Exploration & Production Filed Operations

THERMAL EQUIPMENT

Charts

CHART 1: Units
CHART 2: Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients
CHART 3: Estimation of the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
CHART 4: Estimation of the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Water-Hydrocarbons
CHART 5: LMTDCC Correction Factor F

EN ECH - 20243_a_A_pla_00

11/02/2009

2009 IFP Training

 Chart 1

UNITS
Unit systems
I.S.

METRIC

BRITISH

units

kcal
h

BTU
h

Heat flowrate

0.8601

3.4118

or

kcal
h

1.1626

3.9683

BTU
h

0.2931

0.2520

Units

m2

m2

ft2

m2

10.7639

ft2

0.0929

0.0929

Units

W/m2

kcal
h m2

BTU
h ft2

W
m2

0.8601

0.3170

Thermal flux

kcal
h.m2

1.1626

0.3687

BTU
h.ft2

3.1549

2.7122

Units

K or C

1,8

0.5555

0.5555

units

m2.K
W

h.m2.C
kcal

h.ft2.F
BTU

m2.K
W

1.1626

5.6782

Heat transfer

h.m2.C
kcal

0.8601

4.8824

resistance

h.ft2.F
BTU

0.1761

0.2048

Units

W
m2K

kcal
h.m2.C

BTU
h.ft2.F

W
m2K

0.8601

0.1761

Heat transfer

kcal
h.m2.C

1.126

0.2048

coefficient

BTU
h.ft2.F

5,6782

4,8824

Duty
A
Heat exchange area

Temperature difference

00647_A_A

2009 IFP Training

 Chart 2

CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS

kcal
Heat transfer coefficients are expressed in h..m 2 .C

Natural convection

Still air
40 km/h wind
Furnace exhaust gases
Gaseous hydrocarbons
(reheated in storage)

10
40
50

(* multiply these values by 2 if a stirrer is used)

Water

30* ( = 1000 cP)

50* ( = 100 cP)
50 - 250 (depending on speed and temperature)

Forced convection
Laminar flow
Hydrocarbons

50 - 80 ( > 10 cP)
200
( = 3 cP)
150-400

Water
Turbulent flow
Gaseous hydrocarbons
(MW = 60)
Gaseous hydrocarbons
(MW = 60) + 80% + H
Gasoline
Water (40C and 1 m/s)

1,700 (at 35 bar for P = 0.5 bar)

500 (at 10 bar for P = 0.2 bar)
200 (at 2 bar for P = 0.06 bar)
1,700 2,500
500 1,000
200 300
1,000 - 1,500
5,000

Condensation
Hydrocarbons
Water

1,200 - 1,700
5,000 - 10,000

Steam ( = 10C)
Steam + 1% air
+ 2% air

10,000
5,000
3,850

Vaporization
Hydrocarbons
Water

1,500 - 2,500
5,000 - 10,000

Conclusion:
Generally:

Natural convection < forced

Laminar flow < turbulent
Gas < liquid and HC < water

00647_A_A

2009 IFP Training

 Chart 3

ESTIMATION OF THE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

U

FLUID
Tubes side

(kcal/h.m2.C)

Shell side

Tube side

1. Coolers
Butadiene
Olefinic C4
Condensate ethylene
Gaseous
ethylene
Liquid ethylene
Gaseous propane

Shell side

Light olefinic hydrocarbons

CO, CO2, H2
Light, chlorinated
hydrocarbons
Ethanol amine
Solvent
Solvent
Solvent
Oil
Condensate
25% calcium chloride
Steam

Steam

60-150

Steam
Propylene (vaporization)
Solvent
Cold water
Oil
Propylene
Chlorinated C1
Air (mixture)

75-125
150-200
170-200
170-350
300-400
300-600
200-300
50-100

Solvent & non-condens.

Water
Water
Water
Feed water
Oil
Cold water
Water

Steam

Styrene and tar

250-300

Water

Cold water
Cold water
Water
Water
Water

Freon 12
Transformation oil
Feed water (35-45C)
Feed water (100-35C)
Light, chlorinated C2
hydrocarbons
Heavy chlorinated C2
hydrocarbons
Perchlorethylene
Air-Cl2
HCl
Air and steam
Absorbing oil

Water
Water
Water
Water
Water

(kcal/h.m2.C)

2. Condensers
Butadiene
Olefinic C4
Ethylene
Light olefinic
hydrocarbons
HCl
Light ends and
chloroethanes
Olefinic, chlorinated
hydrocarbons
Chlorinated hydrocarbons

