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HIGH VOLTAGE SAFETY PROGRAM

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SAFETY HAS PRIORITY OVER SERVICE
CONTINUITY AND ECONOMICS

IEEE - IEC
PROVE DEAD THE PLACE OF WORK

High Voltage System Safety Requirement

High Voltage system training is now part of STCW code
2010 ( Manila Amendment ) as mentioned on section
B- III /2
The convention is in force till - 2013
The convention covers the responsibility for operating
and maintaining the High Voltage ( above 1000 volts)
electrical power plants on board ships and process
plate forms

MODULE STRUCTURE

THE ROUTINE / TIMINGS

PRE & POST COURSE ASSESSMENT

LAYOUT AND GENERAL SAFETY IN THE PREMISES AND THE high
voltage ELECTRICAL LAB

DURATION OF THE COURSE

ATTENDANCE

BRIEF ABOUT IMTC

IMTC COMPLIMANTRY BUS

SAFETY IS MORE ABOUT ATTITUDE THAN

APPTITUDE
GENERAL ACTIVITIES ONBOARD

Inspection
Operation
Maintenance
Repair
Replacement

BEFORE CARRYING OUT ANY ONE OF THE ABOVEACTIVITIES MAKE SURE: 1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

What is to be done. If required make notes

Where. Location. Environment. Elements
How. Procedures. Caution. Warning. Risk assessment (Permits)
When. Precedent
Why.

MODULE : 1

SCOPE:The program is intended for: Electrical Personnel maintaining, operating

and repairing Electrical apparatus
Non Electrical Personnel operating electrical
equipment
Engineers
Watch keepers
Those responsible for safe control and
management of high voltage power systems
in a marine environment

This training includes:

The functional operational and safety requirement for a Marine
High Voltage system
Maintain and repair of High Voltage switch gear
Taking appropriate action when dealing with faults in a High
Voltage system
Switching strategies for isolating components of High Voltage
system
Using suitable apparatus for isolation and testing of High Voltage
equipment
Switching and isolation procedures on a Marine High Voltage
system
Understanding safety documents for High Voltage systems
Testing of Insulation Resistance (IR) and Polarization Index (P/I)
on High Voltage equipment

COURSE OBJECTIVES
ON COMPLETION OF THE COURSE THE PARTICIPANTS WILL HAVE SUFFICIENT KNOWLEDGE AND ENABLE THEM
TO UNDERSTAND :

Voltage, Voltage levels and High Voltage

Advantages of high voltage

Risks and hazards associated with High Voltage

Familiarize with High Voltage Switch Gear

High Voltage safety, precaution and procedures during maintenance and operations

Understand and demonstrate the functional, operational and safety requirements for a Marine High Voltage system

Assist suitably qualified personnel to carry out the inspection, operation, maintenance and limited repairs on High
Voltage apparatus

Safely take necessary remedial action during system faults

Devise a switching strategy for isolating HV system / Apparatus in accordance with specified safety procedures
documented and a thorough risk assessment

Select suitable apparatus for isolation and testing HV equipment

Perform 5k V insulation resistance (IR) and Polarization Index ( P I ) on High Voltage equipment

High voltage switch gear construction, operation and safety features

Protection systems and applications

Work permits and company specific High Voltage Safety related documents

Trapped key system for sequential isolation and procedures to PROVE DEAD the place of work

Table top Exercises

General Personal safety includes

1 Follow Safety policies: Every company has its own safety policy as per the rules of
SOLAS (ISM code). Understand and follow these points but also put them in practice

2 Situational Awareness: Know your surroundings and working environment and the risk
involved and tackle the problems

3 Knowhow and Training: Correct operating knowledge of different equipment tools and
systems on board, including safety procedures and emergency plans through proper training

4 Use of PPE: Every person on board ships must know what PPE is to be used and when and
donning and checking. Maintain your PPE so as it is fit for use all the time as and when required

5 Help Yourself First: When you and your colleagues are trapped in dangerous situation,
help your self first to get out of the situation and then help others

6 Know Your Ship Inside - Out: On joining a ship be familiar and know every nook and
corner of the ship including location of fire fighting appliances, life saving appliances, alarms ,
escape routes, life boats and every thing needed in an emergency

7 Know Your Emergency Duties: Every crew member should know his emergency
duties

8 Avoid Panic Attacks: It is human to get tensed or nervous in case of an accident. Try to
control emotions to maintain mental peace and to act in a quick and smart manner under the
pressure of an emergency situation

High Voltage Safety

Isolation and access for Maintenance

DIE
Disconnect Isolate Earth
PROCEDURES
No Electrical conductors should be regarded as being safe unless it has been
isolated earthed, secured and proved dead
Precautions should be taken to ensure that isolated equipment can not be re
energized. Lock out . Tag out. Put up Warning and Caution notices
Voltage indicators should always to be tested before and after use
When not attended the barriers should be placed around live conductors
If isolation is done by other than competent person then it should be
demonstrated to the competent person

Electricity can kill

More than 3000 non fatal electric shock accidents
are reported every year in USA,1000 in UK
About 1000 people die every year from electrocution
and surprisingly voltage was < 600 volts
Be careful about Ice berg syndrome in case of
Electrical injuries / burns

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

INTRODUCTIONThe management of Marine High Voltage Power Plant

High voltage safety rules and procedures
Electrical hazardous and precautions
a) Electric shock (touch potential)
b) Arcs/sparks and blast
c) Earthing
d) Operation and safety features
Legislative background
1. International Health and safety legislation
2. Flag state health and safety legislation
3. ESR (Electrical Safety Rules). Company specific
4. Code of Safe Working Practices (CSWP)
5. Health and Safety Executive (HSE)

MODULE :- 2
Brief revision of Power system on board

ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

The generator ( Alternator ) - Source of power. (Converts mechanical
energy into Electrical energy by Electro Magnetic Induction)

Brief on power and power factor

Advantages of high voltage over low voltage

AC / DC

SERIES OR PARALLEL

POWER AND POWER FACTOR

ACTIVE POWER = V x I x Cos. phai = KW
REACTIVE POWER = V x I x sine phai = KVAR
APPARENT POWER = V x I = KVA
POWER FACTOR = KW / KVA

 Impedance ( Z ) of the load decides the

Power demand
Resistive component of the impedance
decides Active power. kW ( Governor )?
Inductive component of the impedance
decides the Reactive power. kVAR (AVR )?

INTRODUCTION
The Management of Health and Safety at
Work, regulation :
Risk Assessment.
Every employer (Senior personnel, Manager, Superintendent) shall
make a suitable and sufficient assessment of :1.
Risk to the health and safety of his employees (subordinates)
to which they are exposed whilst they are at work: and
2.
In making or reviewing the assessment the employer shall
take particular account of ; a)
The experience, lack of awareness of risk and immaturity of
New joiners, Trainees and Apprentices
b) The fitting out and lay out of the work place
c)
The nature, degree and duration of exposure to physical
biological, chemical agents and radiation ( very high Voltage)
d) The form, range and the use of the work equipment and the
way it is handled

Contd.
e)
f)

The organization of process and activities

The extent of health and safety training provided to young and new
employees (Operators, Maintainers and Trainees)

Capabilities of training:1.
2.
a)

Every employer (Senior authorized/ Authorized person ) shall, in

entrusting tasks to his employee ( Competent person) take into
account their capabilities as regards health and safety
Every employer shall ensure that his employees are provided with
adequate health and safety training:On their being recruited into the undertaking and on their being
exposed to new or increased risk because of :(Transfer, introduction of new work equipment, introduction of new
technology and introduction of new system of work, modification
etc.)

 THE TRAINING REFERED ABOVE SHALL :a) Be repeated periodically where applicable
b) Be adapted to take account of any new or
changed risk to the health and safety of the
employees concerned
c) Take place during working hours

General Safety Principles and Prevention

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.

Avoiding risk
Evaluate the risk which can not be avoided
Combating the risk at source
Adapting to technical progress
Replacing dangerous by non dangerous or by less
dangerous
Developing a coherent overall prevention policy which
covers technology, organization of work , working
conditions, social relationships and influence of factors
relating to the working environment
Giving collective protection measure priority over individual
protective measures
Giving appropriate instructions to employees (subordinates)

Management of high voltage on board

ships / platforms
Arrangement of high voltage switch rooms
Switch rooms Equipment
Switch Boards
Transformers
Protection Relays
Tripping and auxiliary supplies (110 / 220 dc source)
Earthing
Key safe / trapped key system
Fault levels
Application of protection system
Prove dead the place of work. Switching schedule
Documentation

ENERGY TRANSMISSION
Energy can be transmitted by various means:

Mechanically

Hydraulically

Electrically

By Radiation and other means
Electricity is the most common energy transmission mean
ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRICAL MEANS:

Most efficient

Pollution free

Flexible

Instant availability over any distance

Comparatively less maintenance

Low weight to high power ratio for a given capacity

VOLTAGE AND VOLTAGE LEVELS

VOLTAGE & LEVELS

Low Voltage
:
Medium Voltage :
High Voltage
:
Extra High Voltage

Up to 1000 volts
1000 to 6600 volts
6600 to 11000 volts
Above 11000 volts

NOTE : ON BOARD ANY VOLTAGE ABOVE 1000 VOLTS IS BE

TREATED AS HIGH VOLTAGE
Above voltage figures are in RMS
The peak value of the voltages would be above figures divided by 0.707

Illustration:
1000 volts RMS = 1414 volts peak &
6600 volts RMS = 9335 volts peak
9000 volts RMS = ? volts peak

MODULE :- 3
SAFETY BOOK / MANUAL

AN OVERVIEW

THE SAFETY MANUAL / BOOK & ITS PURPOSE

Safety has priority over service continuity, equipment damage
or economics (IEEE )

Provide safety principles to be used for protecting individuals from
potential injuries and even death caused by electrical hazards.

