152

ogbup ohbp^ xts} iegsphut

rgygryrtp{ rgdrucxnth{khuu
drucxnth{khuus gyhnte} :lrus yrgxbtp{x^gd iut ykgyagdum

gkt{ idge ymub ut}-hgazs hs iht v"ht ikguu rhn rgshht

' d r u c x n t {h k h u u i h t x r g p ^ t } k g u u g s lhz iytb{tn } iut iftu}u gdhsbgnue
/k"su ghmpu^rte } hs rgcht irgyhhrcgm
v,jav grgsbuztc{ t{ zht xg xt}s iut ut}-hgazs-uh iup
iup rgygryrt{p /d/t ogbup /d/t ogbup yhhebkt{pgd
irghhy t{zt{ imub um drucxnth{khuu 'drucxnth{khuu iup "rgygryrt{p"
van wr huu itn { rgdbuh ogbgshhz iut ictv } khun iut ybtv { xwbgnguu
ixetu{ugdphut zht rgfkguu 'u"hv igbgz hhz ,gac yrgyhmgd yahb
'vru, iup cuya t{ iht irtu}ugd h y h b u h n t }e i h t i r t } u u g d y m u b t { c
utuu sbuzgd zhuv t{ iht 'sxju vesm hyhx erth} uhb iht iut 1 srutc}
yt}v ghbt}nrt{v iut ouka rt{p ift{n um ist}a khxbut}e
'icgk ifhkdgy dty } ogs yrhbhnt}s ikguu hhz iut isht gahsrj
igntb} ihhz yhn imubtc{ um lhz iut – igdbgrcrgybut kghmbtb{hp
iut irgpybgrt{p um lhz hsf iut igngbgm ikguu rhn rgshht
ogbup zhurcphut ogs iehyargs gbgchragdp^t} gkt{ hs idhhkgm
ruchm rgdrucxnth{khuu ogbhhngdkt{ ixbtb}t{ iut igkehyrt{ gahrgmgv
iwfrus yxutuurgs lhz ytv } gfkguu "sht rgs" iht iftu}u gymgk hs iup
-uh zt{ 'gfhkchukdnut xts} "ytk{c" iauyrtp{ um ykhmgd ictv } gfkguu
iup gshhcgd t{ ydtn } rtp{ ut}-hgazs -knhv ogs igkpg^brtp{ iut ,ujun
iyktv { rg ytv } hz xtu}u ',urhs 67 iup yty { idhyfgryrgshb isbghhra
xkt{ isht rtp{ icgd igbge um idge iuszc ybt{v t{ ichhvphut
hs igbgz vagnk iut 'kcgsrt}pg ,ugar rtp{ zhukc 'ktrah hbc ubhjt
/rgshhk ihhr-igsuh ,urhs – ,ugar oak
rgygryrtp{ /d/t rgs zt{ xt}s) hs irhzhktb{t{ ikguu rhn rgshht
iht irgpybgp^t} yprt{sgd yt}v hs ',uchbd-ignt{rdt}rp^
hcau, iup ,ubgy hs "sht rgs" dbuxgrpx ^ hut ykgd gahyxty { bt{p
igbharg igbgz gfkguu drucxnth{khuu xhutdbgk xrgp^t}kguugs hs hhc
hs zht '"yt{kc rgs" iht gfhkchukdnut hs 'drucxnt{hkhuu
hs erty { a huu zhhuutc{ gyxergya ,ueukj ixg rt{p rgykgd gdhzhr
iht igdbukegdp^t} ict}v ,ubgy ktn } bhhe ytv } drucxnth{khuu xtu}u
'zhhre ogbgdhht ohhc ukhpt 'yty } a hs `iuprgs yrhyhphbgc yahb
ytv } rg xtu}u ogsftb} lhut iut iht dburgfgv ybgr hhc v,jav
iakt{p ogs ydhhkgdbhhrt{ ihua xt}s `xbsrt{d srt}psgc
xts} rg ytv } "sht" iht uuhrc /d/t gxhuugd iup lhz ikgyargvt{
,ca ;hut icgkenurt{ ahrp yzungd gdhyukc huu ohbks,au ohbexg
um hsf 'oharsn h,c hs iht ihhe yahb ictv } gfkguu yhhkgngrt}
hs xt}uuyg idhturt{c igkntz{ lhz iztk} lrus kuftk ojk
gkt{ iup rgyhngd gyzhurcgdphut xwrgsbhe grghhz rt}pgc ykgd
iup igzgdpt ^ } 'drucxnth{khuu hcau, hs yhn ihhdbt} igbge um ,ubu,j
(/zhhre ifkguu ykgd ixgrpx ^ hut iup ehya .gdhha
iegsphut rhn ikguu sbdkt}p iut 'rgykgd igntr{dt}rp^ igbwcbd iut
igdhbgh ogs iup ;umrp^ xt}s ikguu – ov ohcr hf ltb} iut ltb}
iyktv { tc{ um lhz yfuz rgfkguu zhukc lhz rgnub idhybhhv iht rhn
