CHM 3120c Analytical Chemistry

References and Resources

Compiled by Dr. Kevin W. Davies

Unmodified versions of this handout may be used during exams.

FALL 2012 EDITION

Equations, Constants, and Tables for Analytical Chemistry

Derived Units: (from Table 1.2 in Harris 7th ed)
J = N m = (m2 kg) / s2
W = J / s = (m2 kg) / s3
C = s A

Hz = 1/s
N = m kg / s2
Pa = N / m2 = kg / (m s2)

V = W / A = (m2 kg) / (s3 A)

= V / A = (m2 kg) / (s3 A2)
F = C / V = (s4 A2) / (m2 kg)

Conversion Factors: (from Table 1.4 in Harris 7th ed)

1 = 10-10 m
1 dyne = 10-5 N (exact)
1 torr = 1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa
1 cal = 4.184 J (exact)
C = K 273.15 (exact)

1 in = 0.025 4 m (exact)
1 bar = 105 Pa (exact)
1 psi = 6 894.76 Pa
1 Btu = 1 005.06 J
F = 1.8(K 273.15) + 32 (exact)

1 lb = 0.453 592 37 kg (exact)

1 atm = 101 325 Pa (exact)
1 eV = 1.602 176 53 x 10-19 J
1 HP = 745.700 W

Constants:
e = 1.602 176 53 (14) x 10-19
= 4.803 204 40 (42) x 10-10
c = 2.997 924 58 x 108
0 = 8.854 187 817 x 10-12
G = 9.974 2 (10) x 10-11
k = 1.380 650 5 (24) x 10-23
x 10-16
h = 6.626 069 3 (11) x 10-34
x 10-27
h/2 = = 1.054 571 68 (18) x 10-34
x 10-28
NA = 6.022 141 5 (10)

C
esu
m/s
C2 / (N m2)
m3 / (s2 kg)
J/K
erg / K
Js
erg
Js
erg s
mol-1

R = 8.314 472 (15)

x 10-2
x 107
= 8.205 746 (15) x 10-5
x 10-2
= 1.987 207 (4)
F = 9.648 533 83 (83) x 104
me = 9.109 382 6 (16) x 10-31
x 10-28
mp= 1.672 621 70 (29) x 10-27
x 10-24

J / (mol K)
V C / (mol K)
L bar / (mol K)
erg / (mol K)
m3 atm / (mol K)
L atm / (mol K)
cal / (mol K)
C / mol
kg
g
kg
g

Equations:

(Keep in mind that different sources may have algebraically rearranged these into equivalent forms.)
Misc. important equations:
=

 

=

 =
+ 
 =  

Buoyancy Correction:



= "# $

%#&

 = 

   
=
Note r, NOT r2!


    

)*+
2
),*-.+*/01

'(

3(

)*+
6
)*1*-4/5

Propagation of error:

+/ : = :( + : + :;


/ %: = %:( + %: + %:;
 =
%: = @%: 

 = log
: =

   

  

( #G
DE (F 

0.434 29

 = ln
: =
#G


 = 10
.

 = : 

#4


#4


#G


= ln 10: 2.302 6:

= :

Basic Stats:

=

 
R

  

S=T

V=T

R(

  

S"# R =
S% = T

R$+

R    

% R     



S" = T

as n
, =

R
$
R


=U


  G
1

S = S T

R(

$4

(
R

SWR#%
#X = |"| T +
SZ%["
!W% W[R !WR# =

 " 

R

 
"  "   

$+ (
(
T +
" \
]

 
, 
$^
" $+

SZ%[" $ R& %& &&WW[R = T_ R`R[aR b . c + _ R`R[aR b "^c This supersedes the equation in your book: Bruce, G.,
SX[[!#& = T

d  d  e   eef f 

R/0/*- `

Statistical tests:
_hijkl:i_: mk knS =

n=

| d  |
$o00-5)

p
!
=

Rd R

TR

d eR

$

(paired t)

$d
q:: S( kS n: m@s: it :
$

Quantitation:
&##
W[R !W"W = ! R` + 3S
;$
|"WRW" " &##
 !# =
"

Gill, P., J. Chem. Educ., 1999, 76, 805-807. cunk in the

analyzed concentration, not original!

$d Rd (e$ R (ee$f Rf (

=T

R/0/*- `

u
!
=

|v X|

% Rv#
yz{zo5,/  y

wR,
!
=

|}

(Dixons Test for outliers)

RW W[R !W"W

(Grubbs Test for outliers)

10S

~R !#1/* R& %& e~R !#1*-

1/*-

of5)

Thermo Terms:
= w
= : /

= ip

Acids and Bases:

= mhse 
+ = a
Z% v"#R
=

W$[#!#
%W
X = ( +  




= +
Electricity:
= ip
q =

~ 
mhs b~c

 eW$[W[RW
X = T


 = 



d  ed
d e

.
ln *
R

F.F(
log @25|
R

=
=

Light:
_ =
=

w= =

(
%w
(FF

F
 = log ' 2 = log w

 = | = @_
 = ~  +  + + 
Chromatography:
=
n%


d




d

= n%##RW[R n"[W!#

+

+d

+5/51/01^0.-5

=
=
^0.-5

(+
+
.+

[! "R = a =  = a
d/

~



~



ph  @il  ,
=   ; 



  


 = |: =
  


 ~

 ~
 




i( sin ( = i sin 
:Shmtnkhi =

+
a*

V R& = 2n

1 q:: =
=




+
a*




F.+
a d
*

]



Kw and pKw at Various Temperatures*

pKa
pKa
pKa
Ka
C
Ka
C
Ka
(0.01)
(0.01)
(0.01)
0
14.938 1.15E-15
45
13.405 3.94E-14
90
12.428 3.73E-13
5
14.727 1.87E-15
50
13.275 5.31E-14
95
12.345 4.52E-13
10
14.528 2.96E-15
55
13.152 7.05E-14
100
12.265 5.43E-13
15
14.340 4.57E-15
60
13.034 9.25E-14
150
11.638 2.30E-12
20
14.163 6.87E-15
65
12.921 1.20E-13
200
11.289 5.14E-12
25
13.995 1.01E-14
70
12.814 1.53E-13
250
11.191 6.44E-12
30
13.836 1.46E-14
75
12.712 1.94E-13
300
11.406 3.93E-12
35
13.685 2.07E-14
80
12.613 2.44E-13
350
12.30
5.0E-13
40
13.542 2.87E-14
85
12.520 3.02E-13
* Under saturated vapor pressure, using molality. For work in molar units, m should be converted to M by using the
density of water at that temperature. E.g. @ 25C: (10-13.995 mol/kg)2 (0.997 05 kg/L)2 = 10-13.998 M
(From CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 74th ed.)
C

Students t Values

Degrees of Freedon (n-1)

One
75%
80%
85%
90%
Sided
Two
50%
60%
70%
80%
Sided
1
1.000
1.376
1.963
3.078
2
0.816
1.061
1.386
1.886
3
0.765
0.978
1.250
1.638
4
0.741
0.941
1.190
1.533
5
0.727
0.920
1.156
1.476
6
0.718
0.906
1.134
1.440
7
0.711
0.896
1.119
1.415
8
0.706
0.889
1.108
1.397
9
0.703
0.883
1.100
1.383
10
0.700
0.879
1.093
1.372
11
0.697
0.876
1.088
1.363
12
0.695
0.873
1.083
1.356
13
0.694
0.870
1.079
1.350
14
0.692
0.868
1.076
1.345
15
0.691
0.866
1.074
1.341
16
0.690
0.865
1.071
1.337
17
0.689
0.863
1.069
1.333
18
0.688
0.862
1.067
1.330
19
0.688
0.861
1.066
1.328
20
0.687
0.860
1.064
1.325
21
0.686
0.859
1.063
1.323
22
0.686
0.858
1.061
1.321
23
0.685
0.858
1.060
1.319
24
0.685
0.857
1.059
1.318
25
0.684
0.856
1.058
1.316
26
0.684
0.856
1.058
1.315
27
0.684
0.855
1.057
1.314
28
0.683
0.855
1.056
1.313
29
0.683
0.854
1.055
1.311
30
0.683
0.854
1.055
1.310
40
0.681
0.851
1.050
1.303
50
0.679
0.849
1.047
1.299
60
0.679
0.848
1.045
1.296
80
0.678
0.846
1.043
1.292
100
0.677
0.845
1.042
1.290
120
0.677
0.845
1.041
1.289