The basic safety program is for supervisors, managers, electricians,
engineers and the designers / specifiers of equipment used in electrical
systems

The purpose of the safety book is to increase the safety awareness
issues faced by the individuals who work on or near electrical
equipment as well the system operators and equipment designers /
specifiers
Safety guide lines are recommended by various international and national
safety organizations like:
OSHA

: Occupational Safety and Health Administration(USA)

IEC

: International Electro technical Commission (UNO)

ANSI

: American National Standards Institute (USA)

EAW

: Electricity At Work (United Kingdom ) (Regulation 1989)

ELECTRICAL SAFETY RULES AN OVERVIEW

Rules, scope,
responsibilities,
authorities,
familiarization,
objections

See:
1)
ESR 1(company
specific)
2)
Code of safe working
practice for merchant
Seamen

Integrity

Modifications,
adjustments,
approvals, records,
maintenance

See:
1)
ESR 1(company
specific)

Access

Rooms, locks,
duties

See:
1)
ESR 1 (Company
specific rules)

Work

Electrical
distribution,
operating positions,
permits, planning,
risk assessment,
preparation,
completion, testing

See:
1)
ESR 1( company
specific)
2)
Safety Management
System (SMS)
3)
Hazardous Area Guide

Competence

Competence
assessment
training

See:
1)
ESR 1
2)
ESR 3

Responsibilities
Authorization

and

HIGH VOLTAGE SAFETY RULES

OBJECTIVES- Govern all works undertaken on high
voltage system include;
Duties
Variations / amendments
Issue
Approval / sanctions
DEFNITIONS Approved- Of type and method sanctioned in writing
Live /dead Electrically charged
Isolated Disconnected from all sources of power
High voltage Any voltage in access of 1000 volts

High voltage apparatus

Electrical engineer
Senior authorized person
Authorized person
Competent person
Permit to work
Sanction to test
Limitation of access
Caution/Danger notice
Circuit main Earth
Additional Earth/Earthed
Key safe
Safety lock

ARRANGEMENTS FOR SAFE WORKING

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Guarding (when working in the proximity of live
electrical equipment)

Use of safety locks, key exchange and lock out boxes

Risk assessment Matrix HSE.( HEALTH AND
SAFETY EXECUTIVE)

Documentation ( permits should be in writing and
not verbal, on telephones or walkie talkies)

EMERGENCY CONDITIONS
When does an emergency condition arise?
How would you define an emergency condition?
Fire, flood, gas leak, trapped person, etc.
First preference should be the safety of personnel
Immediate steps to be taken to remove the danger and inform
the people/person
Do not enter an area which is prohibited to you
Switch off the power supply.

This may not be possible in certain circumstances

NOTE; THINK AND BE AWARE OF THE EFFECTS
CAUSED BY ANY ACTION TAKEN

MODULE - 4

Advantages of High voltage

system

Risks and hazards associated

with high voltage

ADVANTAGES OF
HIGH VOLTAGE (3.3/ 4.4 / 6.6 / 11K.v. etc.
TRANSMISSION OF POWER TO LONG DISTANCES
FOR A GIVEN ENERGY LEVEL THE ARC INTENSITY IS
LOW (The current is low hence I x I x t is low)
LOW WEIGHT / POWER RATIO. ( COMPACT SYSTEM )
LOW / NO MAINTENANCE ON METAL ENCLOSED
SWITCH GEAR

RISKS / HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH VOLTAGE

Note :- PROPERLY USED ELECTRICITY IS NOT

DANGEROUS
FOLLOW THE RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR SAFE
WORKING (WARNING AND CAUTION)
OUT OF CONTROL ELECTRICITY CAN CAUSE HARM TO
HUMANS, THE EQUIPMENT AND THE ENVIORNMENT
HEATING EFFECTS ( ARCS AND SPARKS )CAN ALSO
CAUSE FIRES AND BURNS EVEN WITHOUT CONTACT

RISKS / HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH

VOLTAGE
Hazards can include :
a) Poor work conditions, equipment and practices
b) Careless and inadvertent actions on the part of the
individuals
Common electrical hazards that can cause injury and even
death

Electric shock with touch potential (current is the boss)

Arc-flash burns ( from contact, short circuits ) and radiant's

(Tissue damage ).Temperatures reaching up to 37,000*C

Arc blast impact from expanding air and vaporized material

(vaporized copper expands 67,000 times in volume )

Obnoxious / toxic gases

Formation of HCl from burning PVC insulation on the cables

A high voltage electric shock will almost certainly lead to

severe injury or fatality
Factors that could increase the risk of receiving an
electric shock;

High Voltage work carried out close to a person who is not familiar with
High Voltage hazards
High Voltage insulation testing
Equipment using water as part of High Voltage plant
Using test instruments when taking High Voltage measurements
High Voltage equipment stores energy even after disconnection
If the High Voltage circuit main earth is removed while carrying out any
maintenance

Ensure that necessary precautions / safety

standards are being followed up during
operations & maintenance.
1)Ensure proper electrical connection before charging
any switchgear
2)Ensure that we are not leaving any tool within panel,
electrical equipment
3) HT breakers Do not charge without wearing 33KV
hand gloves & without closing breaker panel
4) Do not touch pf capacitor terminals without
discharging them
5) Ensure all electrical safety standards while

handing any electrical equipment

ELECTRIC SHOCK WITH TOUCH

POTENTIAL
Muscles in human body are controlled electrically
Brain controls the muscles @ 10 pulses / second

60 Hz. Power with 120 pulses / sec

is eminently suited to kill
Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers (ELCB,s) should trip
in 200 milliseconds or less with a fault current of
30 mA
At 200 mA it would take approx. 400 milliseconds for
the heart to stop

EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

ON HUMAN BODY(TOUCH POTENTIAL)
The severity of an Electric shock, can have dramatic effects and,
depends upon the following key factors:

Current intensity and type- ac/dc

Contact duration

Tension (Voltage)

Body resistance. (Approx. 1500 Ohms)

Current path ways through the body

FREQUENCY (Hz) of the shock current

Psychological condition of the recipient

Sex, age and general health of the recipient

Environment

Attire etc. (PPE)

EFFECTS OFELECTRIC CURRENT ON HUMAN BODY

0.9 1.2 mA

Current just perceptible

1.2 1.6 mA

Tickling sensation in the hand as from ants

1.6 2.2 mA

Sensation that the hand has gone to sleep

2.2 2.8 mA

Same sensation perceptible in the wrist also

2.8 3.5 mA

Slight stiffening of the hand

3.4 4.5 mA

Considerable stiffening of the hand, the lower arm growing tired

4.0 5.0 mA

Feeling of cramps and slight trembling in the hands

4.5 5.0 mA

Cramp in the lower arm

5.0 7.0 mA

Slight cramp in the upper arm ( unpleasant )

6.0 mA

WOMEN CAN JUST BREAK THIS CONTACT (LET GO)

9.0 mA

MEN CAN JUST BREAK THIS CONTACT

15 20 mA

REALEASE IMPOSSIBLE CAN NOT BE TOLERATED

20 40 mA

Serious and very painful contractions of the muscles, breathing stops, but
normally resumes if current is interrupted within

5 seconds

50 100 mA

VENTRICULAR- FIBRILLATION. HEART MUSCLES UNABLE TO RELAX thus

pumping stops leading to death

AT HIGH
VOLTAGES

The recipient can be thrown off and may survive but with severe burns

AT LOW
VOLTAGE

Death can occur at relatively low currents, but

time is important

Importance of Earthing

A rough relationship between the shock current

measured in milliamps and time measured in
milliseconds, that can be tolerated by a normal
healthy person
CURRENT = 116 / root TIME
Roughly, thus a 50 mA current for 4 seconds would not
be very dangerous.
Calculate the approx. current that would flow through a
human body with 1500 Ohm,s resistance from a
touch potential of 230 volts

MODULE 5

High Voltage systems

General Lay out of High Voltage Switch Board
Comparison between 440volts and 6600 volts

TABLE OF COMPARISON BETWEEN 6.6 kV AND 440V

6.6 k V high voltage

440 volts

CURRENT(FOR A GIVEN CAPACITY)

LOW

HIGH

TYPE OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

VCB,SF6,OIL,Air Blast

ACB

ACB/VCB MAINTENANCE

VACUUM CHECKER/GAP

VISUAL CHECK

SAFETY DEVICE LOCATION

SEPARATE PROTECTION

INCLUDED INSIDE ACB

CONTROL CIRCUIT VOLTAGE

DC 110V

DC 24 V

BUS BAR

SMALL

LARGE

BUS BAR DISTANCE

WIDER

NARROW

MSB PROTECTION

SEGREGATED
COMPARTMENTS

WITHOUT COMPARTMENTS

UNDER SHORT CIRCUIT

EXPLOSION

NO EXPLOSION

PROTECTION AGAINST SHORT

CIRCUIT

PRESSURE RELIEF FLAPS

AND REINFORCED DOORS

NO PRESSURE RELIEF FLAPS

CIRCUIT BREAKER CONNECTOR

WITH AUTOMATIC SAFETY

SHUTTERS

NO SAFETY SHUTTERS

EARTHING DEVICE

WITH EARTHING SWITCH

NO EARTHING SWITCH

MSB DOORS

MECHANICAL INTERLOCK
SYSTEM

NO NEED

Diesel Generator Panel

MODULE - 6
High voltage switch gear

STANDARDS AND GUIDE LINES

RELATED TO SAFETY
Key organizations , agencies and commissions throughout the world associated with
the safety are:

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (USA)

NFPA

National Fire Protection Agency (USA)

OSHA

Occupational Safety & Health Organization (USA)

BIS

Bureau Of Indian Standards ( INDIA)

IEC

International Electro-technical Commission (Standards - UNO)

CENELEC European Committee For Electro-technical Standards (EU)

IEEE 1584 guide for flash/ arc hazard calculations:

Incident energy < 1.5 calories / cm2 will cause a burn just curable
The guide lines from NFPA- 70 provide guidance on appropriate level of
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) as follows

ARCS / SPARKS / BLASTS

Arcs can also take place due to breakdown of air gaps

Due to a high voltage across the gap a flash over between phases or
phase to earth causing a very large fault currents. (CORONA)

Partial Discharge ( P D ). Premature failure of insulation

The arc temperature can be as high as 20,000* C. This may cause severe
burns, loss / temporary loss of vision. The effects may be dramatic

A blast may follow the power arc and lead to vaporization of the material
involved ( contacts

, bus bars and steel panels etc.)

In case of copper the metal expands 67,000 times in volume when

vaporized, leading to an explosion

An explosion is a very fast expansion of surrounding air and objects can
be knocked out from fixtures and fittings and hurled about with very high
force

Since the fault energy is calculated as ( i2t,), limiting the current will limit
the amount of the fault energy by use of proper/certified protective devices

TYPICAL INCIDENT ENERGY LEVELS

AND RISK CATEGORIES

The table is based on the calculations to IEEE 1584 for a typical LNG
carrier with two 2.5 MW turbine and two 1.25 MW Diesel generator sets
connected to an insulated distribution system at 440 volts 60 hz.