wr iup igntb} irghhy ogs rgybut iuuhrc hs iup gbhht ;hut ighmtc{
'ydtz}gd huu iut 'u"hb xetk{ van ytv } rgygryrtp{ /d/t rgs xtu}u
yrguu t}s xt}uu yrt}uu xgsgh l t }u u g b g d b t {d r t {p y k g y a g d b h h r t {
vjbv grgfhz t{ yhn zht 'ichragd /"sht rgs" iht runt ,arp^
iwyhn ,ufhha ihhe ytv } xt}s zt{ "sht rgs" iup 49 yhhz ;hut
ign xtu}u h"b xetk{ van wr igntb} /d/t rgs yt}v 'lt}uu gdhrt}p
ywn,jwgdrgybut yarnukf yt}v uuhrc t{ yfhkybpgrtp{ rgygryrt{p
"sht" iht igbharg 'uuhrc irgybut cuajv lrctv iup igntb} irgybut
hs ;hut ltb}rgs iut runt ,arp^ 'u"hv xetk{ van wr shdbv hbcrv
/oharsn h,c hs iup ybguu ickgz ogs rg ytv } ltb}rgs iut
xg xtu}u iut 'uuhrc rgs zht yt} gkt{ iht igdbtv } gdphut lhut uuhrc
xg xtu}u iut 'uuhrc ogbup ykgp oharsn h,c rgdrucxnt{hkhuu
hs iahuum iut ,urua hs iahuum ydhk hnkugv ,utfrgc ohfkuv ,f ogbup
iht rgyrguu hs) /ipt{rdt{rt{p^ /hbuhmv ."dcu
zht (ykuc) ict{yafuc "skt}c" "drucxnth{khuus gyhnte } " rt{p
hs iut uuhrc ifhkcgdbt} ogbup rgs zt{ yahb epx oua ihhe zht
i c t {y a f u c g y f h h k i h t r g y r g u u irtu}ugd ichragd yahb zht uuhrc
gyhnt}e" iup igbgz yahb 'h"b xetk{ van wr lrus
(/"drucxnth{khuus wr lrus irtu}ugd ykgyagdntz{um
* ywn,jwgd zht chut iut h"b van
rgfhz xts} zht 'oht lrus irt}uugd irgybut uuhrc ogs yfhkybpgrtp{ rgygryrtp{ /d/t rgs ytv } 'ltu}u gdhrtp} "sht rgs" iup 49 yhhz ;hut
(153 yhhz ;hut dbumgzrtp) 'ubumr sdb yhhvrgbgdbutuumgd iguugd lhut uuhrc ickgz ogs rg ytv
} ltb}rgs iut 'u"hv xetk{ van wr shdbv hbcrv cuajv lrctv iup igntb}
-uh xtu}u isty } gn gckgz hs yhn hbuhmv ."dcu hnkugv ,utfrgc ohfkuv ,f ogbup oharsn h,c rgdrucxnth{khuu gkt{ iht igdbtv } gdphut

yut{x ;hut gshhcgd hs iht ighmumbhhrt{ lhz iguugd yhhrd yktu}u xtu}u
zhc 'gkhhuu t{ ;hut xyegazstr{p^ jxub yrts} igbhutuu iut 'yhryx 5
?isht ltb} iut ltb} igdbgrc ikguu igdbuthntc{ guuhxtn{ hs
7 rgnub ;tr{dtr{tp
{ ^
iguugd ign zht ,urhs ghhrp yftn { gd lhz ytv } xg iguu
ghsun um rgbhutuubhht gyrhxgrgybht gdhnurt{ yhn isbhcrtp{
ruchm rgs hsf 'vrhs t{ um ignueumum yhhefhkdgn hs idguu ihhz
/idhkhhytc{ igbge lhut lhz ktz}
iptr{dtr{tp{^ hhrs iup shhrxhut ogs ixgdrtp{ ihua ytv} ign
iup ybhutuut{c lhkmbgd" iguugd igbgz xgshhcgd hs zt{ rghrp
ictv} yhhm hs lanc zt{ vsun ihua ign zht vrhrc ,hkc iut "rghrp
/,urhs gbgrtu}ugd hhrp yftn{gd th} lhz
?igs gaztu}u rtb}
gyrhxgrgybht gdhnurt"{ hs yhn isbucrtp{ lhz ytv} ign
t{ um ignueumum yhhefhkdgn hs idguu ihhz ghsun um rgbhutuubhht
/"vrhs
igbhutuu gfkguu rgbhutuubhht hs ?rgbhutuubhht gdhnurt{ gfkguu
ytv} xtu}urtp{ /,urhs ihua lts} ictv} hhz ?ybdgd 5 yutx{ hs iht ihua
hs iht 'drucxnt{hkhuu rgyhgrd rt{p iguugd ghsun yahb xts} ign
?lgkygkc gfhkdgy hs iht 'igdbuyhhm
yptv}gd ictv} gfkguu 'rgbhutuubhht 5 yutx{ hs xtu}u vzn .uj)
gahsht grgyhhrc t{ iht irguu yksbtu{urtp{ ktz} ybdgd rghhz zt{
-uh zt{ uegmhu t{ ichuvgdphut ictv} xtu}u hs rtd} igbgz 'vbufa