0.674
0.842
1.036
1.282
Calculated from Excel2010 =T.INV(DoF,%inclusion)

95%

97.50%

99%

90%

95%

98%

6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812
1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753
1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725
1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708
1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697
1.684
1.676
1.671
1.664
1.660
1.658
1.645

12.706 31.821
4.303
6.965
3.182
4.541
2.776
3.747
2.571
3.365
2.447
3.143
2.365
2.998
2.306
2.896
2.262
2.821
2.228
2.764
2.201
2.718
2.179
2.681
2.160
2.650
2.145
2.624
2.131
2.602
2.120
2.583
2.110
2.567
2.101
2.552
2.093
2.539
2.086
2.528
2.080
2.518
2.074
2.508
2.069
2.500
2.064
2.492
2.060
2.485
2.056
2.479
2.052
2.473
2.048
2.467
2.045
2.462
2.042
2.457
2.021
2.423
2.009
2.403
2.000
2.390
1.990
2.374
1.984
2.364
1.980
2.358
1.960
2.326

99.50% 99.75% 99.90% 99.95%

99%

99.50% 99.80% 99.90%

63.657 127.321 318.309 636.619

9.925 14.089 22.327 31.599
5.841
7.453 10.215 12.924
4.604
5.598
7.173
8.610
4.032
4.773
5.893
6.869
3.707
4.317
5.208
5.959
3.499
4.029
4.785
5.408
3.355
3.833
4.501
5.041
3.250
3.690
4.297
4.781
3.169
3.581
4.144
4.587
3.106
3.497
4.025
4.437
3.055
3.428
3.930
4.318
3.012
3.372
3.852
4.221
2.977
3.326
3.787
4.140
2.947
3.286
3.733
4.073
2.921
3.252
3.686
4.015
2.898
3.222
3.646
3.965
2.878
3.197
3.610
3.922
2.861
3.174
3.579
3.883
2.845
3.153
3.552
3.850
2.831
3.135
3.527
3.819
2.819
3.119
3.505
3.792
2.807
3.104
3.485
3.768
2.797
3.091
3.467
3.745
2.787
3.078
3.450
3.725
2.779
3.067
3.435
3.707
2.771
3.057
3.421
3.690
2.763
3.047
3.408
3.674
2.756
3.038
3.396
3.659
2.750
3.030
3.385
3.646
2.704
2.971
3.307
3.551
2.678
2.937
3.261
3.496
2.660
2.915
3.232
3.460
2.639
2.887
3.195
3.416
2.626
2.871
3.174
3.390
2.617
2.860
3.160
3.373
2.576
2.807
3.090
3.291

DoF (Smaller Variance)

F Values, 95% Confidence Level

2
3
4
2 19.00 19.16 19.25
3
9.55 9.28 9.12
4
6.94 6.59 6.39
5
5.79 5.41 5.19
6
5.14 4.76 4.53
7
4.74 4.35 4.12
8
4.46 4.07 3.84
9
4.26 3.86 3.63
10 4.10 3.71 3.48
20 3.49 3.10 2.87
30 3.32 2.92 2.69
40 3.23 2.84 2.61
50 3.18 2.79 2.56
100 3.09 2.70 2.46
3.00 2.60 2.37

5
19.30
9.01
6.26
5.05
4.39
3.97
3.69
3.48
3.33
2.71
2.53
2.45
2.40
2.31
2.21

6
19.33
8.94
6.16
4.95
4.28
3.87
3.58
3.37
3.22
2.60
2.42
2.34
2.29
2.19
2.10

DoF (Larger Variance)

7
8
9
10
19.35 19.37 19.38 19.40
8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79
6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96
4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74
4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06
3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64
3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35
3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14
3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98
2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35
2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16
2.25 2.18 2.12 2.08
2.20 2.13 2.07 2.03
2.10 2.03 1.97 1.93
2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83

20
19.45
8.66
5.80
4.56
3.87
3.44
3.15
2.94
2.77
2.12
1.93
1.84
1.78
1.68
1.57

30
19.46
8.62
5.75
4.50
3.81
3.38
3.08
2.86
2.70
2.04
1.84
1.74
1.69
1.57
1.46

40
19.47
8.59
5.72
4.46
3.77
3.34
3.04
2.83
2.66
1.99
1.79
1.69
1.63
1.52
1.39

50
19.48
8.58
5.70
4.44
3.75
3.32
3.02
2.80
2.64
1.97
1.76
1.66
1.60
1.48
1.35

100
19.49
8.55
5.66
4.41
3.71
3.27
2.97
2.76
2.59
1.91
1.70
1.59
1.52
1.39
1.24

19.50
8.53
5.63
4.37
3.67
3.23
2.93
2.71
2.54
1.84
1.62
1.51
1.44
1.28
1.00

20
99.45
26.69
14.02
9.55
7.40
6.16
5.36
4.81
4.41
2.94
2.55
2.37
2.27
2.07
1.88

30
99.47
26.50
13.84
9.38
7.23
5.99
5.20
4.65
4.25
2.78
2.39
2.20
2.10
1.89
1.70

40
99.47
26.41
13.75
9.29
7.14
5.91
5.12
4.57
4.17
2.69
2.30
2.11
2.01
1.80
1.59

50
99.48
26.35
13.69
9.24
7.09
5.86
5.07
4.52
4.12
2.64
2.25
2.06
1.95
1.74
1.52

100
99.49
26.24
13.58
9.13
6.99
5.75
4.96
4.41
4.01
2.54
2.13
1.94
1.82
1.60
1.36

99.50
26.13
13.46
9.02
6.88
5.65
4.86
4.31
3.91
2.42
2.01
1.80
1.68
1.43
1.00

F Values, 99% Confidence Level

DoF (Smaller Variance)

DoF (Larger Variance)

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39 99.40
3 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.35 27.23
4 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66 14.55
5 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16 10.05
6 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87
7
9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62
8
8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81
9
8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26
10 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85
20 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37
30 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98
40 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89 2.80
50 5.06 4.20 3.72 3.41 3.19 3.02 2.89 2.78 2.70
100 4.82 3.98 3.51 3.21 2.99 2.82 2.69 2.59 2.50
4.61 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.80 2.64 2.51 2.41 2.32
Calculated from Excel2010 =F.INV(%inclusion,DoF1,DoF2)

Q Values for Dixons Test

Confidence Level
80%
90%
95%
96%
98%
3 0.886 0.941 0.970 0.976 0.988
4 0.679 0.765 0.829 0.846 0.889
5 0.557 0.642 0.710 0.729 0.780
6 0.482 0.560 0.625 0.644 0.698
7 0.434 0.507 0.568 0.586 0.637
8 0.399 0.468 0.526 0.543 0.590
9 0.370 0.437 0.493 0.510 0.555
10 0.349 0.412 0.466 0.483 0.527
11 0.332 0.392 0.444 0.460 0.502
12 0.318 0.376 0.426 0.441 0.482
13 0.305 0.361 0.410 0.425 0.465
14 0.294 0.349 0.396 0.411 0.450
15 0.285 0.338 0.384 0.399 0.438
16 0.277 0.329 0.374 0.388 0.426
17 0.269 0.320 0.365 0.379 0.416
18 0.263 0.313 0.356 0.370 0.407
19 0.258 0.306 0.349 0.363 0.398
20 0.252 0.300 0.342 0.356 0.391
21 0.247 0.295 0.337 0.350 0.384
22 0.242 0.290 0.331 0.344 0.378
23 0.238 0.285 0.326 0.338 0.372
24 0.234 0.281 0.321 0.333 0.367
25 0.230 0.277 0.317 0.329 0.362
26 0.227 0.273 0.312 0.324 0.357
27 0.224 0.269 0.308 0.320 0.353
28 0.220 0.266 0.305 0.316 0.349
29 0.218 0.263 0.301 0.312 0.345
30 0.215 0.260 0.298 0.309 0.341
From Anal. Chem., Vol. 63, No. 2, Jan. 15, 1991

Tn Values for Grubbs Test

99%
0.994
0.926
0.821
0.740
0.680
0.634
0.598
0.568
0.542
0.522
0.503
0.488
0.475
0.463
0.452
0.442
0.433
0.425
0.418
0.411
0.404
0.399
0.393
0.388
0.384
0.380
0.376
0.372

n
95%
97.5%
99%
3
1.15
1.15
1.15
4
1.46
1.48
1.49
5
1.67
1.71
1.75
6
1.82
1.89
1.94
7
1.94
2.02
2.10
8
2.03
2.13
2.22
9
2.11
2.21
2.32
10
2.18
2.29
2.41
12
2.29
2.41
2.55
14
2.37
2.51
2.66
16
2.44
2.59
2.75
18
2.50
2.65
2.82
20
2.56
2.71
2.88
30
2.75
2.91
3.10
From secondary publications that cite: V. Barnett, T.
Lewis, Outliers in Statistical Data, 3rd ed, Wiley Series in
Probability and Mathematical Statistics, 1995