The distances are measured to the arc source and the figures shown on
the table refer to the open doors and covers

Table clearly shows that the arc flash energy is much higher close to the
source of the power generation

Long length of cables, right capacity fuses / fast acting MCCBs help
reduce the risk when working on panels and starters remote from the
main switch board

PPE ( gloves, goggles / glasses and full sleeve boiler suits should be
used for all the live work. Face shields with hood should be used where
the incident energy is 5 cal/cm2 and above

TYPICAL INCIDENT ENERGY LEVELS AND RISK CATEGORIES

Scenario

Fault
current

Fault
Clearing
Time

Arc Safe
Distance

Incidence
Energy at
455 mm

Risk
Category

Main Switchboard* One Turbine

Generator connected

20 kA

0.5 sec

3375 mm

24 cal / cm2

Cargo switchboard.*Two Turbine

and one Diesel Generator
connected to Main Switch Board

5.8 kA

0.2 sec

850 mm

3.1 cal / cm2

Machinery Space vent fan starter.

Two turbine Generators
connected to Main Switch board

20 kA

0.2 SEC.

1811 mm

9.6 cal / cm2

Machinery space vent fan starter.

One Diesel Generator connected
to Main Switch board

10 kA

0.2 sec.

1186 mm

5.15 cal / cm2

63 kW motor ( supplied via 30m of

3 core 25mm2 )

8 kA

0.2 sec

457 mm

1.26 cal / cm2

STANDARDS NFPA 70 E (TABLE FROM NFPA 70) (PPE)

Wearing PPE increases the level of incident energy that can be endured without injury
PPE basically is to provide a barrier between the arc and the naked skin.
Note: From a practical viewpoint , over reliance on PPE is counterproductive
PPE is restricting and may not permit the wearer to work effectively

Risk
Energy level
Category
Cal / cm2

PPE

<1.5 cal / cm2

Non melting flammable material e.g. Cotton, Rayon,

Wool

< 5 cal / cm2

Fire resistance shirt, pants or coverall. Face shield

< 8 cal / cm2

Cotton underwear + FR pants, shirts or coverall

< 20 cal / cm2

As above + FR jacket and hood

< 45 cal / cm2

Specially rated flash suit and hood

Personal Protective Equipment

PPE must be used when risk can not be avoided or
reduced to an acceptable level by safe working
practices
PPE does not reduce the hazard, and can only
protect the person wearing it and leaves others
vulnerable
It should be noted that the use of PPE may in itself
cause a hazard- for example, reduced field of vision,
loss of agility etc.

Personal Protective Equipment

PPE should be provided by the ship, free of cost
where it is needed and suitable for the job to be
performed
Fit the worker correctly (comfortable as far as
possible)
Take account of ergonomic requirements and the
workers health
Be compatible with any other equipment the worker
has to use same time

Personal Protective Equipment

There has to a mechanism in place to check and maintain the PPE

The wearer should check the PPE before using
PPE should fit the wearer and be comfortable
The wearer should know the correct use of the PPE
PPE should be made available free of charge on board

NOTE ; More PPE related details are available with MCA on request for a
particular plant and activity.

HIGH / MEDIUM VOLTAGE SWITCH GEAR

Salient features of H.V./ M.V. switch gear :
Basic switch gear operation is not different from low voltage system but
special safety features are added to high voltage switch gear against :

Arcs & Sparks that take place when the contacts are making and
breaking with normal load currents
Under fault currents
ARC depends on the following factors:

The nature and pressure of the medium of arc

The external ionizing and de-ionizing agents present

The voltage across the electrodes and variation of time

The material and configuration of the electrodes

The nature and configuration of the arcing chamber

NON INTERNALARC PROTECTED SWITCH

GEAR
Non-Internal Arc protected switch gear :
A thorough analysis of arc protection system is to be performed. It is an
ITERATIVE process. It can not be performed by ships staff however it is done
and recorded by the designer / specifies / installers of the switch gear
IEE 1584 A has advised the following steps :
1) Acquire the short circuit data for normal operating conditions (at sea) - (in
port-cargo discharging/ loading ) from the original short circuit study or by
new calculations.
2) Determine the arc fault current and duration
3) Determine the arc fault energy at the working distance at 100% and 85% of the
arc fault current
4) Determine the flash protection boundary. Risk category and required PPE
Note :
OTS / 332 will provide the relevant data where ever it does not exist on old ships and to
the new buildings obviously in case of new buildings the flash protection and RISK
category should be determined and included in the short circuit calculations. (Soft ware
programs are available from ETAP and CYNCAL for these procedures)

INTERNAL ARC PROTECTED SWITCH GEAR

Internal Arc protected switch gear :

In this case what the arc flash analysis will do is - quantify the flash hazard
but will not quantify the physical hazard that switch gear presents during
and after the fault .

Unless the physical construction is robust enough there is a danger of
doors, covers being open and even getting detached.

Internal parts may be severely damaged, and safety interlocks
compromised,
i.e: Earthing connections may be detached.

It is difficult to verify the exact mechanical strength by calculation.

Testing will verify to a sufficient degree that the switch gear is robust to
arcing faults. This is internal arc protected switch gear
MV switch gear is almost exclusively internal arc protected
Note:
The MV switch gear is generally internal arc protected therefore the operation and
maintenance of the switch gear is to be performed as per the manufacturer's
instructions. An arc fault analysis is not strictly necessary, but it is recommended
for the records
MV voltage equipment should be classified (IAC) in accordance with IEC 67221-200
or any other acknowledged commission etc.

ARC PROTECTED SWITCH GEAR

It is recommended that the specification include the
following when generating the arc flash warning labels:

Short circuit calculations must include determination of incident energy
for 3 phase arcing faults as per IEEE 1584

Arc flash warning labels based on the normal electrical installations
operating conditions should be created and available for installation on
switch boards, MCC,s, panels and GSP,s. These operating conditions
should be clearly indicated on the level

The maximum arcing time for the arc flash calculation should be no
greater than 5sec.

A motor contribution for at least seven cycles should be included

The objective should be to design the electrical installation so that only
standard PPE is necessary. If not possible then FLASH warning labels
should be posted on the panels etc.

REDUCING THE ARC FLASH HAZARDS ON NEW SHIPS

The energy that a worker might be exposed to can

be reduced by :

Decreasing the prospective short circuit current

Decreasing the time taken to cut off the current

Increasing the working distance

Techniques to reduce
the Arc fault hazard
Design

Preferred Methods

Non Preferred
Methods

Reduce the
Prospective Fault
Current Level

Incorporate current limiting fuses in

protection scheme

Install current limiting reactor

Provide the dedicated test supplies

Increase transformer
impedance

Limit the Duration of

the Fault Current

Ensure that time/current

characteristics having the minimum
practicable margins, are selected

Use arc flash reduction

maintenance switches on low
voltage circuit breakers to over
ride breaker timings settings
during maintenance activities

Use instantaneous protection

elements, e,g, bus tie circuit
breakers, transformers, differential
protection elements

Use interlocked zone tripping

scheme to provide rapid
operation of upstream
protection elements

Provide protection elements for

power transformers secondary
circuits as well as primary circuits
to reduce operating time

Use arc eliminators ( diverting

the arc to a metallic short
circuit by means of fast acting
and rapid closing devices)

Use arc fault detection and tripping

devices
Ensure withdrawal parts are moved
from/to the service position with
only with panel doors closed
Select arc tested equipment
Select equipment with segregation

Techniques to reduce
the Arc fault hazard
Operation

Increase the
working
distance for
personnel

Preferred Methods
Operate the switch gear from
a remote position. Use local
electrical control desks away
from switch gear

Provide warning levels

indicating the level of arc
flash hazard and the
appropriate level of PPE for
operating, faulting finding
and maintenance.
Reduce the
capacity of
power supply
source

Have the minimum number of

on line sets generators

Non Preferred
Methods
Increase the length of
tools used for
withdrawing functional
devices, e.g.circuit
breaker racking handle

MODULE 6 (a)
Safety and use of portable tools

SAFETY AND USE OF PORTABLE

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

Electricity can KILL

Each year about 1000 accidents at work involving electric shock or burns are
reported to the UK Health and Safety Executive, (HSE) - 30 of these are FATAL.
Indian figures are much higher and are not available to the public

Some of these fatal injuries are not related to electric shock directly but falling down
from ladders and other precarious positions etc.

Portable electrical equipment in daily use ( hand tools, laundry machines, and
pantry items etc.) are connected to an outlet/socket by a flexible wire and plug. The
voltage levels are 220 /110 50/ 60 Hz.

The user should ensure that the equipment is FIT FOR PURPOSE

Portable equipment is also, used by shore work shops and refit yards, should meet
the safety requirements and if not, to be brought to the notice of superintendent and
concerned authorities

WARNING: VOLTAGES ABOVE 50V CAN CAUSE FATAL

SHOCK

SELECTION OF ELECTRICAL TOOLS

All tools, leads, plugs and extension should be FIT and suitable for the purpose. Tools
including instruments are to be maintained / inspected / checked after and before the use
which should include the mechanical wear, leads, plugs
There are three categories of equipment protection against electric shock :

Class I : The apparatus is provided with basic insulation and the metal work is suitably
earthed. Most of the domestic and heavy duty tools are class I. In case of insulation
failure the earthed metal will reduce the hazardous voltage LEVEL

Class II : Is sub divided into two sub groups: - IIA and IIB

Class IIA : All insulated . The apparatus has two layers of insulation eg. Drill chucks and
fixing screws

Class IIB : Double insulated. All exposed metal work separated from the conductors by
two layers of insulation so that the metal work can not become live. There is no earth
connection hence the safety of the user depends on the integrity of the insulation. (Hair
dryers, Small hand tools)

Class III : Apparatus operates on Separated Extra Low Voltages (SELV). The voltage not
exceeding 50 V AC or DC between conductors or to earth. The apparatus has basic
insulation and no earthing is required

SELECTION OF ELECTRICAL TOOLS

Hazardous area:

All electric tools, including battery operated, and test equipment are
to be certified for the area (Zones) in which they are to be used

Non-Certified equipment may be used when the vessel is in gas free
condition

Pneumatic tools are to be used in restricted, conductive locations,
eg; tanks, crankcase, bilges etc.

