AL 1.1 Determine the dimensions, in both the FLT system and the MLT system, for (a) the product of mass times velocity, (b) the product of force times volume, and (c) kinetic energy divided by area, (A) mass x velocity + (M) (27) = MLT! Sine F2me7? mass x velocity = (FLT YUTI = ET \- fe? (eT? )3) = mute (6) force x volume (ey inet energy. Lg ppt area Le = 2 OMT ADL 2 yy? —42 [42] 1.2 Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT and MLT systems, ofthe following quantities which appear in Table 1.1: (a) angular velocity, (b) en- ergy, (©) moment of inertia (area), (d) power, and (e) pressure. (4) angular velocity = argue dspleenent = cia im a (5) energy ~ capacity of body te do work Since work = torcex distante, L cnergy = ee energy = (act )(t) 2 muir”? (€) momen? of inerha(area) = second memeat of arca (L*)(i) = L* (a) power = rate of doing work = Fes fiat Me = 2 Gyr ar) 4 mur? prorc ee tenets () pressure = T= 7a 2 FL” -2 2 (mit 247) = Met43 1.3. Verity the dimensions in both the FLT system and the sem, ofthe following quantities which appear in Table 1:1: (a) acceleration, (b) stress, (€) moment of a fore, ¢@) vol ume, and (e) work. (@) acceleration = force area. (L) stress = Since FS MLT, stress = ce) tmoment of «force = Force x distance slqr dl + Aer? (a) volume = (length) e force x distance = FL OT DL = Mier” (@) work W ll[24 ] 1.4 If Pisa force and x a length, what are the dimensions (in the FLT system) of (a) dP/ dx, (b) Pid’, and (6) [P dx? a) G22 fs ee? oa Z == | (6) GE sk = 23 du? ce = © (Pac 2 EL | Se 15, 15 If p isa pressure, Va velocity, and pa fluid density. what are the dimensions (in the MLT system) of (a) p/p, (©) Vp, and (c) p/pV*? bp et pene (a) - Semayas = es 2,7F + () p¥p® Mae'r” (ur )(me?)= ek ) Pp. Aae'T aero oe 2 SE fg MT? (dimers : pve (mi3)(LT 2 (cmensionle[46 | 46 If Visa velocity, Ca length, and va fluid property having dimensions of L*7-', which of the following combinations are dimensionless: (a) Vbu, (b) Vel, (e) V2v, (d) VIO? cay VAY = (LT We)leeT") + LIT * (not dimensionless) 6) VE 2 (LTO) 2 pore ¥ tr) ar) (LT) 3 LIT? Cnet dimensionless) (dimension less) MW. le) VV “1 () a = a = pt (not dimensionless ) 7 1.7 Dimensionless combinations of quan- tities (commonly called dimensionless parame- ters) play an important role in fluid mechanics. Make up five possible dimensionless parameters by using combinations of some of the quantities listed in Table 1.1. Some possible examples: acceleration x time , (LTT) . 10 re velocity - Tir) = Frequency xtime = (TY) = 7° 2 (velocity) 2 (ir) 207° length * acceleration (L)(L 7) force xtime . (FAT) , LENT) 2 PL? rmementum (MLT) (Fru UT) density « velocity x length, (wierd dynamic viscosity . ML Tt MLeT? is1.2 The force, P, thatis exerted on a spher- ical particle moving slowly through a liquid is given by the equation P = 3nuDV where pis a fluid property (viscosity) having di- mensions of FL-*7, D is the particle diameter, and V is the particle velocity. What are the di- mensions of the constant, 3? Would you classify this equation as a general homogeneous equa- tion? P= 3m~DV fal [arl(ec*7IIL IL Tr) cris [sn LF) 3m 4s dimensonless, and the equation: is a general homogeneous eguation. Yes.According to information found in an old hydraulics book, the energy loss per unit weight of fluid flowing through a nozzle connected to a hose can be estimated by the formula hh = (0.04 to 0.09(D/dy*V2/2g t where his the energy loss per unit weight, D the hose diameter, le tip diameter, V the fluid velocity in the hose, and eration of gravity. Do you think this equation is valid em of units? Explain, 4 = (0.04 4 0.09) (2)* M* 25 Ee] [ow oe SJEIE TE [1] 2 [oo boo] (E] Since each term in The eguation must have the Same dimensions, the Constant term (0.04 b 0,07) must be dirmenstonless. Thus, The egaation & & general homogeneous ep uation that 1s Valid jn any system of anit, Yes. 10 | 110 The pressure difference, Ap, across a _cosity (FL~°7), p the blood density (ML-*), D {” partial blockage in an artery (called a stenosis) is the artery diameter, Ay the area of the unob- + approximated by the equation structed artery. and A, the area of the stenosis, A y Determine the dimensions of the constants K *— 1) pv? ww weak +k, (# and K,. Would this equation be valid in any sys- : tem of units? where V is the blood velocity, j« the blood vis- | p= ky + ele ey A APB (rede fe 1 I ES-7 EE) FL] = ik] { FL + (k,) [Fc] | Since each term must have the same dimensions, K, and Ky, are dimensionless, Thus, the equation is a@ general hermogeneous equation that would be valicl in any Consistent system of units. Yes1,11 Assume that the speed of sound, ¢, in a fluid depends on an elastic modulus, £,, with dimensions FL.~?, and the fluid density, p, in the form ¢ = (E,)'(p)’. If this is t0 be @ dimen- sionally homogeneous equation, what are the values for a and ? Is your result consistent with the standard formula for the speed of sound? (See Eq. 1.19.) c= (e,)°@) es [=] (EI[eE Le “J “ For a climensionally homogeneous tfuation each term in the eguation must have The same dimensions. Thus, the right hand side of £3.01) must have The dimensions of LT Therehre, atrh=o0 (to eliminate F) 2h=-1 Oto satishy condston onT) Lateb= | Che atsty tonditen on L) Lt Lillows tht az4 and b2-4 So That tr? Thr result is consistent. with the shindant dermula hr The Speed of sound. Yes.Zz AAD A formula for estimating the volume rate of flow, Q, over the spillway of a dam is = CV 2g B(H + V/2)" where C is a constant, g the acceleration of gravity, B the spillway width, H the depth of water passing over the spillway, and V the velocity of water just upstream of the dam. Would this equation be valid in any system of units? Explain. 7 cag 8 (H+) eft fer]2 (elie) (27) “01 tal at [er)=fefe] [eer] (04+£8)" {3 T\efew] [er] Since each term ra the eguation must have the same climensioas The Constant CVZ rnust be dumension less. Thus, The eguation 1s @ general homo geneous eg uation thet would be vahd in ang consistent set of units. Yes.1424 | 1.14 Make use of Table 1.3 to express the following quantities in SI units: (a) 10.2 in./min, (b) 4.81 slugs, (¢) 3.02 Ib, (d) 73.1 ft/s*, (e) 0.0234 Ib-s/ft’. @ 10.2%, = (0.2 %,)(2swe0 2) ( Le) bos = -3 a am, = 43a2x/0° Fs #32 oe (6) 441 slgs= (#81 shgs ) (0459400 ft = 70.2 44 (2) 3.02 Ib = (302kb) (4900 B) = 1344 a ee a 73,) 4 = (73:4) (2 o%ex0"' st) 223 % = M. (€) 0.0234 es = (0.0a3y 2) (4.10800 Fe at ) bs = NS = 1/2 ot I-10nies 1.15 Make use of Table 1.4 to express the following quantities in BG units: (a) 14.2 km, (b) 8.14 N/m’, (¢) 1.61 kg/m', (d) 0.0320 N-m/s, (e) 5.67 mm/hr. (a) 142 4m = (42x10°m) (3291 #)= 446 xs0' Ht ib () 8m Hy = (8.1%) (0. s06x0? ee he 51g x10 ie ts sla; -. ce) 16) 44. (er &, , ) (1. 