Solubility Constants
aluminum hydroxide
barium bromate (0.5 M)
barium carbonate
barium chromate
barium fluoride
barium hydrogen phosphate (20C)
barium hydroxide
barium iodate
barium oxalate (20C, 0.1 M)
barium sulfate
cadmium carbonate
cadmium ferrocyanide
cadmium hydroxide
cadmium oxalate
cadmium sulfide
cadmium iodate
calcium carbonate
calcium carbonate
calcium fluoride
calcium hydrogen phosphate
calcium hydroxide
calcium iodate
calcium oxalate
calcium oxalate (20C, 0.1 M)
calcium phosphate
calcium sulfate
copper(I) sulfide
cerium(III) hydroxide
cerium(III) iodate
chromium(III) hydroxide (0.1 M)
chromium(III) iodate (0.5 M)
cobalt(II) carbonate
cobalt(II) hydroxide
cobalt(II) sulfide
cobalt(II) sulfide
cobalt(III) hydroxide (19C)
copper(I) azide
copper(I) bromide
copper(I) chloride
copper(I) iodide
copper(I) oxide
copper(I) oxide
copper(I) thiocyanate (5 M)
copper(II) carbonate
copper(II) chromate
copper(II) hydroxide
copper(II) sulfide
gallium hydroxide
gallium phosphate (1 M)
gold(III) hydroxide

Al(OH)3 (alpha)
Ba(BrO3)2
BaCO3
BaCrO4
BaF2
BaHPO4 ( Ba2+ + HPO42-)
Ba(OH)2.8H2O
Ba(IO3)2
BaC2O4
BaSO4
CdCO3
Cd2Fe(CN)6
Cd(OH)2 (beta)
CdC2O4
CdS
Cd(IO3)2
CaCO3 (calcite)
CaCO3 (aragonite)
CaF2
CaHPO4.2H2O ( Ca2+ + HPO42-)
Ca(OH)2
Ca(IO3)2
CaC2O4.H2O
CaC2O4
Ca3(PO4)2
CaSO4
Cu2S
Ca(OH)3
Ce(IO3)3
Cr(OH)3
Cr(IO3)3
CoCO3
Co(OH)2
CoS (alpha)
CoS (beta)
Co(OH)3
CuN3
CuBr
CuCl
CuI
Cu2O ( 2Cu+ + 2OH-)
Cu2O
CuSCN
CuCO3
CuCrO4
Cu(OH)2
CuS
Ga(OH)3 (amorphous)
GaPO4
Au(OH)3

3 x 10-34
7.8 x 10-6
5.0 x 10-9
2.1 x 10-10
1.5 x 10-6
1.7 x 10-6
3 x 10-4
1.57 x 10-9
1 x 10-6
1.1 x 10-10
1.8 x 10-14
8.5 x 10-45
4.5 x 10-15
9 x 10-8
1 x 10-27
2.3 x 10-8
4.5 x 10-9
6.0 x 10-9
3.9 x 10-11
2.6 x 10-7
6.5 x 10-6
7.1 x 10-7
1.7 x 10-9
1.3 x 10-8
1 x 10-26
2.4 x 10-5
3 x 10-49
6 x 10-22
1.4 x 10-11
1.6 x 10-30
5 x 10-6
1.0 x 10-10
1.3 x 10-15
5 x 10-22
3 x 10-26
3 x 10-45
4.9 x 10-9
5 x 10-9
1.9 x 10-7
1 x 10-12
4 x 10-30
2 x 10-15
4.0 x 10-14
2.3 x 10-10
2.1 x 10-10
4.8 x 10-20
8 x 10-37
10-37
1 x 10-21
3 x 10-6
7

indium hydroxide
indium phosphate (1 M)
indium sulfide
iron(II) carbonate
iron(II) hydroxide
iron(II) phosphate
iron(II) sulfide
iron(III) hydroxide
iron(III) phosphate
lanthanum carbonate
lanthanum fluoride
lanthanum hydroxide
lanthanum iodate
lanthanum oxalate (20C, 0.1 M)
lanthanum phosphate (0.5 M)
lead(II) bromate
lead(II) bromide
lead(II) carbonate
lead(II) chloride
lead(II) chromate
lead(II) ferrocyanide
lead(II) fluoride
lead(II) iodate
lead(II) iodide
lead(II) oxalate
lead(II) oxide
lead(II) oxide
lead(II) phosphate
lead(II) sulfate
lead(II) sulfide
lithium fluoride
magnesium ammonium phosphate
magnesium carbonate
magnesium hydroxide
magnesium fluoride
magnesium hydrogen phosphate
magnesium hydroxide
magnesium hydroxide
manganese(II) carbonate
manganese(II) hydroxide
manganese sulfide
manganese sulfide
mercuric iodomethide
mercuric iodoethide
mercurous cobalticyanide
mercury(I) azide
mercury(I) bromide
mercury(I) carbonate
mercury(I) chloride
mercury(I) chromate
mercury(I) cyanide

In(OH)3
1.3 x 10-37
InPO4
2.3 x 10-22
In2S3
4 x 10-70
2.1 x 10-11
FeCO3
Fe(OH)2
7.9 x 10-16
Fe3(PO4)2.8H2O
1 x 10-36
FeS
8 x 10-19
1.6 x 10-39
Fe(OH)3
FePO4.2H2O
4 x 10-27
La2(CO3)3
4.0 x 10-34
LaF3
2 x 10-19
La(OH)3
2 x 10-21
1.0 x 10-11
La(IO3)3
La2(C2O4)3
1 x 10-25
LaPO4
3.7 x 10-23
Pb(BrO3)2
7.9 x 10-6
2.1 x 10-6
PbBr2
PbCO3
7.4 x 10-14
PbCl2
1.7 x 10-5
PbCrO4
3 x 10-13
8.5 x 10-45
Pb2Fe(CN)6
PbF2
3.6 x 10-8
Pb(IO3)2
2.5 x 10-13
PbI2
7.9 x 10-9
PbC2O4
8.5 x 10-9
PbO (yellow) ( Pb2+ + 2OH-)
8 x 10-16
2+
5 x 10-16
PbO (red) ( Pb + 2OH )
Pb3(PO4)2
3.0 x 10-44
PbSO4
6.3 x 10-7
PbS
3 x 10-28
LiF
1.7 x 10-3
MgNH4PO4
3 x 10-13
MgCO3
3.5 x 10-8
Mg(OH)2
7.1 x 10-12
MgF2
7.4 x 10-9
2+
2MgHPO4.3H2O ( Mg + HPO4 ) 1.7 x 10-6
6 x 10-10
Mg(OH)2 (amorphous)
Mg(OH)2 (brucite crystal)
7.1 x 10-12
MnCO3
5.0 x 10-10
Mn(OH)2
1.6 x 10-13
MnS (pink)
3 x 10-11
MnS (green)
3 x 10-14
(HgCH3)I
3.5 x 10-12
(HgCH3CH2)I
7.8 x 10-5
(Hg2)3(Co(CN)6)2
3.9 x 10-26
Hg2(N3)2
7.1 x 10-10
Hg2Br2
5.6 x 10-23
Hg2CO3
8.9 x 10-17
Hg2Cl2
1.2 x 10-18
Hg2CrO4
2.1 x 10-10
Hg2(CN)2
5 x 10-40
8

mercury(I) hydrogen phosphate

mercury(I) iodate
mercury(I) iodide
mercury(I) sulfate
mercury(I) thiocyanate
mercury(II) bromide (0.5 M)
mercury(II) oxide
mercury(II) sulfide
mercury(II) sulfide
nickel(II) carbonate
nickel(II) hydroxide
nickel sulfide
nickel sulfide
nickel sulfide
palladium(II) azide
palladium(II) hydroxide
radium sulfate
silver arsenate
silver azide
silver bromate
silver bromide
silver carbonate
silver chloride
silver chromate
silver cobalticyanide
silver cyanide
silver ferrocyanide
silver iodate
silver iodide
silver oxalate
silver oxide
silver phosphate
silver sulfate
silver sulfide
silver thiocyanate
strontium carbonate
strontium fluoride
strontium hydrogen phosphate (20C)
strontium iodate
strontium oxalate
strontium oxalate (20C, 0.1 M)
strontium sulfate
thallium(I) azide
thallium(I) bromate
thallium(I) bromide
thallium(I) chloride
thallium(I) chromate
thallium(I) iodate
thallium(I) iodide
thallium(I) sulfide
thallium(I) thiocyanate

