8):\HTb EaJlbBlUUl3M cpena BJI8111CIWt'O uacenenaa Tpaucam.aanau.

Pa3rpOM OCMaHCKHX BOHCH non Benoii (1683 r.) 1I3MeHMJI COOTIIOHIllHlfe CHJI M8lliP;Y fa6c6ypraMH H OCMalIcHoH MMIIoplleH. B 1684 r. ra6coyprM, Pe-rs IIOCIIOJIlITa II BeHOJJ;lIJf 061,OP;IIHMJIIICb B anrnoouanCKYIO CmIIlJ,8IlHYro JIury, It IWTOPOll B 1686 r. npacoexnnnnacs If POCCHH. MCrrOJIb3YH oCBo6o!I.IITeJIbIIYIO 60pb6y yrneT8HHbIX OCMalIaMU naponon, I'a6c6yprn CTp8MIIJIMCh pacrrpocrpanarr, cnoe BJIIIHHHe ua Kiro-Bocro-nryro Esporry. C nepexouoa Bonrpmr non BJIaCTb aBCTplIMClwro MMrrepaTopa TpaHCHJIbBaHHH CTaJIa nepnsna 8TanOM aa nyra peanaaamra :3TIIX nJIaIIOB. B 1687 r. ra6c6yprcKM8 noiicrca BCTyrrMJfII rra TpaHCHJIbBaIICKYro TOPPUTOPIIro, a n CJI8P;YIOIlJ,OM rOAY I'ocyp;apcTB8III-IOO co6pam:re Hpn;JHaJIO HMrropclmil lJPOT8I'TopaT.

IIocJIe.n:HIOIO IIOIIbITKY ynepacarr, BJlaCTb npnrypenxaa naprnn TpaIICnJIhllanCIHIX ¢eo):(aJIOB npennpauaaa B 1690 r. nOCJIe CMCPTU Maxaa Al1aiPIT. Bo r.nase 60m,mOH apMHII, COCTOHnnreu 113 Typ8T~IWTaTapCIHIX, MOJI;~aBCKMX IT BaJIamCRMX OTPH):(OB, CTaBJI81IlTHK Iloprr.r Fh,rpo TeHeJ1H BCTYIIIIJI B TpanCHJIhBall11IO H E aBrYCTO 1690 r. uauec nopaucerrae lIMIIOpCI\IIM BoHCKaM. TOpm8C1'BOBaJI OH ne):(OJIl'O; ascrpniicrcaa apuna BIIOBh B1'OprJIaCb B RHHmeCTBO II paarpoumra TexeJIM, IWTOPhIH oemaJI B BaJ1axHIO. B TpaHCIIJ1hBamnr H8 J!.JIlITeJIhnOe BpeMH YTllep)J.IIJIaCh BJIaCTb I'aficfiypron.

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