Regular inspection and maintenance is recommended for damaged
insulation, overheating, proper plug socket contacts

Recommended Frequency and Scope of Test and Inspection

Recommended Frequency and scope of Test and Inspection

Type of Equipment
Battery-operated power tools, <25V
Portable hand lamps, tools, extension
leads. Supplied by dedicated isolating
transformer <50V
Portable equipment, handheld tools,
extension leads and associated protective
devices. Machinery areas 110V/220V
Portable equipment in dry accommodation /
office spaces 110V/220V

User/Informal checks
Physical Condition/ Function
check before each use
Physical Condition/ Function
check before each use
Physical Condition/ Function
check before each use

Inspection & Testing

No

Comment
Refer Note 1

9-12 months

Refer Note 2
Refer Note 3

6-9 months

Refer Note 2
Refer Note 3

Physical Condition/ Function

12-18 months
Refer Note 2
check
Refer Note 3
6-12 months
6-9 months
Portable equipment in laundries and Gallery Physical Condition/ Function
Refer Note 2
110V/220V
check
Refer Note 3
1-3 months
Refer Note 2
Privately owned portable equipment
None
Before 1st use on board
Refer Note 3
110V/220V
Notes:
1. Charges to be treated as separate equipment and tested according to requirements.
2. For double insulated (classII) equipment, limited testing is required. Any associated extension leads having a protective
earth conductor should be tested
3. Computer / IT or electronic equipment should not be subjected to Insulation Testing

MODULE - 7
Energy Levels

ENERGY
Energy in electrical system is measured
in;-

Kilo Watts Generally in 440 volts

system or so called low voltage system

Mega Watts Generally in High/

Medium voltage system

ARC ENERGY
When a fault occurs, the Energy at the fault = Current
squired. x time
FAULT LEVELS AT DIFFERENT VOLTAGES:
Fault level @ 11,000 volts = 1.732. x k V. x Fault current
Therefore Fault current = Fault level (MVA ) / 1.732. x
Voltage (Kv)
Typical Fault level in HV (11,000 /6600 v) system is
measured in MVA. Standard 250 MVA
Calculate the fault current for the above fault at 11,000
and 6600 volts

Fault level at 440 volts is measured at 31MVA

Calculate the fault current.

HIGH VOLTAGE EARTHING

CONDUCTOR
The cross sectional area of the earthling conductor for
Copper and Aluminum
There are tables ( IEE ) and regulations:
Cross sectional area S = Root ( I square x time ) % k
I = fault current
t = time duration of the fault current
K = properties of earthling conductor (resistivity, temp.
coefficient etc. )

Earthing conductor:For a copper conductor with PVC insulation

(thermoplastic) and a temperature range
from 30 C 160 C, k = 143 and
For a aluminum conductor k = 95
Typical Copper Earthing conductor used =
70mm2
It can withstand a fault current of 10,010 A for 1
sec
Aluminum conductor of 120 mm2 will handle a
fault current of the same magnitude

In maritime high voltage installation the

minimum size of Earthing conductors
required is = 30 mm2 . As per Norwegian
regulations

MODULE:- 8
SAFETY AND PROTECTION SYSTEM

SAFETY AND PROTECTION SYSTEM

The safeties incorporated in any power
system include protection against
Normal over loads but, with time and %
Short circuit between phases
Short circuit between phases and earth
Faults cause Heavy sparks and Arcs

HEAT FROM ARCS / SPARKS

As seen above the heat from high voltage arcs and sparks is
measured in MVA

Heat loss from an arcing chamber:
Conduction;
Convection and
Radiation

Arc extinction:
The final extinction of arc requires a rapid formation of the dielectric strength of the medium between the circuit breaker
contacts and cooling of the arcing chamber

Cooling:
Cooling is achieved by conduction through baffles, splitters,
insulating walls or forced gas blast directed along the
discharge as is done in air blast and SF6 circuit breakers

ARC- ENERGY AND CURRENT

Besides normal / routine switching operations the arc energy which is
generated by faults is a serious concern in designing the high voltage
systems

Fault generated by arc energy= (I2arc x t ). Magnitude of the fault
current (The current in the Arc) and the duration in seconds

Fault magnitudes fault level in HIGH VOLTAGE systems are expressed
in MVA This is the fault level

Fault currents are expressed in kilo amperes ( k.A.)

MODULE 8
MEDIUM VOLTAGE SWITCH GEAR

There occurs a fault

Then the current should halt
Otherwise the fault current would increase
And the service continuity decrease
But the relay acts quick
And the circuit breaker trips
The faulty circuit is disconnected
And the power system is protected
Thank you Mr. Switch gear
Because of you there is no fears

MEDIUM VOLTAGE SWITCH GEAR

CONSTRUCTION AND SALIENT SAFETY
FEATURES

SWITCH BOARDS/ SWITCH ROOMS

On ships with installed capacity in access of 3MW the
switch boards are segregated.
Links / interconnecting breakers are installed to
interconnect the switch boards
1. Marine switch rooms containing switch gear and
control gear
2. Transformers
3. Protection relays
4. Tripping and auxiliary supplies (Batteries)
5. Earthling

 PROTECTION;
Current transformers and associated relays placed as
close as possible with special features

SECURITY;
Unauthorized entry to switch rooms is restricted
Special key safe / trapped key system is
incorporated. Doors are secured

ACCESS AND LIGHTING;

Switch boards should have an unobstructed well lit
passage not less than one Meter width
Anti slip certified insulated coverings are required
NOTE; NEVER USE SWITCH ROOMS AS WORKSHOPS
OR STORAGE SPACES

SWITCH GEAR
CLASSIFICATION OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS:
Based on Voltage
Low Less than 1kV
Medium 1kV to 52 kV
High/extra high 66kV to 765 kV
Ultra high above 765 kV
Based on location
In door
Out door

SWITCH GEAR
Based on interrupting Media
Air break
Air blast
Bulk oil
Minimum Oil
SF6 Gas Insulated
Vacuum

SWITCHGEAR AND SAFETY FEATURES

3300 / 6600 volt switch gear is metal enclosed
ISOLATORS - DISCONNECTORS
a) Where isolation is required for other than
electrical purposes
b) On duplicate bus bar system to facilitate
the change over without interruption
c) All withdraw able circuit breakers,
contactors
SAFETY FEATURES:- Most isolators are OFF
LOAD devices

SWITCH GEAR
SWITCHES: Load break- fault make devices.
Not capable of handling the fault currents
EARTHING SWITCHES: Normally not designed
to break fault current
Features;
a) Independent manual operation. May have
stored energy
b) Inter lock is provided when connected to
circuit main earth
c) Some switches are fitted with anti - flex
handles

SWITCH GEAR
CONTACTORS ; Mechanical switching devices operated other than by

hand. Not capable of breaking the fault current hence fitted with
fuses
Features;
a)
Frequent operations with vacuum interrupter
b)
Are dependent power operated
c)
Withdrawal not possible with contactor ON
d)
Can not be closed until the isolating contacts are fully engaged
e)
Automatic shutters cover the exposed live contacts when
withdrawn
f)
The contactor opens on failure of a single fuse to prevent the single
phasing
g)
In some cases the earthing switch automatically closes on
withdrawal

SWITCH GEAR

CIRCUIT BREAKERS; Mechanical switching devices

Features;
a)

b)
c)

Capable of making, carrying and breaking currents

under normal circuit conditions and also making
carrying for a specified time and breaking currents
under specific abnormal conditions
Arc quenching medium may be SF6, vacuum, oil
etc.
Operations may be independent manual

CIRCUIT BREAKERS

SAFETY FEATURES ;
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Can not be isolated whilst in closed position

Automatic shutters are in all withdrawal able units
Oil circuit breakers have a pressure relief valve
Gas circuit breakers are fitted with alarms for low
gas pressure and subsequent lock out
Locking facilities are provided

INTERNAL ARC PROTECTED SWITH GEAR

Metal enclosed Switch

gear
The switch Ready to install
assemblies requiring high voltage and
low voltage cable connections
assemblies have earthed metallic
enclosures
These switch gears have generally
three high voltage compartments
separated by partitions

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

The design is such that the normal operation,
inspection and servicing can be carried out
safely
Removable parts and fixed parts should
withstand the insulation level of the switch
gear
Interlocks between different components are
provided to ensure the safety and the desired
sequence of operation (Trapped key system)

Metal enclosed Switch Gear with removable

parts
The withdrawal or engagement of the Circuit
Breaker should be impossible unless it is in open
position
The operation of the circuit breaker should be
impossible unless:
1- It is in the service
2- Disconnected, removed, test position

It should be impossible to close the circuit breaker

in the service position unless it is connected to the
auxiliary circuit

Metal enclosed Switch Gear without

removable parts with disconnector
The operation of the disconnector
should be impossible unless the
associated circuit breaker is in open
position
The operation of the circuit breaker
should be impossible unless the
associated disconnector is in the
closed, open or earth position

ENCLOSURES

Gas filled Enclosures :

Sheet Metal Gas filled enclosures house
the main circuits
The gas is non corrosive inert gas with
very good dielectric properties, such as
SF6 ( Sulfur Hex Fluoride) in a thoroughly
dried state
Service pressure is relatively low (2`5bar )
as per IEC 298

SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

SULPHUR HEXAFLUORIDE :
Contacts close and open in a chamber filled
with SF6 Gas
SF6 gas IS A GREEN HOUSE GAS
The gas has very good dielectric properties
Well suited to high and very high voltages

Physical properties of SF6 gas

Colourless
Odourless
Non toxic, pure SF6 gas is not harmful to health
Non inflammable. However impure SF6 gas contains
toxic impurities
Gas is 5 times heavier than air @ 20*C

Chemical properties of SF6 gas

Stable upto 500*C

The gas is inert
Electro negative
Does not react with structural material

Vacuum Circuit Breaker

VACUUM TECHNOLOGY
Another media used in metal enclosed
switch gear is vacuum for dielectric
between contacts and cooling the
arcing chamber
NOTE :Vacuum switch gear is the most
commonly used switch gear in systems
up to 65 kV .

