Chemistry Midterm Study Guide

1/11/16
Chapter 1:
Scientific Notation
Mx10n
M is a number between 1 and 10
N is the number of decimal places to move forward or
backwards
If you have a negative exponent you move the decimal
backwards that amount of places
If you have a positive exponent you move the decimal point
forward that amount of places
Adding and Subtracting
Same exponent
Add or subtract M
Different exponent
Move decimal to make them the same
Significant Figures
Leading zeroes do not count as significant figures
0.0486 has 3
Captive zeroes always count as significant figures
16.07 has 4
Trailing zeroes are significant if they are after the decimal and at
the end of the number. If a zero is at the end of a whole number,
it doesnt count unless there is a decimal after it.
9.320 has 4
3290 has 3
30.00 has 4
Adding and subtracting
The number of decimal places in the result equals the
number of decimal places in the least precise
measurement
6.8 + 11.934 = 18.734 = 18.7 which has 3 significant
figures
Multiplication and Division
The number of significant figures in the answer equals the
number in the measurement used in the calculation that
had the least
6.38 x 2.0 = 12.76 = 13 which has 2 significant figures
Kilo, Centi, Milli
1 kilo = 1000 m/g/L
1 m/g/L = 100 centi
1 m/g/L = 1000 mili

Accuracy and Precision

Accuracy: refers to the agreement of a particular value with the
true value
Precision: refers to the degree of agreement among several
measurements made in the same manner (consistency)
Chapter 2:
States of Matter:
Solid
Particles are close together
Vibrate around fixed points
Crystal structure
Definite shape and volume
Liquid
Particles a little further apart
Slide past each other
Take shape of container
Definite volume
Gas
Very loosely arranged
Move very fast
Take shape of container
Expand to fill container
No definite shape or volume
Properties of Matter
Physical
You can see
Doesnt require a chemical reaction
Color, size, texture, melting point, boiling point, density
and shape
Chemical
Require a chemical reaction to find out the property
Flammable, pH, reactivity
Changes in Matter
Physical
Molecules stay the same but its form changes
Shape, breaking, state, dissolves, solution
Chemical
Molecules change and the form changes
Leaves change color, combustion, rust
Signs
Color, bubbles, heat is produced or absorbed
Classifying Matter
Pure Substances

Element: periodic table (Cu)

Compound: chemically combined (H2O, NaCl)
Chemically combined elements
Mixtures (can be separated)
Homogeneous
Same throughout
Milk, salt, water, Gatorade, contact solution
Heterogeneous
Not the same throughout
Cereal with milk, trail mix, salad
Solutions
Every solution has a solvent and a solute
Solvent
H2O where the density is 1
If the density is less than one it will sink, greater than
one it will float, and it it equals one it will suspend
Solute (NaCl)
Chapter 3:
Atomic Structure
Particle
Charge
Mass
Location
Proton (p+)
+1
1
Nucleus
Electron (e-)
-1
0
Electron cloud
Neutron (n)
0
1
Nucleus
Ion/Isotope
Ion: atoms that have gained or lost electrons and have an
electrostatic charge
Isotope: atoms of the same element having different masses due
to varying numbers of neutrons
Mass Number
Protons and neutrons added together
Atomic Mass
Average mass number of all the isotopes
(mass number x percent) + (mass number x percent)
Gold Foil Experiment
Concluded the nucleus was small, dense, and positive
Chapter 4:
Orbital
a region with an energy level where there is a probability of
finding an electron
Electron Configuration
Orbital Diagram
Reverse arrow pairs over the energy level
Long Hand Electron Configuration