940.x10°° #8). B12 x|0° slugs am ke tes ad Norm ; <1 ftlb (a) 0.0320 2 = (9,0320 %) (1.516010 a ) frm = 23abxi0” fhe . ee (€) 5.67 22" = (S67 x10" 92) (220) Le ea) = S/T x10 ft wellLle 1.16 Make use of Appendix A to express the following quantities in ST units: (a) 160 acre, (b) 742 Btu, (c) 240 miles, (d) 79.1 hp, (e) 60.3 °F. ™m (4) 160 acce = (60 acve) (¢asexs0" & £) (@240«0 2) = 6.47 «10% m* (4) 742 BTU = (742 ary) (nossaio" S| 83x10° J y= (6) 240 me (240 mé ) (16092107 27.) = 2 8b KIO om we) = 2SBn () 74.) bp = (al bp) (1957 «107 Ta &f0.x10'W °F (603-32) = 15.7°C te) 7, = 287K Kk /6.7°C + 273 1-}2alas 1.17 Clouds can weigh thousands of pounds due to their liguid water content. Often this content is measured in grams per cubic meter (g/m’). Assume that a cumulus cloud occupies volume of one cubic kilometer, and its liquid water content is 0.2 gm’, (a) What is the volume of this cloud in cubic miles? (b) How much does the water in the cloud weigh in pounds? (a) Volume = | Cem)? = 10m? Since [m= 3.28! £4 Got C3281 y Hslume = LO mth "me (5: 280x003 ea) 3 ome = 0.240 me? (4) QW = ¥x Volume x= pg = (0.2 5) (w? 4) (5) 3 =) ure a Dy = (1.462 «07S, )(J0%m?) = 1.462 X10" N = (.9l2 x0 w )(2.248 x10 ) = 441 x |b£48. 1.18 For Table 1.3 verify the conversion re- lationships for: (a) area, (b) density, (¢) velocity, and (d) specific weight. Use the basic conversion relationships: 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 lb = 4.4482 N; and I slug = 14.594 kg. (a) | fers (140°f(o 3010)‘ 203] - 0.09290 am a Thus, multiply 42? by 9.290 E-2 to convert tom *. ts) Sug « slug 4s | 1 fe : fe? (/ ft? ) (4 ot 53) la 3006)7m Re = S/IEL¢ Ts Thus, multiply slug tt? by S1S% E+2 to convert to ky lm ce) y ff] ft) (0.3042 @)= Oseve @ Thus, multiple ft/s by 3.048 E-l* convert to m/s. 1 fe? @) ise (2 ke) ) (eons # [anata | = 571% Thus, multiply 16/2 by L511 Et2 + convect te N/m, s/t[27] 1.19 For Table 1.4 verify the conversion re- Jationships for: (a) acceleration, (b) density, (©) pressure, and (d) volume flowrate. Use the basic conversion relationships: 1 m = 3.2808 ft; 1N = 0.22481 Ib; and 1 kg = 0.068521 slug, (1% » ) (3.2808 #)= 3.28! 4 a multiply m/s? by 3.281 to convert to #t/s?, As ae slugs Lem3 | ) | Abs (5 84 )(covssas E) mee h = |. 940 x10" Sass Thus, multiply 2y/m? by 1.440 E-3 to convert to ‘slug #83. Ne e224e) & )f bet ct) i%4 _ ) (6.22 i) aay fe = 2,089 x17 B, Thus, multiply N/m? by 2.084 E-2 to convert eae (a) | ae (i a?) [2808 | 35.31 eg Thus, multiply m/s by Z.53L Et] to convert to Ft%. réB120 1.20 Water flows from a large drainage pipe at a rate of 1200 gal/min. What is this volume rate of flow in (a) m'/s, (b) liters/min, and (¢) °/8? | (a) om? flowrate = (120° gol ) (6309x105 —s ) in a min = 757 xj07 ne |b) Since | Uider = 107% m3, i | Hlonrates (757 410°? 3) (10% Hers) (52) | = ¥54o ee > (2) flowrate = (757x180 2") (3.531 x10 # B vod SaeecGi, a of I-lbca) 66) 1.21 A tank of oil has a mass of 30 stu (a) Determine its weight in pounds and in nev tons at the earth’s surface. (b) What would be its mass (in slugs) and its weight (in pounds) if lo- cated on the moon’s surface where the gravita- tional attraction is approximately one-sixth that at the earth’s surface? weight = amass x g = (30 slugs ) (322 Be = (30 slugs ) (“4.59 1 St ) (7.81 %)= ¥e20N mass = 30 slugs (rmass does not depend on gravitetiona| attraction ) weight = (bo slugs ) (222 #) = Jel Ib bo 1.22 A certain object weighs 300 N at the earth's surface. Determine the mass of the object (in kilograms) and its weight (in newtons) when located on a planet with an acceleration of ‘gravity equal to 4.0 ft/s?. weight Mass = a 300 N_ ~~ 3064 g 131 for g= HO fe/5>, weight = (30.6 hg) (402) (0.3048 %) 373 N IIT23 1.23 An important dimensionless parameter __the Froude number using SI units for V, g, and in certain types of fluid flow problemsis the Froude Explain the significance of the results of these number defined as V/Vgl, where V is a velocity, calculations. g the acceleration of gravity, and a length. De- termine the value of the Froude number for V = 10 ft/s, g = 32.2 ft/s’, and { = 2 ft. Recalculate Ln 86 units, vo. ot _ (25 (Gn Rew In 5I units: 5 an V= (io © ) (a 3049 2): 3.05 & 2431 Z 2 = (244) (0.3048 @)= O.blOm fr Thus , 305 F Vv. IF Var % fo uom) The value of a dimensionless parameter 1s independent of the unit system, = /.2572¥ 1.24 The specific weight of a certain liquid is 85.3 lb/ft’. Determine its density and specific eaviy, ib pots 83 a 24s slugs 4 3228 ce slugs SG= Se _ ——— = 137 ye ge et “ho 444 eae 1.25 A hydrometer is used to measure the specific gravity of liquids. (See Video V2.6.) For a certain liquid a hydrometer reading indicates a specific gravity of 1.15. What is the liquid’s density and specific weight? Express your answer in SI units 2 SG= Cro @4% lis = loop 2%. ms P= (115) 1000 ¥8,) = 1150 — y= pg = (1150 Syn a). 11,3 4¢ m3126 1.2@ An open, rigid-walled, cylindrical tank contains 4 f° of water at 40 °F, Over a 24-hour period of time the water temperature varies from 40 °F to 90 °F. Make use of the data in Appendix B to determine how much the volume of water will change. For a tank diameter of 2 fi, would the comesponding change in water depth be very noticeable? Explain, ynass of water = xp where 7 tz tne volume and / the denstty. Since The mass must vemain Constant @s The temperature changes ae eas Ne" yo 40°90" a) From Table B.1 = 1940 Shag Ee slags Pag @ gore =! 821 Be Therefore, trom £4.0) 7 +4 = hfe). 49 se) = ‘ois He tv 1) Thus, The increase in volume 1s 4 b19l -Kooo= 2.0186 #? The Change ih water depth, AL, vo uel AY _ e.01Kf? ~3 F 4a* oe Tee = 542x10 AL= O.07/0in 7 This small change 14 cepth would met be very hoticeable. No. (ower Mote: A slightly dfferert value for SL will be obtained If specific weignt of water Is used rather Than density. This 13 due t the fact thot there is some ancertuitty ln the fourth oignitiant tigure oF these, two values, and the Solution Sensitive de Tis uncertainty. /-201.28 A liquid when poured into a graduated cylinder is found to weigh N when occupying @ volume of 500 ml (milliliters). Determine its spe- cific weight, density, and specific gravity. weight _ aN = joo e volume (0, 5008.) (10 8m ams (aoa) (10 aps) Oe 2 Nv 5 ee [6x1 Fm = 163 xi AB = g 431 an 3 A - 163 x10 54" Beye Tee ‘yo = = 163 10 a3 [2]1,2% The information on a can of pop indic contains 355 mL. The mass of a full can of pop is 0.369 kg while an empty can weighs 0.153 N. Determine the specific weight, density, and specific gravity of the pop and compare your results with the corresponding values for water at 20 °C. Express your results in SI units. weight of Flurd a) Yolame ef Flaid tote! wergyt = mass x go = (0.26444 )(#812 ) = £62 weight ef can= O153N Volume of Fluid = C5540? L) (07-2 )= 395.x10 on? Thus, tron Eg. (1) ye BLZN - 2/53N BEEK 1 am = 7770 4, ——™ 5G? = o@yec (10m BE For water af 20°C (see Table B21: Appendix B) = 77974. p= 4. spe a Toe 5 fo 795.2 | SG 20.9982 A. companson of These Values hr water with those fr The pop shows Thad The specitre Weight, density, aud apecihie gravity of The pep are all Slightly Jower Than The corresperding values for wader. [-221.30* The variation in the density of water, p, with temperature, T, in the range 20°C = T= 60 °C, is given in the following table. Use these data to determine an empirical equa- tion of the form p 1 + @T + cT* which can be used to predict the density over the range indicated. Compare the predicted values with the data given. What is the density of water at 42.1 °C? To solve This prodlem use POLREG. SAORI OSU III II IORI I III ATA ITI I I A TO AA ** This program determines the least squares fit ** ** for any order polynomial of the form: ad a y = dO + ditx + d2*x°2 + d34x°3 +... + SOD EI DI IORI IORI IOI II II AIT I AT A ITT AE IIIA Enter number of terms in the polynomial: 3 Enter number of data points: 7 er data points (x , ¥) 20,998. 