ahthud ichhkc iktz} ,urhs hs zt{ .hzt{c rht iht xgkt{ yuy ut}-hgazs
/xghkhnt{p gahsht yhn ymgzt{c irguu yahb lhkeursxhut iut
ltu}u hs ytv} ut-}hgazs-uh iup kdbuh-eha t{ xtu}u rtr}gy ogs 'cdtu
ignue ikt}z hhz zt{ rgbhutuubhht 5 yut{x gxhuugd ;hut ydhhkgd
vkug rat kff ichhra rgst} igbwn,j iut ut}-hgazs-uh um ;khvum
hs khhuu 'iyet{p hs ihhz vban yahb huuhhx yguu 'ut}-hgazs-uh jur kg
it{ ;hut drucxnth{khuu iht ixhrgdphut ytv} gcntc} ,urhs 67
ikguu iyphrargybut gbgdbutuumgd xtu}u ogbrtp{ ifhkchukdnut
/(ikhyapt^} yahbrtd}
8 rgnub ;tr{dtr{tp
{ ^
ctd}um iht 'yeghtr}p^ dbhzutv { "kcgsrtp}t"{ it{ dhsbghhz
gdbgrya kghmgpx ^ hs rgybut iprtu}ugdrgybut zht xg xtu}u
kghmgpx ^ lhut xg yrguu 'imgzgd wdbhzutv { rhgp sbg kguhehtw
gfkguu ruybgdt{ gahyty } a t{ '/hs/hp/^ayhg hs lrus yrhkudgr
rgbhht rgsgh /yrp^ isgh irhktr}ybte} um ydtr{yphuttc{ zht
idge rty } wn iut ',urhs hs ;hut iyfgr gckgz hs ictv } zun
/irhbhnhrexhs yahb ogbhhe
gfhuv /ydtz}gd yahbrtd} iut ichragd iut ykpt^k{pg^d 'ydtz}gd
chut rgct} khutuu iut ihhp xgkt{ ',uch, hatr 'rgyrguu gahkdbg
idge rty}wn iut ,urhs hs ;hut iyfgr gckgz hs ict}v rgsgh zun"
tz{t{ um ut-}hgazs-uh xts} yztk} huzth{uu '"irhbhnhrexhs yahb ogbhhe
xt}uu gshhcgd t{ iht 'rgshrc gahsht gbgdhht idge ghmt{bhnhrexhs
gahsht hs iup iyfgr hs igbgz utuu ?,ukgc rht rgybut zht
?drucxnth{khuu
9 rgnub ;tr{dtr{tp
{ ^
ybgr gckgz hs ogbhht isgh iup ign ygc 'gckgz xts}
xg iut 'xghmtk{udgr hs yhuk ynhyatc{ igbgz gfkguu 'izhhrp^
gxgrgybht ykgd oua ihhe ict}v um lhha yahb kkfc zht
/grgsbt{ rgcht xybgbgy gxhuugd ighmumrtp}
hs yftn{ xt}uu 'izhhrp^ gckgz hs yktm}t{c rgsgh 'khutuu iut ihhp
ogs iktm}tc{ yahb sht rgs ktz} xtu}urtp{ :rgergya zhukc thae
xg chut umrgsftb} 'yktm}tc{ rgbte{hrty}rtp}^ rgs xtu}u zhhrp^ idhkhc
ighmumrt}p gxgrgybht oua ihhe ict}v um lhha yahb kkfc zht"
/"grgsbt{ rgcht xybgbgy gxhuugd 6 rgnub ;tr{dtr{tp{^
10 rgnub ;tr{dtr{tp
{ ^
hs xtu}urtp{ vchx hs lhut zht 'kcgsrtp}t{ zht xg zt{ xts}
rtb} ';hurgs ykgd ihhe igbhsrtp{ yahb igbge rgnhybgdhht
irguu ybgr gdhrshb hs iup ihhrt{ ynue xtu}u vxbfv kxhc xts}
/gshhcgd hs iyktv { phut iut iyktu{urtp{ um ymubgd
hs iup rgykgd grgsbuzt{c yahb ynuetc{ ut}-hgazs-uh hm xts}
iut xgshhcgd hs iykt{vumphut (ypbuebhht ybgr hs .uj) dburhdgr
t{ hhc ixgunaxhut rgyhhrc lhkeursxhut rhn ikguu ',urhs
um yhhd ybgr gmbt{d xt}s chut rgct} /yhhvbdgkgd gdhsbgnue
achv" xg zht huzth{uu its{ 'xgshhcgd hs iyktv{phut iut iyktv{phut
?5 ;tr{dtr{tp{c^ rtucnf '"yztk}gdftb}
(ut}-hgazs-uh) rgnuybgdhht ogs iguugd sauj rgbhht igs ytv}
iup vbhjc t{ iht xg zht hm ',urhs hs ;hut ykgd t}s ybhsrtp{ ign zt{
///"kyhv xts} ybgrc cbd iwphut"
11 rgnub ;tr{dtr{tp
{ ^
gymhbgrdt{c hs rgybut zt{ iyp^huvt{c ige lht
gdhsktu{ugd t{ yhhkgd ihhrt{ ohbexg hs ictv
} 'isbgyanut
-lhkmgzgd iut iyhhefhkdgn gkt{ ;hut ghbt{uugrt}v