Go through the periodic table using s (2), p (6), d (10), and

f (14) blocks
Fe = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d6
Short Hand Electron Configuration
Noble gas before element then continue as you would for
long hand configuration
Rules
D Block- period number minus one energy level
F Block- period number minus two energy levels
Two electrons occupying the same orbital must have
opposite spins
Dont pair up electrons if you dont have to
Lowest energy orbitals fill first
Chapter 5 and 6:
Groups and periods
Groups (up and down)
1: Alkali metals
2: Alkaline Earth Metals
3-12: Transition Metals
17: Halogens
18: Noble Gases
Periods (left to right)
Properties of Elements
Metals
Good conductors of heat and electricity
Malleable
Ductile
High tensile strength
Luster
Metalloids
Have properties of metals and nonmetals
More brittle than metals, less brittle than most non metallic
solids
Semiconductors of electricity
Some possess metallic luster
Nonmetals
Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Brittle
Many are gases at room temperature
Trends
Atomic Radius
Half the distance between nuclei in covalently bonded
diatomic molecules

 DECREASES across the period

INCREASES down the group
Ionization Energy
The energy required to remove an electron from an atom
INCREASE across a period
DECREASE down a group
Electronegativity
A measure of the ability of the of an atom in a chemical
compound to attract electrons
INCREASE across a period because the radius decreases
DECREASE down a group because the radius increases
First do noble gases, metals before nonmetals, then follow
the trends
Ionic Radius
Number of energy levels (smaller < larger)
Then protons (more protons < less protons)
Lewis Dot Structures
Represent an atoms valence electrons, electrons available for
bonding
Number of valence electrons = the number of dots around the
element symbol
Chapter 7:
Formulas
First look at the name of the atom and find the charges of both
Make sure the subscripts and charges add to 0
Nomenclature
Ionic Nomenclature (metal and nonmetal or polyatomic ion)
Metal or cation comes first
Second element ending changes to ide
Use roman numerals for transition metals except for zinc
(+2) and silver (+1)
Tin, lead, and bismuth also use roman numerals
Molecular Nomenclature
Two nonmetals or metalloids
Use prefixes
1) mono, 2) di, 3) tri, 4) tetra, 5) penta, 6) hexa, 7) hepta,
8) octa, 9) nona, 10) deka
If the first element is only one there is no prefix
Always prefix on second element
Still change ending to ide
Acid Nomenclature
Starts with hydrogen
HCl
HClO
HClO2
HClO3

HClO4

Binary acid

Ternary acid

Chlorous
acid

-ate to ic

Prefix hydro

Identify the
Chloric
polyatomic
acid
-ic suffix
Name the poly
Write the word Change the
acid
suffix ite to
-ous
Hydrochloric
Hypochlorous
acid
acid
The number of hydrogens equals the charge of the other
element

Rules
The prefix per- and the suffix ate add a 0
The suffix ite take away a 0
The prefix hypo- and the suffix ite take away two zeroes
Polyatomic Ions
Hydroxide OH with a -1 charge
Phosphate - PO4 with a -3 charge
Ammonium NH4 with a +1 charge
Sulfate SO4 with a -2 charge
Nitrate NO3 with a -1 charge
Chlorate ClO3 with a -1 charge
Acetate C2H3O2 with a -1
Carbonate CO3 with a -2 charge
Chapter 8:
Molecular Geometry
Shapes
Steric Number 2
0 Lone Pairs Linear 180
Steric Number 3
0 Lone Pairs Trigonal Planar 120
1 Lone Pair Bent 120
Steric Number 4
0 Lone Pairs Tetrahedral 109.5
1 Lone Pair Trigonal Pyramidal 109.5
2 Lone Pairs Bent 109.5
Steric Number 5
0 Lone Pairs Trigonal Bipyramidal 90 and 120
1 Lone Pair Seesaw 90 and 120
2 Lone Pairs T-shape 90
3 Lone Pairs Linear 180
Steric Number 6

Perchloric
acid

0
1
2
3
4

Lone
Lone
Lone
Lone
Lone

Pairs Octahedral 90
Pair Square Pyramid 90
Pairs Square Planar 90
Pairs T-shape 90
Pairs Linear 180

Polarity
A molecule is polar is the bonds dont cancel, bent, trigonal
planar
A molecule is nonpolar is the bonds cancel
B has only 6 electrons, Be had only 4, H has only 2 in its
drawings
Drawings: anything beyond period two can have an octet