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(CSTR)
1.0 ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
Based on the title, this experiment had done in order to fulfil the
syllabus of Chemical Engineering Laboratory subject. Thus, the members
of the group should to know more detail about the Continuous Stirrer Tank
Reactor (CSTR) and to carry out the operation for the saponificaton of
Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH and
experiment were to determine the reaction constant, k and to study the saponification
reaction between NaOH and ethyl acetate. The reaction rate, rA was measured throughout 5
minutes interval for 25 minutes. Then the samples that added with hydrochloric acid, HCL
and two drops of phenolpthalein indicator were titrated until the solution become light pink ..
The reaction constant, k was obtained from slope of graph of 1/Ca vs. time The results
obtained were according to the theory All the objectives were achieved. The values of the
reaction constant were obtained. The experiments were supposed to be conducted carefully so
that the results obtained for calculation are correct.
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2.1 What Is The Continous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) And How
Does Its Function?
The continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) is also known as vat- or backmix reactor, is
a common ideal reactor type in chemical engineering.[1] CSTR are open systems, operate at
steady state basis, where the conditions in the reactor do not change with time. Reactants are
continuously fed into the reactor and the products are continously removed.[2] A CSTR often
refer to a model to estimate the key unit operation variable when using a continuous agitated
tank reactor to reach a specified output. [1]
All calculation performed in CSTR are assume perfect mixing. In a perfect mixed
reactor, the output composition is identical to composition of the material inside the reactor,
which is a fuction of residence time and rate of reaction.[1]
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CSTR like the diagram 2.2.3 below are always used in biological processes, such as
cell cultures. The CSTR shown below can be used for high density animal cell culture in
research or production. The vessels use are for single use.[3]
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3.0
OBJECTIVES
Firstly, th objective of this experiment are to determine the reaction rate constant, k for
batch reaction. Furthermore, to study saponification of ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide.
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4.0 THEORY
Rate of
into
Rate of A
out of
produced
within
Rate of A
Accumulate
=
d
within
volume
elemen
volume
elemen
volume
volume
element
Element
Rate of A
accumulate
=
d
within
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volume
element
1/-rA
Area = t
Ca
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r3
r2
r1
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Figure 4.3 : the graphically related between homogenous reaction, temperature and reaction
rate
5.0
APPARATUS
reactor
Controller such as
switch of pump
Tube in taking
the sample
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6.0
PROCEDURE
6.1
In the reactor
Firstly, before starting the experiment, the tank that contains of ethyl acetate and
NaOH must be checked. Then, the experiment is started to fill the reactor with NaOH and
ethyl acetate. The pump 1 is switched on to pump the ethyl acetate until reaches 1.25 liters or
reaches the line that being marked on the reactor. Finished to fill with ethyl acetate then fill
the reactor with NaOH by switch on the pump 2. This pump 2 is being switched on for the
NaOH solution being pump until the solution reaches mark of 2.5 liters. The stirrer will be
switched on and the speed be set at 180 rpm. The timing will be immediately started. At time
t=1 minutes, the samples being taken about 50 mL by opened the valve 7 and the titration will
be done. Then, the timing is reset for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes. An example will be taken
for the time taken. All of the sample will be titrated.
6.2
During titration
Firstly, 10 mL of HCL is put inside the conical flask and added 3 drops of
phenolphthalein. After that, the sample that being taken will be mixed with this solution.
Then, it is being titrated with NaOH until reaches light pink. The data for used of NaOH
during titration was recorded.