gahnhhv gkte{tk} zt{ idguutc{ um ohbput gbgyktv { gdxhut
(154 yhhz ;hut dbumgzrtp)
153
rgygryrtp{ rgdrucxnth{khuu ogbup ohbp^ xts} iegsphut
ikt}z rgbhutuubhht gbgmgzgdykt{ zt{ rgbhht igs ygc
hs imgzrg kt}z ign iut ,urhs grghhz iup irguu ykgyagdxhurt{
gkt{ hs zt{ 'zht ygc ign xt}uu xgkt{ ?xghkhnt{p gahsht yhn ,urhs
icgdgdrgcht ikt}z 'yhhm hs yhn irt}uugd dhshhk igbgz xt}uu ,urhs
isht zt{ ktb{ghmrtp}t^r}p^ p"^fg rgst} 'xghkhntp{ gahsht rtp{ irguu
/irguu yrhbhnhrexhs yahb iktz}
drucxnt{hkhuu iht xgshhcgd ybgnyrtp{t^{ rgdhksbgm :2 rgnub
gahsht yhn ymgztc{ yhhrc iut ykt{ rth} yrgsbuv rgfgv igbgz
/xghkhntp{
iht xgshhcgd ybgnyrt{p^t{ rgdhksbgm hs :3 rgnub
hs rgshht rghrp khp ltb} irt}uugd yhucgdphut igbgz drucxnt{hkhuu
zt{ rgke oua ihhe iguugd yahb zht xg iguu 'vnjkn ykguu gyhhuum
ktrahc otu rhg tz{t{ iht irguu yksbtu{urtp{ yguu drucxnth{khuu
xtu}u 'ty} /r"vgkc xghkhntp{ gyaybgcgd-rgsbhe rgybzhuy yhn
?vkhj,fk ogs yhn shhrxhut rgs zht
xtu}urtp{ it{s 'ihhke igbgz ,urhs 68 hs iup cur chut :4 rgnub
yughn hs p^"fg um ydhyfgrt{c xghkhnt{p gahsht yahb igbgz
?,urhs gxhurd
iykt}uu ',ujp^an grgbgke rgst} ',ukfu ohb,j khphuu :5 rgnub
1'600 rgst} 1'400 gdhyukc ikt}m iprt{s um yahb iaybutuugd lhz
igbge rtb} 'xrgyxbgp it} rgkge t{ iht kfgk t{ rtp{ ybgr rtk{ts}
'izhhrp^ kcgsrtp}g rtp{ vrhs gdhnur hhuum rgst} ihht it{ um ignueum
/yktu}ugd ytv} k"z xetk{ ohhj wr huuhuzt{
shhrxhut ogs imub um vp^muj huu rgn kxhct{ zht xg :6 rgnub
huu ruchm rgdrucxnth{khuu ogs igksbtv{tc{ iut 'ebhx ihht iup
pt^e} ogs ighhrsrtp{ rgygryrtp{ /d/t rgs khuu ignguu /lgkckge
gnurp gfkguu hhx iyktv{gdehrum ktn}t{ ytv} "ebhx ihht" zt{
hs xt}uu chkum '"ihhb" ;hut xukatc{ t{ iftn{ um ghkhntp{ gahsht
iup rgyrgsbuv ?ebhx ihht rt}b ydt}nrt{p vrhs gkguybguug
iht ,urhs gfkgzt{ iht ybhutuugd ict}v irgykg grgzbut
hs iht idhumgdbhhrt{ lhz ict}v ,ujp^an rgybzhuy /drucxnth{khuu
um igbty{artp{ ytv} rgsgh iut 'ebhx ihht zhukc yhn xyegazstr{p^
in ihrsvnk lhe gwraf t{ ictv} ktz} rg zt{ lhz ydbtk{rtp{ xtu}u iuy
/ihrsvnv
'drucxnth{khuu iht rgzhhv ybgnyrtp{t^{ rgdhksbgm :7 rgnub
irtu}ugd yhucgd igbgz xtu}u xgshhcgd ghhb kdtp}a ^ ybfgrgdbhhrt{
idtn}rtp{ iut iety}a 5 rgst} 6 idtn}rtp{ 'irth} grgymgk hs iht
rgygryrtp{ /d/t rgs rtb} ktz} iut /xrty}hguugkg ihhe yahb
ogbup idhumgdxhurt{ zhukc igs lhz ign yt}v :icgd ihhyartp{
,urhs ihhe irt}uugd dhshhk yahb igbgz ?iypbhp rgst} et}ya iyxegz
;rts{ ign utuu ety}a iyrgp rgst} iyhrs 'iyhhuum 'iyarg iwphut
rtp{ icgd dhtur ybgegd ytv} ign xtu}u iut rty}hguugkg ihhe yahb
iup vrhyp^ hs ltb} ixetu{ugdphurt{ iety}a hs igbgz kkfc iut ?isht
gkt{ yxgunagdxhut" ytv} ign ,gac zt{ k"z xetk{ ohhj wr
-xegz ogs iup rtk}e iut ph^ke yxutuugd yahb ign ytv} "ohyrp^
?ogkctr}p^ rty}hguugkg-it-}iety}a
xg zht ogs iup .uj" 'ykpg^brtp{ huzt{ rg ychhra ts} :8 rgnub
?yztk}gdftb} irtu}ugd xg zht iguu /"yztk}gdftb} achv irtu}ugd