25,997. 0,998. 35,994. 2 40,992. 2 45,990.2 2 50,988.14 icients of the polynomial are: -4.0953E-03 1 = -5,3332E-02 dO = +1.0009E+03 x Y Y( predicted) +2.0000E+01 +9.9820E+02 +9.9825E+02 +2.S5000E+01 +9.9710E+02 +9.9706E+02 43,0000E+01 +9.9570E002 +9.9566Et02 +315000E#01 +9.9410E+02 79/9407Et02 +4,Q000E+01 +9,9220E+02 +9.9226E+02 +4.5000E+01 +9.9020E+02 +9.9026F+02 +5.Q000E+01 +9.8810E+02 +9.8805E+02 Thus Aus, (22100) = 0.05333T = 0.004095 T* Note thet p (predicted) ti to good agreement ty/th (given) At T= #2.1 °C, P= lool ~ 0.08333 (42.1%) ~ 0.004088 (42.1 <) = 9915 #, —_——= (-43L32 1.32 The density of oxygen contained in a tank is 2.0kg/m* when the temperature is 25 °C. Determine the gage pressure of the gas if the atmospheric pressure is 97 kPa, P=PRT = (2.0 48 )(a508 2) [lester ana)a) 155 4B (abs) P (gg¢)= By - By, = %EAR- MAR = SPR u [7.33 133 ‘Some experiments are being conducted in a laboratory in which the air temperature is 27 °C, and the atmospheric pressure is 14.3 psia, Determine the density ofthe air. Express your answers in slugs/f? and in kg/m, pzPRT Temperature = 27°C = [h8(a7)+92°] °F = $0.4 °F Bug him 2) aT Te eh ze. ° ae [C6 UF %60)R |] = 0.00222 2 si — 24s = slugs as) _ kg = (©. 00222 OG: (54x10 2 ) = 1.14 33, I-24L3B4 1.3 A closed tank having a volume of 2 ft’ is filled with 0.30 Ib of a gas. A pressure gage attached to the tank reads 12 psi when the gas temperature is 80 °F. There is some question as to whether the gas in the tank is oxygen or helium. Which do you think it is? Explain how you arrived at your answer. = megit _ as0b Density of Gas in tank p= Fx volume (228 )\aw) = ~3 = slags Abb xD” ee Since fF z with p= (lar in?) psa Catmosphené pressure assumed te be © 14-7 psi) and with T= (80°F + b0)°R rt Allows thet A _ 207 Be) pie shes oy) ~ Rk Ft3 i R (SHOR) From Table 7? Ra S5¢xI0" for oxygen ana R= /,242x10% Feb Ly helium lug *R Thus, From Gy.) 1 the gas is okygen O> Teaiys URE = Bee ee 4 Ip ana tr helium -y = #77 X10 eal A Compansoe of These Values With The actual dens; ty of the 94s Wm The tank Indicates That The gas rnust be Ok ygen. [25736 | 1.36 A tire having a volume of 3 ft’ contains air at a gage pressure of 26 psi and a temperature of 70 °F. Determine the density of the air and the weight of the air contained in the tire. A, (tos a7) (met) weight = pg x volume = (bap xi stags) (322 #) (32) = bap x/0® sles fe3 ei P= = 0,622 lb I-26137 1.37 A rigid tank contains air at a pressure of 90 psia and 2 temperature of 60 °F. By how much will the pressure increase as the temperature is increased to 110 °F? ~p= PRT (&q, 1.8) Por @ rigid closed tank The ate mass and Volume ave tonstant go p= Constant. Thus, From © 1.8 (wits R constant) roe fe a) Tt Te where ps Fopsia, 7, = b0F +Yb0 = 520°R, and T= U0°F +460 = SIOR. From ER.) (5 76°R Re oae 7 SOE ) (0 psia) = 8.1 pata138% °138 Develop a computer program for calculating the density of an ideal gas when the gas pressure in pascals (abs), the temperature in degrees Celsius, and the gas constant in J/kg K are specified, For an sdeal gas pePeT so That - > RT where p is absolute pressure , R the gas constant, and T 7s absolute Hemperatare. Thus, /£ The temperature Ws tn °C Then Te °C + 273,15 A. spreadsheet (EXCEL) program tor caleulating Pp Follows . [This program calculates the density of an ideal gas_| |when the absolute pressure in Pascals, the temperature in degrees C, and the gas constant in Jikg-K are specifi To use, replace current | Pressure, |Temperature,| Gas constant.| Density, |_ Pa iikg-K kgim? 286.9 | 1.23 4.01E+05 | [io1E+os| | _|Formuia: L_] ~ |=A10/((810+273.15)*C10) T Example.’ Coleulate p fr ps 200k Pa, temperature = 10°C, ana R= 289 Thy k, A 8 cy Pressure, |Temperature, Gas constant, Density. |) Pa | °C kg kK | kgim® [200E+05) 20 «| 287 ~~) 2.38 RoUL 37* 1.39 Repeat Problem 1.38 for the case in which the pressure is given in psi (gage), the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit, and the gas constant in filb/slug*R. For an cdeal gas p=PRT eC: & where p ts absolute pressure, ana T 1s absolute temperature. Thus, “ temperature tn °F and pressure in Pe then ia = E+ 45967 and pal plpsc)* by, Conia) )xiaeg, A veut (ExCeL program fr caleulating Q follows . | [This program calculates the density of an ideal gas T_T T ure in lwhen the gage pre si, the atmospheric pressure in psia, the temperature in degrees F, and Ithe gas constant in felb/slug deg R are specified. [To use, replace cur so thet Formula: =((A12+D12)"144)((612)"(B12+459,67)) Caleulate 0 for p= 4opsi, demperature= /00F, Btm = 47 psia, ana R= 1716 Felb/sluge’R . _psia 14,7 slugsif [0.00820 | Row 72 | 1-29[4Lfe 1.40 Make use of the data in Appendix B to determine the dynamic viscosity of mercury at 75 F. Express your answer in BG unit = 2 (7-32)- 2 ore = . To? $ (i -32)= © (75% -32) = 23.9°C From Fig, &./ in Appendix B+ 7 saws Cmercarg af 15°F (a3.9°)) RASHID y x (sxib L$) (2.088 x10” fe Jw geo BS an 1-30[44 | | I 1.41 One type of capillary-tube viscometer is shown in Video V1.3 and in Fig. PLU. For this device the liquid to Glass bbe tested is drawn into the tube to a level above the top ene etched line. The time is then obtained for the liquid to drain ae to the bottom etched line, The kinematic viscosity, », in m/s is then obtained from the equation » = KR‘t where K is a constant, R is the radius of the capillary tube in mm, and t is the drain time in seconds. When glycerin at 20°C is used as a calibration fluid in a particular viscometer the drain time is 1,430 s, When a liquid having a density of 970 kg/m is tested in the same viscometer the drain time is 900 s. What is the dynamic viscosity of this liquid? capillay, tube Ue KR mw FIGURE P1.4/ For glycerin @ 20°C V= LIF imi we Le xB mth = (eR, 430 5) Pee eee he For unXnown ligard with t= Fo0s (5.32x10 m?/s2) (9005) = 749 x)0* m*/s Since ft y " Pv 70 *afy3)(1.49 x10 am 42 - 0.727 SA = 0, 137 8 Etched lines 3| Bl£42 3.42 The viscosity of a soft drink was determined by using a capillary tube viscometer similar to that shown in Fig. PI.41 and Video VILL. For this device the kinematic viscosity, v, is directly proportional to the time, ¢, that it takes for a given amount of liquid to flow through a small capillary tube, That is, v = Kt. The following data were obtained from regular pop and diet pop. The corresponding measured specific gravities are also given. Based on these data, by what percent is the absolute viscosity, 4, of regular pop greater than that of dict pop? Regular pop Diet pop as) 3778 _300. 