Hg2HPO4 ( Hg22+ + HPO42-)

Hg2(IO3)2
Hg2I2
Hg2SO4
Hg2(SCN)2
HgBr2
HgO (red) ( Hg2+ + 2OH-)
HgS (black)
HgS (red)
NiCO3
Ni(OH)2
NiS (alpha)
NiS (beta)
NiS (gamma)
Pl(N3)2(alpha)
Pd(OH)2
RaSO4
Ag3AsO4
AgN3
AgBrO3
AgBr
Ag2CO3
AgCl
Ag2CrO4
Ag3Co(CN)6
AgCN
Ag4Fe(CN)6
AgIO3
AgI
Ag2C2O4
Ag2O ( 2Ag+ + 2OH-)
Ag3PO4
Ag2SO4
Ag2S
AgSCN
SrCO3
SrF2
SrHPO4 ( Sr2+ + HPO42-)
Sr(IO3)2
SrC2O4
SrC2O4
SrSO4
TlN3
TlBrO3
TlBr
TlCl
Tl2CrO4
TlIO3
TlI
Tl2S
TlSCN

4.0 x 10-13
1.3 x 10-18
4.6 x 10-29
7.4 x 10-7
2.8 x 10-20
1.3 x 10-19
3.6 x 10-26
2 x 10-53
5 x 10-54
1.3 x 10-7
6 x 10-16
4 x 10-20
1.3 x 10-25
3 x 10-27
4.9 x 10-9
3 x 10-29
4.3 x 10-11
6 x 10-23
2.8 x 10-9
5.5 x 10-5
5.0 x 10-13
8.1 x 10-12
1.82 x 10-10
2.1 x 10-10
3.9 x 10-26
2.2 x 10-16
8.5 x 10-45
3.1 x 10-8
8.3 x 10-17
3.5 x 10-11
3.8 x 10-16
2.8 x 10-18
1.5 x 10-5
8 x 10-51
1.1 x 10-12
9.3 x 10-10
2.6 x 10-9
1.7 x 10-6
3.3 x 10-7
5 x 10-8
4 x 10-7
3.2 x 10-7
2.2 x 10-4
1.7 x 10-4
3.6 x 10-6
1.8 x 10-4
2.1 x 10-10
3.1 x 10-6
5.9 x 10-8
6 x 10-22
1.6 x 10-4
9

thorium fluoride
ThF4
thorium iodate (0.5 M)
Th(IO3)4
thorium oxalate (1 M)
Th(C2O4)2
tin(II) iodide (4 M)
SnI2
tin(II) oxide
SnO ( Sn2+ + 2OH-)
tin(II) sulfide
SnS
uranium(IV) oxide
UO2 ( U4+ + 4OH-)
uranyl hydroxide
UO2(OH)2 ( UO22+ + 2OH-)
uranyl iodate (0.2 M)
UO2(IO3)2 ( UO22+ + 2IO3-)
uranyl oxalate (20C, 0.1 M)
UO2C2O4 ( UO22+ + C2O42-)
vanadium(III) hydroxide
V(OH)3
vanadium(V) oxytrihydroxide (duttonite)
VO(OH)2 ( VO2+ + 2OH-)
vanadyl orthophosphate
(VO)3(PO4)2 ( 3VO2+ + 2PO43-)
yttrium carbonate
Y2(CO3)3
yttrium hydroxide
Y(OH)3
yttrium iodate
Y(IO3)3
zinc carbonate
ZnCO3
zinc ferrocyanide
Zn2Fe(CN)6
zinc hydroxide
Zn(OH)2
zinc iodate
Zn(IO3)2
zinc oxalate
ZnC2O4
zinc phosphate
Zn3(PO4)2.4H2O
zinc sulfide
ZnS (alpha)
zinc sulfide
ZnS (beta)
From Harris, 7th Ed., Christian, 6th Ed., and Skoog/West/Holler, 7th Ed.

5 x 10-29
2.4 x 10-15
4.2 x 10-22
8.3 x 10-6
6 x 10-27
1.3 x 10-26
6 x 10-57
4 x 10-23
9.8 x 10-8
2.2 x 10-9
4.0 x 10-35
3 x 10-24
8 x 10-26
2.5 x 10-31
6 x 10-24
7.1 x 10-11
1.0 x 10-10
8.5 x 10-45
3.0 x 10-16
3.9 x 10-6
8 x 10-9
5 x 10-36
2 x 10-25
3 x 10-23

Acid Dissociation Constants

Acid

Formula

Ka1

acetic acid
ammonium ion
anilinium ion
arsenic acid
arsenous acid
benzoic acid
boric acid
butanoic acid
carbonic acid
chloroacetic acid
citric acid
dimethylammonium ion
ethanolammonium ion
ethylammonium ion
ethylenediammonium ion
EDTA

CH3CO2H
NH4+
C6H5NH3+
H3AsO4
H3AsO3
C6H5CO2H
H3BO3
CH3CH2CH2CO2H
H2CO3
ClCH2CO2H
C3H5O(CO2H)3
(CH3)2NH2+
HOCH2CH2NH3+
CH3CH2NH3+
+
NH3CH2CH2NH3+
C6H12N2(CO2H)4

formic acid
fumaric acid
glycolic acid
hydrazinium ion

HCO2H
C2H2(CO2H)2
HOCH2CO2H
H2NNH3+

1.75 x 10-5
5.70 x 10-10
2.51 x 10-5
5.8 x 10-3
5.1 x 10-10
6.28 x 10-5
5.81 x 10-10
1.52 x 10-5
4.45 x 10-7
1.36 x 10-3
7.45 x 10-4
1.68 x 10-11
3.18 x 10-10
2.31 x 10-11
1.42 x 10-7
1.0 x 10-2
(K4 = 5.5 x 10-11)
1.80 x 10-4
8.85 x 10-4
1.47 x 10-4
1.05 x 10-8

Ka2

Ka3

1.1 x 10-7

3.2 x 10-12

4.69 x 10-11
1.73 x 10-5

4.02 x 10-7

1.18 x 10-10
2.1 x 10-3

6.9 x 10-7

3.21 x 10-5

10

Acid
hydrazoic acid
hydrogen cyanide
hydrogen fluoride
hydrogen peroxide
hydrogen sulfide
hydroxylammonium ion
hypochlorous acid
iodic acid
lactic acid
maleic acid
malic acid
malonic acid
mandelic acid
methylammonium ion
nitrous acid
oxalic acid
periodic acid
phenol
phosphoric acid
phosphorous acid
phthalic acid (ortho)
picric acid
piperidinium ion
propanoic acid
pyridinium ion
pyruvic acid
salicylic acid
succinic acid
sulfamic acid
sulfuric acid
sulfurous acid
tartaric acid
thiocyanic acid
thiosulfuric acid
trichloroacetic acid
trimethylammonium ion
Amino Acids
Alanine
Arginine
Asparagine
Aspartic Acid
Cysteine
Glutamic Acid
Glutamine
Glycine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine

Formula

Ka1

HN3
HCN
HF
H2O2
H2S
HONH3+
HClO
HIO3
CH3CHOHCO2H
C2H2(CO2H)2
CH2CHOH(CO2H)2
HO2CCH2CO2H
C6H5CHOHCO2H
CH3NH3+
HNO2
H2C2O4
H5IO6
C6H5OH
H3PO4
H3PO3
C6H4(CO2H)2
(NO2)3C6H2OH
C5H11NH+
CH3CH2CO2H
C5H5NH+
CH3COCO2H
C6H4(OH)CO2H
C2H4(CO2H)2
H2NSO3H
H2SO4
H2SO3
(CHOH)2(CO2H)2
HSCN
H2S2O3
Cl3CCO2H
(CH3)3NH+
C- Terminus
4.47x10-3
9.77x10-3
9.55x10-3
7.94x10-3
8.91x10-3
7.94x10-3
6.76x10-3
4.47x10-3
1.70x10-2
4.79x10-3
4.68x10-3
6.61x10-3
5.25x10-3