Water

FLUID

Steam
Propylene (vaporization)
Condensate and steam
Cold water

60
65-90
450-600
250-400

Gaseous ethylene
Liquid propane

50-100
30-75

Steam

50-100

500-600
200-350
500-600
800-1 100
30-50

270-170
40-90
35-75
100-170
400-560

330-390
290-330
300-450
250-300

Propylene
Propylene

300-550
75-125

Water

450-600

Water

100-150

Water
Air-steam

Water
Gaseous propylene
Propylene
Steam
Steam
Steam
Air-Cl2 (partial condensation)
Propylene (refrigeration and
condensation)(1)
Light hydrocarbons
(refrigeration and condensation)(1)
Ammoniac
Freon

Olefinic C4
Chlorinated hydrocarbons

Steam
Steam

450-550
170-220

Olefinic chlorinated
hydrocarbons
Dichlorethane
heavy solvent
Mono and diethanolamine
Organic acids - water
Amine - water
Steam
Propylene
Propylene-butadiene

Steam

500-700

3. Reboilers

220-150

Propylene (cooling)
Propylene
Propylene
Propylene

Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Naphtha
Ethane-ethylene
Butadiene-olefins

(1) Depending on the temperature range: 550-750 ( 10 to 5C) ; 125-250 (0 to 7C).

U (kcal/hr/m2/C)
100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1000

Heavy hydrocarbons - residue

(without change in phase)

am

ht

HC

Co

olin

-c

oc

-n

ha

ng

ei

gw

ate

np

Light hydrocarbons - C3-C4

(without change in phase)

r
Light hydrocarbons
(with change in phase)

ha

se

ha

np

ei
se

Cooling water

Overall heat transfer coefficient

00647_A_A

2009 IFP Training

Saturated water steam

D MTE 2085 B

has

phas

in p

ng

ha

ge

e in

hang

han
oc

HC

-n

no c

ht

Lig

Lig

HC

HC -

dle

Mid

y
Heav

Middle hydrocarbons - heavy

distillate (without change in phase)

Ste

125-75
650-750
300-500
600-1 100
100-150
350-550
40-75

200-450
700-800
50-250

350-450
350-550
750-1 100
300-500
600-700
75-100
600-700
75-90

 Chart 4

ESTIMATION OF THE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

Water - Hydrocarbons

LIQUID HYDROCARBON COOLER

1000

kcal/h.m2.C

800
600
500

Low fou

400

High foulin

Fouling resistance
Tube side water : 0.0004 h.m2.C/kcal
eau ct tube :
0.0020 h.ft2.F/Btu

ling

300
200
Viscosity (cP)
100

20

5 6 7 8 910

30

40 50 60

80 100

200

300 400

600

1000

GASEOUS HYDROCARBON COOLER

700
600
500

kcal/h.m2.C

400
300
200

eigh

rw
cula

Fouling resistances
- Tube side water : 0.0004 h.m2.C/kcal
eau ct tube :
0.0020 h.ft2.F/Btu
- Shell side HC : 0.0004 h.m2.C/kcal

Mol

100 30
60

80 90

Pressure (bar.a)

150

60

6 7 8 9 10

20

30

40 50 60

80 100

TOTAL HYDROCARBON CONDENSER

535

Isotherme

kcal/h.m2.C
rval DT

inte
erature

Temp

400

ature
mper

7.8C

3
l DT =
terva

in

Te

ature
mper

300

= 10C

al DT

interv

Fouling resistances
- Tube side water : 0.0004 h.m2.C/kcal
eau ct tube :
0.0020 h.ft2.F/Btu
- Shell side HC : 0.0004 h.m2.C/kcal

6C
= 65.

Te

D MTE 2182 D
B

500

Pressure (bar.a)
0.5

0.7

2009 - IFP Training

10

20

30

50

70

100

 2009 - IFP Training

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

T1

8.0

10

0.1

0.2

3.0

T2

0.9

0.7

0.6

0.7

0.8

1.0

1.2

0.8

1.4

1.6

2.5

= U . A . (F1-2 . LMTDcc )

e=

t2 - t1
T1 - t1

r=

T1 - T 2
t2 - t1

LMTDcc CORRECTION FACTOR

1 shell pass, 2 or 2 n tube passes

0.6

0.5

Q = U . A . MTD1-2

0.5

0.4

t1

1.8

0.4

F1-2 =

0.9

0.2

t2

0.3

Area corresponding to outlet temperatures cross

DTM1-2
LMTDcc

1.0
e : efficiency

r = 0.1

00302_A_A

F1-2 : LMTDcc correction factor

1.0

LMTDCC CORRECTION FACTOR (F)

