Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1. Observation
2. Question
3. Hypothesis
4. Procedure
5. Experiment
6. Data Analysis
7. Conclusion
8. Communicate Results
A hypothesis must be testable.
The independent variable is the one that is changed by the scientist. To ensure a fair test, a good
experiment has only one independent variable. As the scientist changes the independent variable,
he or she observes what happens.
The scientist focuses his or her observations on the dependent variable to see how it responds to
the change made to the independent variable. The new value of the dependent variable is caused
by and depends on the value of the independent variable.
Controlled variables are quantities that a scientist wants to remain constant, and he must observe
them as carefully as the dependent variables.
An experimental group is the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested.
The Characteristics of Life
1. Made of one or more cells
a. All organisms of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of
life.
2. Displays organization
a. The levels of organization in biological systems begin with atoms
and molecules and increase in complexity. Each organized structure in an
organism has a specific function.
3. Grows and Develops
a. Growth results in an increase in mass. Development results in
different abilities.
4. Reproduces
a. Organisms reproduce and pass along traits from one generation to
the next.
5. Responds to Stimuli
a. Reactions to internal and external stimuli are called responses.
6. Requires Energy
a. Energy is required for all life process.
7. Maintains Homeostasis
a. All organisms keep internal conditions stable by a process called
homeostasis.
8. Adaptations evolve over time
a. Adaptations are inherited changes that occur over time that help
the species survive.
The 6 Kingdoms
1. Animalia
2. Plantae
3. Fungi
4. Protista
5. Eubacteria
6. Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
unicellular
unicellular
uni/multi
Both
multi
multi
Auto/Hetero
Auto/Hetero
Auto/Hetero
Hetero
Autotrophi
c
Heterotrophic
Cell Walls
Cell Walls
Cell Walls
Bonding
Water
Bonds within water are polar covalent
Polar covalent is unequal sharing
Bonds between water are hydrogen bonds
They allows for cohesion, the ability of water to stick to itself, and adhesion, water's ability to
stick to other objects.
Cohesion and Adhesion allow water to climb up the stem of a plant. Water has a high specific
heat which moderates the temperature of the ocean and lakes.
In water the majority of the negative charge is around the oxygen atoms .Oxygen has a partial
negative and hydrogen has a partial positive.
Enzymes
Enzymes are made of proteins.
The reactants that bond to an enzyme are substrates. They bond to the enzymes active site. This
group is called and enzyme-substrate complex.
Explain how factors such as pH, temperature and concentration levels can affect enzyme
function
-
Amino Acid - small compounds made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes
sulfur.
Nucleic acids, which include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), are
made from monomers known as nucleotides.
Cell Theory
All organisms are composed of one or more cells ( Schleiden, Schwann, Hooke, Leeuwenhoek)
The cell is the basic unit of organization of organisms (Schleiden, Schwann, Hooke,
Leeuwenhoek)
All cells come from preexisting cells (Virchow)
Hooke
Named cells cells after observing cork cells.
Leeuwenhoek
Dutch microscope maker who was the first person to observe a living cell.
Schleiden
German botanist who concluded that all plants have cells
Schwann
German zoologist who concluded that all animals are made of cells
Virchow
Discovered cell come from existing cells.
Organization - cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organism
Cell size is governed by surface are to volume ratio and DNA.
Organic Molecules contain carbon.
Independent Variable - What is being changed/ measured.
Dependent Variable - The result of the experiment.
Controls - Variables kept the same in an experiment.
Plant Cell vs Animal Cell
Plant cells have a cell wall and a large central vacuole. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts.
The common features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are: DNA, the genetic material
contained in one or more chromosomes and located in a non membrane bound nucleoid region in
prokaryotes and a membrane-bound nucleus in eukaryotes.
Cell
Membrane
Protective layer that covers the cells surface and acts as a selective
barrier between the cell and its environment. It separate the cells
content from its environment and controls materials going into and
out of the cell.
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
(ER)
Smooth
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
(ER)
Mitochondria
Golgi Bodies
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is the entire region inside the cell within the
membrane that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all of the
organelles except the nucleus. It supports and protects cell
organelles and consists of the cytosol.
Cytoskeleton
Vacuole
Vesicle
Chloroplasts are the food producers of the cell. The organelles are
only found in plant cells and some protists such as algae. Animal
cells do not have chloroplasts. Chloroplasts work to convert light
energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells.
Cell Wall
Characteristics of Life
Made of cells - Contain DNA.
Organization - cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organism
Growth and Development
Reproduction
Sexual or Asexual
Responds to stimuli
Requires energy
Inside of Mitochondria glucose is turned into ATP.
Inside of Chloroplasts energy from light is turned into chemical energy(food).
Maintains homeostasis - Organisms try to maintain the conditions necessary to live. The reaction
is innate and is uncontrollable.
Adaptations evolve over time - Thumbs in humans. Adaptations that make a species better.
All living things have DNA, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
Cladogram
Traits are possessed by everything above them.