VACCUM ARC
General characteristics :

The vacuum arc is really a metal vapor discharge

The vacuum arc is different from general low or high
pressure arcs since the arc forming particles are the
electrons, ions and neutral atoms , derived from the
electrodes itself. ( Contact material )

The base gas pressure here is very low ( vacuum).
Therefore conduction process role is not significant

VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKERS

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION :
Arc interruption takes place in vacuum
Arcing contacts are placed in the metal chamber
Moving contacts are attached to metal bellows
The interrupter is finally enclosed in a metallic body
Proved to be most suitable for medium voltage

The material of the contacts plays very

important role in overall performance of
the breaker [ Cu Bi, Cu Cr, Cu Ag ].
Cu Cr is most common material used
Contact geometry ( VERY IMPORTANT)

Vacuum Interrupter
Design aspects;
Interrupter length ( 8-20 mm) depending upon voltage
Contact travel (contact gap) 6 10 mm for 6.6 k.V.
Contact shape
Contact size
Time of travel
Contact Gap

8 to 12 mm

Contact speed
Opening
Closing

0.5 to 0.8 mm/ms

0.5 mm/ms

Construction of Vacuum Interrupter

Parts 0f the interrupter;
Enclosure made of impermeable insulating material
Enclosure retains a vacuum of 10/10x11 Torr
End flanges. Made of non magnetic material
Contacts are disc shaped with symmetrical
grooves, segmented (misaligned fixed and moving)
Contacts (Sintered) Copper Bismuth
Vapour condensing shield. Metallic tube around the
contacts
Metallic bellows welded to metallic flange
Seals. Metal glass or ceramics

Interrupter

VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER

Vacuum Interrupter technology has some
distinct advantages:
SMALL CONTACT GAP
TRAVEL DISTANCE
LONGER ELECTRICAL LIFE
ENVIORNMENTLY BENIGN
OVERALL SUPERIOR PERFORMANCE

Vacuum interrupter

Vacuum testing
Checking VACUUM.
1. Check the pull on moving contact
2.

Connect the power to the OPEN terminals of the

interrupter from a dedicated vacuum checker
available on board/plant ( usually 15 kV 50kV )

Merits and Demerits of VCB and VCT

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Self contained unit. No gas or oil required

Pollution free
Modest or no maintenance
Compact unit .Easy installation
Non Explosive
Silent operation
Large nos. of operations. Well suited for repeated
operation of almost all types of loads (30,000)
Sealed unit keeps the elements out, maintains the
contact resistance

Demerits
The vacuum interrupter is more expensive
Restriction on rated voltage
High technology involved in designing the
interrupter
Loss of vacuum will render the switch gear
useless
Surge suppresser are required for certain
switching operations

Vacuum Contactor
Capable of millions of operations on load
and overload
Short circuit interruption capability is limited
Back up fuses give the short circuit
protection
Strikers are provided to take care of single
phasing and short circuits
Sustaining power is required ( 110 volt DC on
board )

OPERATING MECHANISM
SPRING MECHANISM
PNEUMATIC MECHANISM
HYDRAULIC MECHANISM
SF6 DYNANAMIC MECHANISM
MOTOR DRIVEN MECHANISM

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS OF
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
The main function of the circuit breaker is to interrupt short
circuit currents and protect their loads against the effects of
such faults.
This function must be carried out with a high degree of safety
and reliability

Terminal faults
Short line faults
Transformer magnetizing and reactor
currents
Switching of unloaded capacitor banks
Out of phase switching

TESTING SWITCH GEAR

ROUTINE TESTS
1. Di electric test on the main circuit
2. Di electric test on the auxiliary and control
circuits
3. Measurement of the resistance of the main
circuit
4. Tightness test
5. Design and visual checks.( name plate
details and values )
6. Mechanical operation tests.
( minimum/maximum operating test. At
least five closing opening time and
pressure where applicable)

 TYPE TESTS: All type tests should be

carried out by using the number of
samples specified in IEC 60694

MODULE 9
REMEDIAL ACTION SCHEME

FAULTS AND PROTECTION

SYSTEM

FAULTS AND PROTECTION SYSTEM

Electrical safety regulations clearly
specify:EFFICIENT MEANS, SUITABLY LOCATED, SHALL
PROVIDE PROTECTION ;
FROM EXCESS OF CURRENT IN EVERY PART
OF A SYSTEM AS MAY BE NECESSARY
TO PREVENT DANGER TO PERSONNEL AND THE
EQUIPMENT

WHAT IS A FAULT?
WHAT IS FAULT LEVEL?
FAULT ENERGY?
FAULT ENERGY IS MEASURED AS ( I x I x t )
Consequently, the FAULT ENERGY is to be
kept to a minimum level to limit the damage
to plant and more importantly, to

prevent injury to personnel

FAULT LEVELS

In high voltage system the faults are measured in MVA

Fault = 1.732 multiplied by voltage multiplied by current
= 1.732 x Voltage x Current
= 1.732 x V x I

TABLE FOR FAULT CURRENT

SYSTEM VOLTAGE (kV)

FAULT LEVEL( MVA )

FAULT CURRENT (kA)

400

35000

50

275

15000

31.4

132

7500

32

66

2500

21.8

33

1500

26.2

11

500

26.2

6.6

150

13.1

3.3

50

8.8

.415

31

43.0

TYPES OF FAULTS AND EFFECTS

Active faults:- Current flow between two

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

phases due to complete break down of insulation.

This will result in an EXPLOSION. These faults
are to be cleared as rapidly as possible
CONSEQUECES
Increased damage at fault location due to very high
energy.
Danger to operating personnel (flashes, arcs,
sparks )
Increased probability of earth faults spreading to
healthy phases
Very high electromechanical stresses on cores of
transformers
Sustained voltage dips on motors and generators

FAULTS CONTD.
SOLID FAULTS:- These faults occur due
to suddenly the complete break down of
insulation due to external damage
resulting in very high fault currents and an
explosion. Such faults also must be
cleared as rapidly as possible otherwise it
will result in any of the following
consequences;

FAULTS CONTD.
Increased damage at location of the fault
since fault energy = (current)2 x time
Danger to personnel ( arcs and flashes)
Enhanced probability of earth faults
spreading to healthy phases
Higher mechanical and thermal stressing
in all items of the plant carrying the fault
current, particularly in transformers
Sustained voltage dips

FAULTS CONTD.
The incipient faults:- The small faults developing into catastrophic
failure

Passive Faults :- Not really direct faults but may result into
active faults if not attended to:-

a) Over loading- leading over heating and insulation deterioration.

b) Over voltage which stresses the insulation
c) Under frequency
d) Power swing:- Generators running in parallel can go out of
synchronism
e) In adequate cooling
f ) Bearing failure

FAULTS CONTD.
TRANSIENT AND PERMANENT
FAULTS :- These faults occur mostly

on out door equipment

PERMANENT FAULTS:- Faults with
permanent damage to insulation
SYMMETRICAL AND ASYMMETRICAL
FAULTS:- Faults related to power factor

PROTECTION SYSTEM
Protection system provides protection
to the complete electrical system;
From source to the consumers
Maintainer and the operator.
The system also activates alarms and
indicates the cause of the faults and
abnormalities

PROTECTION SYSTEM SHOULD:

DETECT THE FAULT AS EARLY AS
POSSIBLE
DISCRIMINATE
DISCONNECT ONLY THE FAULTY CIRCUIT

THE ROLE AND PURPOSE OF PROTECTIION SYSTEM

Protection system, however sophisticated, can not
prevent a fault
A good number of faults are caused by human error
Condition monitoring has its limitations
So the role of the protective system is to detect a fault
at the lowest possible level consistent with the
ability to supply full load to the plant. That is;;
TO MINIMISE BUT NOT PREVENT DAMAGE TO THE
AFFECTED PLANT
TO DETERMINE THE AREA OF THE FAULT AND
DISCONNECT THE AFFECTED AREA

PROTECTION SCHEME
5-S principles
;-

1.SECURITY: The system should be reliable so that security of supply

is ensured

2.SENSITIVITY: The system should be able to sense minimum value

of the fault current, thereby reducing the consequent damage

3.SPEED: Protective system should be able to isolate the fault in the

shortest possible time

4.SELECTIVITY: Protective system should be able to select and trip

only the nearest circuit breaker

5.STABILITY: Protective system should not operate for external faults

PROTECTION SYSTEM
Protection System includes the : Generator Protection
Switch Board Protection
Feeder Protection
Transformer Protection
Motor protection

COMPONENTS OF SAFETY AND

PROTECTION SYSTEM
PROTECTION SYSTEM INCORPORATES :The relays;
Electro mechanical relays
Static relays
Numerical relays
Transformers; Required for the measurements of currents and
voltages
Current transformers
Potential transformers (voltage transformers)
Instrument transformers
The above transformers are classified as instrument (measuring) and
protection transformers

THEORY OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER

The ideal CT Primary and Secondary AT (Ampere Turns)
should be exactly equal IN MAGNITUDE
The AT should also should be in perfect
phase opposition
Two basic factors can effect the performance
of a CT
1. The phase error
2. The current error ( the Ratio Error)

The CT performance can be improved by Using a core of very high permeability and low
hysteresis loss
Maintaining the rated burden (load)
Ensuring a minimum length of flux path
Lowering the internal secondary burden
Use of wound type primary
Keeping the secondary burden to minimum
possible value

PARAMETERS OF INSTRUMENT
TRANSFORMERS
CURRENT RATING
RATED BURDEN
ACCUEACY CLASS FOR PROTECTION CT,s ( 5P,10P,15P.)
INSTRUMENT SECURITY FACTOR (In case of short circuit)
KNEE POINT VOLTAGE
Knee point; The point on the magnetization curve at which 10%
increase in flux density causes a 50% increase in exciting
ampere turns

CURRENT TRANSFORMERS (CT,s)

Most current transformers are supplied in the ratio of
100/1, 200/5, 400/5, 800/1, 1600/5, 2000/1 etc.
Metering CT,s are linear to a value of 20%
Protection CT,s are linear during a large fault current
Typical burden on CT,s is 2.5 15 VA
Summing CT,s are used to add different currents

Sequence Components:
1. Positive sequence, caused by locked rotor
2. Negative sequence, caused by current imbalance
3. Zero sequence, caused by earth faults

Zero phase sequence systems

1. Placing a CT around earthed neutral
2. Using a core balance CT
3. Current balance system

APPLICATION OF INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION;
Used for the protection of generators, transformers,
transmission lines and large motors etc. (Vector differences
between two or more electrical quantities)
RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION;
Generally incorporated in generators with earthed neutral. In
this arrangement usually up to 15% or less earths are not
included
CORE BALANCE CT;
A core balance CT is used in sensitive earth fault protection
system. The CT is put around all the three phase cables to
detect the zero sequence current. These CT,s are very sensitive
and can detect the leakages of 500mA
SUMMATION CT,s
CURRENT BALANCE CT,s

NON RELAY OPERATEDP ROTECTION

SURGE PROTECTION
FUSES

EXAMLES 0F HRC FUSE

SELECTION

EXAMLES 0F HRC FUSE SELECTION

Fig. 1
Illustrates the HRC Fuse operation in the cut
off region. Key points to note are:
Cut off Current
Pre-arcing time
Arcing time

EXAMLES 0F HRC FUSE SELECTION

Fig. 2
Shows I squire t rating of some different
sizes of HRC Fuses.
It should be noted that the I squire t
parameter is given on a logarithmic scale

EXAMLES 0F HRC FUSE SELECTION

Fig. 3
Shows the time / current characteristic of the
fuses given in fig. 2

EXAMLES 0F HRC FUSE SELECTION

Fig. 4 (a)
Shows simple distribution system with fuse
discrimination using the 2 to 1 rule.
The discrimination is achieved by doubling the
rating of the fuse at each ascending stage of the
distribution system
Fig. 4 (b)
Shows the corresponding system with
discrimination achieved by using the I squire t ;
method based on the I squire t characteristics
shown in fig 5.