3 _ 8G 1.044 1.003 a h greeter = Hey fet X10 = res x loo Baet Fdet Since v=/p, d= kt, and pe (S6)h1 5 0 4°c vt follows tat Cp drey Vp Jdhet —I)}x 100 of Greater = =| (Lx SG)reg x 100 hx S@)diet ieee | 1] x 100 (300,35 )(1.003) = 310° 1-32,#3 1.43 The time, ¢, it takes to pour a liquid from a con- tainer depends on several factors, including the kinematic viscosity, v, of the liquid. (See Video V1.1.) In some labo- ratory tests various oils having the same density but differ- ‘ent viscosities were poured at a fixed tipping rate from small 150 ml beakers. The time required to pour 100 ml of the equation for the pouring time in seconds was t= 1 + 9X 10% + 8 x 10°? with v in mis. (a) Is this a general ho- mogeneous equation? Explain. (b) Compare the time it would take to pour 100 ml of SAE 30 oil from a 150 mi beaker at 0°C to the corresponding time at a temperature of 60°C. Make use of Fig. B.2 in Appendix B for viscosity oil was measured, and it was found that an approximate data, @) £2 14 FlOU ge SxJory? 0 m” ; 2 Cre LI + row [$+ xe] [4] Since each term in the eguation rust have the same dimensins The tonstents appearing vA The eguation Must have dimenswns, Le, 3 . a} e 2{z C126) fle fey bel B] Thus, with a change tn units The value of the Constants would chénge and This 1s not a general homogeneous eguation, No. (4) From Table 8.2 1m Appendix B: (her SAER0 011 @ OC) V= 2.3.x 07 mls Chop SAE 0:1 @00°%C) Vs 42x W?am*/, Thus, from *g.01) 2 @ orc bz 1+ 9x0? (2.ax107)t 8x07 (2.34 10D = Zils 2 - § @ oe te 1+ Grit (tox + x18 (40x16) 1 O# 5[A¢4 1.44 The viscosity of a certain fluid is 5 x 10~* poise. Determine its viscosity in both SI and BG units. From Appendic A 10' “3. = I poise. Thus, ar MS fo (5 210" *peise ) (107 GA) Sujo® Ms Pelse and From Table 14 on 2 lbs ST Peo (5 x10? Lek) (2,084 x10 Ee) = (04x10 Bg loss ae 1.45 The kinematic viscosity of oxygen at 20 °C and a pressure of 150 kPa (abs) is 0.104 stokes. Determine the dynamic viscosity of oxygen at this temperature and pressure. AP 7 — AL sox Z, C= RT” om? = 0,/oy stokes = 0/04 —= (259, Tn Vcore +213)k| 7 a7 & m3 Je (0.104% BP) (owe "m2 (147 &) = 205 «/d -5 a AL 2 2085 x08 4s Mes am ist1 ¥6* “L4G Fluids for which the shearing stress, 7, is not linearly related to the rate of shearing strain, 7, are designated as non- ‘Newtonian fluids. Such fluids are commonplace and can exhibit ‘unusual behavior as shown in Video V1.4, Some experimental data obtained for a particular non-Newtonian fluid at 80 °F are shown below. (lb/ft) 2u1 | 782 | 185 jt 74 100 | 1s0 | 200 Plot these data and naan tothe data using a suitable graphing program. What is the apparent viscosity of this fluid when the rate of shearing strain is 70 s~'? Is this apparent viscosity larger or smaller than that for water at the same temperature? Rate of Shearing shearing stress, strain, 1s Ib/sq ft € ° ° so 24 a i 100 7.82 | i 100085 | | 2 86037 |B % 9 80 100 150 200 250 Rate of shearing strain, 1/s From the graph 2 = 0.0008 S24 0.00353 where T 4 the sheanns Stress in 'b/$t* and ¥ 13 the rate of shearing strain in s~'. gt. Poprreat ~ Sr Oe. 0002)¥ + 0.0035 At #= Fs" apparent = (2)(0,0008 HS V0 8 ‘\ + 0.0035 5 = oslo les Fh From Table B.1 1a Appendix B, Puzo @ 80°F * 1.79) X10 ee and since water is a Newtonian fluid This Value 1s Independent of §& + Thus, The unknown non-New konan flurd has a much larger value, 1-35747 1.47 Water flows near a flat surface and some measure- ments of the water velocity, u, parallel to the surface, at different heights, y, above the surface are obtained, At the surface y = 0. Afier an analysis of the data, the lab technician reports that the velocity distribution in the range 0 1-43[453] 1.53 Crude oil having a viscosity of 9.52 x 10~* Ibs/f? is contained between parallel plates. The bottom plate is fixed and upper plate moves when a force P is applied (see Fig. 1.3) If the distance between the two plates is 0.1 in., what value of P is required to translate the plate with a velocity of 3 ft/s? The effective area of the upper plate is 200 in? (44154 1.54 As shown in Video V1.2, the “no slip” condition ‘means that a fluid “sticks” to a solid surface. This is true for both fixed and moving surfaces. Let two layers of fluid be dragged along by the motion of an upper plate as shown in Fig. 1.54, The bottom plate is stationary. The top fluid puts a shear stress on the upper plate, and the lower fluid puts a shear stress fon the botton plate, Determine the ratio of these two shear be 3 mis i stresses Fuid) 002m Remse @ FIGURE P1.54 For flyid 1 fa (du . N. Bs Te MNS spec” (OM ime) Ea For fluide = ‘du = (02 wey Zs TAS awles OB Thus , ~ 7 Cop surfer 20mm ~ ee Ce tom surfece tee eS y= 08 Nes? [-45155 du/ty 1.55 There are many fluids that exhibit non-Newtonian behavior (see for example Video V1.4). For a given fluid the distinction between Newtonian and non-Newtonian behavior is usually based on measurements of shear stress and rate of shearing strain. Assume that the viscosity of blood is to be determined by measurements of shear stress, 7, and rate of shearing strain, du/dy, obtained from a small blood sample tested in a suitable viscometer, Based on the data given below determine if the blood is a Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluid. ixplain how you arrived at your answer. mN/m?) | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.12_| 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.52 | 1.12 | 2.10 dudy 6") 12.251 4.501 11.251 22.51 45.01 90.0 1225 Tas0 For a Newkoman Fluid The ratio of t te dufdy 1s Constant. Far the data given’ ene ye) case |ocoe7| | | The ratio 1s net a Constant but clecreases a5 the rate of shearing Strain imereaces. Thus, This Fluid (bleed) ts & pon. Wewtonan Fl iid. 4 plot of te deta & shown below. Foy x Newkonen Fluid The curve would be a straight line with « slope of / to! 0. 0178 | 0.0133 |0. 0107 | 2.0080| 0.0067 | 0.0058 46456 1.56 A 40-Ib, 0.8-ft-diameter, 1-ft-tall cylindrical tank slides slowly down a ramp with a constant speed of 0.1 fus as shown in Fig. P1.56. The uniform-thickness oil layer on the ramp has a viscosity of 0.2 Ib « s/ft?. Determine the angle, 8, of the ramp. M FIGURE P1.56 kot So Thus — 7 W sing= TA a) hi = Since os Te a where U ss the velocity of tank PE? ana b is Thickness cel layer te . lbs ols } ab ts (02 FEN coer) > From 3.) ; \ Go lb) oreo = (10 BE) (0.2) and " sin@= 0.1257 so Mat1.57 A piston having a diameter of 5.48 in. and a length of 950 in. slides downward with a velocity V through a vertical pipe. The downward motion is resisted by an oil film between the piston and the pipe wall, The film thickness is 0.002 in., and the eylinder wei Ib. Estimate V if the oil viscosity is 0.016 Ibs/tt. the velocity distribution in the gap is linear = Frertial © vy Th \ “Says TA 4 | t TAY ¥ Where A= DL 1 7 and t (velocity ) =p led | = C£ilm thickness.) | se that | qu= (ht wrk) | Tt Follows Pt ws. (os) (2.0024) Ve Dek TSF FAX 252 fe (0016 ES ) = 0.00459 & /-48S83 1.58 A Newtonian fluid having a specific gravity of 0.92 and a kinematic viscosity of 4x 10 m'/s flows past a fixed surface. Due to the no-slip condition, the velocity at the fixed surface is zero (as shown in Video V1.2), and the velocity profile near the surface is shown in Fig. PIS8. De- termine the magnitude and direction of the shearing stress developed on the plate. Express your answer in terms of U and 6, with U and 6 expressed in units of meters.per sec- ond and meters, respectively. m FIGURE P1.58 NDF 0551F Mly® aachig + leh on plete 1-491.54 When a viscous fluid flows past a thin sharp-edged plate, a thin layer adjacent to the plate surface develops in whieh the velocity, 1, changes rapidly from zero to the approach ve- locity, U, in