ihua xg zht ohyrp^ hs yxgunagdxhut yt}v k"z ohhj wr ,gac
rth} t{ 'iguu ?huzt{ irtu}ugd rgygpa ^ xg zht rgst} 'huzt{ iguugd
ychhra ign iguu ymgh rtb} rgst} ?rgygpa ^ rth} hhuum 'rgygpa ^
hs irgpybgrtp{ um shhrxhut iyft{ it{ yfuz ign iut uuhrc ogs
?v,javu vkhzd vagn
iptr{dtr{tp{^ 15 grht yhn uuhrc rgs 'igbtn{rgs um ktn}tf{tb}
,urua hs ichhra rhn iut 'h"b xet{k van wr yhn ,ufhha ihhe ytv}
lrus irtu}ugd ichragd zht uuhrc rgs zt{ dbubgergbt{ iyxkup iwyhn
rgst} 'drucxnth{khuu iup rgygrrtp{ rgs huu irgsbt{ ihhe yahb
/rgchhra rgbgdbusgd t{ xwbhhz
yahb ikhuu ,ujpa ^ n xtu}u xts} lhut iut – iyetp{ gkt{ hs
zt{ iguugd orud ictv } – ighmumbhhrt{ ihvt{ lhz gyarg hs ihhz
,ujpa ^ n rtp{ ikgya-um um xts} igdbuthntc{ guuhxtn { .tr}y
iut iguugd zht iumr xwrgytp} ihhn huu iyxbhsrtp{ gdhrshb yhn
irghustc{ oum xts} zht – ikhuu xwut-}hgazs-uh hs zht xg huu
/ignuegd sbty { aum yahbftb} ymgh zhc
ict}v hhz iut 'ikhuu xwut}-hgazs-uh zht xts} zt{ dhyfhr zht chut
,ujpa ^ n rtp{ ikgyaumum xts} "igdbuthntc{ guuhxtn{" yftn{gd
gfkgzt{ igbgz huzt{huu :lhz ydgrp 'iyxbhsrt{p gdhrshb yhn
,jt ogp^ ukhpt irtu}ugd ybtn{rgs yahb "igdbuthntc{ guuhxtn{"
gsgh utuu "sht rgs" iht ut}-hgazs-uh iup sung ifhkybfguu iwphut
?vcjrku vfrtk yrhpnuthry yrguu yhhedhbhhke
guuhxt{n" gfkgzt{ .t}ry zt{ lhkdgn zht huzt{huu iut
iuprgs yrgvgd yahb sht rgdrucxnth{khuu ihhe ytv} "igdbuthntc{
?sbhmt{ zhc
"igdbuthntc{ guuhxtn{" hs yhn zt{ igngbbt} ikguu rhn zt{ ishhx
hyhx iht ohxfb gahsht igdhsga um gctr}p^ gfhksbga hs rg ybhhn
zht drucxnt{hkhuu gfkguu lrus '1 srut}c hyhbuhnte} iht iut khxbute}
-hgazs-uh iup ktr}ybte} irgybut ,urhs 67 hs iup irtu}ugd rhutuugd
///ut}
;hut ymgzt{c lhz ictv} ,ujp^an gdhmbhht ann iguu inzc uc
hs iguugd igbgz hhz ,gac 'rgyhhuu lt}b iut uhbguug ckte{gs
,urhs rgs khhuu 'ohud iup et}kc imbtd{ t{ ;hut isht gyxdhmbhht
gfkgzt{ iguugd yahb igbgz 'zkt{v ohhc yehyagd hhz ytv} kdbtn{
(152 yhhz iup dbumgzrtp)
:huzt{ it} lhz ychuv uuhrc rgs
1 rgnub ;tr{dtr{tp
{ ^
ihhn iup ohfrs hs yhn ybte{tc{ yud zht ruchm rgmbtd{ rgs
vesm ;sur shxjv shdbv hbcrv rgytp} rgfhkxgdrtp{nut
iut sxjv aht rgdhsktu{ugd rgs 'k"z xetk{ ohhj wr sxju
ydbgryagdbt} rghhz .kt{ lhz ytv } rgfkguu 'oukav aht
vujt ihhz vcrn iut ucvt oukavu ,ntv ogs ihhz um ohhen
/zhhrp^ isgh rtp{ ,ugru
ifhkxgdrtp{nut ogs rgcht ;tr{dtr{tp{^ ogs yhn /esmu ,nt
u"hv van wr t"yjkch urufc ubc xtu}u 'k"z xetk{ ohhj wr irghhy
/dhnhyabhht %100 rhn igbgz 'ohfrs gkgct}b gbhhz iht yhhd
2 rgnub ;tr{dtr{tp
{ ^
iymgk ogbht sm ihhe igngb yahb lht khuu uuhrc ogs yhn
lht rupa ^ vujtu ouka ,ucrvk rtb} 'luxfx ybgnpt ^ k}guugs
-201 ;hut gshhcgd hs rgcht ohyrp^ irtk}eumxhut dhyfhuu rtp{
lrus irtu}ugd icgdgdrgcht zht gfkguu 'yhryx rgpu^v 293
/ut/}hgazs/uh hs um k"z rgytp} ifhkxgdrtp{nut irghhy ihhn
ydbgrcgdxhurt{ rtk}e zht xg /ihhz um ;hxun xtu}u ts} yahb lhut