EXAMLES 0F HRC FUSE SELECTION

Fig. 5
Shows the I squire t characteristics of some
of the HRC fuses
( supplied by the fuse manufacturers )

PRACTICAL EXAMPLE OF
HRC FUSE SELECTION AND
DISCRIMINATION

PRACTICAL EXAMPLE OF HRC FUSE

SELECTION AND DISCRIMINATION
Fig. 6
Calculate the capacity of fuse A and the capacities of
fuses feeding 20 k W lighting , 30 kW heating and 30 kW
motor circuits.
Lighting load @415 Volts. 20 kW = 20 x 1000 / 1.732 x
415 = 28 Amperes .
Therefore 32 Amps fuse will be suitable
Heating load @ 415 Volts. 30 kW = 30 x 1000 / 1.732 x 415
= 42 Amperes
Therefore 50 Amps fuse will be suitable

PRACTICAL EXAMPLE OF HRC FUSE

SELECTION AND DISCRIMINATION
Fig. 6 (Continued)
MOTOR :- 30 kW 4 pole DOL starting current
( 7 x FLC ) for 10 seconds would require a fuse to
with stand a starting current of 378 amperes for 10
seconds
Therefore a 100 Amps fuse will be required to
withstand the motor starting current of 378 Amps for
10 seconds as per fig 7

PRACTICAL EXAMPLE OF HRC FUSE

SELECTION AND DISCRIMINATION
Fig. 7
Shows time current characteristics of some of
the fuses. Therefore fuse A in figure 6 will
have to withstand the following load
conditions
1. STEADY STATE current = 28 + 42 + 54 =
124 Amps continuously
2. TRANSIENT - current = 28 + 42 + 378 = 448
Amps for 10 seconds

PRACTICAL EXAMPLE OF HRC FUSE

SELECTION AND DISCRIMINATION
Fig. 8
Shows the I squire t discrimination
characteristics associated with the fuse
time/current character shown in fig. 7, 125 A
fuse will withstand 448 amps for 10 seconds.
However on checking fig. 8 I squire t
characteristics it can be seen that the pre
arcing time of a 125 A mps fuse is LESS than
the total operating time
(ie. Pre arcing time + arcing time) of 100
Ampere fuse in the motor circuit and therefore
WILL NOT BE SUITABLE

PRACTICAL EXAMPLE OF HRC FUSE

SELECTION AND DISCRIMINATION
Fig. 8 (Continued)
Consequently Fuse A will need to be rated at
160 Amperes
NOTE :-160 A FUSE PRE ARCING TIME IS GREATER
THAN THE TOTAL OPERATING TIME OF 100 Amps
fuse

PRACTICAL EXAMPLE OF HRC FUSE

SELECTION AND DISCRIMINATION
Fig. 1 depict a diagram showing two squirrel cage
induction motors connected to a 415 volts distribution
system and their starters
Motor 1 (M 1) is 37 kW 4pole, (In = 67.5 A) with DOL
starting current = 7 x In for 10 seconds (67.5 x 7 =
472.5 A)
Motor 2 (M2) is 110 kW 4pole, (In = 189A) with
ESS (Electronic Soft Starter) starting current = 3.5 x In
for 40 seconds (189 x 3.5 = 661.5 A)
Refer the time /current and I squire t characteristics,
determine the required HRC fuse rating for fuses F1,
F2 and F3.

SURGE PROTECTION
SURGE; A transient over voltage steeply rising
followed by slowly decaying voltage wave

EXTERNAL SURGE;- On transmission lines due to lightning and it

travels in both the direction. This results in an increase, of voltage
several time, of the rated voltage and subsequently gets attenuated.
Protection is normally provided by lightning arresters

INTERNAL SURGE / SWITCHING SURGES ;- These surges are

caused due to switching action of certain types of circuit
breakers, connected to inductive loads in particular. SF6 and
Vacuum circuit breakers

SURGE PROTECTION
TYPES OF SURGE PROTECTION CONNECTED TO ANY SYSTEM
DEPENDS UPON THE VOLTAGE AND THE INSULATION OF
THE SYSTEM
OIL INSULATED SYSTEM; - This type generally doesnt require
protection due to inherent properties of the oil used.
DRY INSULATED SYSTEM; - Rotating machines, dry core
transformers can not withstand large switching surges. This
type of apparatus requires surge protection
NOTE- SURGE ARRESTER/SUPPRESSORS ARE CONNECTED ON
THE ON LOAD SIDE ,FROM ALL THE THREE PHASES TO
GROUND

SURGE PROTECTION
S0URCE OF
SURGE

TYPE OF
SURGE

PROTECTION
DEVICE

MOUNTING

EXTERNAL

LIGHTNING

LIGHTNING ARRESTER OUT SIDE

SUBSTATION

INTERNAL

SWITCHING

SURGE ARRESTERS
SUPRESSORS

LOAD SIDE OF THE

BREAKERS

SURGE PROTECTION
DEVICES USED FOR SURGE PROTECTION;-

1.
2.

Metal oxide type surge

arresterCapacitance Resistance surge suppressor-

Metal Oxide type surge arrester

The metal used is Zinc Oxide(90-95%) and 5-10%
additives such as Alumina, Antimony Trioxide and
Bismuth Oxide etc.
Principal Ratings
Rated Voltage and continuous operating voltage
Basic Insulation level expressed to withstand
lightening impulse and frequencies
Thermal rating. Discharge capability and current
rating
Impedance

CAPACITANCE RESISTANCE TYPE

Simple surge protection device with a power capacitor
and a resistance in series The power capacitor rating
is important and the operation depends C-R value. The inductance voltage surges are
balanced by the capacitance. L component is
reduced
The surge energy is dissipated by the resistor
The device lowers the rising rate of voltage
appearing across the contacts and suppresses the
re ignition across the contacts
High frequency currents are attenuated with the C-R
time constant

C - R VALUES FOR MEDIUM VOLTAGE

C 0.04 mF to 0.3mF
R 20 Ohms to 1000 Ohms
For Medium Voltage motor control the
values are
C- 0.1 mF
R 100 Ohms

FUSES
Simple construction and consistency
Last resort against faults if the protection
system fails
Selecting a right fuse will meet the discrimination
requirement
Excursions of currents can affect the safety factor of a
fuse

Check the time / current curve of the fuses

TYPES OF FUSES
Semi enclosed or rewire able type
Totally enclosed cartridge
Drop out fuse
HRC fuse ( Used on Medium Voltage )
Striker Fuse ( used with High Voltage contactors)

SPECIFICATION OF A FUSE LINK

Voltage rating ( To be specified by the manufacturer)

Frequency
Current rating ( Continuous RMS Value)
Minimum Fusing current
Fusing factor (Ratio between maximum fusing current
to current rating ( This factor is more than 1 )
Prospective peak current
Breaking capacity. Highest prospective current
Operation of fuse link ( Process of pre arcing )
Cut Off ( melting of fuse element before the current
reaches the prospective current)

OPERATION OF A FUSE
There are two distinct periods in blowing of a fuse

1. Pre-arcing time. Time during which the fuse

element is melting. (depends on current)

2. Arcing time. This is the period during which

arcing exists. (depends on voltage)

3. Total arcing time.

Characteristics and classification of a

Fuse ;
Check the characteristic curves
Duty of category AC1 AC5 etc.
Classification
1. Class P fusing factor less than 1.25
2. Class Q fusing factor less than1.75
3. Class K fusing factor more than 1.75
FUSING FACTOR = Minimum fusing factor/
Rated current

RELAYS

MODULE -10
Detect
Discriminate
Disconnect

PROTECTION RELAYS
The most vital component in power safety
system is the PROTECTION RELAY. Senses
the current and voltage
A protective relay is an electrically operated
device designed to :
Sense the identified circuit parameters and
To initiate the disconnection with or without a
warning signal, of the intended part of an
electrical section in case of any abnormal
condition in the installation

Discrimination
Discrimination can be achieved by
one of three methods
Comparison: - The basic principle of such protection is the
zone protection. Incorporates the differential relays

Time:- Discrimination by time is basis for many simple devices

which include the time limit fuses and IDMTL relays. There is a
drawback in this arrangement, the operation may be delayed

Magnitude:- In this arrangement the discrimination is

achieved by the magnitude of the large change in the fault currents,

for example in transformers primary and secondary currents

TYPES OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING

Directional- comparison Relaying
Directional comparison Blocking
Phase comparison Relaying
Differential Relaying
Loss of field
Field grounding

TYPES OF RELAYS
Electromechanical Relays
1 Attracted Armature
2 Moving Coil
3 Induction
4 Thermal
5 Motor operated
6 Mechanical

RELAYS
Most commonly used relays are the
IDMTL relays
Relays may be non directional or
bidirectional and directional
The relays may be typically 1A or 5A
IDMTL characteristics can be adjusted
according to criticality of system
involved like: -

Current setting
For a given current setting as the current
increases the operating time decreases.
British and most of the other standards
require that the relay does not operate below
the 110% setting
For electromechanical over current relays of
1A, the typical settings range as0.5A (50%) to 2A (200%)

NUMERICAL RELAYS- Features available

1.
2.
3.
4.

Thermal protection
Unbalance protection
Under-current protection
Over-current and earth fault
protection and temperature protection
(RTD)
5. Number of starts
6. Hour run meter
7. Ampere meter

PROTECTION SYSTEM TOPOLOGY

The instruments shall be connected through a multi
drop system using RS 485 MODBUS Protocol to
PC/server. On line data is available.

