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Earth Science Answer Key continued

gas giants
Deimos, Phobos
Ganymede, Callisto, Io, Europa
liquid water
Possible answer: No, there is no, or not
enough, oxygen to breathe.
16. ice and rock
17. Planets revolve around the sun. Moons
revolve around planets.

Its poles point almost directly at the sun.

A year on Uranus lasts almost 84 Earth years.
Its gravity affected the orbit of Uranus.
Neptune is just over 30 times farther from
the sun as Earth.
10. Possible answer: Plutos orbit is more off
center than the orbits of the planets.
11. Possible answer: They used images from
probes that were closer to Pluto.

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Review
1. hydrogen
2. Planet

Review
1. During a solar eclipse, the moon comes

6.
7.
8.
9.

Distance from
sun (AU)

between the Earth and the sun. During a

lunar eclipse, the Earth comes between the
sun and the moon.
2. From the top down: satellite, Earths moon,
moons of other planets
Large: Galilean moons (or name of one)
Small: Phobos or Deimos
3. The moon was formed early in the history
of the solar system and has not changed
much because there is no erosion. The solar
system is about the same age as the oldest
rocks on the moon.
4. The moons orbit is tilted relative to the
Earths orbit.

Period of revolution

Jupiter

5.20

11 Earth years,
313 days

Saturn

9.54

29 Earth years,
155 days

Uranus

19.22

83 Earth years,
273 days

Neptune

30.06

163 Earth years, 263

days

3. The farther a planet is from the sun, the longer

its year is and the cooler its surface is.

4. They are made of gases. They are larger
than the inner planets. The gas giants are
farther from the sun. The year is longer.
They receive less energy from the sun than
the inner planets do.
5. methane in their atmospheres
6. Jupiter has a thin, faint ring.

SECTION 5 SMALL BODIES IN THE

SOLAR SYSTEM
1. ice, rock, and dust
2. An arrow should be drawn toward the upper

SECTION 4 MOONS
1. They have studied moon rocks brought back

3.
4.

2.
3.
4.
5.

5.
6.

6.
7.

8.
9.
10.

by Apollo astronauts.
4/25
the composition of rock from the moon
the force of gravity
Light from the sun is reflected from the
moons surface to Earth.
The moon changes its position in relation to
the sun and Earth.
The moon is between the sun and Earth,
and the shadow of the moon falls on part of
Earths surface.
The moons shadow only covers a small part
of Earth.
The moon passes through the shadow of the
Earth.
The moons orbit is tilted slightly in relation
to Earths orbit around the sun.

7.
8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

left-hand corner of the figure.

far beyond the orbit of Pluto
The ion tail is pushed away from the sun by
the solar wind.
between Mars and Jupiter
Possible answer: Scientists have used
probes to sample asteroids.
Asteroids are much smaller.
A meteoroid is a piece of dust or debris
in space. A meteorite is a meteoroid that
reaches Earths surface.
stony, metallic, stony-iron
iron, nickel
Meteorites are found on Earth.
Earths atmosphere acts as a shield, so most
meteoroids burn up before they hit the ground.
red

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Interactive Textbook Answer Key

64

Earth Science

Earth Science Answer Key continued

Review
1. A comet leaves a trail of debris that includes

7. No. Escape velocity depends on a planets

gravitational pull. Not all planets have the

same gravitational pull, so they do not all
have the same escape velocity.

small rocks called meteoroids. When the

meteoroids enter Earths atmosphere, they
become hot and glow as meteors.
2.

Object

Composition

Main location

Asteroid

large chunk of
rock or metal,
much smaller
than a planet

asteroid belt,
between Mars
and Jupiter

Comet

mostly ice with

pieces of rock

Oort cloud and

Kuiper belt

Meteoroid

small chunk of
rock or metal

throughout the
solar system

SECTION 2 ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES

1. a human-made object in orbit around a body
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.

3. These objects are made up of material that

has not changed during the life of the solar

system. They give scientists information
about the material that formed the planets.
4. so that people can have enough time to try
to find a way to change its course and avoid
a collision that would cause a catastrophe

8.
9.

Chapter 22 Exploring Space

10.

SECTION 1 ROCKET SCIENCE

11.

1. an American physicist and inventor who

built and tested rocket engines

12.

2. a German weapon that could carry explosives

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

over long distances

about 1/2
The forces on them are unbalanced.
the force that moves a rocket
The gases inside them push on their tops but
not their bottoms.
Orbital velocity is the velocity needed to orbit
a body. Escape velocity is the velocity needed
to escape the gravitational pull of a body.

13.

Review
1. Explorer 1
2. A satellite in LEO moves around the Earth

quickly. It is only a few hundred kilometers

above the Earths surface. It is often out of
contact with a given point on Earth. A satellite in GEO travels in an orbit that exactly
matches the Earths rotation. It is in constant contact with the Earth.
3. The Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of 27 solar-powered satellites that continuously send radio signals to Earth. From
the amount of time it takes the signals to
reach Earth, the handheld receiver can calculate its distance from the satellites. Using
the distance from four satellites, a GPS
receiver can determine its location.
4. Monitor conditions in the Earths atmosphere.
5. A signal travels from a point on Earth to a
satellite, which relays the signal to other
satellites. These satellites, in turn, relay the
signal to another point on Earth.

Review
1. Tsiolkovsky proved that rockets could take

people to outer space.

2. The Germans had developed a rocket-based
3.

4.
5.
6.

in space
the first artificial satellite of Earth
a few hundred kilometers
Satellites in GEO are not out of contact
with the Earths surface. Therefore,
communications signals are not interrupted.
GEO
to study changes on the Earths surface
about 140 mi
a system of satellites that send radio signals
to Earth
an orbit that is nearly at right angles to
Earths direction of rotation
A satellite in LEO provides more detailed
information.
Microwaves and radio waves travel in straight
lines and cant travel through the Earth.
They measure energy that is reflected off the
Earths surface.
The delta is shrinking and wetlands are
disappearing.

weapon.
The U.S. government combined all of the
rocket-development teams in the country
into a single group.
An arrow should point to the right.
The fuel requires oxygen in order to burn,
and there is no oxygen in space.
gravity

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Interactive Textbook Answer Key

65

Earth Science