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7.0 RESULT
Conc. of NaOH
0.05
0.1
moles/liter
Conc. of HCl
= 0.25
moles/liter
Standard Solution
moles/liter
Volume of HCl
10
moles/liter
Conc. of NaOH
Sample
moles/liter
Volume of sample
0.1
= 50 ml
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Volume
Volume of
Volume of
Mole of HCl
Mole of
(min)
of
Quenching
HCl
Reacted with
NaOH
titrating
HCl
Reacted
NaOH in
Unreacted in
NaOH
Unreacted
with NaOH
Sample
Sample
(ml)
with NaOH in
in Sample
Sample (ml)
(ml)
1
15.7
6.28
3.72
0.00093
0.00093
5
21.2
8.48
1.52
0.00038
0.00038
10
23.0
9.20
0.80
0.00020
0.00020
15
23.7
9.48
0.52
0.00013
0.00013
20
24.0
9.60
0.40
0.00010
0.00010
25
25.0
10.00
0.00
0.00000
0.00000
Table 7.2: The volume of Sodium Hydroxide needed to neutralize the
sample solution
7.3 The concentration and mole fraction af reacted and unreacted
sodium hydroxide,NaoH with Ethyl Acetate
Concentrati
Steady
Concentratio
Mole of
Concentratio Concentratio
on of NaOH
state
n of NaOH
NaOH
n of Ethyl
n of Ethyl
Unreacted
Fraction
Reacted with
Reacted
Acetate
Acetate
with Ethyl
Conversi
Ethyl
with Ethyl
Reacted with
unreacted
Acetate
on of
Acetate
Acetate in
NaOH
(moles/litre)
(moles/litre)
NaOH, XA
(moles/litre)
Sample
(moles/litre)
,CA
0.0186
0.0076
0.0040
0.628
0.848
0.920
0.0064
0.0174
0.0210
0.00032
0.00087
0.00105
0.0064
0.0174
0.0210
0.0436
0.0326
0.0290
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0.948
0.960
1.000
0.0224
0.0230
0.0250
0.00112
0.00115
0.00125
0.0224
0.0230
0.0250
0.0276
0.0270
0.0250
Table 7.3: The concentration and mole fraction af reacted and unreacted
sodium hydroxide,NaoH with Ethyl Acetate
300
200
100
0
1
10
15
20
25
time (min)
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C NaOH , std
Volume of titrating NaOH (ml)
C HCl ,std
0.1
15.7
0.25
6.28 ml
3.72ml
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0.00093
1000
50
0.0186
0.05
0.628
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( moles
litre )
0.0250.0186
0.0064
moles
litre
V
( moles
litre )
0.0064 0.05
0.00032 moles
0.00032
0.05
0.0064
moles
litre
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( moles
litre )
0.050.0064
0.0436
moles
litre
9.0 DISCUSSION
NaOH + Et(Ac) Na(Ac) + EtOH
The experiment was carried out by using special hydroxide and ethyl acetate. Inside
the reactor, the saponification of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate producing sodium
acetate and ethanol. Order of the reaction is based on the powers of the concentration which
are raised in the kinetic law. Based on result and the sample of calculation, the value of data
was fitted to second order reaction.[5]
From Arrheniuss equation, k = Ae-E/RT it show that the temperature has an effect to
the reaction rate constant. It states that when the rate constant doubles, so wills the rate of
reaction. The higher the temperature the faster the molecules move producing much more
kinetic energy than normal. More collision is happen in order for a reaction to occur and thus
larger fraction of molecules to provide the activation energy needed for the reaction.
Activation energy, Ea is the minimum energy needed for the reaction to occur.[5]
Therefore, the rate law for this experiment is:
-dCa/dt = kCa2
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The slopes of the graph are representing the specific reaction rate constant, K. K
constant can be obtained by considering all the data obtained throughout the experiment.
Based on the calculation, K can be calculated.
Since the reaction is second order, the reaction rate by the rate law is in the form of
-ra =kCACB. Then for this experiment, the volume of quenching HCL unreacted with NaOH
ins sample (ml) is 6.28 ml, 8.48 ml, 9.20 ml, 9.48 ml, 9.60 ml and 10.00 ml. Next, the
volume of HCL reacted with NaOH in sample (ml) is 3.72 ml, 1.52 ml, 0.80 ml, 0.52 ml,
0.40 ml and 0.00 ml respectively.