yphuertp{ yahb) "irtu}ugd icgdgdrgcht" zht gshhcgd gxhurd hs zt{
/ut-}hgazs-uh rtp{ k"z ohhj wr lrus (irtu}ugd
3 rgnub ;tr{dtr{tp
{ ^
yhhuu 'ixtd{ yrtb} hs ;hut yeghtr}p^ irgsbt{ it{ chkum
zbut iup irtu}ugd ydbtk{rtp{ zht 'ybdgd gahnhhv hs iup xhurt{
/dbhzutv{ kcgsrtp}t{ rtp{ ybgmtr}p^ ixhuugd t{ icgdumpt ^ r}t{
ktz} ybdgd rgzbut lhut zt{ yktu}ugd ytv } k"z gyty { ihhn
icgdgdrgcht rg ytv } rgchrgs ',urhs gdhkhc hs iup ixhbgd
hs rtp{ 5 yutx { iut yhryx rgpu^v ;hut xdbhskhc hs
/ut/}hgazs/uh
yt}v k"z ohhj wr zt{ 'rt}ke ydbgrcgdxhurt{ zht xg
-uh rtp{ 5 yut{x hhc yhryx rgp^uv ;hut xdbhskhc hs icgdgdrgcht
kt}z drucxnt{hkhuu gahsht hs lhut zt{ 'khm ogbhht iwyhn ut}-hgazs
/,urhs gdhkhc hs iup ixhbgd
4 rgnub ;tr{dtr{tp
{ ^
iup – ruchm imbtd{ iwrtp{ ;khv iut ,urah rghhz dhsbgbge
j"vrv yhn ytv { gd ytv } rg xtu}u ygcrtb{gntz{um gypt} hs
,ukugp^ grgsbt{ iut cuy cr iht u"hv itn { rgsghb sus van wr
ypta { ybte{tc{ ihhz lhut huu 'irth} hs xhutfrus sxju vesm
t{ xkt{ "xghmt{zhbt{drt} gahsht gydhbhhtrt{p" hs yhn
– drucxnth{khuu .btd{ rgcht sxju vesm rtp{ ypta { rgpr^ge
van wr iht huryum iyxkup ogs ytv { gd v"g rgytp} ihhn ytv }
atr cauh 't"yhka .yrtu{ua whgah wr j"vrv lhut huu 'sus
hs ygcrtg{dfrus igntz{um ytv } wn ignguu yhn 'tpt ^ p^ ,usxun
srutc} iut vkve hatr gdhrgcht hs yhn ogbhhtbht 'ohyrp^
/rgshkdyhn
wr lhz um yngb drucxnth{khuu iup "rgygryrtp{" /d/t rgs
ytv} k"z ohhj wr zt{ yrgkergs rg iut u"hv .rtu{ua whgah
hatr gdhrgcht hs yhn iut hhuum hs yhn ohyrp^ gkt{ ygcrt{gdxhut
/ut-}hgazs-uh iup rgshkdyhn srutc} iut vkvev
5 rgnub ;tr{dtr{tp
{ ^
irtu}ugd icgdgdrgcht zht xg ,gac :rnthvk i,hb ,ntv
iup ybhutuutc{ lhkmbgd iguugd ihua xg zht ut-}hgazs-uh hs rtp{
lhut igbgz xgshhcgd gdhrgh yrgsbuv ygnf hs /rghrp
irtp{ ykgyagdxhut iut yghucgd iguugd yahb vkhj,fk
cur rgyxgrd rgs xtu}u ',urhs 68 iup ighhyatc{ hhz /ruchm
-;tk}a hhuum iut ihht huu rgn yahb ',urhs gbhhke zht iuprgs
lhut huu 'lt}e hs iht xebhx hhuum ihhe yahb ict}v hhz 'rgnhm
xg zht ogs iup .uj /rtyhguugkg ihhe it} ety } a 6 xg ytv }
/yztk}gdftb} achv irtu}ugd
iwftb} /ruchm ogs iauyrtp{ iut igbhpx^ um it} ign ychuv ts}
rtp{ ,urhs hs icgd igbge ktz} ign huzth{uu ohyrp^ hs iygcrtx{hut
gfkguu igngkctr}p^ yhn iphuv t{ irtu}ugd irhucgd ohmukp^ zht 'isht
ltb} ytv} sht ihht xtu}urtp{ ,uchx xkt{ igbhs um yarnukf iprts{
/xgshhcgd hs iht vrhs ihht ukhpt ignuet{c yahb vzv ouhv sg
:ishhrxhut hs ikhhm iut igngbgm rhntk}
/rghrp iup ybhutuut{c lhkmbgd (1
/ykt{ rt}h yrgsbuv ygnf ihua igbgz xgshhcgd (2
iwrt{p ykgyagdxhut iut yhucgd iguugd yahb vkhj,fk (3
/ruchm
/ihhke igbgz ,urhs 68 hs iup cur (4
/irgnhm ;tk}a hhuum rgst} ihht zhukc ictv} ,urhs cur (5
/lt}e iht ebhx ihht huu rgn yahb idtn}rt{p ,urhs hs (6
/xrt}yhguugkg it} et}ya 6 iup ighhyat{c xgshhcgd hs (7
/yztk}gdft}b achv ihua zht xg (8