The system on board usually has features as ;1 Data which is required to be viewed/logged
2 Trend graphs ( spread sheets)
3 Define lower and upper limits. Deviation will initiate
alarms/standby system readily available
4 Mimic representation of the system with data and status
5 Archiving of the collected data for reference
6 Comparison
7 Data exchange to/from other units and many more features
including SCADA

STATIC RELAYSThese relays have replaced most of

Electromagnetic relays but not fully.
BECAUSE Highly sophisticated isolation/filtering
Very reliable power supply source
Stringent quality control since many
manufacturer are involve
Testing at every stage is important
Many interconnected modules are required
to achieve the complex functions

APPLICATION OF NUMERICAL
PROGRAMMABLE RELAYS
Functions available
Remote computer/HMI capability
Sequence quantity (positive, negative, zero)
Power ( active, reactive, power factor)
Average, RMS, Peak values
Harmonic quantities
Frequency
Temperature (RTD)
Motor start/stop

Numerical Relay for Motor ProtectionFeature: Self check feature Ability to detect
and correct a failure before the
protection system operate
Data Acquisition System
Memory Testing
Set Point Testing
Watch Dog Timer

HI - MAP RELAYS
Hyundai- Intelligent Measurement and
Protection Relays

HIMAP RELAYS PTOTECTION FUNCTIONS

ANSI No.

PROTECTION FUNCTION

24

Over Excitation protection

25/A

Automatic Synchronizing

27

Under Voltage, instantaneous, Definite time

27B

Bus under voltage definite time

32

Over voltage relay

37

Under current relay

40Q

Loss of excitation

46

Reverse phase

47

Phase sequence voltage

49

Thermal overload

50BF

Breaker failure

50GN

Current earth fault

51LR

Locked rotor

59

Over voltage relay

59B

BUS over voltage relay

59N

Residual over voltage

64

Ground over voltage

66

Start inhibit

HIMAP RELAY PROTECTION FUNCTIONS

(Hyundai Intelligent Measurement and Protection)
ANSI No

Protection function

67

AC directional over current

67GS/GD

AC directional earth faults definite time

78

Vector surge supervision

78 S

Out of step tripping

79

Auto Reclosing

81

Frequency supervision

81 B

Bus frequency supervision

86

Lock out

87M

Motor differential

87T

Transformer differential

87G

Generator differential

87LD

Line differential

87N

Restrict earth fault relay

94

Trip current supervision

95 i

Inrush blocking

- FF

Fuse failure

Other AdvantagesRemote communication is very cost

effective
Change of Settings
Change of Group setting
Control of Breaker (closing and
opening)
Instrumentation viewing
Event Recorder down loading

Any three general categories of protective relays

technology is used :1. Electromechanical: Uses magnetic flux to create torque from
voltage and current
2. Solid state relay: Uses low voltage analog signals sensed from
current and voltage. Uses discrete electronic and logic circuits
and may contain a basic microprocessor for logic and
mathematical operations
3. Numeric relays: A multifunction, programmable logic relay ;
digitized sensed current and voltage, then calculates an RMS or
phasor equivalent value. Also uses high end microprocessor

TRANSFORMERS
INSULATION
Oil, Fluorogas, Nitrogen,
On ships, dry type resin encased transformers are
common

COOLING
Marine transformers are air cooled and placed in
separate well ventilated rooms ( In some cases in
A/C rooms. ( Avoid moisture ingress)
Special protection against surges is integral part of
safety system associated with transformers
Precautions are also taken against shock and vibration
due to heavy seas

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
High set Over Current :- HSOC [50/51] I >>or inst.-To provide
operation for high levels of fault current associated with primary
side phase /phase faults. Set to be stable for phase to phase faults
on the secondary side. Trip primary and inter trip the secondary
circuit breaker
IDMTL OVER CURRENT:- To provide non directional IDMTL
protection for over current discrimination external to the
transformer as a back up
IDMTL DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT:- DOC [67] I > To provide
directional discrimination protection for over current external to
the transformer in the opposite direction to the normal current
flow.
INTER TRIP:- INT. [94] To inter trip another circuit breaker which
could possibly feed into the fault
DIFFERENTIAL RELAYING (87) Measured difference between the
input and output current initiates the tripping of the breaker

OTHER PROTECTIONS INCLUDE :

In rush detection and trip blocking
Energizing inrush
Recovery inrush This occurs at clearing an
external fault as a result of sudden increase of
voltage
Sympathetic Inrush
Over excitation due to over voltage or under
frequency
Ground fault sensing
Turn to turn fault ( differential relay )

MOTOR PROTECTION
Sequence Components and supply unbalance
Three sequence Components
1.

Positive Sequence Component (locked rotor effect)

2.

Negative sequence Component (caused by supply

unbalance)

3.

Zero Sequence Component ( earth fault)

MOTOR PROTECTION
Although environment and load may affect the life and integrity of the motor by
and large all motors are liable to the same types of failure, namely:Primary cause of motor failure is the EXCESSIVE HEATING

Negative sequence Protection : CAUSES : a) Voltage unbalance in the feeder supply

b) Phase reversal
c) SINGLE PHASING

Some kind of mechanical over load resulting in an electrical over load

Stalling due to mechanical failure

Phase failure

Insulation failure

Motor protection

Short circuit protection is provided by fuses

The fuses are large in size in comparison with low voltage
Access to fuses is available only after isolation
Fuses are firmly bolted on the contactor and are part of the contactor
When working on Medium voltage, level 3 or 4 safety is required as per
NFPA 70E
All modern motor protection relays have computer interface such as
RS 232 or RS 485 communications that allows the user to ;
a) Set the parameter
b) Look at real time running data
c) observe vectors of currents and voltages
d) Event recording
e) Start inhibit for number of starts etc.

MOTOR PROTECTION. Contd.

MOTOR PROTECTION :- MP - Generally consists of
number of elements incorporated into the same relay
Thermal [46] [49] :- Over current due to
mechanical loading, out of balance due to single
phasing and failure of power factor correcting
components/capacitor
Earth fault:- cable breaking down to earth
HSO/C: [50/51] :- Instantaneous operation for motor /
cable phase to phase fault ( only with circuit
breakers ). Contactors are fitted with fuses
UNDER VOLTAGE ( Fitted with circuit breaker fed
motors ) UV [27] < V

HIGH VOLTAGE GENERATORS

Types and starting arrangements
Voltage on the stator and the rotor
Excitation arrangement
Safety systems on prime mover and the
Alternator
Parallel operation of the generators
Load sharing ( DROOPS )
Governor and Automatic Voltage Regulator

GENERATOR PROTECTION
INSULATION : Corona in the Armature of generators generating voltages in
excess of 5000 Volts
Insulation failure: a) Excessive temperature
b) Excessive voltage
c) Contamination
d) Physical damage
Inspection:a) Swelling
b) cracking

HIGH VOLTAGE GENERATORS:Some considerations : Insulation class

1 . Class B, Mica, Glass fibers and suitable binder
temperature 130* C
2 . Class F, above material but with higher binding
temperature 155*C
3 . Class H, includes silicone and higher class binding,
temperature 180* C

Air gap ( armature reaction)

Cooling
Special added protection in certain cases (turbines)
Insulated pedestal bearing
De- Excitation arrangement
Earthing

GENERATOR PROTECTION
STATOR SIDE
The protection installed on generators circuits varies with :The size of the generators
a)
types of prim movers.
Note : -Tripping of the generator circuit breaker should be
accompanied by a complete shut down of the generatorsthat includes the disconnection of field excitation circuit,
shutting of fuel/steam etc.

OVER CIRRENT PROTECTION:- Standard IDMTL. For

external faults. [50 V / 51V]

INTERNAL PROTECTION :- Voltage restrained over

current relay. VR/OC [51V] .Slow IDMTL characteristics

THERMAL OVERLOAD (49) : -

GENERATOR PROTECTION Contd.

RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT :- To operate for an earth fault on
the generator winding and associated switch gear and wirings.
REF- [50] or [64] calibrated CBCT
DIFFERNTIAL:- DIFF - [87]. Operates for a phase or earth fault
REVERSE OPOWER: - RP - [32R] . Operates for motoring.
PHASE UNBALANCE:- PU/B [46]. To detect system
unbalanced loading which gives rise to negative and zero
sequence currents as well as positive sequence currents .
OVER SPEED/UNDER POWER:- O/S [32L].
UNDER/OVER VOLTAGE :- O/V [27 / 59]. Failure of AVR or
sudden loss of load
FIELD FAILURE:- FF [40]
UNDER / OVER FREQUENCY [ 81] particularly while
synchronizing

GENERATOR PROTECTION Contd.

Negative Sequence Protection due to unbalanced
load ( single phasing )
Out of step protection. Load swing
Thermal protection. Relay BE1- 49 takes signal from
an RTD
Check synchronizing and auto synchronizing. Relay
[25] takes care of this arrangement (use the
provision regularly )

GENERATOR PROTECTION
ROTOR SIDE :The generator of MVA capacity need rotor protection
as follows :- Rotor Excitation Under Current [ UBC/A/37 ]
Rotor Excitation Under Voltage[ UV 80 ]
Diode Failure Relay
Rotor Earth fault Relay [ 64R ]

Polarization Index and Insulation Resistance test on

Motors, Generators and Transformers as per
IEEE standard 43 2000 ( P/I I/R )
Partial Discharge; premature failure of insulation
Causes..
1.
2.
3.

Salt laden atmosphere

Hydrocarbon contamination
AVR feed back re strike etc

Purpose:
Evaluate the condition of the insulation
between the ground and the conductor
IR value measured with Meggar may not be
the actual reliable I/R value.
To obtain the reliable I/R value, P/I and I/R
values are needed
What does the Meggar actually measure ?

Insulation resistance is made up of four components:

1.

Capacitive Current - ic

2.

Conduction Current - il

3.

Surface Leakage Current - ir

4.

Polarization current - ip

Capacitive current: ic
Any insulation behaves like a capacitor when
subjected to D. C. voltage
A high charging current will flow through the
capacitor and then it will decay
In case of generators, motors and
transformers the decay time of the current is
less than 10 seconds, however the IR value
is taken for 1 minute

Conduction Current: il
This current is galvanic current which
flows between copper and core
This can happen if the moisture is
absorbed by the insulating material like
thermoplastic or crack in the insulation
or some contamination
This current is constant with time

Surface leakage Current :ir

This is constant D.C. current and flows
through the surface of the insulation
The cause for this current is conductive
contamination on the surface of the
winding
This current is constant with time

Polarization Current : ip
Electrical insulation is hygroscopic in nature and
absorbs moisture in low quantity or in excess
Applying D.C. potential (Electric Field) from Meggar
results in the absorption of electrons from the
hydrogen molecules resulting in the ionization of
Hydrogen
The energy (current) required for this to happen
comes from Meggar D.C. voltage
This current is called POLARIZATION CURRENT

 The water becomes completely polarized

when electrons from Hydrogen are merged
with oxygen
When the alignment (merge) is complete, the
current flow from Megger stops
The approx. time to complete polarization
(merge) is 10 minutes of applying voltage
Now add all these four currents

Total current It
It = ic + ir + il + ip
After 1 Min. ic = 0 (As analyzed earlier)
So, It after 1 min. it = ir + il + ip
After 10 min. ip is zero ( seen earlier )
So, it after 10 min. = ir + il
Therefore, PI = ir + il + ip / ir + il, = R10/R1
That is .Resistance after 10 min. / Resistance after
1 min
Note : Minimum IR value acceptable = 100 M Ohms with
2500/ 5000 volt Meggar for 1 min.