The volume of titrating NaOH for experiment A was increased from 15.7 ml, 21.2 ml,
23.0 ml, 23.7 ml, 24.0 ml and 25.0 ml. That means the higher the concentration of HCL, the
more volume of NaOH is needed to neutralize the mixture.
After calculating all the data obtained, values of constant k can be known. From the graph,
the value k is 25.304 Lmol-1min-1.
10.0 CONCLUSION
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min-1.
11.0 RECOMMENDATION
In this experiment there have certain things that need to be considered on to get most
accurate data and some suggestion to increase the accuracy. Firstly, the solution in reactor
need to be sure completely mixed before the sample is taken. This is to prevent the error
while doing the titration.
Secondly, while handling this chemical, student should use the gloves and googles if
need. Then, when titration, make sure the 10 mL of HCL must be put into the conical flask
and added with 3 drops of phenolphthalein then put the sample from the reactor. The titration
need to be done carefully until it reaches the light pink.
Before taking the sample from the reactor, when opened the valve 7 the sample need to
be throw a little bit then it can be taken for 50 mL. This is to prevent if the sample that
contain in tube is not the best sample in the reactor.
Make sure all the flask, apparatus that involved in titration process is cleaned from
chemicals because it will affect the titration results. Then, wait until the system stable before
taking the reading, because sometimes, the system is not well reacted, but students already
take the readings.
Furthermore, make sure all valves are in their right positions before starting the
experiments to prevent any damages into the equipment. Before taking the sample, make sure
flush the products a little bit, just to ensure there are no previous product in the outlet stream
Last but not least, do not let the temperature shoot higher or lower than the
temperature needed. Make sure the temperatures are well controlled.
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12.0 REFERENCES
[1] Schmidt, Lanny D. (1998). The Engineering of Chemical Reactions. New York : Oxford
University Press.
[2] Fogler, Scott H. Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, 3rd Edition, Englewood
Cliffs,NJ : Prentice- Hall, 1998 , pp.180-191
[3] Wales, Stanley M. Chemical Process Equipment: Selection and Design. Boston :
Butterworth- Heinemann, 1990, pp 578-595
[4] Perry, Robert H, and Don W. Green. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook. 7th Edition,
New York : McGraw- Hill Inc., 1997, pp 177-179
[5] Rate Constants and The Arrhenius Equation. Retrieved on APRIL 1, 2016 from
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicrates/arrhenius.html
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13.0 APPENDICES
(data refer to the last page)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 ABSTRACT/SUMMARY..................................................................................................1
2.0 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................2
2.1 What Is The Continous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) And How Does Its
Function?.............................................................................................................................2
2.2 Application Of Continous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) In Industries
And Various Field.............................................................................................................2
2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Continous Stirred Tank Reactor
(CSTR)..................................................................................................................................4
3.0 OBJECTIVES.....................................................................................................................4
4.0 THEORY............................................................................................................................5
4.1 IDEAL STIRRED-TANK REACTOR..........................................................................5
4.2 BATCH STIRRED-TANK REACTOR (BSTR)..........................................................5
4.3 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON RATE OF REACTION.....................................7
5.0 APPARATUS.....................................................................................................................8
6.0 PROCEDURE...................................................................................................................9
6.1 In the reactor.............................................................................................................9
6.2 During titration..........................................................................................................9
7.0 RESULT...........................................................................................................................10
7.1 The feed concentration, standard solution concentration with volume
and volume of sample used......................................................................................10
7.2 The volume of Sodium Hydroxide needed to neutralize the sample
solution..............................................................................................................................11
7.3 The concentration and mole fraction af reacted and unreacted
sodium hydroxide,NaoH with Ethyl Acetate........................................................11
8.0 SAMPLE CALCULATION.............................................................................................13
9.0 DISCUSSION.................................................................................................................15
10.0 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................17
11.0 RECOMMENDATION.................................................................................................17
12.0 REFERENCES.............................................................................................................18
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