:1 rgnub shhrxhut um rgsbhmt{

khp 'ybgr dhkhc iup irth gdbt{k ixhbgd igbge yguu ign (5
/zht zhhrp^ ygertn gsbghhd hs huu rgdhbhhuu
rgdrucxnthkhuu ;ux kf ;ux ikguu sh,gc zt ipt}v oum (6
/,urhs hs iup ictv} vtbv igbge ,ujpa ^ n
lt}b rgct} igbgz ,uhae hs /xhurd dhskt{uugd igbgz ,ukgn hs
/rgxgrd
ktrah hbc ubhjt iktz} xtu}urtp{ ?grdb vnk ty} 'huzt{ th} chut
zht xt}uu ,urhs gyaybgcgd-,ukgn hs um ihhz vfuz yahb
?irth} gdbtk{ ixhbgd iuprgs igewn iut kcgsrtp}g
iup ,ukgc irgybut ihua idhumgdbhhrt{ lhz ytv} xtu}u krg rgsgh
?yrt}s iup ighmxhurt{ lhz yguu rg iguu yxhhuu rguu 'ut}-hgazs-uh
lrus igdbhsrtp{ yrguu xtu}u vrhs gsgh 'rgyrguu grgsbt{ iht
t{ ;hut ktrah iunn sxpv zht 'isht-yahb rtp{ ut}-hgazs-uh
gahsht gydhbhhtrtp{" hs lrus ?oguu lrus iut 'ogbrtp{ idhsktu{ugd
/"xghmtz{hbtd{rt}
yahb ktn}bhhe zht xg /ktn}gkt{ ypkgv vcua, 'ogkt{ ogs yhn
hs iyhhstc{ xtu}u 'ixhuu rtb} khuu drucxnth{khuu ,usvh /ygpa ^ guuhxbgybht hs ignuegdrtp} igbgz iguu iut utuu ?iguu ghbtu{ugrtv}
"sh,gc" rgs ihhz yguu iguu /";ux kf ;ux" iut "sh,gc" rgyrguu
vtbv igbge ";ux kf ;ux" ,ujpa ^ n rgdrucxnth{khuu ikguu iguu
?,urhs hs iup ictv}
chuvbt} rgst} g"a, gsbg ybhhn "sh,gc" zt{ igngbbt} rhntk}
ahrp iprts{ yktn}gs ign yguu ?its{ irhxtp{^ yguu xtu}u /t"ga,
iwzhc "sh,gc" iup zt{ ichukd ign dgn ?";ux kf ;ux" ;hut iyrtu{u
kf ;ux yhn sh,gc yguu ?rth} rtp}^ t{ ltb} igngb yguu ";ux kf ;ux"
?vz rjt vzc rgst} ,jt ,cc ihhz ;ux
15 rgnub ;tr{dtr{tp
{ ^
ghhrygd gdhsbghhdbt xwut/}hgazs/uh hs yhn iyktv { rhn
iyxgcnt{ ktz} xg huzt{ huu .gzgd iyhn dbtkebhht iht ygcrt
ezj" vjkmvu vfrc hhz iaybutuu rhn iut /ybdgd hs irhuurgx
hbc ubhjt ,cuyk igdbungbrgybut grghhz gkt iht ".ntu
yhn lhz idtk}p^ xtuu ,ujpa ^ n gdhyhub rtp yrpc 'ktrah
/,urhs
/irghut xwytd um khun rghht iup
rtd} ktz} ign iut vbhc ohgu, usnkhu zt{ ipkgv ktz} ,"hav
zht ltz{ ihht rgct} '"vkhzdv ,t chavu" ogs ihhz ohhen kgba
t{ ignuet{c um ihhz vfuz yguu xt}uu ghkhnt{p gahsht gsgh :rgfhz
hs rtp{ igebts{rtp{ um ihhz yguu 'yhryx rgpu^v 293-301 iht vrhs
|/tz{tk{p^ zutr} iup rgnuybgdhht
yhryx rgpp^u^v 293-301 ;hut xgshhcgd /ut /hgazs /uh hs
'drucxnth{khuu hcau, ktrah hbc ubhjt rtp{ ikgyaum igbge um yxhznut iyktv { rg ytv } /ut /hgazs /uh xtu}u ,urhs 67 hs lhz igbupgd xgshhcgd gdhzhr hhuum hs iht
rgbhutuubhht gahsht yahb lrus ymgztc{ igbgz ,urhs gkt{ iut 'ihhr-isuh ,urhs hs igbgz rgshhk 'rgshhk rgct} /,urhs gdhkhc kcgsrtp}g
154
rgygryrtp{ rgdrucxnth{khuu ogbup ohbp^ xts} iegsphut
th} iktz} ,urhs hs zt{ rgxtu{u ykte{ iht ybgv hs ydhhkgdbhhrt{
/,ujpa
^ n gahsht um ignuebt}
13 rgnub ;tr{dtr{tp
{ ^
igdbhuum yahb ogbhhe ign ige 'ikguu ktzwn ertya huu
vzhtn yahb khuu rgbgh xtuu vrhs t iht ighm um ihhrt lhz
/thva vchx
yhhrd zht ign zt{ isgrbhht ikguu lhz kt}zwn ert{ya huu
iht igbhutuu rgshht huu 'rgkge t{ iht ybgr 1'500 ikt}m um yargchk