a small distance, 5, This layer is called a boundary layer. The thickness of this layer inereases with the distance x along the plate as shown in Fig, P1.59. Assume that w = Uy/® and 8 = 3.5 Vux/U where v is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. Determine an expression for the force (drag) that would Plate be developed on one side of the plate of length / and width b. #et= 6 — ———— Express your answer in terms of /, b, v, and p, where p is the fluid density Ding, B= [Tedd whae dhe Bde 17d, So That & B= ft bac a. Y Since tL & (4) oo and RF with fe 35 (x , a follows trom ae ' = J be Vee _ beh be | Saye “sa rat |* Thus, b. AE est) Gnd wih Y= a b= 0.571 bp VLE? Boundary layer ty Boundary lay a) 1-50Tear] 1.60* Standard air flows past a flat surface and (a) Assume the velocity distribution is of the form velocity measurements near the surface indicate mnicece the following distribution . y (f) | 0.005 | 0.01 | 0.02 |0.04 | 0.06) 0.08 aNd use a standard curve-fitting technique to de- ee a ee termine the constants C, and C;. (b) Make use u (ft/s) 10.74 11.51 13.03 1 6.37 43 of the results of part (a) to determine the mag- ‘The coordinate y is measured normal to the sur- nitude of the shearing stress at the wall (y = 0) face and uw is the velocity parallel to the surface. and at y = 0.05 ft (4a) Use nonlinear regression program, such as SAS-WLIN, to obtain Coe Mrcients C, end Cx. This program produces least squares estimates ef The parameters of a nenhnvar motel. For the data given, - w2 Gr 8S! an = 4350 fé Ss"! 1) Since, du T24h GG it follows that rep (47349) Thus, ot the well (y=e) TA Gai (3.7¢ x10" ae )liss4) = srax* 2 At y= 0.054 - / a -(3% wn Baad + 5 (4350, No os ft) | -5 Ib Se Oe Oe ce (-511.61 The viscosity of liquids can be measured through the use of a rotating cylinder viscometer of the type illustrated in Fig. P1.6I. In this device the outer cylinder is fixed and the inner cylinder is rotated with an angular velocity, w. The torque Svrequired to develop w is measured and the vis- cosity is calculated from these two measurements. Develop an equation relating x, o, 5, & R, and R,, Neglect end effects and assume the velocity distribution in the gap is linear. Torgue, AT, due to shearing shess , on saner cylinder 13 gual d7= RTA where JA=(k.d0)2, Thus, 47: R°LT dO and torgue veguired to rotate inner cylinder is ae RL r [x = ark tT oylinder Rotating inner cylinder dt PEIZZZIIIZIZZI. a br FIGURE P16} top view (A~ cylinder length ) For a lier velocity distribubion in the gap462 1.62, The space between two 6-in. long concentric cylinders is filled with glycerin (viscosity = 8.5 x 10~? Ibs/f). The inner cylinder has a radius of 3 in, and the gap width between cylinders is 0.1 in. Determine the torque and the power required to rotate the inner cylinder at 180 rev/min. The outer cylinder is fixed. Assume the velocity distribution in the gap to be linear. From Freblem 1.66, T = ark: Fw RR and with ws (180 Le \(ar oa) ad = bm vad then 3 3 ws Vur tH) oo 6 ‘3.5x10° BS (tr ¥ oe aR OSS FANT FS Be Nor oy se (3 #) — Since power = Tews ct follows that 4 power = (0994 fe-lb)lom EH) = 128 BL[ZZFT 163 one wpe of routing cylinder viscometer, called a Stormer viscometer, uses & falling weight, °W, to cause the cyl- inder to rotate with an angular velocity, «, as illustrated in Fig, PI.63. For this device the viscosity, 1, of the liquid is related to W and w through the equation ‘W = Kyw, where K is a constant that depends only on the geometry (including the liquid depth) of the viscometer. The value of Kis usually determined by using a calibration liquid (a liquid of known viscosity). (a) Some data fora particular Stormer viscometer, obtained using glycerin at 20 °C as a calibration liquid, are given below. Plot values ofthe weight as ordinates and values of the angular velocity as abscissae. Draw the best curve through the plotted points and determine K for the vis- cometer. wow | 02 | 066 | 130 | use| 220 wirevs) | 053 | 159 | 279 [383 T sa9 Z m FIGURE P1.63 Fined outer evlnder (b) A liquid of unknown viscosity is placed in the same viscometer used in part (a), and the data given below ave obtained. Determine the viscosity of this liquid. wav) | 00s | om | 022 | 033 | 044 wuev/s) | 072 F is9 1373 1 saa 1 742 (2) Sice W=Kpkw the slope of The QW us. w earve us W Ob) slg KAS Car) so that aM) Fay the glycerin data (see plot on next page) the slope Casa on a least squares Fit of The dete) & Slope C glycerin) = 0398 tes Since Mt glycerin) = aia xt then bb. 0.398 FS 2 i= = (2,7 S13 X10* toes. Rv te (5) For the unknown fluid deta (see plot on next page) The slope (based on a least sguars fit of the date ) Us Slepe Cunkaown fluid) = 0.c6o/ "ES (cont) 154LM) Thus, from 57 i 2.060/ rev oS 127 ee Slope Aluntaoan $id) * a = 1-55id { 1.64* The following torque-angular velocity data were obtained with a rotating cylinder vis- cometer of the type described in Problem 1.61. Torque (ftlb) _ | 13.1 | 26.0 | 39.5 | 52.7 | 64.9 | 78.6 Angular velocity (rad/s) | 1.0! 201 3.0! 40! 5.0! 60 For this viscometer R,, .50 in., R; = 2.45 in., and { = 5.00 in. Make use of these data and a standard curve-fitting program to determine the Viscosity of the liquid contained in the viscometer. The torgue, T is related to the angular velocity, 4s, Through The eguation , ark? bs w » B-R (see solution to Problem (66). Thus, ty « tied geometry and a given viscesity £g.0) fs of The frm yabx (C9eD and xn) Where b 1s 4 Constant tgual to be art (2) Re To obtain b use the dete gwen with LIWREG |. IEEE EBD EOS O OI OCI IEE RO CESS SESOS EEA DE *¥ This program determines the least squares fit ** 4* for a function of the form y = b * x + SEES SEE BE IBIS SEO OHO IS EI IB ISO IEEE Number of points: 6 put X, ¥ 20.1341 +0,26.0 20,3945 +0,52.7 20,64.9 0.78.6 = +1,308E+01 ft-lbs o x Y Y(predicted) #1.0000E#00 +1.3100E+01 +1.3082E+01 #2,0000E+00 +2.6000E+01 +2.6165E+01 +3,0000E+00 +3,9500E+01 +3.9247E+01 +4.0000E+00 +5.2700E+01 +5.2330E+01 +5.0000E+00 +6.4900E+01 +6,.5412E+01 +6.D000E+00 +7.8600E+01 +7.8495E+01 (con't ) 5bLOY Cent ) Thus, trom £92) pe (6) (BoP) 2r RR and with the cela gen, (4.08 felbs (280~ 245 gy) ar (288) EB #) (5716S” 4,65 A 12-in-diameter circular plate is placed over a fixed otatiog inte bottom plate with a O.1-in. gap between the wo plates filled yomue With glycerin as shown in Fig, PI.65. Determine the torque ¢ mn required to rotate the circular plate slowly at 2 rpm, Assume ues that the velocity distribution in the gap is linear and that he shear siress on the edge ofthe rotating plate is negligible ® FIGURE P1.65 Tangue, dT, de to shearvig stresses on plate 15 equal + t NX a7T=t CAA q wher dAs 2rrdr, Thus, =p aT: + T2rrdr ana rR ching on belle o Taf BT dr Stresses aching Hom of plate 0 I—> Y= Fw Sine T= Hand br oy Ninear velocity distr bution Covehgure) a Ave Ts tw dusV. re é Thus, R * re emp [REE Ghd with the dete gwen a (2, 294) = 9.0772 FEN Velocrty distri bubicn /-58ae 1.67 A rigid-walled cubical container is completely filled with water at 40 °F and sealed. The water is then heated to 100°F, Determine the pressure that develops in the container when the water reaches this higher temperature. Assume that the volume of the container remains constant and the value of the bulk modulus of the water remains constant and equal to 300,000 psi Since The wader mass remains tonstont, 2 Hr At) Ath oF where Vous volume and &4 ts Change 11 volume sf water were unconstrained during heating. Thus, age From Table B.1 sn Appendee B, 9 ,* L940 eee and 2; 107 So That slugs AY. (i Fe _) 2 0.00615 HY 1927 From ©]. 