A-Terminus
1.35x10-10
9.12x10-10
1.58x10-9
1.51x10-10
5.62x10-11
3.39x10-10
7.41x10-10
1.66x10-10
6.61x10-10
1.74x10-10
1.82x10-10
1.12x10-9
6.17x10-10

Ka2

Ka3

-5

2.2 x 10
6.2 x 10-10
6.8 x 10-4
2.2 x 10-12
9.6 x 10-8
1.10 x 10-6
3.0 x 10-8
0.17
1.38 x 10-4
1.3 x 10-2
3.48 x 10-4
1.42 x 10-3
4.0 x 10-4
2.3 x 10-11
7.1 x 10-4
0.0560
0.02
1.00 x 10-10
7.11 x 10-3
0.03
1.12 x 10-3
0.43
7.50 x 10-12
1.34 x 10-5
5.90 x 10-6
3.2 x 10-3
1.06 x 10-3
6.21 x 10-5
0.103
strong
1.23 x 10-2
9.20 x 10-4
0.13
0.3
3
1.58 x 10-10

1.3 x 10-14

5.9 x 10-7
8.00 x 10-6
2.01 x 10-6

5.42 x 10-5
5 x 10-9
6.32 x 10-8
1.62 x 10-7
3.91 x 10-6

4.5 x 10-13

2.31 x 10-6
1.02 x 10-2
6.6 x 10-8
4.31 x 10-5
2.5 x 10-2

R-group
3.31x10-13
1.38x10-4
1.00x10-8
8.51x10-5

7.94x10-7

2.95x10-11
11

Phenylalanine
Proline
Serine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Tyrosine
Valine

2.63x10-3
1.00x10-2
6.17x10-3
8.13x10-3
4.17x10-3
6.31x10-3
5.13x10-3

5.75x10-10
2.51x10-11
7.08x10-10
7.94x10-10
4.07x10-10
7.76x10-10
1.91x10-10

8.51x10-11

Acid/base Indicators
Indicator
methyl violet
cresol red
malachite green
thymol blue
cresol purple
erythrosine, disodium
methyl yellow
methyl orange
congo red
bromophenol blue
ethyl orange
bromocresol green
methyl red
chlorophenol red
bromocresol purple
p-nitrophenol
litmus
bromothymol blue
phenol red
neutral red
cresol red
-naphtholphthalein
cresol purple
thymol blue
phenolphthalein
thymolphthalein
alizarin yellow GG
alizarin yellow R
nitramine
tropaeolin O

pH Range
0.0-1.6
0.2-1.8
0.2-1.8
1.2 - 2.8
1.2-2.8
2.2-3.6
2.9 - 4.0
3.1 - 4.4
3.0-5.0
3.0-4.6
3.4-4.8
3.8 - 5.4
4.8 - 6.0
4.8-6.4
5.2 - 6.8
5.6-7.6
5.0-8.0
6.0 - 7.6
6.4 - 8.0
6.8-8.0
7.2-8.8
7.3 8.7
7.6 - 9.2
8.0 - 9.6
8.0 9.6
8.3 - 10.5
10.1 12.0
10.1 12.0
10.8-13.0
11.1-12.7

pKa

1.0
1.65
1.51

3.46
4.10
4.34
4.66
5.00
6.25
6.12

7.10
7.81
8.46
8.32
8.90
9.5
9.7
11.0

Color Change
yellow violet
red yellow
yellow blue/green
red yellow
red yellow
orange red
red yellow
red orange
violet red
yellow purple
red yellow
yellow blue
red yellow
yellow red
yellow purple
colorless yellow
red blue
yellow blue
yellow red
red yellow
yellow red
pink green
yellow purple
yellow blue
colorless red
colorless blue
colorless yellow
yellow red
colorless orange-brown
yellow orange

12

Standard Reduction Potentials

Element
Aluminum

Antimony

Arsenic

Barium
Beryllium
Bismuth

Boron

Bromine

Cadmium

Calcium

Reaction
Al3+ + 3 e- Al(s)
AlCl2+ + 3 e- Al(s) + ClAlF63- + 3 e- Al(s) + 6 FAl(OH)4- + 3 e- Al(s) + 4 OHSb2O5(s) + 6 H+ + 4 e- 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O
SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e- Sb(s) + H2O
Sb2O3(s) + 6 H+ + 6 e- 2 Sb(s) + 3 H2O
Sb(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e- SbH3(g)
H3AsO4(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e- H3AsO3(s) + H2O
H3AsO3(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e- As(s) + 3 H2O
As(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e- AsH3(g)
Ba2+ + 2 e- + Hg Ba(s)(in Hg)
Ba2+ + 2 e- Ba(s)
Be2+ + 2 e- Be(s)
BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e- Bi(s) + H2O
Bi3+ + 3 e- Bi(s)
BiCl4- + 3 e- Bi(s) + 4 ClBiOCl(s) = 2 H+ + 3 e- Bi(s) + H2O + Cl2 B(s) + 6 H+ + 6 e- B2H6(g)
B4O72- + 14 H+ + 12 e- 4 B(s) + 7 H2O
B(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e- B(s) + 3 H2O
BrO4- + 2 H+ + 2 e- BrO3- + H2O
HOBr + H+ + e- Br2() + H2O
BrO3- + 6 H+ + 5 e- Br2() + 3 H2O
BrO3- + 6 H+ + 6 e- Br- + 3 H2O
Br2(aq) + 2 e- 2 BrBr2() + 2 e- 2 BrBr3- + 2 e- 3 BrBrO- + H2O + 2 e- Br- + 2 OHBrO3- + 3 H2O + 6 e- Br- + 6 OHCd2+ + 2 e- Cd(in Hg)
Cd2+ + 2 e- Cd(s)
Cd(C2O4)(s) + 2 e- Cd(s) + C2O42Cd(C2O4)22+ + 2 e- Cd(s) + 2 C2O42Cd(NH3)42+ + 2 e- Cd(s) + 4 NH3
CdS(s) + 2 e- Cd(s) + S2Ca(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e- CaH2(s)
Ca2+ + 2 e- + Hg Ca(s)(in Hg)
Ca2+ + 2 e- Ca(s)
Ca(acetate)+ + 2 e- Ca(s) + acetateCaSO4(s) + 2 e- Ca(s) + SO42Ca(malonate)(s) + 2 e- Ca(s) + malonate2-

E (V)
-1.677
-1.802
-2.069
-2.328
0.581
0.208
0.147
-0.510
0.575
0.2475
-0.238
-1.717
-2.906
-1.968
0.320
0.308
0.16
0.160
-0.150
-0.792
-0.889
1.745
1.584
1.513
1.44
1.098
1.078
1.062
0.766
0.613
-0.352
-0.402
-0.522
-0.572
-0.613
-1.175
0.776
-2.003
-2.868
-2.891
-2.936
-3.608
13

Element
Carbon

Cerium

Cesium
Chlorine

Chromium

Cobalt

Copper

Reaction
C2H2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e- C2H4(g)
C6H4O2 (quinone) + 2 H+ + 2 e- C6H6O2 (hydroquinone)
CH3OH() + 2 H+ + 2 e- CH4(g) + H2O
Dehydroascorbic acid + 2 H+ + 2 e- Ascorbic acid + H2O
(CN)2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e- 2 HCN(aq)
H2CO + 2 H+ + 2 e- CH3OH
C(s) + 4 H+ 4 e- CH4(g)
HCO2H + 2 H+ + 2 e- H2CO + H2O
CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e- CO(g) + H2O
CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e- HCO2H
2 CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e- H2C2O4
Ce4+ + e- Ce3+
Ce4+ + e- Ce3+ (1F HClO4)
Ce4+ + e- Ce3+ (1F H2SO4)
Ce4+ + e- Ce3+ (1F HNO3)
Ce4+ + e- Ce3+ (1F HCl)
Ce3+ + 3 e- Ce(s)
Cs+ + e- +Hg Cs(s)(in Hg)
Cs+ + e- Cs(s)
HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- HOCl + H2O
HClO + H+ + e- Cl2(g) + H2O
ClO3- + 6 H+ + 5 e- Cl2(g) + 3 H2O
Cl2(aq) + 2 e- 2 ClCl2(g) + 2 e- 2 ClClO4- + 2 H+ + 2 e- ClO3- + H2O
ClO3- + 3 H+ + 2 e- HClO2- + H2O
ClO3- + 2 H+ + e- ClO2 + H2O
ClO2 + e- ClO2Cr2O72- + 14 H+ + 6 e- 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O
CrO42- + 4 H2O + 3 e- Cr(OH)3(s, hydrated) + 5 OHCr3+ + e- Cr2+
Cr3+ + 3 e- Cr(s)
Cr2+ + 2 e- Cr(s)
Co3+ + e- Co2+
Co3+ + e- Co2+ (4 F HNO3)
Co3+ + e- Co2+ (8 F H2SO4)
Co(NH3)5(H2O)3+ + e- Co(NH3)5(H2O)2+ (1 F NH4NO3)
Co(NH3)63+ + e- Co(NH3)62+
CoOH+ + H+ + 2 e- Co(s) + H2O
Co2+ + 2 e- Co(s)
Co(OH)2(s) + 2 e- Co(s) + 2 OHCu+ + e- Cu(s)
Cu2+ + 2 e- Cu(s)