ktz} rgbgh zt{ igdbhuum yahb ogbhhe ign ige 'vrhs kcgsrtp}g it{
/thva vchx vzhtn 'sruxct{ idhbhznut tz{t{ ichhkd
14 rgnub ;tr{dtr{tp
{ ^
yrtp} ihbc rgs ytv ,uburxj gybtnrgs ichut hs .try
um ybgtb} gkt zt ybfgrgd ihhrt ',ukgn gertya rtd}
oua ihhe yahb ytv } xg iut 'kcgsrtp}t{ igbgz ,urhs dhmgchz
zht xg zt vkgn rehg hs lhut huu /,urhs grghhy-gzghrgxeuk
ikguu xtuu hs zt ybhhn xtuu '"kcgsrtpt" ichhkc zun xg iut
igbge ikguu 'inzv lanvc ighm ihhrt th lhkybgptv lhz
gsbghhd hs huu rgdhbhhuu khp 'ybgr dhkhc iup irth gdbtk ixhbgd
ikguu sh,gc zt iptv oum zht rgchrgs /zht zhhrp^ ygertn
iup ictv} vtbv igbge ,ujpa ^ n rgdrucxnthkhuu ;ux kf ;ux
ogs ipkgv yktu}ugd ytv } k"z gyty { ihhn xtu}u yhn ,urhs hs
/ruchm
yft{ iup ,unukj hs yhn yft{b hs :reuc hvhu crg hvhu
iut irtu}ugd dhyfhk zht ymht /rgchrtp{ zht ',uburxj gfhkegra
/",ukgn gerty{a rtd}" yrtp} ytv} ihbc rgs
rt}d" rt}b ',ukgn gert{ya zhukc yahb ',ukgn zhukc yahb
/",ukgn gerty{a
/kcgsrtp}t{ igbgz ,urhs gkt{ (1
68 ihhe yahb rgn ihua xg zht ',ukgn iup ihua ysgr ign zt{ (2
/",urhs dhmgchz um ybgtb}" rtb} ',urhs
/,urhs grghhy-gzghrgxeuk oua ihhe yahb yt}v xg (3
/"kcgsrtpt" ichhkc zun xg (4
(153 yhhz iup dbumgzrtp)
ogs rtp{ /,urhs hs iup ixhbgd igbge lhut iktz} ,ujpa ^ n
hs yhn igdbuytrtc guuhxbgybht ignuegdrtp} igbgz eguum
luzrtp{ iyxbrg iut ierty { a t{ iht 'yeghtrp^ ogbup ohbhfa
/ihbc ogbht imgztc{ um lhz ,ujpa ^ n gkte{tk} ifhkdgnrg um
'ghbtu{ugrtv} o,x yahb iut '"ghbtu{ugrtv}" hs yhn outrgshuu
rtb} '"iyhhefhkdgn" o,x yahb iut '"ghbtu{ugrtv} gdhsktu{ugd" rtb}
um "ohbput gbgykt{vgdxhut-lhkmgzgd iut iyhhefhkdgn gkt"{
iup ixhbgd igbge lhut iktz} ,ujpa^ n gahnhhv gkte{tk} zt{ idguutc{
/,urhs hs
?xt}uu ghbt{uugrt}v ?utuu ghbt{uugrt}v ?ignguu idguut{c
yebup^ igbhhuu iut ighhra gfkguu 'ohbfa hs yhn igdbuytrtc
gdhmrtv{ grghhz iup dhsbgxhuu yahb lhz yftn{ ign zt{ yrgertp{
/iygcgd
gfkguu iut 'ifuzrtp{ gyxbrg hs iht irtu}ugd iuygd igbgz xtu}u
gyxbrg erty{a" hs iht irtu}ugd ignubgdrgybut igbgz yhra
?"ifuzrtp{
'ohbfa gkte{tk} hs um zhukc xtu}urtp{ :rghrp iup thae hs iut
ogbhhngdkt{ oum yahb iut ',urhs iht ihua igbhutuu gfkguu
vbu,j iftn{ ',urhs ;hut lhz idtk}p^ gfkguu ruchm rgdrucxnth{khuu
/ybgr gsbgfhhrd-knhv ikt}m iut rgsbhe
12 rgnub ;tr{dtr{tp
{ ^
um ,urhs igbtyagd igbgz xg iguu vpue, hs iht
lhkbgzrgp^ ,ujpa ^ n igbgz 'ybgr dhkhc rtp igdbhsrtp
uuhyet hhz ytv ign iut ';hurgs ieuenut lhz ignuegd
hs iup ixhbgd iut ihrgs ighm um ihhrt lhz ydhyungd
vnfu vnf chkum 'ybtnrgs huu rgct /iyhpgbgc "kcgsrtpt"
– iahuy um yhhefhkdgn hs yahb ytv rgbhhe xtuu – ,uchx
/ignuegd sbtyaum yahb xts zht
sktc{ lhz ictv} hhz rgct} 'ieue ignuegd igbgz ,ujpa
^ n /,nt
yt}v lgkshhrs gkt{ yhn /ot}ekguu yahb igbgz hhz zt{ ydhhmrgcht
yahb yt}vwn `,urhs hs yahb ignuet{c isht zt{ yft{ngd rgfhz ign
 155

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