Interpretation of PI value
PI

Condition of winding

Measure to be taken

< 1.0

Hazardous

Dry winding

1-1.5

Bad

Dry winding

1.5-2

Doubtful

Drying recommended

2.0-3.0

Adequate

3.0-4.0

Good

>4.0

Excellent

PROVE DEAD THE PLACE OF WORK

 High voltage test probe:Practical demo

Discharge rod: Portable earthing cables

Test probe / Hot rod

Read the instructions printed on the probe
Prove the test probe before using. (Read the
safety precaution on proving unit)
The typical unit available on board may also
have provision for discharging the stray
voltages.
Connect the earth knuckle to the earth strip
firmly
It is safe to work only when the LIGHT ON
THE PROBE DOES NOT LIGHT, probe
connected to earth

Discharge Stick

6 ft Insulated Rescue Hook

Salisbury Discharge Stick

8 ft Insulated Rescue Hook

Static Discharge Stick Attachment
Gripall Hotstick

PROVE DEAD THE PLACE OF WORK

After switching off, withdrawal, and
earthing
1. Check and confirm the continuity of
the discharge rod
2. Connect the flexible end to the earth
strip firmly
3. Touch the points of work with the tip
of the rod to discharge any residual
voltages

110 VOLTS POWER SYSTEM

UPS WITH BATTERY FLOATING
AVRCONTENUOSLY MONITORS THE
CURRENT AND VOLTAGE OF
CHARGER AND THE BATTERY
EARTH FAULT AND VOLTAGE
DEVIATION ALARMS
EARTH LAMPS

KEY EXCHANGE/ TRAPPED KEY

SYSTEM
EXERCISES
MODULE - 11

General safety Rules and definitions

GENERAL HIGH VOLTAGE SAFETY RULES

These rules apply to all work carried out on high voltage
system within the regulation laid down by ;
The Health and Safety at Work Electricity Act 1989
The Code of Safe Working Practices for Merchant
Seamen
The safety rules are only a general guide lines and
that safety rules should be written specifically for
individual installation or system

General Safety Rules

1.

2.
3.

4.

No work shall be carried on any high voltage system or apparatus until

an assessment has been carried out to high light the dangers or
consequences of that work
No work shall be carried on any high voltage system or apparatus by
persons not authorized or qualified to do so
No work shall be carried on any high voltage system or apparatus until;
A. The system or apparatus has been isolated from the supply
B. The system or apparatus has been properly earthed
C. The system or apparatus screened from any other apparatus as may
be necessary and Danger or caution notices posted in the relevant
areas
No work shall be carried out on any high voltage system or apparatus
until a high voltage permit to work has been issued

General safety rules cotd.

5.

6.

7.

8.

No high voltage permit to work shall be issued until all competent

persons who carry out work have been
A. Made aware of the full extent of the work to be carried out
B. Made aware of the points of isolation and earthing
C. Made aware of any dangers that may be present in the immediate
vicinity of the work
No person shall carry out any work on high voltage system or
apparatus whilst unaccompanied by a person who is competent to do
so
On completion of the work the competent person shall demonstrate to
the authorized person that all work has been completed in line with the
work instruction
On completion of the work the permit to work shall be cancelled and all
personnel should be made aware that it is no longer safe to work on
the high voltage system or apparatus

General safety rules

9.

10.

11.

On completion of the work where necessary a sanction for test shall

be issued and all persons involved shall be made aware of any
danger that may arise during the test and be made aware of any
points of isolation that may be necessary
On completion of the tests the competent person in charge of the
test shall demonstrate to the authorized person that all the
equipment used in the test has been removed and that the system
or apparatus is ready to be returned to normal service after the
sanction for test has been cancelled
Once the permit to work or sanction for tests have been cancelled
the authorized person shall ensure that all isolators and earths have
been removed and that it is safe to energize the system

DEFNITIONS :Additional Earth- An approved earthling device that may be applied

by the competent person in addition to circuit main earth

Authorized- Given authority in writing by STASCO. Chief Engineer,

superintendent, Manager etc.

Approved- Sanctioned in writing by STASCO

Caution notice- A portable notice warning against the interfere with
or to operate the Electrical Equipment

Chief Engineer- Person responsible for maintaining safe conditions

on the ship and the Electrical power system under his control. The C/E
should have sufficient Electro technical knowledge and experience to
recognize and avoid danger and fully familiar with STASCO SMS
Chief engineers may delegate part or the whole of their electrical role,
including authority for issuing electrical safety document, to others at
their discretion but in doing so retains personal responsibility

Definitions contd.

Circuit main earth- An earthling device applied to main circuit

conductors prior to the issue of an electrical safety document as

A closed earth switch
A circuit breaker selected and closed to earth
A set of approved portable Earthling leads
Competent Person A person with the necessary knowledge , training
and experience to undertake tasks and activities assigned to them and
in particular has sufficient electro technical knowledge and experience
to recognize and avoid danger
Danger- Risk of injury or loss of life from electric shock, burns or other
causes
Dead Equipment at or about zero potential and disconnected from any
live power system
Electric equipment The electrical machines, apparatus and circuits
forming part of an electrical installation
Electrical Permit to Work ( EPTW ) - A form issued by a permit issuer
(authorized person ) to a permit holder ( competent person ) in charge
of the work to be carried out on specified Electrical Equipment

Definitions contd.

Electrical person- There are three categories of electrical Person

A. Electrical Person A person with necessary knowledge,
training and experience who MAY or MAY not be a trained
electrician or electrical engineer but is competent to carry out work
on low voltage electrical equipment

B.

Electrical person MV A person with the necessary

knowledge, training and experience who may or may not be a
trained electrician or electrical engineer but is competent to carry
out work on medium voltage electrical equipment.( The electrical
person MV MUST BE COMPETENT TO CARRY WORK ON LOW
VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT)

C.

Senior Electrical Person An electrical person who has

demonstrated superior knowledge and skills. The category of
Senior Electrical Person is intended for electrical engineer
appointed to ships with particularly complex electrical plant and
equipment

Testing and Maintenance

1. Insulation testing (Phase to Earth and
between phases ) 1000 / 5000 Volts Meggar
2. Contact resistance with micro Ohm meter
3. P/I tests
4. Time of operation ( closing/opening)
5. Battery supply 110 volts DC
6. Connections of PTs and CTs
7. Risk assessment

POWER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PMS)

The system addresses the key energy needs:

Industrys dependence on scare energy resources
The volatile energy costs
Growing environmental consciousness
Very stringent legislations
The other names: What is in a name ?
Power Distribution Control System ( PDCS )
Load Management System ( LMS )
Electrical Network Monitoring & Control System (ENMCS)
Electrical Control System ( ECS )
Electrical Integrated Control System (ELICS )
Integrated Protection and Control System ( IPCS )

PMS
An overview and salient features
Power management is a group of functions
Design of power management system and power
plants installed on ship types
Black out prevention system
Minimization of fuel consumption and operation
Power redistribution control
Integrated net work power control
Speed control of generators and motors

PMS
Functions
Generator allocation. Compare the total demand with
the available power
Auto start / stop of generators to consider with the
load changes as per pre calculated load dependent
start /stop table
Transient frequency deviation limit
Under frequency limit will trip the circuit breaker of
an on line generator resulting in a black out

PMS
Load limiting features
Types of consumers
Sheddable loads; All non essential loads can be
regarded as sheddable loads
Non sheddable loads; Consumers with high
importance of supplying the energy eg; Nav. aids
and control net work etc.
Controllable consumers; thrusters, compressors etc.
Non controllable loads; switch ON /OFF

PMS
There are consumers that rely on power rather than
Energy. These can operate with reduced power for
limited time ( HVAC, HEATERS)
There are consumers which rely on POWER. These
consumers need full power all the time ( controllers,
control equipment, Nav. aids)

PMS
Black out prevention control
Electrical Causes of black out

Short circuit
Earth fault
Overload
Sharing of KW and KVAR load

PMS

SUMMARY
The plant definition phase: Tighter dimensioning and thus reduced
costs
Plant start up: The PMS will ensure the power system capacity is not
violated at any time by holding load start command until the system
can provide the required power. This helps the plant safety
All phases of plant operation: The PMS will control all generators,
transformers and motors to ensure stable power system operation as
well as monitoring and controlling active and reactive power with
other generators running in parallel
Maintenance planning: Comprehensive data are recorded and
aggregated on the conditions of the electrical power plant. The data
can be monitored automatically and responsible person can be
notified

PMS
Non Electrical causes

Temperature
Pressure
Level
Rpm

Inadvertent operation etc.

Remedial Action Scheme during

system faults

Def; The measures activated by the systemManually or

Automaticallyto ;
Isolate the consequences of fault
Maintain a normal state or move towards a normal
state ( Pre fault or post fault )
Maintain rotor angle stability after being subjected to
disturbances or faults

Remedial Action during system faults

Other names ;
RAS ; Remedial Action Scheme
SPS ; Special Protection System
SIPS ; System Integrity Protection Scheme
Common RAS Classification; principles for contingencies
and Disturbances
Event based
Parameter based
Combination of both above

Criterion
Without exceeding the safety limits.. means;
Healthy elements should remain in operation
Available generator on line
Available standby generator
Available fuel supply
The reserve or standby power should be able to
accommodate the new operational situation
Situation? The fault has happened to a particular
section or part of a plant

Criterion
Situation
Active power available
Alert state System operating normally but a
contingency is detected
Section control. Frequency
Black out state
Exceptional contingency. Fault on generator /
transformer or DC line failure
Short circuit / Open circuit

Components of RAS;
Load shedding
Harmonic domain analysis in
case of electronic switching
devices
Thermal problems caused
harmonic frequency leakage

Components of RAS

Fast acting IED

CTs / PTs with fast response
PLCs
Very efficient and comprehensive SCADA system
Relays with good IDMTL Characteristics

EXERCISES

HYUNDAI SWITCH GEAR

TERASAKI SWITCH GEAR
K.T. SWITCH BOARD
TAPTI 3300 VOLTS SWITCH BOARD