E (V)
0.731
0.700
0.583
0.390
0.373
0.237
0.1315
-0.029
-0.1038
-0.114
-0.432
1.72
1.70
1.44
1.61
1.28
-2.336
-1.950
-3.026
1.674
1.630
1.458
1.396
1.3604
1.226
1.157
1.130
1.068
1.36
-0.12
-0.42
-0.74
-0.89
1.92
1.850
1.817
0.37
0.1
0.003
-0.282
-0.746
0.518
0.339
14

Element
Copper (cont)

Dysprosium
Erbium
Europium

Fluorine

Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Gold

Hafnium
Holmium
Hydrogen

Indium

Iodine

Reaction
Cu2+ + e- Cu+
CuCl(s) + e- Cu(s) + ClCu2+ + I- + e- CuI(s)
Cu(IO3)2(s) + 2 e- Cu(s) + ClCu(ethylenediamine)2+ + e- Cu(s) + 2 ethylenediamine
CuI(s) + e- Cu(s) + ICu(EDTA)2- + 2 e- Cu(s) + EDTA4Cu(OH)2(s) + 2 e- Cu(s) + 2 OHCu(CN)2- + e- Cu(s) + 2 CNCu(CN) + e- Cu(s) + CNDy3+ + 3 e- Dy(s)
Er3+ + 3 e- Er(s)
Eu3+ + e- Eu2+
Eu3+ + 3 e- Eu(s)
Eu2+ + 2 e- Eu(s)
F2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e- 2 HF(aq)
F2(g) + 2 e- 2 FF2O(g) + 2 H+ + 4 e- 2 F- + H2O
Gd3+ + 3 e- Gd(s)
Ga3+ + 3 e- Ga(s)
GaOOH(s) + H2O + 3 e- Ga(s) + 3 OHGe2+ + 2 e- Ge(s)
H4GeO4 + 4 H+ + 4 e- Ge(s) + 4 H2O
Au+ + e- Au(s)
Au3+ + 2 e- Au+
AuCl2- + e- Au(s) + 2 ClAuCl4- + 2 e- AuCl2- + 2 ClHf4+ + 4 e- Hf(s)
HfO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e- Hf(s) + 2 H2O
Ho3+ + 3 e- Ho(s)
2 H+ + 2 e- H2(g)
2 H+ + 2 e- H2(g) (1M HCl or HClO4)
H2O + e- H2(g) + OHIn3+ + 3 e- + Hg In(in Hg)
In3+ + 3 e- In(s)
In3+ + 2 e- In+
In(OH)3(s) + 3 e- In(s) + 3 OHIO4- + 2 H+ + 2 e- IO3- + H2O
H5IO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e- HIO3 + 3 H2O
HOI + H+ + e- I2(s) + H2O
ICl3(s) + 3 e- I2(s) + 3 ClIO3- + 2 Cl- + 6 H+ + 4 e- ICl2- + 3 H2O
ICl(s) + e- I2(s) + Cl-

E (V)
0.161
0.137
0.86
-0.079
-0.119
-0.185
-0.216
-0.222
-0.429
-0.639
-2.295
-2.331
-0.35
-1.991
-2.812
3.06
2.890
2.168
-2.279
-0.549
-1.320
0.1
-0.039
1.69
1.41
1.154
0.926
-1.55
-1.591
-2.33
0.000
-0.005
-0.8280
-0.313
-0.338
-0.444
-0.99
1.589
1.567
1.430
1.28
1.24
1.22
15

Element
Iodine (cont)

Iridium

Iron

Lanthanum
Lead

Reaction
IO3- + 6 H+ + 5 e- I2(s) + 3 H2O
IO3- + 5 H+ + 4 e- HOI + 2 H2O
ICl2- + e- I2(s) + ClI2(aq) + 2 e- 2 II2(s) + 2 e- 2 II3- + 2 e- 3 IIO3- + 3 H2O + 6 e- I- + 6 OHIrCl62- + e- IrCl63- (1 F HCl)
IrBr62- + e- IrBr63- (2 F NaBr)
IrCl62- + 4 e- Ir(s) + 6 ClIrO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e- Ir(s) + 2 H2O
IrI62- + e- IrI63- (1 F KI)
Fe(phenanthroline)33+ + e- Fe(phenanthroline)32+
Fe(bipyridyl)33+ + e- Fe(bipyridyl)32+
FeOH2+ + H+ + e- Fe2+ + H2O
FeO42- + 3 H2O + 3 e- FeOOH(s) + 5 OHFe3+ + e- Fe2+
Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ (1 N HCl)
Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ (1 N HClO4)
Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ (1 N HNO3)
Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ (1 N H2SO4)
FeOOH(s) + 3 H+ + e- Fe2+ + 2 H2O
Ferricinium+ + e- ferrocene
Fe(CN)63- + e- Fe(CN)64- (1M HClO4 or H2SO4)
Fe(CN)63- + e- Fe(CN)64- (1M HCl)
Fe(CN)63- + e- Fe(CN)64Fe(glutamate)3+ + e- Fe(glutamate)2+
FeOH+ + H+ + 2 e- Fe(s) + H2O
Fe2+ + 2 e- Fe(s)
FeCO3(s) + 2 e- Fe(s) + CO32La3+ + 3 e- La(s)
La(succinate)+ + 3 e- La(s) + succinate2Pb4+ + 2 e- Pb2+ (1 N HNO3)
PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + SO42- + 2 e- PbSO4(s) + 2 H2O
PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e- Pb2+ + 2 H2O
3 PbO2(s) + 2 H2O + 4 e- Pb3O4(s) + 4 OHPb3O4(s) + H2O + 2 e- 3PbO(s, red) + 2 OHPb3O4(s) + H2O + 2 e- 3PbO(s, yellow) + 2 OHPb2+ + 2 e- Pb(s)
Pb2+ + 2 e- Pb(s) (1 N HClO4)
Pb2+ + 2 e- Pb(s) (1 N H2SO4)
PbF2(s) + 2 e- P(s) + 2 FPbSO4(s) + 2 e- Pb(s) + SO42-

E (V)
1.210
1.154
1.056
0.620
0.535
0.535
0.269
1.026
0.947
0.835
0.73
0.485
1.147
1.120
0.900
0.80
0.771
0.732
0.767
0.746
0.68
0.74
0.400
0.72
0.71
0.356
0.240
-0.16
-0.44
-0.756
-2.379
-2.601
1.69
1.685
1.458
0.269
0.224
0.207
-0.126
-0.14
-0.29
-0.350
-0.355
16