11% de By? ~ - it hilbws wih de dt and Ap= Sp Tat The change yn pressure required to Compress he wader back b it origins) Volume 1s Ape - (400,000 pst )(-0.00075) = 2.03x103 psi 1-59Lek 1.62 _ Ina test to determine the bulk modulus of a liquid it was found that as the absolute pres- sure was changed from 15 to 3000 psi the volume decreased from 10.240 to 10.138 in.’ Determine the bulk modulus for this liquid -_ ob (2%, hi2) v dt /¥ S, nce dpe Ap + 3000-15 = 2985 psi ana dv «% Y= 10,240 - 10/38 = 0/02 in? ib Eye — 2985 I> s = 300x10° pre ( 2,102 me) 10.240 in? G7 1.0 Calculate the speed of sound in m/s for (a) gasoline, (b) mercury, and (c) seawater. c=\f & (3.119) ? (4) For gasoline: a= = 138 4m 2.85010 he (b) For mercury) C= ‘ (0 im* 14 him z 45 136 X10" 48, Ss (e) Kor seawater: ¢29f234x/0 me. is) 4m 103 «107 hE eee ees om [-60170. 1.70 Airis enclosed by a rigid cylinder con- taining a piston. A pressure gage attached to the cylinder indicates an initial reading of 25 psi. De- termine the reading on the gage when the piston has compressed the air to one-third its original volume. Assume the compression process to be isothermal and the local atmospheric pressure to be 14.7 psi. For isothermal compression, $= constant so thet where tn Initial state Gnd £~ final state . Since pe mass, Le, Mathal volume. ee Po Final volume” z Lh» constant snags) and therefore $: (3)((A5 + 147) psi labs] = 19 pst Gabe) B (gage) =(19- 1.7) pot = 104 psc (gage) er /-6lAq 1.14 Often the assumption is made that the flow of a certain fluid can be considered as incompressible flow if the density of the fluid changes by less than 2%. If air is flowing through a tube such that the air pressure at one section is 9.0 psi and at a downstream section itis 8.6 psi at the same temperature, do you think that this flow could be considered an imcompressible flow? Support your answer with the necessary calculations. As- sume standard atmospheric pressure. For s30thermal change in density P A So That fe Cr Selpe Pole The percent change th at clensstes betuten sechons 1) GO) 1 oh change * AP «100 es & ) aos = (1- B) +t of age ( 2 Cor ce Thus ’ (Fo F147) psa = 1.69% Since 144%< 2% the Flow could be tonsidered imeompress ble, 1-62“72 1.72 Oxygen at 30 °C and 300 kPa absolute pressure ex- pands isothermally to an absolute pressure of 120 kPa, Deter- rine the final density of the gas. For isotnermal expansion, 2 = constant so That ala > Pp where L~ intial state and f~ final state, 3 300x 10 x (ase 1g -, Go ‘eran)k] so that 120 Ae 4 2 = 152 56 £ (BR (sai 38 ae Laan = 39) 4 on1.73 Natural gas at 70°F and standard atmospheric pres- sure of 14.7 psi is compressed isentropically to a new absolute pressure of 70 psi. Determine the final density and temperature of the gas, For /sentropie compression , S = constant 50 That Ae. %, . & Where i~ inital state and * fe f£~ #ina/ state. 7 Aus, et _ t% pt F Fe t er (, NR faz (H\* A: 4: (BVA Also 4 (a7, 4) : —_ L7 Tay - op» ee = {eet fe Me _ 2/29 x0 slags . « a ( 094 x10 FES, ) [orenae] fe so that “a . et - f= [20 PHa6)) C29 x? ae) = 425 x10 slugs V4.7 pst (obs) as ee and in® pe te 2 Gob mB) E Bp te ae? lit [2 orn ee) e yas x10? Sas \(3,099x 10° HE# (425 410? Sit (5.0994 0 Shige = 765 *R er1.74 — Compare the isentropic bulk modulus of air at 101 kPa (abs) with that of water at the same pressure. For air (& $417), £,: 4p = C140) (101 x wih) = 14/ «108 R, For water (Table be) Ey= 215 x10"R Thas, (water) 2.156% 10" Pe E, Gar) 141% 10°F = 15210"= [275 *] ~~ 175* Develop a computer program for cal- culating the final gage pressure of gas when the initial gage pressure, initial and final volumes, atmospheric pressure, and the type of process (isothermal or isentropic) are specified. Use BG units. Check your program against the results ob- tained for Problem 1.70. For compression or expansion, 2B, = constant where =! fer sofhermal process,and #+ specifié hat vate for lentropie process. Thus, | Br a where vn inital state, £n tiie! stabe, so thet :(B)* Bel Cy) R a) Sie macs P= Volume Then fe. Me a % where Ve ye, are the inital end tinal volumes, respectively Thus, trom 41) k VA % * htm * i ) (44> tebe ) @ where the subscnpt g velers to gage pressure. Eguatois 2) can be written as “yh thy * CE)" (ty tae) ~ Bom a A compuber program tor Caley labvig Teg Follows. (cont ) [-6e175") (con't) 100 cls THO print HSB HR EOE BEBO SHOE SDE ISEB SSDS HODES SOHO AGA AOE 120 print "** This program calculates the final gage pressure of ¥**" 130 print "** an ideal gas when the initial gage pressure in psi, **" 140 print "** the initial volume, the final volume, the +e" 150 print "** atmospheric pressure in psi, and the type of Sail 160 print "** process (isothermal or isentropic) are specified = **" 970 Rr nt BOGGE OBER SSE S OSE CC BOO BORE ODDO OO ROE BE SE IDI! 180 print 190 input "Enter initial gage pressure in psi, Pi = ".p 200 input "Enter initial volume, Vi = ",vi 210 input "Enter final volume, Vf = ",vf 220 input "Enter atmospheric pressure in psi, Patm = ",patm 230 pabsi=ptpatm 240 print:print "Enter type of process” 250 print "0 : Isothermal" 260 print "1 : Isentropic" 270 input pt 280 print 290 k=1 300 if then input "Enter specific heat ratio, k = 310 pabsf=pabsi*(vi/vf)"k 320 pf=pabsf-patm 330 print 340 print using "The final gage pressure of the gas is PE = +#.4##8°°°* psi"ipt Run program using data trom Problem 170. SEBO III OBIE IEG II IOI III III A IO IIIA TSI II IIA IIA ‘** This program calculates the final gage pressure of ** ** an ideal gas when the initial gage pressure in psi. ** 4 the initial volume, the final volume, the + 4x atmospheric pressure in psi, and the type of a» ** process (isothermal or isentropic) are specified ** SEBS BESO BOBO GOI DIDI IS IGOR AO I Enter initial gage pressure in psi, Pi =25 Enter initial volume, Vi = 1 Enter final volume, Vf = 0.3333 Enter atmospheric pressure in psi, Patm = 14.7 Enter type of process 0: Isothermal 1: Isentropic 20 The ‘inal gage pressure of the gas is Pf = +lo#/E+02 psi 1-67476 1.7% An important dimensionless parameter concemed with very high speed flow is the Mach number, defined as Vic, where V is the speed of the object such as an airplane or projectile, and c is the speed of sound in the fluid surrounding the object. For a projectile traveling at 800 mph through air at ‘50 °F and standard atmospheric pressure, what is the value of the Mach number? Mach number = ¥ From Table 8.3 in Appendix B ft = (Job = air @ 50" s Thus he Goo mph)(5180 £:) (sux ) Mach number = (Geo mph)(5180 Fas )( Has) lob 3 0G u 1-681.17 Jet airliners typically fly at altitudes between approx- imately 0 to 40,000 ft. Make use of the data in Appendix C 10 show on a graph how the speed of sound varies over this range. &RT (Eg. £20) Be ha l¥0 ana Ro NTH FR shag C= #20 VT From Table C1 in Appendix C at an altitude of O L4 T= 57.004 $60 = SIR 30 