Chart 5 1/6

0.3

2.0

4.0

6.0

15
r = 20

 2009 - IFP Training

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

10

0.1

0.2

4.0

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.9

1.0

1.2

1.6

2.0

3.0

= U . A . (F2-4 . LMTDcc )

r=

T1 - T2
t2 - t1

0.9

F2-4 =

0.6

t -t
e= 2 1
T1 - t1

LMTDcc CORRECTION FACTOR

2 shell passes, 4 or 4 n tube passes

0.7

1.0
e : efficiency

MTD2-4
LMTDcc

0.5

Q = U . A . MTD2-4

1.4

0.6

0.4

t1

1.8

0.5

0.2

t2

0.4

0.3

T2

T1

0.3

Area corresponding to outlet temperatures cross

r = 0.1

00303_A_A

F2-4 : LMTDcc correction factor

1.0

LMTDCC CORRECTION FACTOR (F)

Chart 5 2/6

2.5

6.0

8.0

15
r = 20

 2009 - IFP Training

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

T2

10

0.1

0.2

T1

0.3

2.5

2.0

0.5

1.6

0.7

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.8

3.0

= U . A . (F3-6 . LMTDcc )

e=

t2 - t1
T1 - t1

r=

T1 - T2
t2 - t1

0.9

F3-6 =

LMTDcc CORRECTION FACTOR

3 shell passes, 6 or 6 n tube passes

0.6

0.8

Q = U . A . MTD3-6

0.4

MTD3-6
LMTDcc

1.0
e : efficiency

0.6

t1

t2

Area corresponding to outlet temperatures cross

r = 0.2
0.4

00304_A_A

F3-6: LMTDcc correction factor

1.0

LMTDCC CORRECTION FACTOR (F)

Chart 5 3/6

4.0

6.0

8.0

15
r = 20

 2009 - IFP Training

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

10

0.1

0.2

1.8

0.7

0.8

= U . A . (F4-8 . LMTDcc )

t -t
e= 2 1
T1 - t1

r=

T1 - T2
t2 - t1

0.9

F4-8 =

LMTDcc CORRECTION FACTOR

4 shell passes, 8 or 8 n tube passes

1.4

Q = U . A . MTD4-8

1.6

0.6

1.2

t1

2.0

0.5

1.0

T2

t2

2.5

0.4

1.0
e : efficiency

MTD4-8
LMTDcc

0.8

T1

0.3

0.6

4
shells

Area corresponding to outlet temperatures cross

r = 0.4 0.2

00305_A_A

F4-8 : LMTDcc correction factor

1.0

LMTDCC CORRECTION FACTOR (F)

Chart 5 4/6

3.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

15
r = 20

15
r = 20

2009 - IFP Training

5
shells

10

0.1

0.2

1.6

1.4

0.7

1.2

1.8

0.8

= U . A . (F5-10 . LMTDcc)

Q = U . A . MTD5-10

e = t2 - t1
T1 - t1

r = T1 - T2
t2 - t1

0.9

F5-10 =

LMTDcc CORRECTION FACTOR

5 shell passes, 10 or 10 n tube passes

0.6

1.0

t1

2.0

0.5

MTD5-10
LMTDcc

1.0
e : efficiency

0.8

T2

t2

2.5

0.4

0.2

T1

0.3

Area corresponding to outlet temperatures cross

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

r = 0.6

00306_A_A

F5-10 : LMTDcc correction factor

1.0

LMTDCC CORRECTION FACTOR (F)

Chart 5 5/6

3.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

 2009 - IFP Training

10

0.1

0.2

3.0

2.0

1.6

0.7

1.4

1.8

0.8

= U . A . (F6-12 . LMTDcc)

t -t
e= 2 1
T1 - t1

r=

T1 - T2
t2 - t1

0.9

F6-12 =

LMTDcc CORRECTION FACTOR

6 shell passes, 12 or 12 n tube passes

0.6

1.2

Q = U . A . MTD6-12

0.5

1.0

t1

t2

2.5

0.4

MTD6-12
LMTDcc

1.0
e : efficiency

0.8

T2

T1

0.3

0.2

6
shells

corresponding
outlettemperatures
temperaturescross
cross
AreaArea
corresponding
to to
outlet

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

r = 0.6

00307_A_A

F6-12 : LMTDcc correction factor

1.0

LMTDCC CORRECTION FACTOR (F)

Chart 5 6/6

4.0

6.0

8.0

15
r = 20