Element
Lithium
Lutetium
Magnesium

Manganese

Mercury

Mercury

Molybdenum

Neodymium
Neptunium

Reaction
Li+ + e- + Hg Li(in Hg)
Li+ + e- Li(s)
Lu3+ + 3 e- Lu(s)
Mg2+ + 2 e- + Hg Mg(in Hg)
Mg(OH)+ + H+ + 2 e- Mg(s) + H2O
Mg2+ + 2 e- Mg(s)
Mg(C2O4)(s) + 2 e- Mg(s) + C2O42Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 e- Mg(s) + 2 OHMnO4- + 4 H+ + 3 e- MnO2(s) + 2 H2O
Mn3+ + e- Mn2+
Mn3+ + e- Mn2+ (7.5 M H2SO4)
MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 e- Mn2+ + 4 H2O
Mn2O3(s) + 6 H+ + 2 e- 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O
MnO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e- Mn2+ + 2 H2O
Mn(EDTA)- + e- Mn(EDTA)2MnO4- + e- MnO423 Mn2O3(s) + H2O + 2 e- 2 Mn3O4(s) + 2 OHMn3O4(s) + 4 H2O + 2 e- 3 Mn(OH)2(s) + 2 OHMn2+ + 2 e- Mn(s)
Mn(OH)2(s) + 2 e- Mn(s) + 2 OH2 Hg2+ + 2 e- Hg22+
2 Hg2+ + 2 e- Hg22+ (1M HClO4)
Hg2+ + 2 e- Hg(l)
Hg22+ + 2 e- 2 Hg(l)
Hg22+ + 2 e- 2 Hg(l) (1M HClO4)
Hg22+ + 2 e- 2 Hg(l) (1M H2SO4)
Hg22+ + 2 e- 2 Hg(l) (1M HCl)
Hg2SO4(s) + 2 e- 2 Hg(l) + SO42Hg2Cl2(s) + 2 e- 2 Hg(l) + 2 ClHg2Cl2(s) + 2 e- 2 Hg(l) + 2 Cl- (0.1M KCl)
Hg2Cl2(s) + 2 e- 2 Hg(l) + 2 Cl- (1M KCl)
Hg2Cl2(s) + 2 e- 2 Hg(l) + 2 Cl- (Saturated KCl, SCE)
Hg(OH)3- + 2 e- Hg(l) + 3 OHHg(OH)2 + 2 e- Hg(l) + 2 OHHg2Br2(s) + 2 e- Hg(l) + 2 OHHgO(s, yellow) + H2O + 2 e- Hg(l) + 2 OHHgO(s, red) + H2O + 2 e- Hg(l) + 2 OHMoO42- + 2 H2O + 2 e- MoO2(s) + 4 OHMoO42- + 4 H2O + 6 e- Mo(s) + 8 OHMoO2(s) + 2 H2O + 4 e- Mo(s) + 4 OHNd3+ + 3 e- Nd(s)
NpO3+ + 2 H+ + e- NpO22+ + H2O
NpO22+ + e- NpO2+

E (V)
-2.195
-3.040
-2.28
-1.980
-2.022
-2.360
-2.493
-2.690
1.692
1.56
1.51
1.507
1.485
1.230
0.825
0.56
0.002
-0.352
-1.182
-1.565
0.908
0.907
0.852
0.796
0.776
0.674
0.274
0.614
0.268
0.334
0.282
0.241
0.236
0.206
0.140
0.0983
0.0977
-0.818
-0.926
-0.980
-2.323
2.04
1.236
17

Element
Neptunium (cont)

Nickel

Niobium

Nitrogen

Osmium
Oxygen

Palladium

Reaction
NpO22+ + 4 H+ + e- Np4+ + 2 H2O
Np4+ + e- Np3+
Np3+ + 3 e- Np(s)
Ni(OH)3(s) + 3 H+ + e- Ni2+ + 3 H2O
NiOOH(s) + 3 H+ + e- Ni2+ + 2 H2O
Ni2+ + 2 e- Ni(s)
Ni(CN)42- + e- Ni(CN)32- + CNNi(OH)2(s) + 2 e- Ni(s) + 2 OH Nb2O5(s) + H+ + e- NbO2(s) + H2O
Nb2O5(s) + 5 H+ + 5 e- Nb(s) + 25 H2O

E (V)
0.567
0.157
-1.768
2.08
2.05
-0.236
-0.401
-0.714
-0.248
-0.601

NbO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e- NbO(s) + H2O

NbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e- Nb(s) + 2 H2O
HN3 + 3 H+ + 2 e- N2(g) + NH4+
N2O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e- N2(g) + H2O
2 NO(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e- N2O(g) + H2O
NO+ + e- NO(g)
2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e- N2H5+ + 2 H2O
NH3OH+ + 2 H+ + 2 e- NH4+ + H2O
N2H5+ + 3 H+ 2 e- 2 NH4+
HNO2 + H+ + e- NO(g) + H2O
NO3- + 4 H+ + 3 e- NO(g) + 2 H2O
NO3- + 3 H+ + 2 e- HNO2 + H2O
NO3- + 3 H+ + 2 e- HNO2 + H2O (1 M HNO3)
NO3- + 2 H+ + e- N2O4(g) + H2O
N2(g) + 8 H+ + 6 e- 2 NH4+
N2(g) + 5 H+ + 4 e- N2H5+
N2(g) + 2 H2O + 4 H+ + 2 e- 2 NH3OH+
3
N2 + H+ + e- HN3
2

-0.646
-0.690
2.079
1.769
1.587
1.46
1.40
1.33
1.250
0.984
0.955
0.940
0.92
0.798
0.274
-0.214
-1.83
-3.334

OsO4(s) + 8 H+ + 8 e- Os(s) + 4 H2O

OsCl62- + e- OsCl63- (1 F HCl)
OH + H+ + e- H2O
O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e- H2O
O3(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e- O2(g) + H2O
H2O2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e- 2 H2O
HO2 + H+ + e- H2O2
O2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e- H2O
HO2- + H2O + 2 e- 3 OHO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e- H2O2
O2(g) + H+ + e- HO2
Pd2+ + 2 e- Pd(s)
PdO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e- Pd(s) + H2O
PdCl64- + 2 e- Pd(s) + 6 ClPdO2(s) + H2O + 2 e- PdO(s) + 2 OH-

0.834
0.85
2.56
2.4301
2.075
1.763
1.44
1.2291
0.88
0.695
-0.05
0.915
0.79
0.615
0.64
18

Element
Phosphorus

Platinum

Plutonium

Potassium
Praseodymium
Promethium
Radium
Rhenium
Rhodium

Rubidium
Ruthenium

Samarium
Scandium
Selenium

Reaction
P4(s, white) + 3 H+ + 3 e- PH3(g)
P4(s, red) + 3 H+ + 3 e- PH3(g)
H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e- H3PO3 + H2O
H3PO4 + 5 H+ + 5 e- P4(s, white) + 4 H2O
H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e- H3PO2 + H2O
H3PO2 + H+ + e- P4(s) + 2 H2O
Pt2+ + 2 e- Pt(s)
PtO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e- Pt(s) + 2 H2O
PtCl42- + 2 e- Pt(s) + 4 ClPtCl62- + 2 e- PtCl42- + 2 ClPuO2+ + e- PuO2(s)
Pu4+ + e- Pu3+
PuO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e- Pu4+ + 2 H2O
PuO22+ + e- PuO2+
PuO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e- Pu(s) + 2 H2O
Pu3+ + 3 e- Pu(s)
K+ + e- + Hg K(in Hg)
K+ + e- K(s)
Pr4+ + e- Pr3+
Pr3+ + 3 e- Pr(s)
Pm3+ + 3 e- Pm(s)
Ra2+ + 2 e- Ra(s)
ReO4- + 2 H+ + e- ReO3(s) + H2O
ReO4- + 4 H+ + 3 e- ReO2(s) + 2 H2O
Rh6+ + 3 e- Rh3+ (1 F HClO4)
Rh4+ + e- Rh3+ (3 F H2SO4)
RhCl62- + e- RhCl63Rh3+ + 3 e- Rh(s)
2 Rh3+ + 2 e- Rh24+
RhCl63- + 3 e- Rh(s) + 6 ClRb+ + e- + Hg Rb(in Hg)
Rb+ + e- Rb(s)
RuO4- + 6 H+ + 3 e- Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O
Ru(dipyridyl)33+ + e- Ru(dipyridyl)32+
RuO4(s) + 8 H+ + 8 e- Ru(s) + 4 H2O
Ru2+ + 2 e- Ru(s)
Ru3+ + 3 e- Ru(s)
Ru3+ + e- Ru2+
Ru(NH3)63+ + e- Ru(NH3)62+
Sm3+ + 3 e- Sm(s)
Sm2+ + 2 e- Sm(s)
Sc3+ + 3 e- Sc(s)
SeO42- + 4 H+ + 2 e- H2SeO3 + H2O

E (V)
-0.046
-0.088
-0.30
-0.402
-0.48
-0.51
1.18
0.92
0.755
0.68
1.585
1.006
1.000
0.966
-1.369
-1.978
-1.975
-2.936
3.2
-2.353
-2.30
-2.80
0.72
0.510
1.48
1.44
1.2
0.76
0.7
0.44
-1.970
-2.943
1.53
1.29
1.032
0.8
0.60
0.24
0.214
-2.304
-2.68
-2.09
1.150
19

Element
Selenium (cont)