Met cs 440 51% = 110 FE Similar calculations Can be made tor cher altitudes and The resulting graph is shown below. c © S000 10000" 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 «0000 Altitude, ft 1-69L78 7 1.72 When a fluid flows through a sharp bend, low pres- sures may develop in localized regions of the bend. Estimate the minimum absolute pressure (in psi) that can develop without causing cavitation if the fluid is water at 160 °F. Cavitation may cecup when the local pressure eguals the vaper pressure. For water at (60°F Goom Table 8,) 14 Kpptndic®) B= 474 pst (abs) Thus, minimum pressure = 474 pselabs ) A794 1,79 Estimate the minimum absolute pressure (in pascals) that can be developed at the inlet of a pump to avoid cavitation if the fluid is carbon tetrachloride at 20 °C. Cavitation mag eccur when the suction pressure at the pump inlet eguals the Vapor pressure. or carbon betachloice ab 20°C pe 13 BR Cass). Thus, minimum pressure = '3 hfe labs ) /-7eBo 1.80 _ When water at 90 °C flows through a converging sec~ tion of pipe, the pressure is reduced in the direction of flow. Estimate the minimum absolute pressure that can develop with- ‘out causing cavitation, Express your answer in both BG and SI units Cavitetin may cccur th The converging sectién of pipe when The pressure egaals the vapor pressure. From Table 8.2 in hependic B = 70.) #AR Cabs). Thus, hr wakr at 90°C, he Tainimum pressure = 70.1 RR Cabs) iq SI umts. Ln 86 anits 1 \f “a pa Painimum pressure = Goi xib LV Y50xl Wy ™ x = 10.2 181 1.8! A partially filled closed tank contains ethyl alcohol at 68 °F. If the air above the alcohol is evacuated what is the minimum absolute pressure that develops in the evacuated space? Minimum pressure = vapor pressure = 0.95 psc labs) Bz 182 a diameter of 3 mm. Estimate the excess pressure inside a rain drop having = ac (eg. has) R -2wv _ 2 CF K £) -792 0.00/5 am — 1-70{.93 A I2-mm diameter jt of water discharges verically isto the atmoxpere, Due to surface tension the pressure inside the jet wil be slightly higher than the surounding atmospheric presure- Determine this difference in pressure For equilibrium (see tgare ), 4 plarsl)= ole St) So Thad o TR 73440 A Zio om p2R8h pov excess pressure surlace tension Sores © 280 172.2L8t J 1.84 As shown in Video VLS, surface tension forces can be strong enough to allow a double-edge steel razor blade to “float” on water, but a single-edge blade will sink Assume that the surface tension forces act at an angle 8 rel- Surface tension ative to the water surface as shown in Fig. PISY. (a) The a) mass of the double-cdge blade is 0.64 x 10kg, and the total length of its sides is 206 mm. Determine the value of @ required to maintain equilibrium between the blade weight tnd the resultant surface tension force. (b) The mass of the m FIGURE P1.34 single-edge blade is 2.61 x 10~kg, and the total length of its sides is 154 mm. Explain why this blade sinks. Support your answer with the necessary calculations. + (a) Frerticat = oo w where UW Frm SG ane T= ox length of sides. blode 2 (0. b4 x10 ka) (4.81 myn) = (134 x57) (0,206 mm) sind sine = OWS @=245° (b) For single-edge blade } “3 DW =a siae® FF (2.61 x10 bg) (4.31 oj) = 0.0Z56N d and sing = (Tx lengh of blede) sin & = (7.34.x 10°? Mm) (0.154 1m) sin B = 0.0113 sinB tn order for blade to "Lloat” W< Tsine Sthee maximum Value for sine is |, 1+ follows fnat W>Tsine and single-edge blade will sink. (-73Les | 1.83 To measure the water depth in a large open tank with ‘opaque walls, an open vertical glass tube is attached to the side of the tank. The height of the water column in the tube is then used as a measure of the depth of water in the tank, (a) For a true water depth in the tank of 3 ft, make use of Eq. 1.22 (with @ = 0°) to determine the percent error due to capillarity as the diameter of the glass tbe is changed. Assume a water temperature of 80 °F. Show your results on a graph of percent error versus tube diameter, D, in the range 0.1 in. < D < 1.0in. (b) If you want the error to be less than 19%, what is the smallest tube diameter allowed? | cad The excess height, h, caused be the surface tension os | he: ed Cg, 1.22) For OF 0° with D=22 h= 42 G | xD 7 From Table B.{ tn Appendix 8 for water at 30°F = 491 x08 lb/ft and = 62.22 1b/f% Thus, From G61) ~3 ll | Ges # (441 x0 F) Poin i fe Gin) I (62,22 #,) DO DCin.) | Since 2h error = h Ge) x too (with vad clepth FE =3 (F follows from Eq 62) that -3 | ob error = 2:19 X! “ vigo | 3 Dain.) = 0.126 3) Din.) A plot of error versus tube chameter 1s Shown on the nect page.485 | Ctont? Diameter of tube, in. 04 0.18 02 03 04 06 08 07 08 09 1 &) % Error 1.26 0.84 1.50 0.63 0.42 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.18 xd 016 0 02 04 06 O08 1 12 oe Tube diameter, in. 0.13 [Values obtained {from Eq. (3) Por le error from £%.(3) % Error /~75496 1.86 Under the right conditions, itis possible, due to surface tension, to have metal objects float on water. (See Videw V1.S.) Consider placing a short length of a small diameter stee! (sp. wi. = 490 Ib/ft}) rod on a surface of water. What is the ‘maximum diameter that the rod can have before it will sink? Assume that the surface tension forces act vertically upward ‘Note: A standard paper clip has a diameter of 0.036 in, Partially unfold a paper clip and see if you can get it to float on water. Do the results of this experiment support your analysis? re ch In order for rod + float (see figure) it follows that 2oh=W =O) &, 5) ‘steel Ls red length Thus , for the limiting case z 2oh _ 8c = 0.06/14 In. Since a standard steel paper chp has 4 diameter of 0.036 in, Which is less than 6.0b/% In, 1£ shoula Float. A simple experimmt will verify This. Yes. I-761.87 1.87 Anopen, clean glass tube, having a diameter of mm, ig inserted vertically into a dish of mercury at 20 °C. How far will the column of mercury in the tube be depressed? Ae ee (24.122) For @= 130° = SERA am / Cos 130" (Hee x0" ) cos 130° = - 3,00 ID (133 x10°£, )(o, 0015 am) Thus, column will be depressed 3.00 ma Ti 1.388 — Anopen2-mm-diameter tube is inserted into a pan of ethyl alcohol and a similar 4-mm- diameter tube is inserted into a pan of water. In which tube will the height of the rise of the fluid column due to capillary action be the greatest? ‘Assume the angle of contact is the same for both tubes, ac cose (E 2 oO 422) aA a 8 Thas, ° 4 alechel) _ Clalewhel) Y (water) (4 mm = Lhalehel) Cleator” 4, (water) O lwater) F Caltohol) | 2mm o N Fv - (a2rexio? £2 F0x0 2.) (4mm) BPEAO eM ee -2 Ww an (7.340107 % (1.1440? Z,) (2m) = 0.787 Height of rise of water column is greatest. /-771297 * 1.89% The capillary rise in a tube depends on the cleanliness of both the fluid and the tube. Typically, values of h are less than those predicted by Eq. 1.22 using values of o and 6 for clean fluids and tubes. Some measurements of the height, ft a water column rises in a vertical open tube of diameter, d, are given below. The water was tap water at a temperature of 60 °F and no particular effort was made to clean the glass tube. Fita curve From Eq. lar 4 . 