Silicon

Silver

Sodium

Strontium
Sulfur

Reaction
H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e- Se(s) + 3 H2O
Se(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e- H2Se(g)
Se(s) + 2 e- Se2Si(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e- SiH4(g)
SiO2(s, quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e- Si(s) + 2 H2O
SiO2(s, hydrated) + 4 H+ + 4 e- Si(s) + 2 H2O
SiF62- + 4 e- Si(s) + 6 FAg2+ + e- Ag+
Ag2+ + e- Ag+ (4F HClO4)
Ag2+ + e- Ag+ (4F HNO3)
Ag3+ + 2 e- Ag+
AgO(s) + H+ + e- Ag2O(s) + H2O
Ag+ + e- Ag(s)
Ag+ + e- Ag(s) (1M HClO4)
Ag+ + e- Ag(s) (1M H2SO4)
Ag+ + e- Ag(s) (1M HCl)
Ag2C2O4(s) + 2 e- 2 Ag(s) + C2O42AgN3(s) + e- Ag(s) + N3AgCl(s) + e- Ag(s) + ClAgCl(s) + e- Ag(s) + Cl- (1M KCl)
AgCl(s) + e- Ag(s) + Cl- (saturated KCl)
AgBr(s) + e- Ag(s) + BrAg(S2O3)23- + e- Ag(s) + 2 S2O32AgI(s) + e- Ag(s) + IAg2S(s) + H+ + 2 e- 2 Ag(s) + HSAg(CN)2- + e- Ag(s) + 2 CNNa+ + e- + Hg Na(in Hg)
Na+ + H2(g) + e- NaH(s)
Na+ + e- Na(s)
Sr2+ + 2 e- Sr(s)
S2O82- + 2 e- 2 SO42S2O62- + 4 H+ + 2 e- 2 H2SO3
4 SO2 + 4 H+ + 6 e- S4O62- + 2 H2O
SO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e- S(s) + 2 H2O
H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e- S(s) + 3 H2O
2 H2SO3 + 2 H+ + 4 e- S2O32- + 3 H2O
SO42- + 4 H+ + 2 e- H2SO3 + H2O
S(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e- H2S(g)
S(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e- H2S(aq)
S4O62- + 2 H+ + 2 e- 2 HS2O35 S(s) + 2 e- S52S(s) + 2 e- S22 S(s) + 2 e- S22-

E (V)
0.739
-0.082
-0.67
-0.147
-0.990
-0.807
-1.24
1.989
2.000
1.929
1.9
1.40
0.7993
0.792
0.77
0.228
0.465
0.293
0.222
0.228
0.197
0.071
0.017
-0.152
-0.272
-0.31
-1.959
2.367
-2.7143
-2.889
2.01
0.57
0.539
0.450
0.450
0.40
0.172
0.174
0.144
0.10
-0.340
-0.476
-0.50
20

Element

Tantalum
Technetium
Tellurium

Terbium
Thallium

Thorium
Thulium
Tin

Titanium

Reaction
2 SO32- + 3 H2O + 4 e- S2O32- + 6 OHSO32- + 3 H2O + 4 e- S(s) + 6 OHSO42- + 4 H2O + 6 e- S(s) + 8 OHSO42- + H2O + 2 e- SO32- + 2 OH2 SO32- + 2 H2O + 2 e- S2O42- + 4 OH2 SO42- + 2 H2O + 2 e- S2O62- + 4 OHTa2O5(s) + 10 H+ + 10 e- 2 Ta(s) + 5 H2O
TcO4- + 2 H2O + 3 e- TcO2(s) + 4 OHTcO4- + 4 H2O + 7 e- Tc(s) + 8 OHTeO32- + 3 H2O + 4 e- Te(s) + 6 OH2 Te(s) + 2 e- Te22Te(s) + 2 e- Te2Tb4+ + e- Tb3+
Tb3+ + 3 e- Tb(s)
Tl3+ + 2 e- Tl+
Tl3+ + 2 e- Tl+ (1 F HClO4)
Tl3+ + 2 e- Tl+ (1 F HNO3)
Tl3+ + 2 e- Tl+ (1 F H2SO4)
Tl3+ + 2 e- Tl+ (1 F HCl)
Tl+ + e- Tl(in Hg, sat'd)
Tl+ + e- Tl(s)
Tl+ + e- Tl(s) (1M HClO4 or H2SO4)
Tl+ + e- Tl(s) (1M HCl)
TlCl(s) + e- Tl(s) + ClTh4+ + 4 e- Th(s)
Tm+ + 3 e- Tm(s)
Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e- Sn2+ + 3H2O
Sn4+ + 2 e- Sn2+ (1 F HCl)
SnO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e- Sn2+ + 2 H2O
Sn(OH)4(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e- Sn(s) + 4 H2O
Sn(OH)2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e- Sn(s) + 2 H2O
Sn2+ + 2 e- Sn(s)
SnF62- + 4 e- Sn(s) + 6 FSn(OH)62- + 2 e- Sn(OH)3- + 3 OHSnO2(s) + H2O + 2 e- SnO(s) + 2 OHSn(s) + 4 H2O + 4 e- SnH4(g) + 4 OHTiO2+ + 2 H+ + e- Ti3+ + H2O
TiO2+ + 2 H+ + e- Ti3+ + H2O (1M H2SO4)
Ti3+ + 2 e- Ti+
Ti3+ + e- Ti2+
TiO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e- Ti(s) + 2 H2O
TiO2(s, hydrated) + 4 H+ + 4 e- Ti(s) + 2 H2O
TiF62- + 4 e- Ti(s) + 6 F-

E (V)
-0.566
-0.659
-0.751
-0.936
-1.130
-1.71
-0.752
-0.366
-0.474
-0.47
-0.84
-0.90
3.1
-2.28
1.280
1.26
1.23
1.22
0.77
-0.294
-0.336
-0.33
-0.551
-0.557
-1.826
-2.319
0.142
0.139
-0.094
-0.008
-0.091
-0.141
-0.25
-0.93
-0.961
-1.316
0.099
0.04
-0.369
-0.9
-1.076
-0.86
-1.191
21

Element
Titanium (cont)
Tungsten

Uranium

Vanadium

Xenon

Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc

Zirconium

Reaction
Ti2+ + 2 e- Ti(s)
W(CN)83- + e- W(CN)84W6+ + e- W5+ (12 F HCl)
WO3(s) + 6 H+ + 6 e- W(s) + 3 H2O
W5+ + e- W4+ (12 F HCl)
WO2(s) + 2 H2O + 4 e- W(s) + 4 OHWO42- + 4 H2O + 4 e- W(s) + 8 OHUO2+ + 4 H+ + e- U4+ + 2 H2O
UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e- U4+ + 2 H2O
UO22+ + e- UO2+
U4+ + e- U3+
U3+ + 3 e- U(s)
VO2+ + 2 H+ + e- VO2+ + H2O
V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e- VO2+ + 3 H2O
V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e- VO2+ + 3 H2O (1 M HCl or HClO4)
2+
VO + 2 H+ + e- V3+ + H2O
V3+ + e- V2+
V3+ + e- V2+ (1 M HClO4)
V2+ + 2 e- V(s)
H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e- XeO3 + 3 H2O
XeF2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- Xe(g) + 2 HF
XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e- Xe(g) + 3 H2O
Yb3+ + 3 e- Yb(s)
Yb2+ + 2 e- Yb(s)
Y3+ + 3 e- Y(s)
ZnO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e- Zn(s) + H2O
ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e- Zn(s) + H2O
Zn2+ + 2 e- Zn(s)
Zn2+ + 2 e- + Hg Zn(in Hg)
Zn(NH3)42+ + 2 e- Zn(s) + 4 NH3
ZnCO3(s) + 2 e- Zn(s) + CO32Zn(OH)3- + 2 e- Zn(s) + 3 OHZn(OH)42- + 2 e- Zn(s) + 4 OHZn(OH)2(s) + 2 e- Zn(s) + 2 OHZnO(s) + H2O + 2 e- Zn(s) + 2 OHZnS(s) + 2 e- Zn(s) + S2Zr4+ + 4 e- Zr(s)
ZrO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e- Zr(s) + 2H2O

E (V)
-1.60
0.457
0.26
-0.091
-0.3
-0.982
-1.060
0.39
0.273
0.16
-0.577
-1.642
1.001
1.00
1.02
0.337
-0.255
0.21
-1.125
2.38
2.2
2.1
-2.19
-2.76
-2.38
-0.439
-0.497
-0.762
-0.801
-1.04
-1.06
-1.183
-1.199
-1.249
-1.260
-1.405
-1.539
-1.4

22