22 ase/4) = ‘2 ces6(L) 0) e to these data and estimate the value of the prod- uct ¢ cos @. If it is assumed that ¢ has the value given in Table 1.5 what is the value of 6? If it is assumed that @ is equal to 0° what is the value of a with d=2R. Thus, Eg.U) & of the frm » FF where: 2) and d= + The constent,b, can be cbteined by a Sinear least Squares fit of the gwen deta CR and Yd). fd Ce") fo 4e bo Bo 120 d4o (cont) 4 lft) 00/108 0.008% 0.01650 0, 02275 0.03508 6, 06633 (78Leg* (cont ) To chtan b use LINREGL. JESSE ESCO OGS ESSE HESS OHSU ERE orrEnrbb ** This program determines the least squares fit ** ‘ek for a function of the form y = b * x a SSSR ESSE OBESE DDI OE CEC COR OnE Number of points: 6 nput X,Y 40,0.01108 48,0.02375 60,0.01650 80,0.02275 120,0.03508 240,0.06633 b = +2.799F-04 #7 x Y Y¥(predicted) +4,0000E+01 +1.1080E-02 +1.1195E-02 44.8000E+01 +1.3750E-02 +1.3434E-02 +6.0000E+01 +1.6500E-02 +1.6792E-02 +8.0000E+01 +2.2750E-02 +2.2390E-02 +1. 2000E+02 +3.5080E-02 +3.3584E-02 +2.4000E+02 +6.6330E-02 +6.7169E-02 Thus, x e = (axe ft Nozr Fs) % I~ T tose = Tf os 5,03 «0 Ufk , Then 3% H37K10 = = 0.869 SF bBKIF Cos 6 * te and a= an Lf 070° Then cos@=t0 and 3 37x10 10 “ 3 is ov 437 X10 1-74 = 437K” Ft1Go 1,90 Fluid Characterization by Use of a Stormer Viscometer Objective: As discussed in Section 1.6, some fluids can be classified as Newtonian flu- ids; others are non-Newtonian, The purpose of this experiment is to determine the shearing siress versus rate of strain characteristics of various liquids and, thus, to classify them as Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluids, Equipment: Stormer viscometer containing a stationary outer cylinder and a rotating, ‘concentric inner cylinder (see Fig. P1.90); stop watch; drive weights for the viscometer; three different liquids (silicone oil, Latex paint, and corn syrup), Experimental Procedure: Fill the gap between the inner and outer eylinders with one of the three fluids to be tested. Select an appropriate drive weight (of mass m) and attach it to the end of the cord that wraps around the drum to which the inner cylinder is fastened. Release the brake mechanism to allow the inner cylinder to start to rotate. (The outer cylinder remains stationary.) After the cylinder has reached its steady-state angular velocity, measure the amount of time, t that it takes the inner cylinder to rotate NV revolutions. Repeat the measurements us- ing various drive weights. Repeat the entire procedure for the other fluids to be tested. Calculations: For each ofthe three fluids tested, convert the mass, m of the drive weight tots weight, W = mg, where gis the acceleration of gravity. Also determine the angular ve- locity of the inner cylinder, w = N/t Graph: For each fluid tested, plot the drive weight, W, as ordinates and angular velocity, o, as abscissas. Draw a best fit curve through the data Results: Note that for the flow geometry of this experiment, the weight, W, is propor- tional to the shearing stress, 7, on the inner cylinder. This is true because with constant an- gular velocity, the torque produced by the viscous shear stress on the cylinder is equal to the torque produced by the weight (weight times the appropriate moment arm), Also, the angu- lar velocity, w, is proportional to the rate of strain, du/dy. This is true because the velocity zradient in the fluid is proportional tothe inner cylinder surface speed (which is proportional to its angular velocity) divided by the width of the gap between the cylinders. Based on your ‘graphs, classify each of the three fluids as to whether they are Newtonian, shear thickening, ‘or shear thinning (see Fig. 1.5) Data: To proceed, print ths page for reference when you work the problem and click here to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem Rotating nna evince F—outerenincer Flue H @ FIGURE P1.90Lo. m,kg 0.02 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 (Conk ) | Solution for Problem 1.91 N, revs Silicone Oil Date 4 12 24 20 24 30 20 25 40 Com Syrup Data 1 2 4 8 Latex Paint Data 2 2 5 10 10 10 10 10 20 Ls 59.3 66.0 642 36.0 31.7 31.0 74 188 26.0 28.2 27.5 27.2 25.7 32.7 20.2 32.2 473 37.2 29.8 246 20.1 34.0 0, revis, 0.07 0.18 0.37 0.57 0.76 0.97 1.18 1.33 1.84 0.04 0.07 0.15 0.31 0.08 0.10 0.16 0.21 0.27 0.34 041 0.50 0.59 (coat ) WN 0.20 0.49 0.98 1.47 1.96 2.45 2.94 3.43 3.92 0.49 0.98 1.96 3.92 0.20 0.29 0.39 0.49 0.59 0.69 0.78 0.88 0.98 Fluid Characterization by Use of a Stormer Viscometer From the graphs: Silicone oll is Newtonian Corn Syrup is Newtonian Latex paint is shear thinning o=Nt W=mg I-81192. (cont) ‘Weight, W, vs Angular Velocity, o Weight, W, vs Angular Velocity, » for Silicone Oil | WN ogo 6 0sD) 1.00 1.80, 2.00 030 040 i Problem 1.80 Weight, W ve Angular Velocy, for | Latex Paint 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80Fy 191 Capillary Tube Viscometer Objective: The flowrate of a viscous fluid through a small diameter (capillary) tube is a function of the viscosity of the fluid. For the flow geometry shown in Fig. P1.91, the kine- ‘matic viscosity, v, is inversely proportional to the flowrate, Q. That is, v = K/Q, where K is the calibration constant for the particular device. The purpose of this experiment is to deter- mine the value of K and to use it to determine the kinematic viscosity of water as a function of temperature. Equipment: Constant temperature water tank, capillary tube, thermometer, stop watch, sraduated cylinder. Experimental Procedure: Adjust the water tempersture to 15.6°C and determine the flowrate through the capillary tube by measuring the time, #, it takes to collect a volume, V, of water in a small graduated cylinder. Repeat the measurements for various water temper~ atures, 7; Be sure thatthe water depth, f, inthe tank is the same for each trial. Since the flowrate is a function of the depth (as well as viscosity), the value of K obtained will be valid for only that value of Calculations: For cach temperature tested, determine the flowrate, @ = V/t, Use the data for the 15.6°C water to determine the calibration constant, K, for this device. That is, K = ¥Q, where the kinematic viscosity for 15.6°C water is given in Table 1.5 and Q is the measured flowrate at this temperature. Use this value of K and your other data to determine the vis- cosity of water as a function of temperature. Graph: Plot the experimentally determined kinematic viscosity, v, as ordinates and tem- perature, T, as abscissas. Results: Table B.2. On the same graph, plot the standard viscosity-temperature data obtained from Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click ere to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem. m FIGURE P1.91 (cont ) 1-83441 CCon't ) Solution for Problem 1.91: Capillary Tube Viscometer Vml ts T,deg Q mis v,m*2is 92 198 156 0.465 1.12E-08 97 158 263 0614 8.49E-07 92 168 213 0.548 © 9.51E-07 91 213 123 0.427 1.226-06 92 134 343 0.702 © 7.42E-07 94 101 504 0.931 560-07 91 89 584 1.022 5.10E-07 v=KIQ —K,m42 mi/s*2 v (at 15.6 deg C), m*2/s 5.21E-07 4.12E-06 K =v Q= 4126-6 mais * 0.465 mils = 5.21E-7 m*2 mils*2 Problem 1.91 Viscosity, v, vs Temperature, T 1.5E-06 ~ 1.06-06 5.0E-07 + a a = v, mA2/s. 0.0€+00 0 20 40 60 80 From Table B.2, T,degC v,m*2is 10 1316-06 20 1.00-06 30 © 8.01E-07 40 6.58E-07 50 5.53E-07 60 4.75E-07 ‘@ Experimental —From Table B.2, | /- 84